US11739807B2 - Energy absorption member - Google Patents
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- US11739807B2 US11739807B2 US16/476,334 US201816476334A US11739807B2 US 11739807 B2 US11739807 B2 US 11739807B2 US 201816476334 A US201816476334 A US 201816476334A US 11739807 B2 US11739807 B2 US 11739807B2
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F7/00—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers
- F16F7/12—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using plastic deformation of members
- F16F7/124—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using plastic deformation of members characterised by their special construction from fibre-reinforced plastics
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C13/00—Fibre or filament compositions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C3/00—Glass compositions
- C03C3/04—Glass compositions containing silica
- C03C3/076—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight
- C03C3/089—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron
- C03C3/091—Glass compositions containing silica with 40% to 90% silica, by weight containing boron containing aluminium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/0405—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres
- C08J5/043—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material with inorganic fibres with glass fibres
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/24—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs
- C08J5/241—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres
- C08J5/244—Impregnating materials with prepolymers which can be polymerised in situ, e.g. manufacture of prepregs using inorganic fibres using glass fibres
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F7/00—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers
- F16F7/003—One-shot shock absorbers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F7/00—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers
- F16F7/12—Vibration-dampers; Shock-absorbers using plastic deformation of members
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
- C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
- C03C2213/00—Glass fibres or filaments
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J2363/00—Characterised by the use of epoxy resins; Derivatives of epoxy resins
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2224/00—Materials; Material properties
- F16F2224/02—Materials; Material properties solids
- F16F2224/0241—Fibre-reinforced plastics [FRP]
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2228/00—Functional characteristics, e.g. variability, frequency-dependence
- F16F2228/001—Specific functional characteristics in numerical form or in the form of equations
- F16F2228/005—Material properties, e.g. moduli
- F16F2228/007—Material properties, e.g. moduli of solids, e.g. hardness
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F2234/00—Shape
- F16F2234/02—Shape cylindrical
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an energy absorption member.
- an energy absorption member which is composed of a fiber reinforced resin using glass fibers comprising an E glass composition (generally, a composition containing SiO 2 in the range of 52.0 to 56.0% by mass, Al 2 O 3 in the range of 12.0 to 16.0% by mass, MgO and CaO totally in the range of 20.0 to 25.0% by mass, and B 2 O 3 in the range of 5.0 to 10.0% by mass based on the total amount of the glass) (hereinafter referred to as E glass fibers) as the reinforcement fibers.
- E glass fibers an energy absorption member composed of a fiber reinforced resin using carbon fibers as the reinforcement fibers.
- Patent Literature 1 using E glass fibers as reinforcement fibers, there was a disadvantage that an impact could not be absorbed stably, because propagation of fracture by impact was not uniform.
- An object of the present invention is to provide an energy absorption member in which the above disadvantage is eliminated, specifically the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact is small, and fracture by impact propagates uniformly enabling stable absorption of the impact.
- the energy absorption member of the present invention is to be an energy absorption member comprising a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material composed of reinforcement fibers in which the tensile strength S (GPa), the tensile modulus of elasticity M (GPa), and the elongation rate E (%) satisfy the following expression (1), and a curable resin composition with which the reinforcement fibers are impregnated, wherein in the fiber-reinforced composite material, the volume content of the reinforcement fibers is 30 to 80%. 11.0 ⁇ S 2 ⁇ M 1/8 /E 1/2 ⁇ 22.0 (1)
- the energy absorber of the present invention when the tensile strength S, the tensile modulus of elasticity M, and the elongation rate E satisfy the above expression (1), and the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is in the above range, an energy absorption member, in which the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact is small, and fracture by impact uniformly propagates, so that the impact can be stably absorbed, is obtained.
- the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact is small means: when a load displacement curve is drawn by a large scale falling weight impact test, in which a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material is held by an upper fixture and a lower fixture, and a falling weight is made to free-fall on to the upper fixture to give an impact compressive load in the axial direction under the test conditions that the mass of the falling weight is 200 kg, the free fall height is 2.46 m to gain the striking velocity of 25 km/h, the difference between the load at the maximum load point (hereinafter referred to as the “maximum load”) and the load at the local minimum point appearing immediately after the maximum load point (hereinafter referred to as the “first local minimum point load”) is less than 30 kN.
- the energy absorbing material of the present invention when the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is less than 30%, fracture by impact does not uniformly propagate, and cannot stably absorb the impact. On the other hand, when the volume content of the reinforcement fibers is over 80%, the reinforcement fibers are not sufficiently impregnated with a curable resin composition, and a fiber-reinforced composite material cannot be obtained.
- a plurality of the reinforcement fibers are disposed in a spiral form to cross each other in the fiber-reinforced composite material.
- the crossing angle of the reinforcement fibers crossing each other is preferably 100° or more and 160° or less.
- the crossing angle when the crossing angle is in the range of 100° or more and 160° or less, the fracture by impact propagates more uniformly, so that an energy absorption member capable of absorbing an impact more stably is obtained.
- a plurality of the reinforcement fibers are disposed in a spiral form to cross each other in the fiber-reinforced composite material.
- the crossing angle of the reinforcement fibers crossing each other is further preferably 70° or more and less than 100°.
- the crossing angle when the crossing angle is in the range of 70° or more and less than 100°, the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact becomes smaller, and an extremely high amount of energy absorbed is realized.
- recoil at the moment of receiving an impact becomes smaller means that the difference between the maximum load and the load at the first local minimum point is 20 kN or less.
- an extremely high amount of energy absorbed is realized means: when a load displacement curve is drawn by a large scale falling weight impact test, in which a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material is held by an upper fixture and a lower fixture, and a falling weight is made to free-fall on to the upper fixture to give an impact compressive load in the axial direction under the test conditions that the mass of the falling weight is 200 kg, the free fall height is 2.46 m to gain the striking velocity of 25 km/h, the amount of energy absorbed until the displacement reaches 70 mm (hereinafter referred to as “total amount of energy absorbed at 70 mm”) is 3300 J or more.
- the total amount of energy absorbed at 70 mm may be also determined as an average of the energy absorption amount at a displacement just before 70 mm and the amount of energy absorbed at a displacement just after 70 mm.
- the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is 50 to 70%.
- the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is 50 to 70%, a high amount of energy absorbed is realized.
- a high energy amount of energy absorbed is realized means that the total amount of energy absorbed at 70 mm is 2500 J or more.
- the reinforcement fiber is a glass fiber, which contains SiO 2 in a range of 56.5 to 68.0% by mass, Al 2 O 3 in a range of 13.0 to 28.0% by mass, and MgO in a range of 5.0 to 12.0% by mass based on a total amount of the glass fiber, that the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO is 77.0% by mass or more, and that a ratio of the content of MgO to the content of SiO 2 (MgO/SiO 2 ) is 0.09 to 0.18.
- the glass fiber When the reinforcement fiber is a glass fiber that satisfies the above requirements with respect to the content of each of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 and MgO, the glass fiber can have an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and the energy absorption member using the glass fiber as the reinforcement fiber exhibits a smaller recoil at receiving an impact, and uniform propagation of fracture by impact, and is therefore able to absorb an impact stably.
- the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the content of SiO 2 is more than 68.0% by mass, when a glass composition composing the glass fiber is melted, the viscosity of the molten glass composition becomes high, and the production of glass fiber itself becomes difficult.
- the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 is more than 28.0% by mass, devitrification (a phenomenon in which minute crystals precipitate in the glass) is prone to occur in melting a glass composition composing the glass fiber, and the production of the glass fiber itself becomes difficult.
- the temperature necessary for melting the glass composition is increased, which causes a disadvantage that the life of a melting furnace is shortened.
- the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the content of MgO is more than 12.0% by mass, devitrification is prone to occur in melting a glass composition composing the glass fiber, and the working temperature range is narrowed which makes the production of glass fiber itself becomes difficult.
- the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the MgO/SiO 2 exceeds 0.18, devitrification is prone to occur in melting a glass composition composing the glass fiber, and the production of the glass fiber itself becomes difficult.
- FIG. 1 is a diagram showing a monofilament test piece used for measuring the tensile strength S, tensile modulus of elasticity M, and elongation rate E of a reinforcement fiber in a fiber-reinforced composite material composing the energy absorption member of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing the crossing angle of reinforcement fibers in a fiber-reinforced composite material composing the energy absorption member of the present invention, and the angle of the reinforcement fibers with respect to the central axis of the fiber-reinforced composite material.
- the energy absorption member of the present embodiment is an energy absorption member comprising a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material composed of reinforcement fibers in which the tensile strength S (GPa), tensile modulus of elasticity M (GPa), and elongation rate E (%) satisfy the following expression (1), and a curable resin composition with which the reinforcement fibers are impregnated; wherein the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is 30 to 80%.
- the tensile strength S of the reinforcement fibers is, for example, in the range of 3.7 to 5.5 GPa, preferably in the range of 3.8 to 5.2 GPa, more preferably in the range of 3.9 to 5.0 GPa, and further preferably in the range of 4.0 to 4.8 GPa.
- S is less than 3.7 GPa, it becomes difficult for fracture by impact to uniformly propagate, making it difficult to stably absorb the impact.
- the S exceeds 5.5 GPa, the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact becomes large.
- the tensile strength S of a reinforcement fiber is calculated by dividing the maximum load at a tensile break of a reinforcement fiber (when the reinforcement fiber is formed of a plurality of monofilaments, one of the monofilaments) by the cross-sectional area of the reinforcement fiber.
- the tensile strength S of the glass fiber can be measured by the following procedure.
- a glass batch (a preparation obtained by mixing glass raw materials), or glass fibers (when an organic matter adheres to the surface of the glass fibers, or the glass fibers are contained in an organic matter (resin) mainly as a reinforcement material, the fibers are used after the organic matter is removed, for example, by heating in a muffle furnace at 300 to 630° C. for about 2 to 24 hours) are placed in a platinum crucible, and melted in an electric furnace keeping a temperature of 1550° C. for 6 hours with stirring to obtain homogeneous molten glass.
- the obtained molten glass is cast over a carbon plate to produce a glass cullet.
- the obtained glass cullet is charged into a small cylindrical platinum bushing having a circular nozzle tip at the bottom thereof, and the bushing is heated to a predetermined temperature to melt the glass cullet such that the viscosity of the charged glass cullet becomes 1000 ⁇ 150 poise to yield a molten glass.
- the obtained monofilament F is placed and bonded in the longitudinal direction along the line Ai connecting the center points O and O of the short sides of the mount P to prepare a monofilament test piece 11 .
- the mount P has a cut out section 12 inside at the center, such that the short side and the long side of the mount P are parallel to the short side and the long side, respectively, of the cut out section 12 .
- grip sections 13 between the short side of the cut out section 12 and the short side of the mount P, which are to be held by grips of a tensile testing machine.
- the short side is 25 mm long, and the long side is 50 mm long, and in the cut out section 12 , the short side is 15 mm long, and the long side is 25 mm long.
- the short side is 12.5 mm long, and the long side is 25 mm long, and in the support sections 14 , the short side is 5 mm long, and the long side is 25 mm long.
- the diameter of the monofilament F is measured with a scanning electron microscope (trade name: S-3400, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), and the cross-sectional area of the monofilament F is calculated from the obtained diameter.
- the grip sections 13 , 13 are held by an upper and lower grips, for which the distance between the grips is set at 25 mm, of a tensile testing machine (tabletop material testing instrument STB-1225S, manufactured by A&D Company, Limited), and then the support sections 14 , 14 are cut off.
- a tensile test is carried out at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min.
- the tensile strength S is calculated by dividing the maximum load value at a break of the monofilament F by the cross-sectional area of the monofilament F.
- the tensile modulus of elasticity M of the reinforcement fiber is, for example, in the range of 77 to 110 GPa, preferably in the range of 78 to 100 GPa, more preferably in the range of 79 to 95 GPa, and further preferably in the range of 80 to 90 GPa.
- the tensile modulus of elasticity M is less than 77 GPa, it is difficult for fracture by impact to propagate uniformly, which makes it difficult to stably absorb the impact.
- the tensile modulus of elasticity M is more than 110 GPa, the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact becomes large.
- the tensile modulus of elasticity M of the glass fiber can be measured by the following procedure.
- the obtained monofilament F is placed and bonded in the longitudinal direction along the line Ai connecting the center points O and O of the short sides of the mount P to prepare a monofilament test piece 11 .
- the mount P has a cut out section 12 inside at the center, such that the short side and the long side of the mount P are parallel to the short side and the long side, respectively, of the cut out section 12 .
- grip sections 13 between the short side of the cut out section 12 and the short side of the mount P, which are to be held by grips of a tensile testing machine.
- the short side is 25 mm long, and the long side is 75 mm long, and in the cut out section 12 , the short side is 15 mm long, and the long side is 50 mm long.
- the short side is 12.5 mm long, and the long side is 25 mm long, and in the support sections 14 , the short side is 5 mm long, and the long side is 50 mm long.
- the diameter of the monofilament F is measured with a scanning electron microscope (trade name: S-3400, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.), and the cross-sectional area of the monofilament F is calculated from the obtained diameter.
- the grip sections 13 , 13 are held by an upper and lower grips, for which the distance between the grips is set at 50 mm, of a tensile testing machine (tabletop material testing instrument STB-1225S, manufactured by A&D Company, Limited), and then the support sections 14 are cut off.
- a tensile test is carried out at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min.
- the elongation rate E of the reinforcement fiber is, for example, in the range of 3.0 to 7.0%, preferably in the range of 4.0 to 6.8%, more preferably in the range of 5.0 to 6.5%, and further preferably in the range of 5.5 to 6.2%.
- the elongation rate E is less than 3.0%, the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact tends to be large.
- the elongation rate E is more than 7.0%, the deformation due to an impact load is too large, while the length of the energy absorption member may be limited due to the restriction of the installation space, etc. Therefore, when the allowable amount of deformation by an impact load is limited, a high amount of energy absorbed cannot be realized.
- the elongation rate E of the reinforcement fiber is calculated by dividing the displacement at the time of a break of the monofilament by the distance between the grips.
- the elongation rate may be measured by performing the same operation as in the method of measuring tensile strength S of the glass fiber to find the displacement when the maximum load value is obtained, and by dividing the displacement by the distance between the grips (25 mm) to calculate the percentage.
- the tensile strength S, tensile modulus of elasticity M, and elongation rate E should satisfy the following expression (2), because the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact is more surely reduced, and fracture by impact more surely propagates uniformly enabling stable absorption of the impact. 11.5 ⁇ S 2 ⁇ M 1/8 /E 1/2 ⁇ 20.0 (2)
- the tensile strength S, tensile modulus of elasticity M, and elongation rate E satisfy the following expression (3). 11.7 ⁇ S 2 ⁇ M 1/8 /E 1/2 ⁇ 19.0 (3)
- the tensile strength S, tensile modulus of elasticity M, and elongation rate E satisfy the following expression (4). 12.0 ⁇ S 2 ⁇ M 1/8 /E 1/2 ⁇ 18.0 (4)
- the weight of the reinforcement fiber is preferably 10 to 10000 tex (g/km), and more preferably 100 to 4000 tex, further preferably 200 to 2500 tex, and particularly preferably 280 to 2300 tex.
- the size of the reinforcement fibers is within the range, forming of the fiber-reinforced composite material becomes easy.
- a glass fiber which contains SiO 2 in the range of 56.5 to 68.0% by mass, Al 2 O 3 in the range of 13.0 to 28.0% by mass, and MgO in the range of 5.0 to 12.0% by mass based on the total amount of the reinforcement fiber, wherein the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO is 77.0% by mass or more, and the ratio (MgO/SiO 2 ) of the content of MgO to the content of SiO 2 is 0.09 to 0.18, may be preferably used as the reinforcement fiber satisfying the expression (1).
- the obtained glass fiber when the content of SiO 2 in a glass fiber which is a reinforcement fiber is less than 56.5% by mass, the obtained glass fiber does not have an appropriate tensile strength and elongation rate, and an energy absorption member in which the obtained glass fiber is used as the reinforcement fiber cannot attain stable energy absorption.
- the content of SiO 2 is more than 68.0% by mass, when a glass composition composing the glass fiber is melted, the viscosity of the molten glass composition becomes high, and the production of the glass fiber itself becomes difficult.
- the content of SiO 2 in the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is preferably 56.7 to 65.0% by mass, more preferably 56.9 to 63.0% by mass, further preferably 57.0 to 61.5% by mass, particularly preferably 57.1 to 60.0% by mass, and most preferably 57.2 to 59.5% by mass.
- the obtained glass fiber does not express an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and therefore an energy absorption member using the glass fiber as the reinforcement fiber cannot realize stable energy absorption.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 exceeds 28.0% by mass, devitrification is prone to occur when a glass composition composing the glass fiber is melted, and the glass fiber production itself becomes difficult.
- the temperature necessary for melting the glass composition is increased, which causes a disadvantage that the life of the melting furnace is shortened.
- the content of Al 2 O 3 in the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is preferably 14.0 to 25.0% by mass, more preferably 14.5 to 22.0% by mass, further preferably 15.0 to 20.0% by mass, particularly preferably 15.5 to 19.5% by mass, and most preferably 16.0 to 19.2% by mass.
- the obtained glass fiber does not express an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and therefore an energy absorption member using the glass fiber as the reinforcement fiber cannot realize stable energy absorption.
- the content of MgO exceeds 12.0% by mass, devitrification is prone to occur when a glass composition composing the glass fiber is melted, and the glass fiber production itself becomes difficult, because the workable temperature range is narrowed.
- the content of MgO in the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is preferably 6.0 to 11.5% by mass, more preferably 7.0 to 11.0% by mass, further preferably 8.0 to 10.5% by mass, and particularly preferably 9.0 to 10.2% by mass.
- the obtained glass fiber does not express an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and therefore an energy absorption member using the glass fiber as the reinforcement fiber cannot realize stable energy absorption.
- the total content of SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , and MgO in the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is preferably 80.0% by mass or more, more preferably 82.0% by mass or more, further preferably 84.0% by mass or more, and particularly preferably 85.0% by mass or more.
- the obtained glass fiber does not express an appropriate tensile strength, tensile modulus of elasticity, and elongation rate, and therefore an energy absorption member using the glass fiber as the reinforcement fiber cannot realize stable energy absorption.
- the MgO/SiO 2 exceeds 0.18, devitrification is prone to occur when a glass composition composing the glass fiber is melted, and the glass fiber production itself becomes difficult.
- the ratio (MgO/SiO 2 ) of the content of MgO to the content of SiO 2 in the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is preferably in the range of 0.120 to 0.175, more preferably in the range of 0.130 to 0.170, and further preferably in the range of 0.140 to 0.165.
- the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber may contain CaO, for example, in the range of 6.0 to 14.0% by mass, preferably in the range of 8.0 to 13.0% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 10.0 to 12.5% by mass.
- the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber may contain B 2 O 3 , for example, in the range of 0.1 to 2.0% by mass, preferably in the range of 0.5 to 1.5% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 0.8 to 1.2% by mass.
- the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber may contain Fe 2 O 3 , Na 2 O, K 2 O, Li 2 O, SrO, and TiO 2 at the total content in the range of 0.05 to 3.0% by mass, preferably in the range of 0.1 to 0.8% by mass, and more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 0.5% by mass.
- the content of each component in the glass fiber may be measured using an ICP emission spectrometry apparatus with respect to light elements of B and Li, and using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with respect to other elements.
- a glass batch (a preparation obtained by mixing glass raw materials), or a glass fiber (when an organic matter adheres to the surface of the glass fiber, or the glass fiber is included in an organic matter (resin) mainly as a reinforcement material
- the glass is used after the organic matter is removed, for example, by heating it in a muffle furnace at 300 to 600° C. for about 2 to 24 hours) is placed in a platinum crucible, and melted in an electric furnace at a temperature of 1550° C. for 6 hours with stirring to obtain homogeneous molten glass.
- the obtained molten glass is cast over a carbon plate to produce a glass cullet, which is then ground to powder.
- the glass powder is decomposed by alkali fusion decomposition, and then quantitatively analyzed using an ICP emission spectrometry apparatus.
- the glass powder is formed into a disk shape with a press, and then quantitatively analyzed using a wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. From these quantitative analysis results the amount of each component in terms of an oxide, as well as the total amount are calculated. From these values, the content of each component described above can be determined.
- the fiber diameter of the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is, for example, in the range of 3 to 30 ⁇ m, preferably in the range of 6 to 25 ⁇ m, more preferably in the range of 11 to 24 ⁇ m, and further preferably in the range of 13 to 23 ⁇ m.
- the fiber diameter of the glass fiber means the diameter of the glass filament.
- the fiber diameter of the glass fiber means the diameter of the perfect circle having the same area as the area of the cross section with such a shape (referred to as “equivalent fiber diameter”).
- the cross-sectional shape of the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber there is no particular restriction on the cross-sectional shape of the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber (generally, a glass fiber is composed of a bundle of a plurality of glass filaments, and the cross-sectional shape of the glass filament is referred to as the cross-sectional shape of the glass fiber).
- examples of the cross-sectional shape that can be taken by the glass fiber may include perfect circle, oval, and long-oval.
- the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the cross-sectional shape is, for example, in the range of 2.0 to 10.0.
- the number of glass filaments constituting the glass fiber which is the reinforcement fiber is, for example, in the range of 400 to 6000, preferably in the range of 600 to 4500, more preferably in the range of 800 to 3,000, and further preferably in the range of 800 to 2,000.
- the surface of the reinforcement fibers may be coated with an organic substance for the purpose of, for example, enhancing the adhesion between the reinforcement fibers and a curable resin composition with which the reinforcement fibers are impregnated.
- an organic substance may include starch, a urethane resin, an epoxy resin, an unsaturated polyester resin, a vinyl acetate resin, an acrylic resin, a modified polypropylene (especially carboxylic acid modified polypropylene), and a copolymer of a (poly)carboxylic acid (especially maleic acid) and an unsaturated monomer.
- the reinforcement fibers may be coated with a resin composition containing a silane coupling agent, a lubricant, a surfactant, etc. in addition to the above resins.
- a resin composition is coated on the glass fiber at a proportion of 0.1 to 2.0% by mass based on the mass of the glass fiber in a state of not being coated with the resin composition.
- coating on the glass fiber with an organic substance may be performed, for example, in a production process for glass fibers by applying a resin solution or a resin composition solution onto the glass fibers using a publicly known means such as a roller applicator, and then drying the glass fibers having received the resin solution or resin composition solution.
- examples of the silane coupling agent include aminosilane (such as ⁇ -aminopropyltriethoxysilane, N- ⁇ -(aminoethyl)- ⁇ -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N- ⁇ -(aminoethyl)-N′- ⁇ -(aminoethyl)- ⁇ -aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, and ⁇ -anilinopropyltrimethoxysilane), chlorosilane (such as rglycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane), epoxysilane (such as ⁇ -(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)ethyltrimethoxysilane), mercaptosilane (such as ⁇ -mercaptotrimethoxysilane including ⁇ -chloropropyltrimethoxysilane), vinylsilane (such as vinyltrimethoxysilane, and N- ⁇ -(
- the lubricant examples include a modified silicone oil, an animal oil (such as beef tallow) and a hydrogenated product thereof, a vegetable oil (such as soybean oil, coconut oil, rapeseed oil, palm oil, and castor oil) and a hydrogenated product thereof, an animal wax (such as beeswax, and lanolin), a vegetable wax (such as candelilla wax, and carnauba wax), a mineral wax (such as paraffin wax, and montan wax), a condensation product of a higher saturated fatty acid and a higher saturated alcohol (such as stearic acid ester, including lauryl stearate), a polyethylenimine, an alkylamide derivative of a polyalkylpolyamine, a fatty acid amide (such as a dehydration condensation product of a polyethylenepolyamine such as diethylenetriamine, triethylenetetramine, and tetraethylenepentamine, and a fatty acid such as lauric acid, myristic acid, palm
- surfactant examples include a nonionic surfactant, a cationic surfactant, an anionic surfactant, and an amphoteric surfactant.
- nonionic surfactant examples include ethylene oxide/propylene oxide alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene alkyl ether, polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer, alkyl polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene block copolymer ether, polyoxyethylene fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid monoester, polyoxyethylene fatty acid diester, polyoxyethylene sorbitan fatty acid ester, ethylene oxide adduct of glycerol fatty acid ester, polyoxyethylene castor oil ether, ethylene oxide adduct of hydrogenated castor oil, ethylene oxide adduct of alkylamine, ethylene oxide adduct of fatty acid amide, glycerol fatty acid ester, polyglycerin fatty acid ester, pentaerythritol fatty acid ester, sorbitol fatty acid ester, sorbitan fatty acid ester, sucrose fatty acid ester, polyhydric alcohol alkyl
- Examples of a cationic surfactant include alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride, alkyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, alkyl dimethyl ethyl ammonium ethyl sulfate, a higher alkyl amine salt (such as acetate and hydrochloride), ethylene oxide adduct of a higher alkyl amine, a condensation product of a higher fatty acid and a polyalkylene polyamine, a salt of an ester of a higher fatty acid and an alkanolamine, a salt of a higher fatty acid amide, an imidazoline type cationic surfactant, and an alkyl pyridinium salt.
- an anionic surfactant examples include a higher alcohol sulfuric acid ester salt, a higher alkyl ether sulfuric acid ester salt, an ⁇ -olefin sulfuric acid ester salt, an alkyl benzene sulfonate, an a-olefin sulfonic acid salt, a reaction product of a fatty acid halide and N-methyl taurine, a sulfosuccinic acid dialkyl ester salt, a higher alcohol phosphoric acid ester salt, and a phosphoric acid ester salt of an ethylene oxide adduct of a higher alcohol.
- amphoteric surfactant examples include an amino acid-type amphoteric surfactant such as an alkali metal salt of alkylaminopropionic acid, and a betaine-type and imidazoline-type amphoteric surfactant such as alkyldimethyl betaine.
- the surfactants may be used singly or in combinations of two or more thereof.
- the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material when the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in the fiber-reinforced composite material is less than 30%, fracture by impact does not uniformly propagate and stable absorption of the impact is not possible. Meanwhile, when the volume content of the reinforcement fibers is more than 80%, the reinforcement fibers are not sufficiently impregnated with a curable resin composition, and a fiber-reinforced composite material is not producible.
- the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in a fiber-reinforced composite material is preferably 45 to 75%, more preferably 50 to 70%, and further preferably 55 to 65%.
- the volume content of the reinforcement fibers in a fiber-reinforced composite material can be calculated in accordance with JIS K7053.
- the curable resin composition may contain a curable resin, and an additive other than a reinforcement fiber.
- the volume content of the curable resin in the fiber-reinforced composite material is, for example, 20 to 70%.
- the volume content of the additive other than a reinforcement fiber is, for example, 0 to 10%.
- the curable resin may be a thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin, but is preferably a thermosetting resin, because the degree of freedom can be high in molding in the thickness direction.
- the curable resin may include an unsaturated polyester resin, a vinyl ester resin, an epoxy (EP) resin, a melamine (MF) resin, a phenol resin (PF), a urethane resin (PU), a polyisocyanate, a polyisocyanurate, a polyimide (PI), a urea (UF) resin, a silicone (SI) resin, a furan (FR) resin, a benzoguanamine (BR) resin, an alkyd resin, a xylene resin, a bismaleimide triazine (BT) resin, and a diallyl phthalate resin (PDAP).
- an unsaturated polyester resin a vinyl ester resin, an epoxy (EP) resin, a melamine (MF) resin, a phenol resin (PF), a urethane resin (PU), a polyisocyanate, a polyisocyanurate, a polyimide (PI), a urea (UF) resin, a silicone (SI
- an unsaturated polyesters include a resin obtained as an esterification reaction product of an aliphatic unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and an aliphatic diol.
- Examples of a vinyl ester resin include a bis type vinyl ester resin, and a novolac type vinyl ester resin.
- an epoxy resin examples include a bisphenol A epoxy resin, a bisphenol F epoxy resin, a bisphenol E epoxy resin, a bisphenol S epoxy resin, a bisphenol M epoxy resin (4,4′-(1,3-phenylenediisopropylidene)bisphenol epoxy resin), a bisphenol P epoxy resin (4,4′-(1,4-phenylenediisopropylidene)bisphenol epoxy resin), a bisphenol Z epoxy resin (4,4′-cyclohexylidenebisphenol epoxy resin), a phenol novolac epoxy resin, a cresol novolac epoxy resin, a tetraphenol group ethane type novolac epoxy resin, a novolac epoxy resin having a condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbon structure, a biphenyl epoxy resin, an aralkyl epoxy resin, such as a xylylene epoxy resin, and a phenyl aralkyl epoxy resin, a naphthylene ether epoxy resin, a naphthol epoxy resin
- Examples of a melamine resin include a product polymer of polycondensation of melamine (2,4,6-triamino-1,3,5-triazine) and formaldehyde.
- a phenol resin examples include novolac phenol resin such as a phenol novolac resin, a cresol novolac resin, and a bisphenol A novolac resin, a resol phenol resin, such as a methylol resol resin, and a dimethylene ether resol resin, and an aryl alkylene phenol resin. These may be used singly or in combinations of two or more thereof.
- Examples of a urea resin include a resin obtained by condensation of urea and formaldehyde.
- the curable resins may be used singly or in combinations of two or more thereof.
- Examples of the additive other than a reinforcement fiber may include a filler other than a reinforcement fiber (such as glass powder, talc, and mica), a flame retardant, a UV absorber, a heat stabilizer, an antioxidant, an antistatic agent, a flow modifier, an antiblocking agent, a lubricant, a nucleating agent, an antibacterial agent, a pigment, and a thermoplastic resin.
- a filler other than a reinforcement fiber such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a flame retardant such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a UV absorber such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a flame retardant such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a UV absorber such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a flame retardant such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a UV absorber such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- a flame retardant such as glass powder, talc, and mica
- the fiber-reinforced composite material may be obtained by filament winding molding, sheet winding molding, autoclave molding, infusion molding, resin transfer molding, or the like using the reinforcement fibers and the curable resin composition.
- the fiber-reinforced composite material takes a hollow cylindrical shape.
- the inner diameter of the fiber-reinforced composite material is, for example, 50 to 200 mm, preferably 70 to 130 mm.
- the outer diameter of the fiber-reinforced composite material is, for example, 80 to 250 mm, preferably 100 to 150 mm.
- the length of the fiber-reinforced composite material is, for example, 100 to 150 mm.
- each reinforcement fiber is a continuous fiber having a fiber length of at least 1000 mm, and is disposed in a side wall section of the fiber-reinforced composite material having a hollow cylindrical shape from the upper end of the side wall section through to the lower end without breakage.
- the reinforcement fibers 22 constituting the energy absorption member (fiber-reinforced composite material) 21 are preferably arranged in the fiber-reinforced composite material such that a plurality of reinforcement fibers 22 form spirals in directions crossing each other, because the recoil at the moment of receiving an impact becomes small more reliably, and the fracture by impact uniformly propagates more reliably, so that an impact can be stably absorbed.
- the crossing angle ⁇ of the reinforcement fibers 2 that intersect each other is preferably 100° or more and 160° or less.
- the crossing angle ⁇ is more preferably in the range of 105° or more and 140° or less, and further preferably in the range of 110° or more and 130° or less.
- the crossing angle ⁇ of the reinforcement fibers that intersect each other is preferably 70° or more and less than 100°, and more preferably 80° or more and 95° or less.
- the angle ⁇ 1 of a reinforcement fiber 2 and the angle ⁇ 2 of the other reinforcement fiber 2 with respect to the central axis A 2 of the fiber-reinforced composite material are preferably the same.
- an energy absorption member capable of absorbing more stably an impact can be obtained.
- Examples of the applications of the energy absorption member of the present embodiment may include a crush box, a front side member, and a rear side member.
- the glass fiber GF-A shown in Table 1 was used, and as the curable resin composition, an epoxy resin composition (a mixture of an epoxy resin XNR6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation), a curing agent XNH6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation), and a curing accelerator XNA6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) at a weight ratio of 100:100:2) was used.
- an epoxy resin composition a mixture of an epoxy resin XNR6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation), a curing agent XNH6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation), and a curing accelerator XNA6805 (trade name, produced by Nagase ChemteX Corporation) at a weight ratio of 100:100:2) was used.
- the glass fiber GF-A impregnated with the obtained epoxy resin composition was cured by heating at 85° C. for 4 hours.
- the cured product of the glass fiber GF-A impregnated with the epoxy resin composition was separated from the mandrel using a core remover to obtain a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material 1 with an outer diameter of 130 mm, and an inner diameter of 100 mm.
- the hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material 21 was cut with a lathe so as to have a length of 135 mm in a state where an aluminum alloy core was inserted to secure the parallelism at both the ends and to suppress deformation in the radial direction thereby completing an energy absorption member 21 .
- the energy absorption characteristics of the energy absorption member 1 were evaluated by an impact test using a large-size falling weight impact test machine.
- an energy absorption member 1 was held with the upper fixture and the lower fixture, and a falling weight having a mass of 200 kg was made to free-fall on to the upper fixture from a height of 2.46 m to gain a striking velocity of 25 km/h to apply an impact compressive load in the axial direction to the energy absorption member.
- the impact load was measured by a load cell placed under the lower fixture, and the displacement was measured by an image analysis of a motion picture taken with a high-speed camera. The results are shown in Table 2.
- a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material 1 was formed and evaluated in exactly the same manner as Example 1 except that the glass fiber GF-B shown in Table 1 was used as the reinforcement fiber 2 . The results are shown in Table 2.
- a hollow cylindrical fiber-reinforced composite material 1 was formed and evaluated in exactly the same manner as Example 1 except that a carbon fiber (product name: T700-SC, produced by Toray Industries, Inc., represented as CF in Table 2) was used as the reinforcement fiber 2 .
- the results are shown in Table 2.
Abstract
Description
- Patent Literature 1: Japanese Patent Laid Open No. H03-112743
- Patent Literature 2: Japanese Patent Laid Open No. 2008-267393
11.0≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤22.0 (1)
11.0≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤22.0 (1)
11.5≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤20.0 (2)
11.7≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤19.0 (3)
12.0≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤18.0 (4)
TABLE 1 | |||
GF-A | GF-B | ||
Glass fiber | SiO2 (wt %) | 59.3 | 54.6 |
composition | Al2O3 (wt %) | 19.0 | 14.1 |
MgO (wt %) | 10.0 | 1.2 | |
CaO (wt %) | 11.0 | 22.4 | |
B2O3 (wt %) | 0.5 | 6.1 | |
Others (wt %) | 0.2 | 1.4 | |
SiO2 + Al2O3 + MgO | 88.3 | 69.9 | |
(wt %) | |||
MgO/SiO2 | 0.169 | 0.02 |
Glass fiber diameter (μm) | 23 | 23 |
Filament cross-sectional shape | perfect circle | perfect circle |
Number of filaments in bundle | 2000 | 2000 |
Weight (tex) | 2250 | 2250 |
Surface treatment | Silane coupling | Silane coupling |
agent | agent | |
Unsaturated | Unsaturated | |
polyester | polyester | |
resin | resin | |
TABLE 2 | |||||
Comparative | Comparative | ||||
Example 1 | Example 2 | Example 1 | Example 2 | ||
Reinforcement | Kind | GF-A | GF-A | GF-B | CF |
fiber | Tensile strength S | 4.3 | 4.3 | 3.2 | 4.9 |
(GPa) | |||||
Tensile modulus | 83 | 83 | 75 | 230 | |
of elasticity M | |||||
(GPa) | |||||
Elongation rate E | 5.9 | 5.9 | 4.7 | 2.1 | |
(%) | |||||
S2 × M1/8/E1/2 | 13.2 | 13.2 | 8.1 | 32.7 |
Crossing angle θ (°) | 120 | 90 | 120 | 120 |
Angle of reinforcement | θ1 (°) | 60 | 45 | 60 | 60 |
fiber 2 with respect to | θ2 (°) | 60 | 45 | 60 | 60 |
central axis A2 |
Volume content of reinforcement | 60 | 60 | 60 | 60 |
fiber (%) | ||||
Maximum load-First local | 25.5 | 13 | 18.8 | 41.9 |
minimum point load (kN) | ||||
Maximum local maximum point | 16.4 | 21 | 33.1 | 22.9 |
load - Minimum local minimum | ||||
point load (kN) | ||||
Total amount of energy absorbed | 3268 | 3492 | 2963 | 3145 |
at 70 mm (J) | ||||
11.0≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤22.0 (1)
Claims (14)
11.0≤S 2 ×M 1/8 /E 1/2≤22.0 (1).
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JP2017203938 | 2017-10-20 | ||
JP2017-203938 | 2017-10-20 | ||
PCT/JP2018/038619 WO2019078236A1 (en) | 2017-10-20 | 2018-10-17 | Energy absorption member |
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US11739807B2 true US11739807B2 (en) | 2023-08-29 |
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US (1) | US11739807B2 (en) |
EP (1) | EP3546786B1 (en) |
KR (1) | KR102149543B1 (en) |
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WO2020217573A1 (en) * | 2019-04-25 | 2020-10-29 | 日東紡績株式会社 | Fiber-reinforced resin hollow cylindrical body |
CN112141036A (en) * | 2019-06-28 | 2020-12-29 | 北京新能源汽车股份有限公司 | Energy absorption box for anti-collision beam and manufacturing method of energy absorption box |
CN113027972B (en) * | 2021-02-26 | 2022-05-20 | 复旦大学 | Truncated cone-shaped bistable energy-absorbing array structure |
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2018
- 2018-10-17 EP EP18867355.2A patent/EP3546786B1/en active Active
- 2018-10-17 CN CN201880031688.6A patent/CN110621902B/en active Active
- 2018-10-17 WO PCT/JP2018/038619 patent/WO2019078236A1/en unknown
- 2018-10-17 US US16/476,334 patent/US11739807B2/en active Active
- 2018-10-17 KR KR1020197021632A patent/KR102149543B1/en active IP Right Grant
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KR102149543B1 (en) | 2020-08-28 |
WO2019078236A1 (en) | 2019-04-25 |
CN110621902A (en) | 2019-12-27 |
EP3546786A4 (en) | 2020-01-29 |
EP3546786B1 (en) | 2021-02-17 |
CN110621902B (en) | 2020-09-29 |
EP3546786A1 (en) | 2019-10-02 |
US20200018373A1 (en) | 2020-01-16 |
KR20190092586A (en) | 2019-08-07 |
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