US11812597B2 - Multi-layer electomagnetic shielding composite - Google Patents
Multi-layer electomagnetic shielding composite Download PDFInfo
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- US11812597B2 US11812597B2 US17/090,328 US202017090328A US11812597B2 US 11812597 B2 US11812597 B2 US 11812597B2 US 202017090328 A US202017090328 A US 202017090328A US 11812597 B2 US11812597 B2 US 11812597B2
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Images
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
- H05K9/00—Screening of apparatus or components against electric or magnetic fields
- H05K9/0073—Shielding materials
- H05K9/0081—Electromagnetic shielding materials, e.g. EMI, RFI shielding
- H05K9/0088—Electromagnetic shielding materials, e.g. EMI, RFI shielding comprising a plurality of shielding layers; combining different shielding material structure
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F7/00—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression
- B22F7/02—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers
- B22F7/04—Manufacture of composite layers, workpieces, or articles, comprising metallic powder, by sintering the powder, with or without compacting wherein at least one part is obtained by sintering or compression of composite layers with one or more layers not made from powder, e.g. made from solid metal
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
- B60R—VEHICLES, VEHICLE FITTINGS, OR VEHICLE PARTS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B60R16/00—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for
- B60R16/02—Electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for; Arrangement of elements of electric or fluid circuits specially adapted for vehicles and not otherwise provided for electric constitutive elements
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/05—Metallic powder characterised by the size or surface area of the particles
- B22F1/054—Nanosized particles
- B22F1/0551—Flake form nanoparticles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C2202/00—Physical properties
- C22C2202/02—Magnetic
Definitions
- the present disclosure generally relates to electromagnetic shielding and, more particularly, to a multi-layer composite material for shielding electromagnetic waves having a low frequency, such as less than about 1 MHz.
- Electromagnetic interference is a result of oscillating electric fields and magnetic fields, with waves travelling perpendicular to the direction of propagation. Electromagnetic interference can be detrimental to other electronic devices, potentially leading to degradation or malfunction of devices in certain instances.
- a vehicle may have many low frequency noise sources, including motors, power control units, batteries, electrical wires, and the like. These and other electronic devices may radiate low frequency electromagnetic waves having a frequency in the KHz-MHz range. These electromagnetic waves can detrimentally interfere with other vehicular devices, and there is a potential to also negatively impact human health, for example, by interfering with devices that assist with the electronic control of organs, such as an artificial heart. Unwanted interference has previously been shielded using relatively thick and heavy metal shields. The use of copper, a high conductivity material, and nickel, a high permeability material, generally does not offer high shielding effectiveness when normalized to mass or thickness.
- the present technology provides a multi-layered material for shielding low-frequency electromagnetic waves.
- the multi-layered material may include a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material. Each repeating set of the alternating layers may include an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer that may include a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the multi-layered material is generally configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a low frequency, for example, exhibiting a frequency of less than about 1 MHz.
- the electrically conductive layer may include a two-dimensional transitional metal carbide.
- the present technology provides a sprayable composite composition for shielding low-frequency electromagnetic waves.
- the composite composition may include a base liquid resin material and a flaked material disposed within the base liquid resin material.
- the flaked material may include a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material. Each repeating set of alternating layers may include an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer.
- the magnetic layer may be provided as a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the present technology provides a method for forming a composite material for shielding low-frequency electromagnetic waves.
- the method includes providing a multi-layered material including a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material. Each repeating set of alternating layers includes an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer including a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the method includes shaping or sizing the multi-layered material into flakes, and making a homogenous mixture of the flakes of the multi-layered material and a base liquid resin material.
- the method includes applying the homogenous mixture to a substrate or structured component to form a coating.
- the coating is configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a frequency of less than about 1 MHz.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle showing electromagnetic radiation emitted from devices such as a power control unit, battery, and electrical lines;
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration that provides a first exemplary representation of a multi-layered material according to various aspects of the present technology
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration that provides a generalization of the potential shielding mechanisms that may contribute to the shielding properties resulting from the multi-layered material made in accordance with the present technology
- FIGS. 4 A- 4 C are schematic illustrations that provide additional exemplary representations of a multi-layered material according to aspects of the present technology that may use different materials in certain layers;
- FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration that provides an exemplary representation of a coating including fragments or flakes of a multi-layered material according to various aspects of the present technology.
- FIGS. 6 A- 6 C illustrate an exemplary plot of frequency vs shielding effectiveness for a far-field simulation for multi-layered materials having various numbers of layers and fixed total thicknesses.
- An effective electromagnetic shielding material should be able to reduce undesirable electromagnetic interference by various mechanisms, including both reflection and absorption of electromagnetic waves and/or the interference. For certain low frequency interference, there may be a need for an emphasis regarding magnetic field shielding.
- the present technology provides a light weight, multi-layered composite material useful as an electromagnetic shielding material, which also addresses the magnetic field shielding needs that may arise at the lower frequencies.
- the multi-layered composite materials of the present technology may be especially useful in vehicles for shielding low frequency electromagnetic waves and electromagnetic interference induced from electric and/or magnetic fields that may originate from one or more electronics devices.
- the multi-layered composite material may include a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material. Each repeating set of the alternating layers may include an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer.
- the magnetic layers may include a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the multi-layered composite material is generally configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a relatively low frequency, for example, of less than about 1 MHz. In certain aspects, the multi-layered composite material may be configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a frequency of less than about 100 kHz.
- the electrically conductive layer may include various different materials and configurations to provide high conductivity and, in certain non-limiting aspects, may include a two-dimensional transitional metal carbide. It is contemplated that the multi-layered composite material may be provided as a thin film, or layer, that can be used by itself or in combination with another substrate or structural component. In other uses, the multi-layered composite material can be shaped and/or sized as small fragments, or flakes. In various aspects, the flakes can be mixed with an appropriate base material, such as a liquid resin, in order to form a mixture that can be applied/deposited via a spray application technique, or the like, to form an electromagnetic shield coating, for example, to be applied on one or more shaped vehicle component.
- an appropriate base material such as a liquid resin
- FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of an exemplary passenger vehicle 20 with front and rear seat occupants 22 within an interior passenger compartment 24 .
- the vehicle 20 may include various components and electronics devices, and is specifically shown with a power control unit 26 , a battery 28 , and various wires and/or electrical lines 30 .
- the power control unit 26 , the battery 28 , and the electrical lines 30 are shown with electromagnetic waves 32 a , 32 b , 32 c emitted therefrom.
- the multi-layered composite materials of the present technology may be used as a thin film, a film assembly, or a coating, serving as an electromagnetic shield for a vehicle component.
- the multi-layered composite materials could be strategically applied onto any substrate or structural component of the vehicle 20 , or could be incorporated with other materials, such as insulation, in order to shield at least a portion of the electromagnetic waves 32 a , 32 b , 32 c from the passenger compartment 24 , or other desired interior areas, of the vehicle 20 .
- the multi-layered composite materials may be used in combination with many forms of a base substrate or similar material, which can be solid or porous, providing an underlying structure capable of supporting the thin film, film assembly, or coating, and serving as an electromagnetic shield.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration that provides a first exemplary representation of a multi-layered material 36 according to various aspects of the present technology.
- the multi-layered material 36 is specifically shown with a first set 38 of layers of material and a second set 40 of layers of material, with any number of sets of alternating repeating layers located between the first and second sets of layers 38 , 40 , providing a total thickness, or height dimension, h. While the thickness dimension, h, may vary based on a number of different factors and material properties, in various aspects, the thickness dimension, h, may be less than about 200 ⁇ m, less than about 150 ⁇ m, less than about 100 ⁇ m, or even less than about 75 ⁇ m.
- each set 38 , 40 of layers may include an electrically conductive layer 42 and a magnetic layer 44 . The orientation, or order of assembly, of the electrically conductive layer 42 and the magnetic layer 44 within the sets of layers 38 , 40 may vary.
- an effective electromagnetic shielding material should be able to reduce undesirable electromagnetic interference by various mechanisms. It is generally understood that absorption is typically a major or primary shielding mechanism, and reflection may often be a secondary shielding mechanism. The reflection may include single reflections and multiple reflections, as well as interlayer reflections that occur between distinct layers.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration that provides a generalization of the possible shielding mechanisms that contribute to the shielding properties resulting from the multi-layered materials of the present technology. For example, various incident electromagnetic waves 46 may travel in the “y” direction to make initial contact with a surface 48 of the multi-layered material 36 .
- Portions of the incident wave 46 may immediately reflect from the surface 48 as reflected waves 50 , and other portions of the incident wave 46 may travel through various layers as weakened transmitted waves 52 , absorbed waves 54 , and interlayer reflected waves 56 substantially travelling in the “x” direction. Certain waves may ultimately pass through as exiting waves 58 , however, they are likely attenuated with decreased intensity.
- the use of magnetic layers 44 including magnetic materials having a high permeability value can exhibit increased shielding capabilities with respect to magnetic fields, which is particularly of interest when shielding low frequency electromagnetic waves.
- an impedance mismatch between the various layers may be important to cause increased internal reflections, which may eventually lead to absorption into the various layers. It is believed that at low frequency, magnetic permeability has a stronger effect.
- the electrically conductive components provided in the electrically conductive layers 42 of the multi-layered materials 36 of the present technology preferably have a relatively high degree of conductivity in order to provide charge carriers to interact with electromagnetic fields.
- Many traditional electrically conductive layers useful with electromagnetic shields include a conducting metal.
- the electrically conductive layers 42 can be provided as a very thin, highly conductive metal such as a metal film, or layer.
- copper layers disposed between magnetic materials can improve the shielding effectiveness because the conductivity is relatively high.
- each electrically conductive layer 42 can be provided with an atomically thin thickness dimension, as a thin monolayer, or in some examples having a thickness dimension ranging from about 10 ⁇ m to about 50 ⁇ m.
- the electrically conductive layer 42 may function as a conductive spacer.
- the electrically conductive layers 42 of different sets of layers may generally be provided with the substantially the same thickness dimension.
- certain electrically conductive layers 42 may be provided with a different thickness dimension.
- the electrically conductive layer 42 can also be provided as a polymer-matrix composite including a conductive material, such as a conductive metal.
- the present technology also provides the use of MXene as the electrically conductive layer 42 of the multi-layered material 36 .
- MXenes are a family of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides that have been used in many applications. With respect to electromagnetic shielding, MXenes exhibit good flexibility, are easy to fabricate and process, and exhibit a high conductivity with a minimal thickness.
- the MXene may be provided as a thin layer or monolayer, for example, a few-atoms-thick layer.
- the MXene may be provided as a plurality of stacked layers forming the electrically conductive layer 42 .
- the layers may include the same or different materials and compositions; the layers may also be provided with the same of different thickness dimensions.
- a MXene compound or composition includes a two-dimensional inorganic material, generally arranged as one layer having first and second surfaces.
- MXene compositions have been described in various patents and publications, and the various details of the compositions, the electrical properties, and methods of making MXene compositions are not included herein for purposes of brevity. Any known MXene composition should be considered as potentially applicable for use with the present technology. For the sake of completeness, however, M can be at least one of Sc, Y, Lu, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, or W.
- compositions include those having one or more empirical formula wherein M n+1 X n includes Sc 2 C, Ti 2 C, V 2 C, Cr 2 C, Cr 2 N, Zr 2 C, Nb 2 C, Hf 2 C, Ti 3 C 2 , V 3 C 2 , Ta 3 C 2 , Ti 4 C 3 , V 4 C 3 , Ta 4 C 3 , Sc 2 N, Ti 2 N, V 2 N, Cr 2 N, Cr 2 N, Zr 2 N, Nb 2 N, Hf 2 C, Ti 3 N 2 , V 3 C 2 , Ta 3 C 2 , Ti 4 N 3 , V 4 C 3 , Ta 4 N 3 or a combination or mixture thereof.
- the M n+1 X n structure includes Ti 3 C 2 , Ti 2 C, Ta 4 C 3 or (V 1/2 Cr 1/2 ) 3 C 3 .
- M is Ti or Ta
- n is 1, 2, or 3, for example having an empirical formula Ti 3 C 2 or Ti 2 C and wherein at least one of the surfaces of each layer has surface terminations comprising hydroxide, oxide, sub-oxide, or a combination thereof.
- M′ can be Mo
- M′′ can be Nb, Ta, Ti, or V, or a combination thereof.
- n is 2
- M′ can be Mo, Ti, V, or a combination thereof
- M′′ can be Cr, Nb, Ta, Ti, or V, or a combination thereof.
- the empirical formula M′ 2 M′′ n X n+1 includes Mo 2 TiC 2 , Mo 2 VC 2 , Mo 2 TaC 2 , Mo 2 NbC 2 , Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , Cr 2 TiC 2 , Cr 2 VC 2 , Cr 2 TaC 2 , Cr 2 NbC 2 , Ti 2 NbC 2 , Ti 2 TaC 2 , V 2 TaC 2 , or V 2 TiC 2 , preferably Mo 2 TiC 2 , Mo 2 VC 2 , Mo 2 TaC 2 , or Mo 2 NbC 2 , or their nitride or carbonitride analogs.
- M′ 2 M′′ n X n+1 includes Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , Mo 2 V 2 C 3 , Mo 2 Nb 2 C 3 , Mo 2 Ta 2 C 3 , Cr 2 Ti 2 C 3 , Cr 2 V 2 C 3 , Cr 2 Nb 2 C 3 , Cr 2 Ta 2 C 3 , Nb 2 Ta 2 C 3 , Ti 2 Nb 2 C 3 , Ti 2 Ta 2 C 3 , V 2 Ta 2 C 3 , V 2 Nb 2 C 3 , or V 2 Ti 2 C 3 , preferably Mo 2 Ti 2 C 3 , Mo 2 V 2 C 3 , Mo 2 Nb 2 C 3 , Mo 2 Ta 2 C 3 , Ti 2 Nb 2 C 3 , Ti 2 Ta 2 C 3 , or V 2 Ta 2 C 3 , or their nitride or carbonitride analogs.
- the present technology may include the use of self-assembly magnetized MXene layers, magnetically doped MXene layers, as well as layers including composite materials of MXene and various magnetic materials, which may provide for a conductive magnetic composite.
- Non-limiting examples of Ti 3 C 2 MXene-based composites may include carbon nanotubes-Ti 3 C 2 MXene; nanocarbon sphere-Ti 3 C 2 MXene; amorphous carbon-TiO 2 -T 3 C 2 MXene; ZnO—Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Ni 0.5 Zn 0.5 Fe 2 O 4 —Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Fe 3 O 4 —Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Ba 3 Co 2 Fe 24 O 41 —Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Ni—Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Co 3 O 4 —Ti 3 C 2 MXene; Co 0.2 Ni 0.4 Zn 0.4 Fe 2 O 4 —Ti 3 C 2 MXene; and FeCo-T 3 C 2 MXene.
- Various 2-D Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes are also contemplated, where T x denotes a surface terminated group, such as —OH,
- the magnetic layers 44 of the multi-layered material 36 may be disposed directly adjacent to the respective electrically conductive layer 42 of the sets 38 , 40 of alternating layers. Similarly, the sets of layers 38 , 40 of alternating layers may be disposed directly adjacent to one another. In certain aspects, however, there may optionally be small, discontinuous gaps or pockets 60 ( FIG. 3 ) between certain sets 38 , 40 of alternating layers.
- the magnetic layers 44 include at least one magnetic material such that the magnetic layer 44 exhibits a relative magnetic permeability, which is the measure of the resistance of the material against the formation of a magnetic field, of generally greater than one, greater than 10, greater than 100, and typically may be in a range of from about 100 up to about 1,000,000, depending on the material. Permeability is typically measured in H/m (Henries/m) or Newtons/ampere 2 (N/A 2 ).
- Non-limiting exemplary materials that may be included in the magnetic layers 44 include various ferromagnetic metals, such as Fe, Ni, Co, as well as with combinations of Si, Bi, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, and the like.
- specific materials may include neodymium magnets, austenitic stainless steel, martensitic stainless steel (hardened or annealed), carbon steel, carbonyl iron powder compounds, silicon iron powder compounds, iron powder compounds, Al—Si—Fe powder compounds (Sendust), nickel iron powder compound, Mo—Fe—Ni powder compound (molypermalloy powder, MPP), ferrite (cobalt, nickel, zinc; magnesium, manganese, zinc; nickel, zinc; manganese, zinc), ferritic stainless steel (hardened), electrical steel, iron (99.8% pure), cobalt-iron, Mu-metal, NANOPERM®, permalloy, iron (99.95% pure Fe annealed in H), Metglas 2714A (annealed), NANOPER
- the magnetic layer 44 may be provided as a dense, continuous layer of material, which is considered to be distinct from a non-continuous layer that may include isolated magnetic particles.
- the continuous layer of material may include magnetic particles having a particle size with a major dimension measured in the nanometer range, which may be referred to herein as magnetic nanoparticles.
- the continuous layer of the magnetic material may include a solid layer of magnetic nanoparticles. Such a continuous layer of the magnetic material may be formed using various known techniques, including deposition and chemical techniques.
- the continuous layer of the magnetic material may include annealed magnetic nanoparticles, and the layer may be formed using an annealing process that fuses magnetic nanoparticles together.
- the thickness dimension of the magnetic layer may vary based on the material selection, and desired properties, and may range from about 1 ⁇ m to about 200 ⁇ m, from about 10 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m, or from about 30 ⁇ m to about 50 ⁇ m.
- a ratio of a thickness dimension of the electrically conductive layer 42 to a thickness dimension of the magnetic layer 44 may vary, and can be within a broad range of from about 1:0.01 to about 1:1,000.
- a ratio of the thickness dimension of the electrically conductive layer 42 to the thickness dimension of the magnetic layer 44 may be from about 1:1 to about 1:4.
- the magnetic layers 44 of different sets of layers may generally be provided with the substantially the same thickness dimension. In other aspects, certain magnetic layers 44 may be provided with a different thickness dimension.
- FIGS. 4 A- 4 C are schematic illustrations that provide additional exemplary representations of multi-layered materials according to aspects of the present technology that may use different materials or different compositions in certain layers.
- the use of different materials in one or more of the different layers may influence a difference in impedance values, which may in turn influence different electromagnetic shielding characteristics, such as increased reflection.
- the multi-layered material may be provided with a first set of alternating layers with a first electrically conductive layer and a first magnetic material; and a second set of alternating layers with a second electrically conductive layer, different from the first electrically conductive layer, and a second magnetic material, different from the first magnetic material.
- FIGS. 4 A- 4 C provide non-limiting example configurations of multi-layered composite materials provided with sets of alternating layers including different materials.
- the multi-layered material 62 is specifically provided with three sets of alternating layers. Each set may include an electrically conductive layer 42 a , 42 b , 42 c provided with a different material composition, while the magnetic layers 44 are each provided with the same material composition. As shown in FIG. 4 B , the multi-layered material 64 is also provided with three sets of alternating layers, however, each set may provide each conductive layer 42 with the same material composition, while each set includes a magnetic layer 44 a , 44 b , 44 c provided with a different material composition. As shown in FIG.
- the multi-layered material is provided with three sets of alternating layers, with three different materials in the electrically conductive layers 42 a , 42 b , 42 c , and three different materials in the magnetic layers 44 a , 44 b , 44 c.
- the multi-layered composite materials of the present technology can also be used with additional conductive fillers as are known in the art to further influence the shielding of electromagnetic interference.
- additional conductive fillers as are known in the art to further influence the shielding of electromagnetic interference.
- Non-limiting examples may include various carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, graphene, and the like.
- the present technology also contemplates the multi-layered composite material being shaped and/or sized as small fragments, or flakes.
- the flakes can be mixed with an appropriate base material, such as a liquid resin, in order to form a mixture that can be applied/deposited via a spray application technique, or the like, to form an electromagnetic shield coating, for example, to be applied on one or more vehicle component, which may have a complex or three-dimensional shape.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration that provides an exemplary representation of a resulting coating 70 including fragments or flakes 72 of a multi-layered material disposed in a resin 74 according to various aspects of the present technology.
- An exemplary sprayable composite composition may include any suitable base liquid resin material with the small fragments, or flakes 72 provided as a substantially homogenous mixture disposed within the base liquid resin material.
- the dimensions of the flakes 72 also referred to as the flaked material, may vary based on the specific application and desired properties. In various aspects, one or more surface dimension of the flaked material may range from about 5 ⁇ m to about 100 ⁇ m.
- the flakes 72 may have substantially uniform dimensions, while it other aspects, it may be desirable to include flakes 72 with a mixture of having different size dimensions, for example, different aspect ratios of height:width.
- the flakes 72 may also be provided with different types and combinations of materials.
- the flaked material may include a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material as discussed above.
- each repeating set of alternating layers may include an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer, and the magnetic layer may be provided as a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the flakes 72 of FIG. 5 are generally illustrated as rectangular shaped, the geometry of the flakes may be substantially more random, with different dimension as well as various alignments within the resin 74 .
- the coating composite composition may be configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a frequency of less than about 1 MHz.
- the present technology additionally provides methods for forming a composite material for shielding low-frequency electromagnetic waves.
- the methods may include providing a multi-layered material including a plurality of repeating sets of alternating layers of material as discussed above.
- each repeating set of alternating layers includes an electrically conductive layer and a magnetic layer that may include a continuous layer of a magnetic material.
- the methods include shaping or sizing the multi-layered material into flakes, and then making a homogenous mixture of the flakes of the multi-layered material and a suitable base, such as a liquid resin material.
- the method includes applying the homogenous mixture to a substrate or structured component to form one or more coatings of films.
- the resulting coating is configured to shield electromagnetic waves having a frequency of less than about 1 MHz
- FIGS. 6 A- 6 C each illustrate an exemplary plot of frequency (MHz) vs. shielding effectiveness (dB) for a far-field simulation using a set of multi-layered materials. Each figure compares a difference in the number of sets of repeating layers provided (for example, between 2-10 layers, or 1-5 sets or repeating layers), but having the same fixed total thickness, h.
- FIG. 6 A illustrates data for a first set of 5 multi-layered materials, where the total thickness, h, is 100 ⁇ m for each multi-layered material.
- FIG. 6 B illustrates data for a second set of 5 multi-layered materials, where the total thickness, h, is 150 ⁇ m for each multi-layered material.
- FIG. 6 C illustrates data for a third set of 5 multi-layered materials, where the total thickness, h, is 200 ⁇ m for each multi-layered material.
- the properties used in the simulations included repeating sets of alternating layers of: an electrically conductive layer having a permittivity of 22, a permeability of 1, and a conductivity of 5e 5 S/m; and a magnetic layer having a permittivity of 1, a permeability of 2.7e 3 , and a conductivity of 5e 7 S/m.
- the skin depth is 225 ⁇ m at 0.1 MHz.
- the simulation data confirms the effect of multi-layering is demonstrated below the skin depth.
- the material properties of the multi-layered materials such as a higher permeability of the magnetic layer, has a larger influence on the shielding effectiveness. Additionally, the use of a combination of different materials in the various electrically conductive layers and magnetic layers may influence the impedance of the multi-layered materials, which may also increase the shielding effectiveness.
- the shielding effectiveness can be considered analogous to a measurement of electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency, which is a term used to characterize the ability of materials to block electromagnetic waves.
- the total electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency can be considered as the sum of absorption shielding efficiency, reflection shielding efficiency, and multiple internal reflection shielding efficiency.
- the electromagnetic interference shielding efficiency value is high, the contribution of multiple internal reflections is combined in the absorption, because the re-reflected waves are absorbed (due to internal reflections) or dissipated as heat in the shielding material.
- multiple reflection is also a shielding mechanism, which refers to reflections at various surfaces or interfaces within the material.
- the multiple reflections loss can be neglected when the distance between the reflecting surfaces or interfaces is larger than the skin depth.
- the electric field of plane wave penetrating the conductor decreases exponentially as the increasing depth of the incoming conductor, so that the electromagnetic wave only penetrates the near surface area of the electrical conductor.
- the use of the multilayer materials of the present technology breaks the skin depth limit, where shielding beyond this limit is generally provided from the internal reflections.
- the terms “comprise” and “include” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation of items in succession or a list is not to the exclusion of other like items that may also be useful in the devices and methods of this technology.
- the terms “can” and “may” and their variants are intended to be non-limiting, such that recitation that an embodiment can or may comprise certain elements or features does not exclude other embodiments of the present technology that do not contain those elements or features.
Abstract
Description
δ=(πfμσ)−1
where f is frequency, μ is magnetic permeability (μ=μoμr), μo equals to 4×10−7H/m, μr is the relative magnetic permeability, and a is electrical conductivity. Therefore, the skin depth decreases as the frequency, conductivity or permeability increases. The use of the multilayer materials of the present technology breaks the skin depth limit, where shielding beyond this limit is generally provided from the internal reflections.
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US20160007510A1 (en) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-01-07 | Iteq Corporation | Electromagnetic interference shielding film |
US9832917B2 (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2017-11-28 | Amosense Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic wave absorbing sheet and method of manufacturing the same and electronic device using the same |
US20190092641A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2019-03-28 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Aligned film and method for producing the same |
US20190166733A1 (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2019-05-30 | Drexel University | Two-dimensional metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride films and composites for emi shielding |
US20200015391A1 (en) | 2018-01-25 | 2020-01-09 | Lg Chem, Ltd. | Coating Composition, Coating Film, and EMI Shielding Composite |
US20200029477A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2020-01-23 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic shielding material and method for producing the same |
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US9832917B2 (en) * | 2012-12-27 | 2017-11-28 | Amosense Co., Ltd. | Electromagnetic wave absorbing sheet and method of manufacturing the same and electronic device using the same |
US20160007510A1 (en) * | 2014-07-07 | 2016-01-07 | Iteq Corporation | Electromagnetic interference shielding film |
US20190166733A1 (en) | 2016-04-22 | 2019-05-30 | Drexel University | Two-dimensional metal carbide, nitride, and carbonitride films and composites for emi shielding |
US20190092641A1 (en) | 2017-09-28 | 2019-03-28 | Murata Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Aligned film and method for producing the same |
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