US11922109B2 - Predictive antenna diode insertion - Google Patents
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- US11922109B2 US11922109B2 US17/400,176 US202117400176A US11922109B2 US 11922109 B2 US11922109 B2 US 11922109B2 US 202117400176 A US202117400176 A US 202117400176A US 11922109 B2 US11922109 B2 US 11922109B2
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/30—Circuit design
- G06F30/39—Circuit design at the physical level
- G06F30/394—Routing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F30/00—Computer-aided design [CAD]
- G06F30/30—Circuit design
- G06F30/39—Circuit design at the physical level
- G06F30/398—Design verification or optimisation, e.g. using design rule check [DRC], layout versus schematics [LVS] or finite element methods [FEM]
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2111/00—Details relating to CAD techniques
- G06F2111/04—Constraint-based CAD
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2113/00—Details relating to the application field
- G06F2113/18—Chip packaging
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F2115/00—Details relating to the type of the circuit
- G06F2115/12—Printed circuit boards [PCB] or multi-chip modules [MCM]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
- H01Q1/34—Adaptation for use in or on ships, submarines, buoys or torpedoes
Definitions
- the present invention generally relates to integrated circuit development, and more specifically, to integrated circuit development using predictive antenna diode insertion.
- an integrated circuit i.e., chip
- the chip may be subdivided into hierarchical levels to simplify design and testing tasks at different stages.
- a cell or macro may be regarded as a sub-section of the chip.
- each macro may comprise a number of cells.
- Design rules may be applied to sections of the chip. For example, a grid may be overlaid on the chip and each section of the grid (i.e., tile) may be checked for complicity with design rules.
- antenna diodes are often manually added to the layout of the macro to provide a contact from a metal layer to a diffusion layer of a device for manufacturing purposes. This contact provides a path for charge generated in long metal lines or large via areas during manufacturing to be dissipated without damaging a transistor gate or other circuit implemented on a semiconductor substrate.
- No prior art techniques currently available provide a method for predictively placing antenna diodes using computer software tools to create the layout of the macro.
- Embodiments of the present invention are directed to integrated circuit development using predictive antenna diode insertion.
- a non-limiting example computer-implemented method includes obtaining a design of a macro, the design including an internal pin disposed on a first layer of the macro. The method also includes determining a length of a wire needed to connect the internal pin to a furthest edge of the macro for each of two layers above the layer the internal pin. The method further includes include adding, to the design of the macro, an antenna diode to the internal pin based on the determination that an area of the wire needed exceeds a threshold value, wherein the area of the wire is based on the length and a width of the wire.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system to perform the development of an integrated circuit using predictive antenna diode insertion according to one or more embodiments of the invention
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a processing system to generate the design that is fabricated into the integrated circuit according to one or more embodiments of the invention
- FIG. 3 A illustrates a schematic diagram of an internal pin of a macro being evaluated for predictive antenna diode insertion according to one or more embodiments of the invention
- FIG. 3 B illustrates a schematic diagram of another internal pin of the macro being evaluated for predictive antenna diode insertion according to one or more embodiments of the invention
- FIG. 4 is a process flow of a method of predictive antenna diode insertion in the development of an integrated circuit according to one or more embodiments of the invention.
- FIG. 5 is a process flow of a method of fabricating the integrated circuit according to exemplary embodiments of the invention.
- embodiments include a method for predictive antenna diode insertion that is performed based on the location of the internal pins of a macro and the dimensions of the macro, which does not require knowledge of the routing topology.
- the predictive antenna diode insertion method assesses the need for an antenna diode by making some reasonable engineering assumptions regarding the routing topology that will be used in the macro.
- an antenna violation is predicted for an internal pin, and an antenna diode insertion is performed, based on a determination that the area of a wire needed to connect the internal pin to the farthest edge of a macro from the internal pin, where the area is determined based on the length and width of the wire.
- the predictive antenna diode insertion is able to perform parallel cleanup of antenna violations across the hierarchy of the macro.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system 100 to perform predictive antenna diode insertion according to embodiments of the invention.
- the system 100 includes processing circuitry 110 used to generate the design that is ultimately fabricated into an integrated circuit 120 .
- the steps involved in the fabrication of the integrated circuit 120 are well-known and briefly described herein.
- the finalized physical layout is provided to a foundry.
- Masks are generated for each layer of the integrated circuit based on the finalized physical layout.
- the wafer is processed in the sequence of the mask order. The processing includes photolithography and etch. This is further discussed with reference to FIG. 5 .
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a processing system 110 used to generate the design that is fabricated into the integrated circuit 120 .
- the processing system 110 has one or more central processing units (processors) 21 a , 21 b , 21 c , etc. (collectively or generically referred to as processor(s) 21 and/or as processing device(s)).
- processors 21 can include a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) microprocessor.
- RISC reduced instruction set computer
- processors 21 are coupled to system memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) 24 ) and various other components via a system bus 33 .
- RAM random access memory
- ROM Read only memory
- BIOS basic input/output system
- I/O adapter 27 can be a small computer system interface (SCSI) adapter that communicates with a hard disk 23 and/or a tape storage drive 25 or any other similar component.
- I/O adapter 27 , hard disk 23 , and tape storage device 25 are collectively referred to herein as mass storage 34 .
- Operating system 40 for execution on processing system 110 can be stored in mass storage 34 .
- the RAM 22 , ROM 24 , and mass storage 34 are examples of memory 19 of the processing system 110 .
- a network adapter 26 interconnects system bus 33 with an outside network 36 enabling the processing system 110 to communicate with other such systems.
- a display (e.g., a display monitor) 35 is connected to system bus 33 by display adaptor 32 , which can include a graphics adapter to improve the performance of graphics intensive applications and a video controller.
- adapters 26 , 27 , and/or 32 can be connected to one or more I/O busses that are connected to system bus 33 via an intermediate bus bridge (not shown).
- Suitable I/O buses for connecting peripheral devices such as hard disk controllers, network adapters, and graphics adapters typically include common protocols, such as the Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI).
- PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
- Additional input/output devices are shown as connected to system bus 33 via user interface adapter 28 and display adapter 32 .
- a keyboard 29 , mouse 30 , and speaker 31 can be interconnected to system bus 33 via user interface adapter 28 , which can include, for example, a Super I/O chip integrating multiple device adapters into a single integrated circuit.
- processing system 110 includes a graphics processing unit 37 .
- Graphics processing unit 37 is a specialized electronic circuit designed to manipulate and alter memory to accelerate the creation of images in a frame buffer intended for output to a display.
- Graphics processing unit 37 is very efficient at manipulating computer graphics and image processing and has a highly parallel structure that makes it more effective than general-purpose CPUs for algorithms where processing of large blocks of data is done in parallel.
- processing system 110 includes processing capability in the form of processors 21 , storage capability including system memory (e.g., RAM 24 ), and mass storage 34 , input means such as keyboard 29 and mouse 30 , and output capability including speaker 31 and display 35 .
- system memory e.g., RAM 24
- mass storage 34 e.g., RAM 24
- input means such as keyboard 29 and mouse 30
- output capability including speaker 31 and display 35 .
- a portion of system memory (e.g., RAM 24 ) and mass storage 34 collectively store an operating system such as the AIX® operating system from IBM Corporation to coordinate the functions of the various components shown in the processing system 110 .
- FIGS. 3 A and 3 B schematics diagrams of internal pins of a macro 300 being evaluated for predictive antenna diode insertion according to one or more embodiments of the invention are shown.
- an internal pin 302 of the macro is evaluated for predictive antenna diode insertion.
- the process of evaluating the internal pin 302 for predictive antenna diode insertion begins by identifying a furthest edge 301 of the macro from the internal pin 302 for a first layer above the layer on which the pin is located. Next, a furthest edge 303 of the macro from the internal pin 302 for a second layer above the layer on which the pin is located.
- a length of a wire 304 needed to reach the edge 301 and a wire 306 needed to reach edge 303 are determined.
- an area of each wire 304 , 306 is determined based on the minimum wire widths for the layers of the macro. In one embodiment, the area is determined to be the lengths of the wires 304 , 306 times the minimum wire width. In another embodiment, the area is determined to be the lengths of the wires 304 , 306 times one and a half of the minimum wire width.
- FIG. 3 B another internal pin 312 of the macro is evaluated for predictive antenna diode insertion.
- the process of evaluating the internal pin 312 for predictive antenna diode insertion begins by identifying a furthest edge 311 of the macro from the internal pin 312 for a first layer above the layer on which the pin 312 is located. Next, a furthest edge 313 of the macro from the internal pin 312 for a second layer above the layer on which the pin 312 is located. Then, a length of a wire 314 needed to reach the edge 311 and a wire 316 needed to reach edge 313 are determined. Once the lengths of the wires 314 , 316 are determined, an area of each wire 314 , 316 is determined based on the minimum wire widths for the layers of the macro.
- the area of the wires 314 , 316 are compared to a maximum wire area that is specified by the design of the macro. If the area of either of the wires 314 , 316 exceeds the maximum wire area, the area of the wires 314 , 316 is set to be the maximum wire area.
- a gate and diffusion area connected to the internal pins 302 , 312 are obtained from the design of the macro, and a threshold wire area for wires 314 , 316 is determined based on the gate and the diffusion area, also referred to herein as an rx area.
- the thresholds and constants used to predict an antenna fail is dependent on the fabrication method, or technology, used to fabricate the IC.
- an antenna failure prediction is based on a determination that the area of layer being checked divided by the circuit area is above a threshold ratio.
- an antenna diode is added to the design of the macro for the corresponding internal pin 302 , 312 .
- the permissible wire area, and hence permissible length or permissible width of the wires 314 , 316 before an antenna diode needs to be added to the internal pin are added to the internal pin.
- a threshold wire area (T) is compared to a wire area (A) that is calculated as Min(L m , Max(L 1 , L 2 , L 3 , L 4 ))*1.5*w, where L m is a maximum wire length for the macro, L 1 is a length of a shortest wire from a pin to a first edge of the macro, L 2 is a length of a shortest wire from a pin to a second edge of the macro, L 3 is a length of a shortest wire from a pin to a third edge of the macro, L 4 is a length of a shortest wire from a pin to a fourth edge of the macro, and w is a minimum width of a wire for the macro.
- FIG. 4 is a process flow of a method 400 of predictive antenna diode insertion according to exemplary embodiments of the invention.
- the method 400 begins at block 402 by obtaining a design of a macro.
- the method 400 includes identifying an internal pin of the macro and a layer that the internal pin is located on.
- the method 400 also includes determining an area of a wire needed to connect the internal pin to the furthest edge of the macro for each of the two layers above the layer the internal pin is located on, as shown at block 406 .
- the method 400 includes determining if the area of the wire needed is greater than a maximum area.
- the method 400 proceeds to block 412 and sets the area of the wire needed to the maximum area. Otherwise, the method 400 proceeds to decision block 410 and determines if the area of the wire exceeds a threshold value. Based on a determination that the area of the wire exceeds the threshold value, the method 400 proceeds to block 414 and adds, to the design of the macro, an antenna diode to the internal pin. The method 400 repeats this process for each internal pin of the macro until each internal pin has been evaluated for adding an antenna diode.
- the threshold value for each internal pin is determined based on the characteristics of the internal pin, which is obtained from the design of the macro.
- the characteristics of the internal pin include a gate and rx area of the internal pin.
- the threshold value increases as the gate and rx area of the internal pin increases. As a result, internal pins with a larger gate area will have a longer permissible length of the wire needed before an antenna diode needs to be added to the internal pin.
- the predictive antenna diode insertion method reduces the chances that an unneeded antenna diode is added to an internal pin, especially in the case of large macros.
- the maximum area is specified by the design of the macro. In one embodiment the maximum area is specified as a fixed area and in another embodiment, the maximum area is set as a percentage of the largest dimension of the macro. For example, the maximum area can be set to be sixty percent of the longer of the length or width of the macro, multiplied by one and a half times the minimum wire width of the layer above the interior pin.
- FIG. 5 is a process flow of a method 500 of fabricating the integrated circuit according to exemplary embodiments of the invention.
- the integrated circuit 120 can be fabricated according to known processes that are generally described with reference to FIG. 5 .
- a wafer with multiple copies of the final design is fabricated and cut (i.e., diced) such that each die is one copy of the integrated circuit 120 .
- the processes include fabricating masks for lithography based on the finalized physical layout.
- fabricating the wafer includes using the masks to perform photolithography and etching. Once the wafer is diced, testing and sorting each die is performed, at block 530 , to filter out any faulty die.
- One or more of the methods described herein can be implemented with any or a combination of the following technologies, which are each well known in the art: a discrete logic circuit(s) having logic gates for implementing logic functions upon data signals, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) having appropriate combinational logic gates, a programmable gate array(s) (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), etc.
- ASIC application specific integrated circuit
- PGA programmable gate array
- FPGA field programmable gate array
- various functions or acts can take place at a given location and/or in connection with the operation of one or more apparatuses or systems.
- a portion of a given function or act can be performed at a first device or location, and the remainder of the function or act can be performed at one or more additional devices or locations.
- compositions comprising, “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having,” “contains” or “containing,” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion.
- a composition, a mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of elements is not necessarily limited to only those elements but can include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such composition, mixture, process, method, article, or apparatus.
- connection can include both an indirect “connection” and a direct “connection.”
- the present invention may be a system, a method, and/or a computer program product at any possible technical detail level of integration
- the computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention
- the computer readable storage medium can be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device.
- the computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
- a non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing.
- RAM random access memory
- ROM read-only memory
- EPROM or Flash memory erasable programmable read-only memory
- SRAM static random access memory
- CD-ROM compact disc read-only memory
- DVD digital versatile disk
- memory stick a floppy disk
- a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon
- a computer readable storage medium is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.
- Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network.
- the network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers.
- a network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.
- Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, configuration data for integrated circuitry, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++, or the like, and procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages.
- the computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer or entirely on the remote computer or server.
- the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
- electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instruction by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.
- These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- the computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
- each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of instructions, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s).
- the functions noted in the blocks may occur out of the order noted in the Figures.
- two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved.
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US17/400,176 US11922109B2 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2021-08-12 | Predictive antenna diode insertion |
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US17/400,176 US11922109B2 (en) | 2021-08-12 | 2021-08-12 | Predictive antenna diode insertion |
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-
2021
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US20230048876A1 (en) | 2023-02-16 |
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