US1117405A - Type-writing machine. - Google Patents

Description

A. G. F. KUROWSKI.

TYPE WRITNG MACHINE.

vAPPLICA'LION '911151) 001219, 1912.

Patented NW1?, 1914.

2 BHEBTS'SIIEET 1.

IN VENTOR: gi/MM@ ATTUR' Y A. G. 'E'. KUROWSKI. TYPE WIHTING MACHINE.

APPLICATION Pimm om. 19, 1912.

Pateutad Nov. 17, 1914.

ATTOR INVENTR STATES PEN T ALFRED G. F. KUROWSKI, OF NEW YORK', N. Y., ASSIGNR T0 UNDERWOOD TYPE- WBITERCOMPANY, F ]\IE.W' YORK, N. Y., A CORPORATION OF DELAWARE.

TYPE-WRITING MACHINE.

mimos.

Speciiication of Letters Patent.

Patented Nov. 1T?, 19111.

To all 'whom t may concern Be it known that I, ALFRED G F. KU- ROWSKI, a citizen of the United States, residing in Brooklyn borough, inthe county 4voil' Kings, city and State of New York, have invented certain new and useful- Improve? ments in Type-Writing Machines, of which the'fllowing is a specification.

This invention relates to typewriting machines, and is especially directed toward the escapement mechanism which feeds the carriage forward a letter-space ata time as the type keys are operated. It is herein illustrated as lapplied. to an Underwood typewriting machine in which a'universal bar is oierated at every typcfstroke by means o the typesbars. `The carriage is spring-fed and is controlled in its 'feeding by means of said universal bar.

The carriage in the present invention may have fast' on ita rack which is arranged to constantly engage a ratchet wheel and be driven thereby; said ratchet wheel being constantlynnder torque from a spring fast to its axle. This spring may be contained within a 'drum which engages said ratchet wheel by means of spring-pawls, so that when said carriage travels in letter-feeding direction, saidvdrum travels with it, but in 'the opposite direction the pawls fail to catch the ratchet wheel and said drum may stand idle when the carriage is being returned to the beginning of a new line. The

`spring is re-wound by the carriage while' the drum remains still. Said drum, in order to control the carriage, may comprise a 'rack cut on its surface in the form of crown direction without being arrested at every letter-space.

Other features and advantages will hereinafter appear.

In the accompanying drawings, Figure l is a sectional view of an Underwood typewriting machine. Fig. Q is a front view of certain'parts of the escapemcnt mechanism and carriage of said typewriter. Fig. 3 is a plan View of Fig. 2. Fig. Llis a perspective view of the universal bar and the escapement mechanism. Fig. 5 is a view. of some of the parts seen'in Fig. 3, the escapement dog being in a different position. Fig. 6 shows the saine parts in another position. Fig. T is a section through the spring and some adjacent parts.y Fig. 8 is a front View offthe driving ratchet. l

ln the Underwood typewriting machine, keys 1 depress key-levers 2 to swing bell 5 upwardly and rearwardly so as to write on a platen 6, which is rotatably mounted in a carriage 7. Said carriage has fast on it in the present invention a rack S, b

which it is driven through a ratchet wheel 9 meshing therewith; said ratchet wheel being driven by means of a spring 10. The feed of the carriage is controlled by a dog 11 which is vibrated in a rack 1Q formed in the barrel surrounding said lspring 10, the dog 11 actuated by a universal bar 13 operated by heels 14 on each type bar as the type bar approaches the platen. Said universal bar 13 is normally drawn forward by means 'of a spring 15, and as it moves rearwardly an abutment 16 adjustably mounted lon said universal bar strikes said dog 11 on the opposite side of said spring-barrel,

and prevents said barrel froml turning materially as long 4as said type bar remains in its upright position with the type ad jacent the platen (i. As soon, however, as the key lever is released, ,the type bar begins to return under the combined infiuence of the spring 15 and the inclined face 18; which inclined face tends to cam the dog 11 forwardly. lVhen the universal bar '13 has been returned to its normal position under these combined influences. the dog 11 will have engaged the succeeding tooth 17 of the front side of the rack, and there will hold the carriage arrested. Said dog is, for purposes to be described later-,pivoted at 20 on a swinging-lever 21, and is .drawn by a spring 22 attached to a short rearwardly extending arm 23 of the dog, so as toswing its end nearest the rack to normallyengage tending through a bracket 26 at the rear of Said axle 25 car.

machine.

the typewriting ries fast on' it by -a pin 27 a casing 28 which comprises a flange 29, to which flange the opposite endof said spring' 10`is attached.

Saidy spring may be adjustably tightened nii'ryeoe the pinion. The rack bar 8 in order to take I i' 4() which is slidably' mounted thereon by 'means of pins 41 riding in slots 42 at the ends of said rack' bar 8. Said auxiliary bar 40 is normally drawn to the left, as viewed by means 4of a handle 30 `fast on said axle.

25 and l means of a pawl-31 pivoted on the bracket 26- and 'engaging a,`ratchet 32 fastv on'the axle 25.

The rack 12v is formed asa flange 33 of a casing 34 also turning loose ron the axle` l25.l Said rack, as has been stated, comprises twosets of crown teeth yfacing each other may be locked when tightened by.

andthe teethl in the-forward side of said.

rack are formed with one flat face 35,

against which the dog 11 normally abuts,

while the teeth of 'the opposite side are formed as inclined planes extending toward the front teeth. 'Thefrear ends of .these' front teeth are so formed as not to interfere with the backward motion' of thedog 11,

yand the rear teeth, (as ,best seen in Figs.

, 13 and 5) are flat at the point 37A where the', dog will strike them as it vmoves-rearwardly y under the influence of the universal bar 13.

It willbe seen that when the universal bar moves forward after a type-stroke .and

its abutment 1G allows .the dog'11to come fcrward, the inclined .face 18 'of the tooth 1 9 will positively cam'said dog forward into the path of the succeeding tooth v17 of the front rack. Teeth 17 (as best seen: in Figs. 3 and -5) have a flat facev 36 adjacentthe flat face 35, against which the dog 11 normally abuts. so as to leave an open space between said teeth in which the dog 11 may `play in returning to engage atooth 17 The rack 12 is connected to the spring drum b v means of its casing 34, which casing carries two pawls 3.8 pressed by springsv 39 against the ratchet wheel 9 to which the inner end of the spring 10 is fixed so that in Fig.. 3, by means of a spring 43 drawingy o-n a pin 44 projecting through a slot 45 in the main Irack bar 8. The two rack bars 8 and 40, as seen in Fig. 8hav'e substantially.

.up any lost motion inthe mechanism ofthe escapement, carries .an auxlhary rack baridentical teeth, and by means-'of the spring 43 are drawn so that theirteeth are-slightly offset from each other and so `fill up Athe whole space between any two teeth 46 ofthe ratchet wheel 9. f

In order to release the carriage 7 from the escapement mechanism may be moved freely, the dog 11v carries a pin 47 which-is arranged to be struck by a cam face 48 of avbar 49 slidably mounted on the main frame by means of pins 50 in' slots 51 on said bar. As said bar 49 'is moved rearwardly, the cnam. face 48 strikes the pin 47 on the dog 11 -and draws said dog away from the escapement rack byswinging the dog with its pivoted bar 21 against the tension of spring 22r rl`he carriage may then be-moved freely in either direction since the dog 11 is out of engagement with as said spring 10 unwinds, it willpositively turn the ratchet wheel 9 and with it the escapement rack 12. The teeth of the ratchet wheel 9 are of the ratchet shape usually emv ployed in the escapement of the Underwood tvpewriting machine, and are arranged so n .that the bearing faces which contact with the teeth of the rack bar 8 are practically vertical, and the teeth of said 4rack bar are o-f corresponding form. A roll 39a.may be provided upon theframework rto run idly upon therack just above `thepinion 9 to prevent the rack from `jumping up from the escapement rack 12. This rack-release `so that the carriage l vmay be operated by means of a bar `53 joining rock arms 54 at opposite ends o-f said carriage, with an extension provided with a'handle 52. Said bar 53, asseen in Figs. 1 and 4, is arranged to strike the turned up lend 55 ofthe bar 49 and so operate the cam 48. The -pin 47 extends tothe surfaceV 'of the plate. 21a on which the pivoted arm .21 is mounted,

onevof `which rock arms is formed on the tail of the dog' 11 due to the Aupward thrust on the point of the dog from the teeth 17. l

The typewriter machine also comprises a tabulating key 56 which, through a key lever 57, depresses a link 58 and swings a stop 59. adjustably'l inoi'nted on a rock shaft 60 i'nto the path of ya stop 61 adjustably mounted on the carriage. Said rock shaft 60 is joined by means of a' rock arm 62 to the link 58 and carries a shaft 63 about which the stop 59 maybe swung for adjustment by yits handle 64. As'the link 58 is' depressed by the tabulatin'g, key 56, it swings a rock arm .65 fast onthe rock shaft 60, so as to strike a turned-up end 66 engagement with the escapement rack=. 17. In this way depression of thetabulatina key at once moves a stop to operative position, and at the same time releases -the typewriting'machine from the escapement-'inechanism.

V at the rear of the bar 49 and draw said bar rearwardly so as to cam the dog'l'l out of'.

1'05 and so takes the downward thrust the dog is held down close to 'the flat surface 35 'of a toothl.

In order.l that the typewriting machine may bealvvays arrested' at'the saine part of .a letter-space, the number-of teeth 46 on the ratchet wheel 9 is the same as the number ofl teeth in the rack 17. Whenthe dog l1 is so drawn back, itn is prevented from swingin too far 4in either direction by means of a' ood 675 which includes abutments G8 at either end otv the throw of said degli, and plate 914 by 4saidhood 67.

-It will benoted that this escapement will 4'have little of the clickingI noise'v` found in most Vescapements, for` the dog l1 is returned by the cam face 18 ,of the teethlt)v almost Without the tension of the spring 22.

Variations may be resorted 4,to within'the Ascope of the invention, and portions of the improvements muy be used )Without others.

Having lthus described my invention, I `claun:

1. In a. typev'vriting machine', a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, an escapement Wheelconnected with the pinion, said wheel having a continuons zig-zag slot therein, and a movable stop Working in said slot, said slot guiding said stop positively to ysuccessive letter-space positions of rest.

2. In a typewriting machine, a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, an escapeinent Wheel Iconnected with'the pinion, said wheel havinga peripheral zig-zag slot therein, and

a movabley stop working in said slot, said -slot guiding said stop positively to letterspace positions oi' rest.

` 3. In a typewriting machine, a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, an escapement Wheel connectedV with the pinionhaving a 'set of spaced shoulders on its periphery and a set of oblique faces opposite said shoulders, and a stop guided by said oblique faces to engage Said shoulders at .letter-space positions of rest.

4. In a typewriting machi'nqan escapement wheel having a zig-zag slot formed therein. and a stop movable laterally in said slot and guided thereby to successhe letter- Space positions oit rest, .said stop also movable longitudinally into and out of position to control the rotation of said wheel.

5. In a typewriting machine, an escapement wheel having a set of spaced shoulders on its perilihery, a set of oblique faces opposite the shoulders, and a dog movable laterally to engage said shoulders, and guided by said :t'aces during its return movement as the escapement wheel rotates. p

. V6. In` a typewriting machine, anescapement Wheel having a continuous zig-zag slot formed therein, a stop movable laterally in said slot to control the rotation of the said wheel and longitudinally movable out of position to control said rotation, for holding the stopin engagement with the wheel.

7. In a typewriting machine, an escapeinent wheel having ay set-of spaced shoulders on its periphery, a set of oblique faces opposite the shoulders, a laterally and longitudinally movable dog engaging said shoulders at successive letter-space positions of rest under the positive guidance of said oblique faces, and a spring for holding the dog in engagement with one of said shoulders.

8.y In a typ'ewriting machine, an escapement wheel having a zig-zag slot formed therein, a dog working in said'slot and positively guided liv the slot'into position to arrest the escappnient wheel at'vletter-space intervals and thereby prevent skipping, and a support vcarrying the dog and movable to withdraw the dog from operative position.

9. lIn a typewriting machine, an escapement wheel having azig-zag slot formed therein, a dog working 'in said slot and positively guided by the slot into positions to arrest the escapernent wheelat letter-space intervals and thereby prevent Skipping. a support carrying the dog and movable to withdraw the dog ,from operative position. and a spring' holding said dog in engagement with the wheel. l

10. Ina typewriting machine, a feed rack. a pinion engaging thesaine, a drum con-- nected with the pinion, said drum having a zig-zag slot formed on its periphery. a dog Workin within said slot, and positively guided y the slot into positions to intcrniit` tently' arrest the drum, and an impelling spring within the drum.

11. In a typewriting machine, afeed rack, a pinion engaging the same`v .a drum-connected with the pinion, said drum having a` continuous zig-zag slot :lormed on its periphery, a dogl working' within said Slot and guided thereby into positions to form a positive stopv for the drum and thereby arrest the feed` rack at letter-space intervals, an impelling spring within the drum, andmeans for adjusting the tension of said spring. y

12. In a tlvpewriting machine. 4a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith. anl escapeinent drum connected with the pinion, a ratchet wheel having aweh and a circumferential flange extendingwithin thedruul, an impelling spring connected at one end to said flange, means forming a driving connection between the other end ot thevspriup and the pinion. and a pawl engaging the ratchet."

13. In a typewriting machine. a carriage. a iced rack` a pinion engaging therewith, `an

impelling spring tot' the carriage. nescape y 1.

and a spring loo iso

oted arm,ia dog lever fulcrumed thereon engaging said wheel, said arm being stationary during the normal operation of the dog, a

slide having a cam face'engaging said lever, and means for actuating .the slide to swing said arm on its pivot and move the lever longitudinally out of engagement with the wheel.

14. In a typewri-ting machine, a carriage,

. a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, an i impelling spring for the carriage, an escapem'ent wheel 'connected with tlib pinion, a laterally vibratable dog engaging said'wheel, a

support on which the dog is pivoted'for said lateral vibration, a stop on the dog, a slide .engaging said stop, a lever pivoted at each side of the carriage, and a rod connecting said levers, said rod engaging the slide-to move said support and throw the dog out of engagement with the wheel. 15. In a typewriting machine, acarriage, a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, an impelling spring for the carriage, an escapenient wheel connected with the pinion, a laterall;7 vibratable dog engaging said Wheel,

a slide engaging the dog and having two upturned ends, a tabulato-r frame having a projection extending therefrom, a lever pivoted at each end .of the carriage, necting said levers, said rod engaging one of said -up-turned ends, and said projection` from the tabulator frame engaging the other lofl said up-turned ends 'of the slide tol throw the dog out of engagement with the wheel.

, 16. In a typewriting machine, an escape-l ment mechanism comprising an escap'ement wheel having a zig-zag slot in its periphery, a laterally vibratable vdog working `in said slot, and a universal bar actuating the dog its pivot in one direction, said'rack having.

cam faces to lreturn bar.

18. In a typewriting machine, the combi# nation with a carriage, of an escapement wheel for said carriage, crown teeth on said wheel having a flat surface, a dog arranged the dog and universal to hold saidl wheel by said teeth, a universal barlarranged to rock said dog out f said teeth, and cam teeth on said wheel arranged to return said dog by Ithe rotation ofsaid wheel. i

19. In a typewriting machine, the combination I with a' carriage, of an escapement lwheel for said carriage, crown teeth on said Wheel having a flat surface, a dog arranged to hold'said wheel'by said teeth, a universal and a rod con.

l wheel, a dog vibratable transversely of said iai'aios bar arranged to rock ysaid'dog out of said teeth, a spring' tending to return said dog,

and caniteeth on, said wheelarranged to return said dog by the rotation of said wheel.

20. In al typewriting'|machine, the combi,-

nation with a carriage, of an escapement wheel for A'said carriage, crown teeth on Vsaid wheel havinga fiat surface, a dog arranged to hold said wheel'by said teeth, key-op- 'l erated type-bars, 'a universal bar arranged to be moved by Isaid t pe bars as they-reach the printing point, an abutmenton said bar arranged to rock said dog, 'and camteeth on lsaid wheel arranged to'return said dog and `said universal-bar by the rotation-'0f said wheel. l

21. In a typewriting machine, the combination with a carriage, of an escape'ment wheel for said carriage, a crown rack on saidwheel, a dog, means to swing the dog in' onegdirection transversely of -said rack to release said wheel, said rack having cam faces to 'return the dog as the wheel Irotates,

a pivoted arm which-carries said dog, and' means for withdrawingl sa'id dog from said rack by swinging said arm.

29.. In al typewriting machine, the combination'with a carriage, ofV an escapement wheel for said carriage, a crown rack on said rack', a pivoted arm which carries said dog, meansforwithdrawing said dog from said rack by swinging-said arm, and a4 single spring tending to ,swing said dog transversely and to return it to engage said rack.

23. In a typewriting machine, the coinbination with a carriage, of a rack on said carriage, an escapement wheel constantly meshing with said rack, an escapement dog 'cooperating with Said lwheel to control' the letterspace movements of the-carriage, s'aid dog positively operated by said wheel dur# .irig'each letter-space movement, into posi-v tionv to lock the wheel,'a swinging support for the dog stationary during the normal operation of the dog, and a key on the calrriage arranged to withdraw said"support and .dog from said wheel.

24'. vIn a typewriting machine, the combi-v nation with -a c arriage, of araglron, said car'- riage, a driving wlieelcomprising a spring constantly engaging said rack, escapement teeth on said wheel. comprising teeth having flat faces and teeth having cam faces, aj

single dog controlling s'aid escapen'ient wheel 4by' said teeth, and means for with.-

drawing said dog from said wheel.

25. In a typewriting machine, .the combination with a'ca'rriage, of a rack on said carriage, a. driving wheel constantly engaging said rack, a spring to drive said wheel, a` second rack concentric witlisaid wheeha pawl and ratchet connection between said second rack and wheel, a single dog engaging said second rack to control said carriage,

- saidv c'asing having a zigzag groove formed.

and'memnsv flor 'moving said dogout of engagement with said second rack.

26. In atypewriting machine, the combination loi" a carriage rack, a pinion to `driverthe rack,a spring acting directly on,

said pinion, a cylindrical casing inclosing s'a'id .spring and connected to said pinion,

capement wheel, of a dininhoiised .within` said wheel and rotatable relativel)r to the es- -eapement wheel, and a carriagedriving v"spring within said drum.

28. In a typewriting machine, the combi-4 nation with al carriage, of a rack thereon, a

v.pinion in mesh with said rack, anescape- `ment wheel connected to said pi'nioma drum within said wheel, 4and a carriage-driving s rin within said drum and havin' its ends connected respectively to the drum and `to the hub of the said pinion.

29. In a typewriting machine, the combination 'with a carriage, of a rack thereon, 'a

'pinion in mesh with said rack, an escapement wheel connected to saidpinion, a drum within said wheel, a carriage-driving spring within said drum. and having its ends coni nected respectively to the drum and to the hub of the said pinion, means to rotate said drum to adinet the tension of said spring, and means to hold said drum in adjusted position.

330, In a tvpewriting machine, the combilnationof a stationary support, a shaft ionrnaled therein, a pinion loose on said shaft. a rack inimesh with the pinion. a drum fixed to said shaft, a spring within the drum and connected at its ends` respectively toy the drum and the hub of said pinion, and a pawl and ratchet connection between the drum and said support. i

31. In a typewritingmachine, the combination of a stationary support, a shaft jonrnaled therein, a pinion loose on said shaft. a rack in mesh with the pinion, a drum fixed tosaid shaft. a spring within the drum and connected at its ends respectively to the drum and the hub of said pinion. i pawl and ratchet connection between the drum and said support, an escapement wheel surrounding the drum, and a oneway driving connection between the escapement wheel and said pinion. 32. In a typewriting machine, the `combi-` nation with acarriage, of a rack thereon, a pinion in mesh with said rack, means to drive said pinion, a second vrack in mesh with said pinion. and a spring connecting said racks to'take np play between the pinion and said first-named rack.-

`piillon the dog to hold'it against saidvheel.

33. In a typewriti'ng machine, the combi nation with parallel racks, of an escapement dog' working between said racks, one of said racks coi'iipi'ising cams for positively moving the dog into engagement with the teeth ot' the other rack, and thereby causing the dog to hold said last-'named rack:l

-I. In a typewriting machine, the combination ot' parallel racks, `the teeth of'one ,rack being ofl'set with respect to the'teeth ol the other rack, cam faces connecting the successive teeth of one rack, and anescapement dog working between said racks and ypositively moved ,by said cam facesvl into holding engagement with the teeth the otherrack. In a typewriting machine, the combiwnation wit-h an escapement rack and anesitothe wheel. said` support being movable to kwithdraw. the dog from the wheel, and a spring to move. said dog about its pivot in one directiom and also exerting an endwise 37. In a typewriting machine, the jcombnation with tvpe-bai's and a universal 'bar in the path ofithe tvpebars to be operated therelmof a pivotedV escapement dog in the rpath of thev universal bar and directly oper.`

ated thcrebv. and-an escapemcnt rack with which said dog enga ges, said dogalonc controlling the step-b v-step movement of the said rack. i

88. Ina tvpewriting machine, the combination with type-bars. of a universal bar in the path of said type-bars to he operated therebv, a pivotcd arm, an eseapcment dog pivoted to said arm in position to be engaged and operated directlv bv the universal bai', anI escapement wheel. said dog having one end in contact with the wheel. and extending radiallv therefrom. a spring to return the dog when the universal bar is retracted, said spring operable also to hold the dog against the escapen'ient wheel, and means to swing said arm and carry the dog out of contact with the escapement wheel.

39. In a typewriting machine. escapement -mechanism comprising an escapemcnt dog and parallel racks, said dog having a recipiocating movement between the racks to per mit a step-b v-stcp movement et' the racks, they teeth of said racks each comprising' a face perpendicular to the direction of l p kin its rack, and anv inclined face, said inclined faces formino' inclined guideways in which the said dog is guided throughoutits movement 111 one direction, and said perpendicu- -larg faces forming horizontal guideways in which the escapement dog is guided during its movement in the opposite direction.

40. In a typewriting machine,.the combination -with an escapeinent rack, of a dog' coperating therewith to permit letter-feed movementv of the rack, said rack having holding surfaces engaged by the d'og to hold the rack stationary at intervals .corresponding to. letter-space movements, said rack` having aniininterrupted advance movement from the time the dog is released' from one holding surface until it engagestheb next .holding surface, 'whereby the complete advance of the rack for each letter-'space is effected'by a single continuous movement of' the rack, and cam surfaces each arranged to positively move the 'dog Aafter it has been V- released4 from one holding surface andduring the advance of the rack into position to engage the succeeding holding surface.

41, In a -typewriting machine, the combination. with'a carriage, of letter-feed mechanism controllinggt'he movement of the car'- riage, said mechanism comprising an escapement rack having a series of holding surfaces, a dog arranged to reciprocate trans-v' versely to .therack and successively engage said-holding surfaces' during the letter-feed.

advance of therack, said. dog movable laterally. in onedirection out of engagement with each holding surface, and-'cams-to positively lreturn'the dog to position to engage each succeeding holding surface, the movement of the rackbeing .continuousthroughout each letter-space advance. i 42. In a typewriting machine, the combination of escapement mechanism comprising 'a member'provided with azigzag guiding 4surface comprising transverse rest portions or lholding surfaces connected by Iinclined guiding portions, and a coperating dog guided by said zig-zag surface and operative ywhen in contact with said rest portions tov hold said member stationary, said dog positively guided by said inclinedportions during the letter-feed advance of' said member into positions to engage the succeeding rest portions, thereby positively preventing skipping. v

43. In a typewriting machine, the combi-I nation with -letterfeed mechanism ,comprising an escap'cmentmember' provided with a zig-zug groove or guiding slot therein, said -slot comprising rest portions or holding surfaces at intervals measuring the advance of 'said member for each letterlfeed operation of the mechanism, saidrest portions connected by inclined portions, of a dog working in said groove, a swinging support onA which said dog is piv-oted, a spring holding said support in position to retain the dog in said groove, and also "normally holding the dog in a lateral position inthe groove to engage a holding surface'or rest portion 4:4.- In a typewriting machine, the combi :nation of a feed rack, a pinion engaging therewith, a'n escap'einent wheel connected to iotate'with the pinion, said wheel having a series of spaced shoulders and a series of f oblique faces extending from they shoulders,

and a stop having a reciprocating movementtransverse tothe rotation of the wheel, said stop movable 'n lone direction into engagement with sai shoulders and guided in its return movement by said oblique facesf'as the wheel rotates.

, ALFRED G. AF.'KUROVVSKI. Witnesses:

'JULiUs DUcKs'rrivn,

EDWARD THOMAS.

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