US11518674B2 - Atomic-scale e-beam sculptor - Google Patents
Atomic-scale e-beam sculptor Download PDFInfo
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- US11518674B2 US11518674B2 US16/780,561 US202016780561A US11518674B2 US 11518674 B2 US11518674 B2 US 11518674B2 US 202016780561 A US202016780561 A US 202016780561A US 11518674 B2 US11518674 B2 US 11518674B2
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- B81C99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
- B81C99/0055—Manufacturing logistics
- B81C99/0065—Process control; Yield prediction
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- B81C1/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices or systems in or on a substrate
- B81C1/00436—Shaping materials, i.e. techniques for structuring the substrate or the layers on the substrate
- B81C1/00444—Surface micromachining, i.e. structuring layers on the substrate
- B81C1/00492—Processes for surface micromachining not provided for in groups B81C1/0046 - B81C1/00484
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- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
- G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
- G03F7/20—Exposure; Apparatus therefor
- G03F7/2051—Exposure without an original mask, e.g. using a programmed deflection of a point source, by scanning, by drawing with a light beam, using an addressed light or corpuscular source
- G03F7/2059—Exposure without an original mask, e.g. using a programmed deflection of a point source, by scanning, by drawing with a light beam, using an addressed light or corpuscular source using a scanning corpuscular radiation beam, e.g. an electron beam
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
- H01J37/00—Discharge tubes with provision for introducing objects or material to be exposed to the discharge, e.g. for the purpose of examination or processing thereof
- H01J37/30—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects
- H01J37/317—Electron-beam or ion-beam tubes for localised treatment of objects for changing properties of the objects or for applying thin layers thereon, e.g. for ion implantation
- H01J37/3174—Particle-beam lithography, e.g. electron beam lithography
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- B81C2201/00—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems
- B81C2201/01—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems in or on a substrate
- B81C2201/0101—Shaping material; Structuring the bulk substrate or layers on the substrate; Film patterning
- B81C2201/0102—Surface micromachining
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B81—MICROSTRUCTURAL TECHNOLOGY
- B81C—PROCESSES OR APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF MICROSTRUCTURAL DEVICES OR SYSTEMS
- B81C2201/00—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems
- B81C2201/01—Manufacture or treatment of microstructural devices or systems in or on a substrate
- B81C2201/0101—Shaping material; Structuring the bulk substrate or layers on the substrate; Film patterning
- B81C2201/0156—Lithographic techniques
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
Definitions
- This application relates to the fabrication of nanometer assemblies, and particularly to the fabrication of two and three dimensional atomic assemblies.
- a second approach relies on chemical formulations. This approach uses a controlled chemical synthesis of molecular materials to render assemblies. This approach requires (1) the design of molecular blocks that can carry out functionalities; (2) the development of the synthetic pathway; and (3) the assembly of operational supramolecular structures, which generally make the technology impractical.
- a third approach uses electron beam lithography.
- electron beam lithography a scanning electron beam fabricates structures.
- assembly patterning at the atomic scale is not feasible.
- FIG. 1 is an image of a controlled deposition.
- FIG. 1 a is a controlled deposition of an amorphous carbon layer on a graphene lattice.
- FIG. 1 b is a controlled deposition of multi-layer graphene structure on a graphene lattice.
- FIG. 1 c shows the results of a controlled deposition.
- FIG. 1 d shows the result of a conversion of the amorphous carbon deposition of FIG. 1 c onto a multi-layer graphene/graphite structure upon heating.
- FIG. 2 is an image of a lattice.
- FIG. 2 a is an initial, pristine graphene lattice.
- FIG. 2 b is the lattice of FIG. 2 a after about a hole has been drilled.
- FIG. 2 c is a screen-capture of the control software interface with representations of the last four spiral scans of the hole drilling process displayed in a window.
- FIG. 3 is an atomic configuration.
- FIG. 3 a is an original atomic configuration with a bright Si atom in the lower portion of the image and a target lattice site indicated with a red dot.
- FIGS. 3 b - 3 f are images at various points in time as the Si atom is moved. The atom motion is indicated by the red, dotted line.
- FIG. 4 shows how a silicon substitutional defect is transformed from three-fold coordinated bond to four-fold coordinated bond by loss of a carbon atom, and a conversion back to three-fold coordinated bond.
- FIG. 5 illustrates the introduction of a single dopant atom into a graphene lattice.
- FIG. 5 a shows the result when a 100 kV beam is placed on a lattice site where the dopant is to be placed.
- FIG. 5 b shows a small hole or defect that is created by the beam exposure.
- FIG. 5 c shows the lattice healing by incorporating a substitutional defect atom from a surrounding source material.
- FIG. 6 illustrates an introduction of a Si dimer in a graphene lattice.
- FIG. 6 a shows the hole that is created with a focused scanning transmission electron microscope probe.
- FIG. 6 b illustrates the result of the source material agitated with an electron beam by scanning over a small area. This acts to heal the graphene by incorporating the source materials in a graphene lattice.
- FIG. 6 C shows the graphene lattice healed by integrating two silicon substitutional atoms from the source material.
- FIG. 7 shows the result of an atom-by-atom nanofabrication a writing of the text “ORNL” from an amorphous SrTiO 3 precursor.
- FIG. 8 is liquid phase patterning of Pd nanocrystals in the text “CNMS” through controlled electron beam irradiation from a H 2 PdCl 4 growth solution.
- FIG. 9 is a beam directed crystallization process.
- FIG. 9 a is a scanning transmission electron microscope image of crystal-amorphous interface and location of scan path during crystallization.
- FIG. 9 b is a spatial domain plot and
- FIG. 9 c is a Fourier domain plot of detector signal in the amorphous region.
- FIG. 9 d is a spatial domain plot and
- FIG. 9 e is a Fourier domain plot of a detector signal in the crystalline region.
- FIG. 9 f is a plot of the peak amplitude from FIG. 9 e as a function of time during directed crystal growth from a starting point within the crystal and while the CA front proceeds forward.
- FIG. 10 is a screen shot of directed fabrication in SrTiO 3 .
- FIG. 11 is an image of beam-induced transformations in silicon using an electron beam.
- FIG. 11 a is an image before growth and
- FIG. 11 b is an image of the crystallization of amorphous silicon along the crystalline beam current.
- FIG. 12 is an atomic-scale tracking of a local crystallinity.
- FIG. 12 a is a pre-growth image and its FFT.
- FIG. 12 b is an abundance map and endmember one recovered through non-negative matrix factorization corresponding to the amorphous region.
- FIG. 12 c is an abundance map and endmember two recovered through the non-negative matrix factorization corresponding to the crystalline region.
- FIG. 12 d is an after-growth image and its FFT.
- FIG. 12 e is an abundance map for the amorphous region in after-growth image generated using non-negative least squares process.
- FIG. 12 f is an abundance map for the crystalline region in after-growth image generated using non-negative least squares process.
- FIG. 13 is a controlled crystallization of an amorphous silicon and dopant movement.
- the arrows illustrate the direction of the scan axis for growth, while the red lines at the base indicate the scan along the width.
- the panels with red arrows are the ‘before’ images of growth, and the panels that follow are the after images.
- FIG. 14 is timeline showing views of crystallization front in the molecular dynamic simulation of a silicon crystallization.
- the main frame shows the side view, and the smaller inset frame shows the front view.
- FIG. 15 is an exemplary nanometer fabrication and modification system.
- the disclosed systems and processes fabricate and pattern devices at the nanometer and atomic level scales.
- the systems create controllable atomic assemblies in two and three dimensions using a combination of the scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron beam modifications, customized beam controls, and real time feedback.
- Some real time feedback is based on single point feedback, diffraction feedback, sub-image feedback and/or the analysis of a chemical spectroscopy feedback.
- Some systems develop and apply cause-and-effect rules stored in a knowledge base to induce transformations that can be used on a customized fabrication scale or a commercial fabrication scale.
- the systems apply knowledge base algorithms to fabricate nanometer assemblies automatically.
- Nanometer structures, assemblies, and/or modifications may be created through five illustrative workflows that may be executed, in part, by an electron beam source such as an electron beam generated by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
- an electron beam source such as an electron beam generated by a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).
- STEM scanning transmission electron microscope
- Stage one captures one or multiple images, sample alignments, etc. through electron captures such as through electron microscopy.
- macroscopic modifications are made to the target sample. These modifications may include the deposition of macroscopic contacts through an electron beam or lithography, material cleaning via heat, electron sources, light, and/or ion irradiations, the deposition of atoms via evaporation or the placement of large scale assemblies.
- stage 3 of the workflow cause-and-effect relationships are established and stored in memory.
- the cause-and-effect relationships re-executed to fabricate nanometer structures and/or assemblies are generate modifications to them. This stage comprises the steps:
- the manufacturability of desired atomic configuration from the atomic configurations detected at stage (1) is established at stage 4 of the workflow.
- the atomic configuration may be established through a directed or automated graphical search retained in cause and effect tables stored in memory, image and design inspection, or by the execution of other algorithms.
- the electron beam fabricates the desired structure.
- the fabrication process may execute a:
- atomic fabrication, defect formation, and/or atomic movement are made by programs, routines, and software that automatically control the functioning of the hardware to controllably create atomic assemblies.
- the system initializes the controlling program that executes a rapid scan that detects atomic positions. The scan may have a low electron dose and may be non-invasive.
- the controlling program execute a material manipulation, which can position a scanning beam such as an electron beam at given proximity to or directed to a single or multiple atoms through a spiral scan or snake like scan, etc., that approach the atom or atoms. This step determines what action the beam produces, such as for example, a repelling or an attraction occurrence.
- the program may re-acquire or update the atom's position in memory and execute further atomic manipulations by applying the acquired knowledge that controls the beams behavior.
- the illustrations appear circular because the electron beam scanned in a spiral motion around the lattice site to create the hole.
- the hole is formed, which causes the software to terminate the electron beam to prevent the hole from widening.
- FIG. 4 shows a manipulation of atomic bonding.
- the Si substitutional defect is transformed from a three-fold coordinated bond configuration to a four-fold coordinated bond.
- the Si atom is then returned to a three-fold bond.
- FIG. 4 a shows an initial configuration.
- FIG. 4 b shows the configuration after agitating its carbon neighbor with the electron beam. In this figure, the carbon atom is lost and the lattice restructures to find an energy minimum where the Si atom now occupies two carbon lattice sites.
- FIG. 4 c shows the continued agitation of the Si neighbors with the electron beam, which causes a spontaneous recapturing of a carbon atom and results in the lattice reconfiguring to a three-fold coordination as shown in FIG. 4 c.
- FIG. 5 a single dopant atom is introduced into a substrate material. Once a desired location is identified near the source material, a 100 kV electron beam creates a small defect or hole as shown in FIG. 5 b . With the hole formed, the source material is agitated allowing the source beam to free the source atoms, in this example, Si and C (carbon) atoms, which promotes the lattice healing as the source atoms move to the defect region.
- FIG. 5 c shows incorporation of the a silicon atom in the defect.
- FIG. 6 illustrates a further example of mending a defect in a lattice such as in a graphene lattice.
- an atomic size defect is created in the graphene lattice through a focused STEM probe.
- the source material is agitated causing the adjacent material to sputter atoms that bond to the defect site.
- FIG. 6 b shows the source material agitated by the electron beam by scanning over a small area.
- FIG. 6 c shows the graphene lattice healing by incorporating the atoms sputtered from the source materials. In FIG. 6 c the graphene lattice is healed using two Si substitutional atoms from the source material.
- the systems sculpts matter down to nanometer and atomic levels and creates nanometer-scale crystalline structures.
- the systems use a combination of the scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron beam modifications, custom beam control, and in some systems, real time feedback based on rapid identification of the crystalline order and modifications.
- Some systems include an aberration corrected STEM and computers (e.g., controllers and/or controlling software), as platforms for materials nanofabrication.
- controllers control the location, dwell time, and raster speed of a finely focused STEM probe by applying a direct current (DC) bias to the scanning STEM coils.
- DC direct current
- FIG. 7 shows a nanofabrication result of crystalline material using beam scanning without feedback.
- an amorphous material in this case, strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 )
- the systems epitaxially grew crystalline SrTiO 3 from the amorphous SrTiO 3 interface.
- ORNL an assignee of this technology.
- some systems process a feedback and use a control system described herein that guide the atomic layer by atomic layer movement of the crystal-amorphous (CA) interface (either as crystallization into the amorphous region or amorphization in a reverse direction).
- the system operates by scanning the electron beam parallel to the CA interface while simultaneously capturing the bright field and/or dark field signals of the STEM through a detector during the linear scans.
- Some systems execute a single line scan to determine the degree of local crystallinity by calculating the amplitude portion of a one-dimensional Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) of the STEM signal as a function of space.
- FFT Fast Fourier Transform
- Controlled movement of the CA interface is achieved by processing the magnitude and location of the peaks as feedback to move the electron beam. That is, when the system advances the crystalline domain into the amorphous region the system: (1) repeats substantially identical line scans across the CA interface that both induce crystallization and assess the degree of local crystallinity, and (2) when the degree of crystallinity reaches a pre-determined setpoint (e.g., when an atomic layer of atoms has reordered and transformed from amorphous to crystalline), the line scan advances approximately a predetermined distance such as a half a unit cell into the amorphous region, and the process is continued. Characteristics of the process is illustrated in FIG. 9 .
- FIG. 9 a shows an exemplary STEM image of CA interface and location of scan path during crystallization.
- FIG. 9 b shows the spatial domain of the detector signal in the amorphous region.
- FIG. 9 c shows the Fourier domain plots of the detector signal in the amorphous region.
- FIG. 9 d shows the spatial domain plots of the detector signal in crystalline region.
- FIG. 9 e shows the Fourier domain plots of the detector signal in crystalline region.
- FIGS. 9 d and 9 e the amplitude of a specific Fourier peak is tracked relative to the set-point established by a user. When amplitude exceeds the set-point, the beam is advanced one-half a unit cell into the amorphous region.
- FIG. 9 f plot of the peak amplitude from FIG. 9 e as a function of time during directed crystal growth from a starting point within the crystal and while the CA front proceeds forward.
- the differences being that the beam conditions are selected to cause the crystalline portions to amorphized and feed-back causes a beam advance when peak magnitude drops below a specified set-point. This is shown by the screen shot of FIG. 10 .
- the system caused a beam-induced motion of dopant atoms assembled in different configurations.
- FIG. 11 an amorphous silicon grown on a crystalline Si substrate with Bi dopants was processed.
- the STEM image prior to e-beam crystallization is shown in FIG. 11 a .
- the boundary (marked with a red dotted line) between crystalline and amorphous Si is visible, and dopant atoms can be seen within the amorphous Si matrix.
- FIG. 11 b shows the changes in the atomic structure after repeated scans of the image, with a slow scan direction perpendicular to the interface. There is a formation of crystalline Si extending into the amorphous region, in an apparent epitaxial registry with the substrate.
- the system drives the transformation from crystalline Si to amorphous Si, as shown in FIGS. 11 c and 11 d .
- the increase in beam current results in an amorphization and subsequent drilling-through of crystalline Si.
- the systems may also execute Si patterning over a range of beam current settings and scanning speeds and may transition between crystallizing, amorphizing, and drilling/evaporating regimes by moving across these parameters.
- the nominal current of the incident electron beam may be set to about 30-35 pA.
- the system crystalizes the amorphous regions of the Si.
- Increasing the source current to an intermediate current level of about 75-80 pA and a medium to high scan speed results in amorphization of crystalline Si.
- a high current mode of about 140 pA and low to medium-high scan speeds results in the drilling or evaporating of material.
- a comparative crystallographic image analysis can be performed.
- a sliding window is scanned across the image, generating a stack of sub-images.
- the relevant two-dimensional structure factors are calculated, and the resulting data set is linearly unmixed using nonnegative matrix factorization.
- This process is suited for differentiation of dissimilar crystalline phases, to determine if the beam-crystallized Si grows with the same crystal structure as the crystal Si substrate. Unlike processes based on direct analysis of atomic positions, this process does not require high contrast images, e.g., unmixing is possible for cases where only lowest-order reciprocal lattice peaks are visible.
- the process begins by establishing the initial image (shown in FIG.
- FIGS. 12 a and 12 c contain only two phases and perform unmixing for two endmembers.
- the analysis applies a non-negative least squares analysis in conjunction with discovered endmembers on the after-growth image (shown in FIG. 12 d ).
- the generated abundance maps show that growth regions consist of the same crystallographic phase as the substrate as shown in FIGS. 12 e and 12 f.
- FIG. 13 a and 13 b show, respectively, the before and after images of crystal growth where the beam-induced growth process was initiated between the CA interface and the region of high concentration dopants, propagating in crystallographic direction.
- FIG. 13 b shows the resulting crystal growth and the apparent movement of a few dopant atoms along the crystal growth direction.
- FIG. 13 c and FIG. 13 d the beam-induced growth is initiated deeper within the crystal than the layer with high dopant concentration, and thus, a large number of dopant atoms are displaced.
- crystal growth stopped progressing after several nanometers. This may be due to the poor crystallographic compatibility between Bi and Si.
- FIGS. 13 e and 13 f Similar behavior was exhibited in FIGS. 13 e and 13 f as in FIG. 13 c and FIG. 13 d .
- the crystal growth and dopant motion proceeded together and stopped when the local dopant concentration reached a critical value.
- the system could induce crystal growth perpendicular to the original growth direction as shown in FIG. 13 g .
- FIGS. 13 h and 13 i show that the same scanning pattern can also be used to move dopants to a deeper depth in the crystal.
- the dopant front appears very sharp in both cases, and no fronts form on the sides of the growing crystal.
- the process analyzed effects of the electron beam on a solid includes two primary components: losses to the electronic subsystem and direct interactions between high-energy particles and nuclei (knock-on).
- the knock-on interaction may result in damage when the kinetic energy that can be transferred in a single collision is larger than the energy barrier to displace an atom in the solid.
- the binding energies are broadly distributed, allowing for a broad distribution of knock-on thresholds. For sufficiently high particle energy, multiple event cascades can be initiated.
- Another model for beam-induced changes in materials includes non-equilibrium heating, when the two subsystems—atomic nuclei and electronic—develop different temperatures, thus being in non-equilibrium conditions.
- energy that is transferred to the electrons can subsequently be transferred to the lattice atoms via the electron-phonon interactions until equilibrium is reached, where it diffuses further through the atoms.
- This mechanism is described by the two-temperature (referred to as the 2T model).
- the evolution of the electronic and the atomic temperatures are described separately, using a set of heat diffusion equations, one for the electronic and one for the atomic system.
- the energy exchange between the two subsystems depends on the temperature difference between them, and the strength of this interaction is expressed with the electron-phonon coupling parameter “g”.
- g For the case of silicon, a combination of results from irradiation experiments combined with an inelastic thermal spike model, a molecular dynamics and Digital Fourier Transform (DFT) computational and model and numerical approaches determine the values of the 2T model parameters. From this, g is calculated to be 1.8-5 ⁇ 10 2 W cm ⁇ 3 K ⁇ 1 , using the known values for the lattice specific heat and conductivity, and the electronic specific heat and diffusivity.
- DFT Digital Fourier Transform
- a process modeled the induced crystallization assuming that the electron beam creates a local temperature within a small volume of material.
- the process generated model where amorphous Si was deposited on crystalline silicon. The amorphous region was then heated to induced crystallization. The heated region (20 ⁇ 10 ⁇ 108 ⁇ ), representing the local volume heated by the beam, was initiated at the CA interface, and slowly moved into the amorphous region. Once the temperature inside the block reached about 1300 K, crystallization began in regions close to the interface and moved upwards, terminating approximately at the face, resulting in a pyramidal-like front.
- the ‘beam’ was moved 5 ⁇ further into the amorphous region, and a block of the same size was again heated to about 1300 K.
- the rest of the system which now includes half of the previously crystallized block, was maintained at 300 K. This process was repeated several times until the crystal front reach about half the size of the amorphous sample (50 ⁇ ).
- tetrahedral order parameter that describes the coordination state of each atom at about 20 ps intervals according to the formula:
- FIG. 14 shows a characteristic wave-like pattern, which gets amplified as the heated region moves further away from the substrate.
- the simulation reproduces much of the behaviors, including the tendency to form triangles (pyramids) terminating at the planes.
- the model further offers evidence of roughening, with the brightness of the atomic columns decreasing quickly the further the observation moves from the original boundary.
- Further model development may include realistic time effects, since presently the timescale is in nanoseconds, as compared to experimental time frames of about ten seconds. This behavior may be linked to a higher heating rate in the model compared to the experiment, and also allows to compensate for mismatch in time scales.
- the real-time feedback system implemented here can be expanded to include complex forms of image analytics, e.g. switching between ‘modification’ and imaging modes.
- the use of compressed sensing and related approaches can be instrumental in disambiguating low-dose non-invasive and high-dose modification regimes.
- Second, using a full two dimensional feedback from a fast Ronchigram detector in place of a high angle annular dark field (HAADF) intensity detection reading can provide a feedback signal that can be used to determine when a desired transformation occurred while the beams remains focused on a single location.
- HAADF high angle annular dark field
- the use of precise control systems that are capable of high-speed and high-veracity beam positioning by compensating for beam scanning nonidealities (such as phase lag and frequency dependent gains) provide further benefits. Evolution of electronic, lattice, and concentration fields and their interdependence can be considered in great detail by the disclosed systems.
- FIG. 15 is a block diagram of a fully automated nanofabrication and control system that executes the systems (including process flows) and characteristics described herein and those shown in FIGS. 1 - 14 to fabricate and/or modify nanorobotic devices.
- the system comprises processors 1502 and 1504 , a non-transitory computer readable medium such as a memory 1524 and 1526 (the contents of which are accessible to the processors 1502 and 1504 ), and an Input/output interface (I/O interface—not shown).
- the I/O interface connects devices and local and/or remote applications such as, for example, additional local and/or remote robotic specifications.
- the memory 1524 and 1526 stores instructions in a non-transitory media, which when executed by the processor or image processor 1502 or 1504 , causes the nanorobotic modifications and fabrication and some or all of the functionality associated with fabricating and controlling nanorobotic devices, for example.
- the memory 1524 and 1526 stores software instructions, which when executed by one or both of the processors 1502 and 1504 , causes the fabrication, powering, and/or control system to render functionality associated with a graphical generator 1506 , the microscopic modifier 1508 , the non-invasive imager 1510 , the scanning profiles and knowledge base 1512 , the feedback detectors 1514 , the log device 1518 , the notification engines 1520 (generating a visual, textual, and/or auditory signal and/or control signal alerting a user to a completed fabrication or completion of or execution of a task), the feedback generators 1522 , an electron beam control device 1528 and the display 1516 .
- the non-transitory media provided functionality is provided through cloud storage.
- cloud storage provides ubiquitous access to the system's resources and higher-level services that can be rapidly provisioned over a distributed network. Cloud storage allows for the sharing of resources to achieve consistent services across many monitored devices at many local and remote locations and provides economies of scale.
- the memory 1524 and 1526 and/or storage disclosed may retain an ordered listing of executable instructions for implementing the functions described above in a non-transitory computer code.
- the machine-readable medium may selectively be, but not limited to, an electronic, a magnetic, an optical, an electromagnetic, an infrared, or a semiconductor medium.
- a non-exhaustive list of examples of a machine-readable medium includes: a portable magnetic or optical disk, a volatile memory, such as a Random-Access Memory (RAM), a Read-Only Memory (ROM), an Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EPROM or Flash memory), or a database management system.
- RAM Random-Access Memory
- ROM Read-Only Memory
- EPROM or Flash memory Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory
- the disclosed nanorobotic devices and processes are capable of fabricating and modifying matter on molecular and atomic scales.
- the disclosed systems e.g., that may execute a single atom or a small atomic group processing or atom-by-atom fabrication.
- the systems create controllable atomic assemblies in two and three dimensions using a combination of the scanning transmission electron microscopy, electron beam modifications, custom beam control, and/or real time feedback.
- Some real time feedback is based on single point feedback, a diffraction feedback, a sub-image and/or the analysis of a chemical spectroscopy signal feedback.
- Some systems develop and apply cause-and-effect rules stored in memory to induce transformations and establish a knowledge base applied algorithm that may be applied on a limited or commercial scale.
- the systems apply the knowledge base algorithms and processed described herein to render materials structures automatically.
Abstract
Description
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- A. Executing a non-invasive imaging. This step can occur through a low dose, compressed sensing or a more complex image-recognition.
- B. Positioning an electron beam at a predefined location or locations or scanning an electron beam at predetermined trajectory. The trajectory may include but is not limited to spiral scans, a wobbling motion pattern scans in x and y coordinate directions, and focal depth changing scans.
- C. Collecting signals related to the material structure scanned during stage 3, step B. This step is optional and may be used in material fabrications and/or modifications. In step C, the collected signals may include a scalar intensity signal detected via bright and dark field detectors, pixelated STEM detectors, electron energy loss spectrometers, etc. The signals can be reconstructed to render a dynamic object. For example, a dark field signal obtained during a spiral scan or other space-covering trajectory scans may be processed to render a sub-image.
- D. Executing a non-invasive imaging. Like step A, the noninvasive imaging may be enabled through a low electron dose, compressed sensing, or a more complex image-recognition.
- E. Identifying the changes in the atomic structure or organization induced by step B and correlating those identified changes to the signals detected at step C.
- F. Positioning the electron beam at a predefined location or locations or scanning on a predetermined trajectory in different regions of the manipulation. Thereafter, the execution of steps A, B, D, E or steps A-E build and record the cause and effect relationship retained in memory. In stage 3, steps A-E establish changes in the materials structure induced by the electron scanning process shown in steps A, B, D, E, which are detected during scanning step C.
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- A. point-by-point or line-by-line fabrication, where the desired changes are introduced in spatial location sequentially and the beam motion is controlled in part by the feedback signal is generated. The self-limiting and self-correcting process uses changes in output to control the point-by-point or line-by-line fabrication scans automatically.
- B. A global process where a predefined trajectory is loaded into memory and executed by a process to execute an imaging before and after a structure fabrication.
- C. Processes that identify changes in the atomic structure or the atomic organization induced by electron beam modifications to the structures and correlating those identified changes to signals detected from the structures. Based on the detected signals, self-corrections are executed by the fabricating algorithm.
where 0ij comprises the angle between an atom and its two nearest neighbors. The resulting parameter is in the range between about zero, indicating an amorphous phase, and about one, indicating a crystalline phase. However, within the amorphous phase the process detected multiple small momentarily crystalline regions. For each analyzed frame, the process constructed the matrix of tetrahedral order parameters for each atom and its corresponding nearest neighbors. The process executed a k-means clustering algorithm on the first frame to train the classifier, and use it to predict phases in the subsequent simulation frames.
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