US10632529B2 - Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses - Google Patents
Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US10632529B2 US10632529B2 US15/694,298 US201715694298A US10632529B2 US 10632529 B2 US10632529 B2 US 10632529B2 US 201715694298 A US201715694298 A US 201715694298A US 10632529 B2 US10632529 B2 US 10632529B2
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- metallic glass
- electrodes
- sample
- contact
- glass sample
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Active, expires
Links
- 239000005300 metallic glass Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 229
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 238000007493 shaping process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 48
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 38
- 239000003870 refractory metal Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 22
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 22
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 20
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 230000009477 glass transition Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 claims description 11
- 238000007496 glass forming Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 126
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 79
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 74
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 44
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 42
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 34
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 34
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 34
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 17
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 16
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 14
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 7
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 6
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 5
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910001092 metal group alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007772 electrode material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001746 injection moulding Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005489 elastic deformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010944 silver (metal) Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000000071 blow moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013526 supercooled liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D17/00—Pressure die casting or injection die casting, i.e. casting in which the metal is forced into a mould under high pressure
- B22D17/20—Accessories: Details
- B22D17/2015—Means for forcing the molten metal into the die
- B22D17/2038—Heating, cooling or lubricating the injection unit
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
- B22D25/00—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product
- B22D25/06—Special casting characterised by the nature of the product by its physical properties
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22C—ALLOYS
- C22C45/00—Amorphous alloys
Definitions
- the disclosure is directed to durable electrodes to be used in rapid discharge heating and forming (RDHF) techniques for shaping metallic glasses.
- RDHF rapid discharge heating and forming
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813 entitled “Forming of Metallic Glass by Rapid Capacitor Discharge” is directed, in certain aspects, to a rapid discharge heating and forming method (RDHF method), in which a metallic glass is rapidly heated and formed into an amorphous article by discharging a quantum of electrical energy through a metallic glass sample to rapidly heat the sample to a process temperature in the range between the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass and the equilibrium liquidus temperature of the metallic glass-forming alloy (termed the “undercooled liquid region”), shaping, and then cooling the sample to form an amorphous article.
- RDHF method rapid discharge heating and forming method
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813 is also directed, in certain aspects, to a rapid discharge heating and forming apparatus (RDHF apparatus), which comprises a metallic glass feedstock, a source of electrical energy, at least two electrodes interconnecting the source of electrical energy to the metallic glass feedstock, where the electrodes are attached to the feedstock such that electrical connections are formed between the electrodes and the feedstock, and a shaping tool disposed in forming relation to the feedstock.
- RDHF apparatus rapid discharge heating and forming apparatus
- the source of electrical energy is configured to produce a quantum of electrical energy sufficient to heat the metallic glass sample to a processing temperature between the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass and the equilibrium liquidus temperature of the metallic glass forming alloy, while the shaping tool is configured to apply a deformational force to form the heated sample to a net shape article.
- the source of electrical energy is configured to produce a quantum of electrical energy to heat the entirety of the sample to the processing temperature.
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813 discloses that in some embodiments the electrodes are made of a soft (i.e. low yield strength) highly-conductive metal such that when a uniform pressure is applied at the contact interface between the soft electrode and the harder metallic glass sample, any non-contact regions at the interface are plastically deformed at the electrode side of the interface, thereby improving electrical contact and reducing the electrical contact resistance.
- the electrode material is chosen to be a metal with low yield strength and high electrical and thermal conductivities, for example, copper, silver or nickel, or alloys formed with at least 95 at % of copper, silver or nickel.
- electrodes made of soft and low yield strength metals may have limited mechanical stability under typical rapid discharge heating and forming (RDHF) loads and also limited life after being repeatedly used. Therefore, there is a need for alternative electrode materials that promote good contact with the metallic glass sample leading to low electrical contact resistance, while being stable and durable under heavy loads.
- RDHF rapid discharge heating and forming
- FIG. 1 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for an RCDF loading cycle of a tungsten electrode/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 metallic glass pair and an RCDF loading cycle of a copper electrode/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 metallic glass pair in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 2 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for an RCDF loading cycle of a tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair and a loading cycle of a copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 3 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for multiple RCDF loading cycles of a copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 4 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for multiple RCDF loading cycles of a tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
- FIG. 5 is a flow chart of the RCDF technique in accordance with embodiments of the disclosure.
- the disclosure is directed to an RDHF apparatus.
- a rapid discharge heating and forming apparatus in one aspect, includes a source of electrical energy
- the source of electric energy can be configured to deliver a quantum of electrical energy.
- the apparatus further includes at least two electrodes electrically connected to the source of electric energy and configured to electrically connect a metallic glass sample to the source of electrical energy when the metallic glass sample is in contact with each of said electrode.
- a shaping tool is disposed configured to be in forming relation to the metallic glass sample when the metallic glass sample is electrically connected to the two electrodes.
- One or both of the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa, a Young's modulus at least 100 GPa, and an electrical resistivity equal to or less than 40 ⁇ cm.
- the electrodes can be configured to interconnect the source of electrical energy to a metallic glass sample.
- the apparatus can also include a shaping tool that can be configured in forming relation to the metallic glass sample.
- a rapid discharge heating and forming apparatus can include a source of electrical energy.
- the source of electric energy can be configured to deliver a quantum of electrical energy.
- the apparatus further includes at least two electrodes electrically connected to the source of electric energy.
- One or both of the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa, a Young's modulus at least 100 GPa, and an electrical resistivity equal to or less than 40 ⁇ cm.
- the electrodes can be configured to interconnect the source of electrical energy to a metallic glass sample.
- the apparatus can also include a shaping tool that can be configured in forming relation to the metallic glass sample.
- the apparatus in another aspect, includes a source of electrical energy and at least two electrodes configured to interconnect the source of electrical energy to a metallic glass sample.
- the apparatus also includes a shaping tool disposed in forming relation to the metallic glass sample.
- the source of electrical energy and the at least two electrodes are configured to deliver a quantum of electrical energy to the metallic glass sample to heat the metallic glass sample.
- the shaping tool is configured to apply a deformational force to shape the heated sample to an article.
- the at least two electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa, a Young's modulus that is at least 25% higher than the metallic glass sample, and an electrical resistivity that is lower than the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 3.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 300 MPa.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 400 MPa.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 500 MPa.
- the electrodes are configured to apply a contact pressure at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample, and where the yield strength of the electrodes is higher than the applied contact pressure.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus that is at least 50% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus that is at least 75% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus that is at least 100% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 100 GPa.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 150 GPa.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 200 GPa.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 250 GPa.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 300 GPa.
- the electrodes have a Young's modulus of at least 350 GPa.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 4.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 5.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of equal or less than 40 ⁇ cm.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of equal or less than 30 ⁇ cm.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of equal or less than 20 ⁇ cm.
- the electrodes comprise a refractory metal.
- the electrodes comprise a metal selected from W, Mo, Re, Nb, and Ta.
- the electrodes comprise a metal selected from W and Mo.
- the electrodes comprise W.
- the electrodes comprise a refractory metal alloy.
- the electrodes comprise a metal alloy that comprises a metal selected from W, Mo, Re, Nb, and Ta.
- the combined concentration of W, Mo, Re, Nb, and Ta in the alloy is at least 25%.
- the combined concentration of W, Mo, Re, Nb, and Ta in the alloy is at least 50%.
- the combined concentration of W, Mo, Re, Nb, and Ta in the alloy is at least 75%.
- the electrodes comprise a metal alloy that comprises a metal selected from W and Mo.
- the combined concentration of W and Mo in the alloy is at least 25%.
- the combined concentration of W and Mo in the alloy is at least 50%.
- the combined concentration of W and Mo in the alloy is at least 75%.
- the electrodes comprise a metal alloy that comprises W.
- the combined concentration of W in the alloy is at least 20%.
- the combined concentration of W in the alloy is at least 50%.
- the combined concentration of W in the alloy is at least 75%.
- the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 1 m ⁇ .
- the electrodes are configured to apply a contact pressure at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample, and where the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 1 m ⁇ .
- the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.5 m ⁇ .
- the electrodes are configured to apply a contact pressure at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample, and where the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.5 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.4 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 200 MPa.
- the electrodes are configured to apply a contact pressure at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample, and where the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample increases by less than 50% every time the contact pressure is released and then reapplied.
- a method for rapidly heating and shaping a metallic glass using a rapid discharge heating and forming apparatus.
- the method may include establishing contact at the interface between at least two electrodes and the sample of metallic glass by applying a contact pressure.
- the method may also include discharging a quantum of electrical energy through the sample to heat the sample to a processing temperature between the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass and the equilibrium melting point of the metallic glass forming alloy.
- the method may further include applying a deformational force to shape the heated sample into an article.
- the method may also include cooling the article to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass to form a metallic glass article.
- the at least two electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa, a Young's modulus that is at least 25% higher than the Young's modulus of the sample of metallic glass, and an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the sample of metallic glass by a factor of at least 3.
- the efficiency of the heating cycle is determined by the ratio of the metallic glass sample resistance to the total system resistance. As such, the lower the total system resistance compared to the metallic glass sample resistance, the larger the efficiency of the heating cycle.
- One of the contributors to the total electrical resistance is the contact resistance at the electrode/sample interface. It is therefore important to promote good electrical contact between sample and electrode, thereby minimizing the interface contact resistance of the interface.
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813 discloses a concept according to which electrical contact at the interface is established between the metallic glass and electrodes made of a highly conductive metal with a low yield strength.
- the low yield strength electrode is pressed against the stronger metallic glass sample in a manner that causes the electrode contact surface to plastically deform around existing asperities in the metallic glass contact surface such that good electrical contact is promoted.
- U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813 is directed to electrodes comprising silver, copper, or nickel, or alloys formed with at least 95 at % of silver, copper, or nickel.
- the electrical resistivity and yield strength of silver, copper, or nickel are presented in Table 1 (data taken from www.matweb.com and www.matbase.com). As seen, the electrical resistivity is in the range of 1-2 ⁇ cm for silver and copper and just over 6 ⁇ cm for nickel. The yield strength is between 55 and 60 MPa for nickel and silver, and just over 30 MPa for copper.
- Applied pressures in RDHF injection molding operations are typically in the range of 100-500 MPa. Hence the yield strength of these metals is substantially below typical RDHF pressures.
- these metals can be expected to plastically deform substantially during a typical RDHF cycle. Therefore, silver, copper and nickel, having very low electrical resistivity and very low yield strength, are consistent with the concept introduced in U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813. Lastly, the Young's modulus of these metals is relatively low. As listed in Table 1, the Young's modulus of silver and copper is 76 and 110 GPa, respectively, while that of nickel is just over 200 GPa.
- the disclosure provides for the use of stronger (i.e. having higher yield strength) and stiffer (i.e. having higher Young's modulus) electrodes with improved mechanical stability and longer lifecycle.
- the disclosure is directed to electrodes made of a strong metal. Compared to the metallic glass sample, the electrode is stiffer and has substantially lower electrical resistivity.
- the strong and stiff electrodes in accordance with embodiments, are pressed against the strong but less stiff metallic glass sample, the metallic glass contact surface deforms elastically around existing asperities in the electrode contact surface such that good electrical contact is promoted.
- the electrodes are made of a metal having a yield strength sufficiently high such that they resist plastic deformation at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 300 MPa.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 400 MPa.
- the electrodes have a yield strength of at least 500 MPa.
- electrodes are made of metals having yield strength that is higher than the pressure applied at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample.
- the electrodes are made of a metal having a higher Young's modulus than the metallic glass sample.
- the metallic glass sample may elastically deform more than the electrode at the interface because of the higher Young's modulus of the electrode (provided that the electrode yield strength is high enough such that the electrode does not substantially deform plastically at the interface). Therefore, in one embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 25% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample. In another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 50% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 100 GPa.
- the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 75% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample. In another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 100% higher than the Young's modulus of the metallic glass sample. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 150 GPa. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 200 GPa. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 250 GPa. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 300 GPa. In yet another embodiment, the Young's modulus of the electrode is at least 350 GPa.
- the electrodes are made of a metal having an electrical resistivity that is substantially lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass.
- the total resistance of the RDHF apparatus (including the metallic glass sample) is not much higher than the resistance of the metallic glass sample, thus yielding a relatively high efficiency of the RCDF process, where the RCDF efficiency is defined as the ratio of the resistance of the metallic glass sample to the total resistance of the RDHF apparatus (including the metallic glass sample).
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 3.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 4.
- the electrodes have an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the metallic glass sample by a factor of at least 5. In yet another embodiment, the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of not more than 40 ⁇ cm. In yet another embodiment, the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of not more than 30 ⁇ cm. In yet another embodiment, the electrodes have an electrical resistivity of not more than 20 ⁇ cm.
- refractory metals One class of materials that may satisfy these criteria are refractory metals.
- the group of refractory metals includes Nb and Mo from the fifth period and Ta, W, and Re from the sixth period.
- Refractory metals are generally considerably stronger than Ag, Cu, and Ni, and are generally stiffer than metallic glasses. While the electrical resistivity of refractory metals is not as low as that of Ag, Cu, and Ni, it is generally considerably lower than the electrical resistivity of metallic glasses. As such, the electrical resistivity of refractory metals may be adequately low to yield relatively high RCDF efficiencies.
- the electrical resistivity, yield strength, and Young's modulus of refractory metals niobium, tantalum, molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium are presented in Table 1 (data taken from www.matweb.com and www.matbase.com). As seen, the electrical resistivity is under 6 ⁇ cm for tungsten and molybdenum, and under 20 ⁇ cm for niobium, tantalum, and rhenium. These electrical resistivity values are not as low as the values for silver and cooper, while the electrical resistivity values for molybdenum and tungsten are comparable to that of nickel. However, the yield strength of refractory metals is significantly higher than that of silver, copper, and nickel.
- the yield strength of niobium, tantalum, and rhenium ranges between 200 MPa and 300 MPa, while that of molybdenum is 450 MPa and that of tungsten is 750 MPa.
- These yield strengths suggest that compared to silver, copper, and Nickel, refractory metals are more capable to resist yielding during typical contact pressures in the RDHF process, which typically range between 100 MPa and 500 MPa.
- the Young's modulus of niobium and tantalum refractory metals of 103 GPa and 186 GPa respectively are higher than that of silver but roughly on par with that of copper and nickel, respectively.
- the Young's modulus of molybdenum, tungsten, and rhenium ranging between 330 GPa and 470 GPa are significantly higher than that of copper and nickel.
- the electrical resistivity of metallic glasses is also very high, ranging between 140 and 150 ⁇ cm, which is considerably higher compared to that of refractory metals (e.g. between 5 and 20 ⁇ cm).
- the electrical resistivity of refractory metals is thus smaller than that of metallic glasses by a factor of at least 3.
- the low electrical resistivity of refractory metals compared to that of metallic glasses suggests that the resistance of refractory metal electrodes would be considerably smaller than the resistance of the metallic glass feedstock (especially when the electrodes and sample generally have approximately the same diameter while the electrodes are typically at least as long as the sample). As such, refractory metal electrodes are expected to yield adequately high RDHF efficiencies.
- the Young's modulus of metallic glasses is relatively low when compared to that of refractory metals. Specifically, the Young's modulus of metallic glasses ranges between 89 GPa and 137 GPa, while that of refractory metals between 103 GPa and 469 GPa. With the exception of niobium/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 pair, in every other refractory metal/metallic glass pair the Young's modulus of the refractory metal is considerably higher than that of the metallic glass.
- the metallic glass sample would elastically deform more than the electrode at the electrode/sample contact interface under a given contact pressure, assuming that neither the electrode nor the sample substantially deform plastically at the interface. This tendency allows for the establishment of good electrical contact at the electrode/sample interface, consistent with the general concept introduced herein.
- Embodiments disclosed herein are tested for the cases of a fairly stiff and a fairly compliant metallic glass, Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 and Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 , having Young's moduli of 135 GPa and 85 GPa, respectively.
- the electrical contact resistances produced when these metallic glasses are paired with a tungsten electrode are compared to the cases where the metallic glasses are paired with a copper electrode.
- FIG. 1 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs contact pressure for an RCFD loading cycle of a tungsten electrode/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 metallic glass pair and a loading cycle of a copper electrode/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 metallic glass pair.
- contact pressures up to 228 MPa were applied, as higher pressures resulted in complete failure of the copper electrode.
- the copper/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 loop shows that as the copper/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 pair is loaded, the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of 0.29 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.14 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 228 MPa. When the load is reversed, the contact resistance increases back to 0.29 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the tungsten/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 loop shows that as the tungsten electrode/Ni 68.17 Cr 8.65 Nb 2.98 P 16.42 B 3.28 Si 0.5 metallic glass pair is loaded, the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of 0.42 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.15 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 433 MPa. When the load is reversed, the contact resistance increases back to 0.42 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- FIG. 2 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs contact pressure for an RCDF loading cycle of a tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair and an RCDF loading cycle of a copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair.
- contact pressures up to 249 MPa were applied, as higher pressures resulted in complete failure of the copper electrode.
- contact pressures up to 430 MPa were applied, though this value is not the limit of failure of the tungsten electrode.
- the copper/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 loop shows that as the copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair is loaded, the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of 2.78 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.66 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 249 MPa. When the load is reversed, the contact resistance increases back to 2.78 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the tungsten/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 loop shows that as the tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair is loaded, the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of 0.4 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.08 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 430 MPa. When the load is reversed, the contact resistance increases back to 0.4 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- a tungsten electrode in the case of a more compliant metallic glass sample is more efficient than a copper electrode.
- the electrical contact resistance in the copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair is roughly 7 times higher than the electrical contact resistance in the tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair
- the electrical contact resistance in the copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair is roughly 6 times higher than the electrical contact resistance in the tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 N 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair.
- FIG. 3 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for multiple RCDF loading cycles of a copper electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of about 2.8 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.66 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 249 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 2.8 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of about 2.8 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 1.34 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 249 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 2.8 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of about 2.8 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 1.75 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 249 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 2.8 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance in the second cycle increases by about 0.7 m ⁇ , or about 100%, while in the second cycle the electrical contact resistance increases further by about 0.4 m ⁇ , or about 30%.
- FIG. 4 presents a plot of the electrical contact resistance vs. contact pressure for multiple RCDF loading cycles of a tungsten electrode/Zr 52.5 Ti 5 Cu 17.9 Ni 14.6 Al 10 metallic glass pair.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of 0.4 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.08 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 430 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 0.4 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of about 0.4 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.11 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 430 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 0.4 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance drops from the value of about 0.4 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 0 MPa to 0.14 m ⁇ associated with a contact pressure of 430 MPa.
- the contact resistance increases back to about 0.4 m ⁇ as the contact pressure is reduced to 0 MPa.
- the electrical contact resistance in the second cycle increases by about 0.03 m ⁇ , or about 38%, while in the second cycle the electrical contact resistance increases further by about 0.3 m ⁇ , or about 27%.
- the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample increases by less than 50% every time the contact pressure is released and then reapplied.
- the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 1 m ⁇ . In one embodiment, the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.5 m ⁇ . In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.4 m ⁇ . In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.3 m ⁇ . In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance at the contact between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.2 m ⁇ . In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.1 m ⁇ .
- the electrodes are configured to apply a contact pressure at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample, and where the electrical contact resistance at the contact interface between the electrodes and the metallic glass sample is less than 0.5 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa. In one embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.4 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa. In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.3 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa. In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.2 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa. In one embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.4 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 200 MPa. In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.3 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 300 MPa. In another embodiment, the electrical contact resistance is less than 0.2 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 400 MPa.
- the contact resistance at the interface between an electrode and the metallic glass sample is measured using the four-point probe method.
- the metallic glass sample is a cylindrical rod having 5 mm in diameter with both ends ground plane-parallel, and is placed between two electrodes, which are also cylindrical rods with their contact ends ground plane-parallel.
- Copper leads connected to a DC power supply are attached to the electrodes away from the contacts with the metallic glass sample, and a current of 0.1 A generated by a DC power supply is passed through the electrodes and metallic glass sample.
- the voltage drop across one of the electrode/metallic glass sample contacts is measured using copper wires spot welded on the electrode and metallic glass sample in close proximity to the contact interface.
- the contact resistance across the interface is determined by dividing the measured voltage at the contact interface by the applied current.
- This contact resistance measurement is corrected by subtracting the individual resistances of the portions of the electrode and metallic glass sample situated between the voltage terminal at the spot weld and the contact interface.
- the resistance of the electrode portion is calculated by multiplying the electrode resistivity (taken from Table 1) by the length of the electrode situated between the voltage terminal and the contact interface and dividing by the cross-sectional area of the electrode.
- the resistance of the metallic glass sample portion is calculated by multiplying the metallic glass resistivity (taken from Table 2) by the length of the metallic glass sample situated between the voltage terminal and the contact interface and dividing by the cross-sectional area of the metallic glass sample.
- the resistance of the wire between the spot weld and the multimeter is neglected.
- a pressure is applied at the contact interface using a pneumatic drive with a 5-inch diameter piston/cylinder.
- the pressure at the contact interface is calculated as the gas pressure in the pneumatic drive cylinder multiplied by the ratio of the cross-sectional area of the cylinder to the cross sectional area of the metallic glass sample.
- the electrode/metallic glass sample assembly is supported by enclosing the assembly in a cylindrical aluminum barrel.
- a Kapton insulating film is placed between the barrel and the electrode/metallic glass sample assembly to electrically insulate the assembly from the barrel. Holes are drilled in the barrel and insulating film at the points of voltage measurement in order to allow the copper wires measuring voltage to directly attach to the electrode and metallic glass sample.
- At least two electrodes interconnect a source of electrical energy to a sample of metallic glass.
- the at least two electrodes have a yield strength of at least 200 MPa, a Young's modulus that is at least 25% higher than the Young's modulus of the sample of metallic glass, and an electrical resistivity that is lower than the electrical resistivity of the sample of metallic glass by a factor of at least 3.
- the process begins with establishing contact at the interface between the at least two electrodes and the sample of metallic glass at operation 502 .
- contact at the interface between the electrodes and the sample of metallic glass may be established by applying a contact pressure.
- the electrical contact resistance at the interface between the electrodes and the sample of metallic glass is less than 1 m ⁇ . In other embodiments, the electrical contact resistance at the interface between the electrodes and the sample of metallic glass is less than 0.5 m ⁇ when the contact pressure is at least 100 MPa.
- the process also includes discharging a quantum of electrical energy through the metallic glass sample to heat the sample to a processing temperature between the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass and the equilibrium melting point of the metallic glass forming alloy at operation 504 .
- the electrical energy is between 100 J to 100 kJ.
- the electrical energy is stored in a capacitor.
- the discharged electrical energy may rapidly and uniformly heat the metallic glass sample to a predetermined “processing temperature” above the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass.
- the processing temperature may be about half-way between the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass and the equilibrium melting point of the metallic glass forming alloy. In other embodiments, the processing temperature may be about 200-300 K above the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass.
- the processing temperature may be such that the metallic glass has a process viscosity sufficient to allow facile shaping. In other embodiments, the processing temperature may be such that the metallic glass has a process viscosity in the range of 1 to 10 4 Pas-s.
- the electrical energy is discharged on a time scale of 100 microseconds to 100 milliseconds. In other embodiments, the electrical energy is discharged on a time scale of 1 millisecond to 25 milliseconds.
- the process further includes applying a deformational force to shape the heated sample into an article using a shaping tool at operation 506 .
- the sample may be shaped into an article via any number of techniques (i.e. shaping tools) including, for example, injection molding, dynamic forging, stamp forging, blow molding, etc.
- shaping tools including, for example, injection molding, dynamic forging, stamp forging, blow molding, etc.
- the ability to shape a sample of metallic glass depends entirely on ensuring that the heating of the sample is both rapid and effectively uniform across the sample.
- the sample may instead experience localized heating and, although such localized heating can be useful for some techniques, such as, for example, joining or spot-welding pieces together, or shaping specific regions of the sample, such localized heating has not and cannot be used to perform bulk shaping of a metallic glass sample.
- the sample heating is not sufficiently rapid (i.e. on the order of 500-10 5 K/s), either the material being formed will lose its amorphous structure by crystallizing, or the shaping technique will be limited to those amorphous materials having superior processability characteristics (i.e., high stability of the supercooled liquid against crystallization), again reducing the utility of the process.
- the process further includes cooling the metallic glass article to a temperature below the glass transition temperature of the metallic glass to render the shaped article amorphous at operation 508 .
- the shaping tool and the RDHF apparatus has been disclosed in conjunction with a rapid capacitive discharge forming (RCDF) apparatus, such as in the following patents or patent applications: U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,813, entitled “Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge;” U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,814, entitled “Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging”; U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,815, entitled “Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge;” U.S. Pat. No. 8,613,816, entitled “Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge;” U.S. Pat. No. 9,297,058, entitled “Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge;” and U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/406,436, entitled “Feedback-assisted rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses,” each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
- RCDF rapid capacitive discharge forming
Abstract
Description
TABLE 1 |
Electrical resistivity, yield strength, and Young's modulus of |
various metals. |
Electrical Resistivity | Yield Strength | Young's Modulus | |
Material | [μΩ · cm] | [MPa] | [GPa] |
Silver | 1.6 | 55 | 76 |
Copper | 1.7 | 33 | 110 |
Nickel | 6.4 | 59 | 207 |
Niobium | 15.1 | 207 | 103 |
Tantalum | 12.5 | 220 | 186 |
Molybdenum | 5.7 | 415 | 330 |
Tungsten | 5.7 | 750 | 400 |
Rhenium | 19.3 | 290 | 469 |
TABLE 2 |
Electrical resistivity, yield strength, and Young's modulus of |
various metallic glasses. |
Electrical | Yield | Young's | |
Resistivity | Strength | Modulus | |
Material | [μΩ · cm] | [MPa] | [GPa] |
Pd40Ni10Cu30P20 | 150 | 1720 | 92 |
Zr52.5Ti5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10 | 140 | 1630 | 85 |
Ni68.17Cr8.65Nb2.98P16.42B3.28Si0.5 | 152 | 2400 | 137 |
Claims (19)
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US15/694,298 US10632529B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 | 2017-09-01 | Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US201662383714P | 2016-09-06 | 2016-09-06 | |
US15/694,298 US10632529B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 | 2017-09-01 | Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US20180065173A1 US20180065173A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
US10632529B2 true US10632529B2 (en) | 2020-04-28 |
Family
ID=61281932
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US15/694,298 Active 2038-03-17 US10632529B2 (en) | 2016-09-06 | 2017-09-01 | Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US10632529B2 (en) |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US10213822B2 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2019-02-26 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedstock barrels coated with insulating films for rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US10682694B2 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2020-06-16 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedback-assisted rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
Citations (126)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB215522A (en) | 1923-03-26 | 1924-05-15 | Thomas Edward Murray | Improvements in and relating to die casting and similar operations |
US2467782A (en) | 1947-09-20 | 1949-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Dielectric heating means with automatic compensation for capacitance variation |
US2587175A (en) | 1948-06-30 | 1952-02-26 | Rca Corp | Load control system for electronic power generators |
US2816034A (en) | 1951-03-10 | 1957-12-10 | Wilson & Co Inc | High frequency processing of meat and apparatus therefor |
US3241956A (en) | 1963-05-30 | 1966-03-22 | Inoue Kiyoshi | Electric-discharge sintering |
US3250892A (en) | 1961-12-29 | 1966-05-10 | Inoue Kiyoshi | Apparatus for electrically sintering discrete bodies |
US3332747A (en) | 1965-03-24 | 1967-07-25 | Gen Electric | Plural wedge-shaped graphite mold with heating electrodes |
US3537045A (en) | 1966-04-05 | 1970-10-27 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Variable capacitor type tuner |
JPS488694Y1 (en) | 1968-06-19 | 1973-03-07 | ||
US3863700A (en) | 1973-05-16 | 1975-02-04 | Allied Chem | Elevation of melt in the melt extraction production of metal filaments |
US4115682A (en) | 1976-11-24 | 1978-09-19 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Welding of glassy metallic materials |
US4355221A (en) | 1981-04-20 | 1982-10-19 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Method of field annealing an amorphous metal core by means of induction heating |
US4462092A (en) | 1980-05-15 | 1984-07-24 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited | Arc scan ultrasonic transducer array |
GB2148751A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1985-06-05 | Telcon Metals Ltd | Manufacture of magnetic cores |
US4523748A (en) | 1983-09-02 | 1985-06-18 | R & D Associates | Very high pressure apparatus for quenching |
US4571414A (en) | 1984-04-11 | 1986-02-18 | General Electric Company | Thermoplastic molding of ceramic powder |
US4715906A (en) | 1986-03-13 | 1987-12-29 | General Electric Company | Isothermal hold method of hot working of amorphous alloys |
JPS63220950A (en) | 1986-06-28 | 1988-09-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of metal strip and nozzle for production |
US4809411A (en) | 1982-01-15 | 1989-03-07 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Method for improving the magnetic properties of wound core fabricated from amorphous metal |
US4950337A (en) | 1989-04-14 | 1990-08-21 | China Steel Corporation | Magnetic and mechanical properties of amorphous alloys by pulse high current |
US5005456A (en) | 1988-09-29 | 1991-04-09 | General Electric Company | Hot shear cutting of amorphous alloy ribbon |
US5069428A (en) | 1989-07-12 | 1991-12-03 | James C. M. Li | Method and apparatus of continuous dynamic joule heating to improve magnetic properties and to avoid annealing embrittlement of ferro-magnetic amorphous alloys |
US5075051A (en) | 1988-07-28 | 1991-12-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Molding process and apparatus for transferring plural molds to plural stations |
US5101186A (en) | 1990-12-19 | 1992-03-31 | Square D Company | Circuit breaker utilizing deformable section blade |
US5196264A (en) | 1989-08-22 | 1993-03-23 | Isuzu Motors Limited | Porous sintered body and method of manufacturing same |
US5220349A (en) | 1989-10-17 | 1993-06-15 | Seiko Instruments Inc. | Method and apparatus for thermally recording data utilizing metallic/non-metallic phase transition in a recording medium |
US5278377A (en) | 1991-11-27 | 1994-01-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electromagnetic radiation susceptor material employing ferromagnetic amorphous alloy particles |
US5288344A (en) | 1993-04-07 | 1994-02-22 | California Institute Of Technology | Berylllium bearing amorphous metallic alloys formed by low cooling rates |
JPH0657309A (en) | 1992-08-07 | 1994-03-01 | Takeshi Masumoto | Production of bulk material of amorphous alloy |
US5324368A (en) | 1991-05-31 | 1994-06-28 | Tsuyoshi Masumoto | Forming process of amorphous alloy material |
JPH06277820A (en) | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-04 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method and device for controlling molten metal quantity in casting equipment and sensor for detecting molten metal |
US5368659A (en) | 1993-04-07 | 1994-11-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Method of forming berryllium bearing metallic glass |
US5427660A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1995-06-27 | Isuzu Motors, Ltd. | Sintered composite and method of manufacture |
JPH0824969A (en) | 1994-07-07 | 1996-01-30 | Japan Steel Works Ltd:The | Electromagnetic forming device for tube expansion and manufacture of tube-like formed product |
US5550857A (en) | 1990-04-18 | 1996-08-27 | Stir-Melter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for waste vitrification |
US5554838A (en) | 1995-08-23 | 1996-09-10 | Wind Lock Corporation | Hand-held heating tool with improved heat control |
JPH08300126A (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Casting device for thixocasting |
US5618359A (en) | 1995-02-08 | 1997-04-08 | California Institute Of Technology | Metallic glass alloys of Zr, Ti, Cu and Ni |
US5735975A (en) | 1996-02-21 | 1998-04-07 | California Institute Of Technology | Quinary metallic glass alloys |
JPH10263739A (en) | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-06 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Method and device for forming metallic glass |
JPH10296424A (en) | 1997-05-01 | 1998-11-10 | Ykk Corp | Manufacture and device for amorphous alloy formed product pressure cast with metallic mold |
JPH111729A (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1999-01-06 | Akihisa Inoue | Production of metallic glass and apparatus therefor |
JPH11104810A (en) | 1997-08-08 | 1999-04-20 | Sumitomo Rubber Ind Ltd | Metallic glass-made formed product and production thereof |
US5896642A (en) | 1996-07-17 | 1999-04-27 | Amorphous Technologies International | Die-formed amorphous metallic articles and their fabrication |
JPH11123520A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 1999-05-11 | Kozo Kuroki | Die casting machine |
JPH11354319A (en) | 1995-11-27 | 1999-12-24 | Mobiletron Electronics Co Ltd | Method for controlling electric power for double-solenoid electric impact tool |
JP2000119826A (en) | 1998-08-11 | 2000-04-25 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy, magnetic parts, manufacture of injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy, and metal mold for injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy |
JP2000169947A (en) | 1998-12-03 | 2000-06-20 | Japan Science & Technology Corp | High ductile nanoparticle dispersion metallic glass and its production |
KR100271356B1 (en) | 1993-11-06 | 2000-11-01 | 윤종용 | Molding apparatus for semiconductor package |
WO2001021343A1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Brunel University | Method and apparatus for producing semisolid metal slurries and shaped components |
US6235381B1 (en) | 1997-12-30 | 2001-05-22 | The Boeing Company | Reinforced ceramic structures |
US6258183B1 (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2001-07-10 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Molded product of amorphous metal and manufacturing method for the same |
US6279346B1 (en) | 1998-08-04 | 2001-08-28 | Dmc2 Degussa Metals Catalysts Cerdec Ag | Method for reducing hot sticking in molding processes |
FR2806019A1 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-14 | Inst Nat Polytech Grenoble | Method, for moulding and forming metallic glass workpiece, involves exerting pressure between two parts of workpiece, passing electric current through contact area, and maintaining temperature between limits |
US6293155B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-09-25 | GEBR, SCHMIDT FABRIK FüR FEINMECHANIK | Method for operating an electric press |
US20010033304A1 (en) | 1994-10-20 | 2001-10-25 | Hiroyuki Ishinaga | Elements substrate having connecting wiring between heat generating resistor elements and ink jet recording apparatus |
JP2001321847A (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Superplastic forming apparatus and superplastic working method |
JP2001347355A (en) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-12-18 | Taira Giken:Kk | Plunger tip for die casting and its manufacturing method |
US6355361B1 (en) | 1996-09-30 | 2002-03-12 | Unitika Ltd. | Fe group-based amorphous alloy ribbon and magnetic marker |
US6432350B1 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2002-08-13 | Incoe Corporation | Fluid compression of injection molded plastic materials |
US20020122985A1 (en) | 2001-01-17 | 2002-09-05 | Takaya Sato | Battery active material powder mixture, electrode composition for batteries, secondary cell electrode, secondary cell, carbonaceous material powder mixture for electrical double-layer capacitors, polarizable electrode composition, polarizable electrode, and electrical double-layer capacitor |
US20030056562A1 (en) | 2001-09-27 | 2003-03-27 | Toshihisa Kamano | Method and apparatus for forming metallic materials |
US20030183310A1 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-02 | Mcrae Michael M. | Method of making amorphous metallic sheet |
US6631752B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2003-10-14 | Diecast Software Inc. | Mathematically determined solidification for timing the injection of die castings |
US20030222122A1 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2003-12-04 | Johnson William L. | Thermoplastic casting of amorphous alloys |
US20040035502A1 (en) | 2002-05-20 | 2004-02-26 | James Kang | Foamed structures of bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys |
US20040067369A1 (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2004-04-08 | Franz Ott | Coated metal element used for producing glass |
US6771490B2 (en) | 2001-06-07 | 2004-08-03 | Liquidmetal Technologies | Metal frame for electronic hardware and flat panel displays |
CN1552940A (en) | 2003-05-27 | 2004-12-08 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | High heat stability block ferromagnetic metal glas synthetic method |
US20050034787A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 | 2005-02-17 | Song Yong Sul | Method for making nano-scale grain metal powders having excellent high-frequency characteristic and method for making high-frequency soft magnetic core using the same |
US6875293B2 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2005-04-05 | Liquidmetal Technologies Inc | Method of forming molded articles of amorphous alloy with high elastic limit |
US20050103271A1 (en) | 2000-02-01 | 2005-05-19 | Naoki Watanabe | Apparatus for manufacturing magnetic recording disk, and in-line type substrate processing apparatus |
JP2005209592A (en) | 2004-01-26 | 2005-08-04 | Dyupurasu:Kk | Heater for water temperature adjustment |
US20050202656A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 | 2005-09-15 | Takayuki Ito | Method of fabrication of semiconductor device |
US20050217333A1 (en) | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-06 | Daehn Glenn S | Electromagnetic metal forming |
US20050236071A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-27 | Hisato Koshiba | Amorphous soft magnetic alloy powder, and dust core and wave absorber using the same |
US20050263216A1 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-01 | National Tsing Hua University | Ternary and multi-nary iron-based bulk glassy alloys and nanocrystalline alloys |
US20060102315A1 (en) | 2002-09-27 | 2006-05-18 | Lee Jung G | Method and apparatus for producing amorphous alloy sheet, and amorphous alloy sheet produced using the same |
US20060293162A1 (en) | 2005-06-28 | 2006-12-28 | Ellison Adam J | Fining of boroalumino silicate glasses |
US20070003782A1 (en) | 2003-02-21 | 2007-01-04 | Collier Kenneth S | Composite emp shielding of bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys and method of making same |
US20070023401A1 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2007-02-01 | Takeshi Tsukamoto | Electric joining method and electric joining apparatus |
US20070034304A1 (en) | 2003-09-02 | 2007-02-15 | Akihisa Inoue | Precision gear, its gear mechanism, and production method of precision gear |
CN101053281A (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2007-10-10 | 普尔曼工业公司 | Metal forming apparatus and process with resistance heating |
JP2008000783A (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2008-01-10 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for producing metallic glass fabricated material |
US7347967B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2008-03-25 | Isan Biotech Co. | Plastic system and method of porous bioimplant having a unified connector |
US20080081213A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-03 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Amorphous alloy member, authenticity determining device, authenticity determination method, and process for manufacturing amorphous alloy member |
US20080110864A1 (en) | 2004-08-27 | 2008-05-15 | Jean Oussalem | Electric Forge For Heating Horse Shoes |
US20080135138A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 | 2008-06-12 | Gang Duan | Thermoplastically processable amorphous metals and methods for processing same |
US20080302775A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2008-12-11 | Noble Advanced Technologies, Inc. | Metal forming apparatus and process with resistance heating |
US7506566B2 (en) | 2000-04-28 | 2009-03-24 | Metglas, Inc. | Bulk stamped amorphous metal magnetic component |
WO2009048865A1 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2009-04-16 | American Trim, L.L.C. | Method of forming metal |
WO2009117735A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20090246070A1 (en) | 2006-07-19 | 2009-10-01 | Kohei Tokuda | Alloy with high glass forming ability and alloy-plated metal material using same |
US20100009212A1 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2010-01-14 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Metal sheet rolling method and rolled sheet manufactured by metal sheet rolling method |
US20100047376A1 (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2010-02-25 | Marc-Olivier Imbeau | Nerve cuff injection mold and method of making a nerve cuff |
US20100121471A1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2010-05-13 | Tsuyoshi Higo | Learing method of rolling load prediction for hot rolling |
US20100243618A1 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2010-09-30 | Canon Anelva Corporation | Temperature control method for heating apparatus |
US20100320195A1 (en) | 2007-02-09 | 2010-12-23 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd. | Induction heating body and indcution heating container |
US7883592B2 (en) | 2007-04-06 | 2011-02-08 | California Institute Of Technology | Semi-solid processing of bulk metallic glass matrix composites |
US20110048587A1 (en) | 2007-11-09 | 2011-03-03 | Vecchio Kenneth S | Amorphous Alloy Materials |
CN201838352U (en) | 2010-09-16 | 2011-05-18 | 江苏威腾母线有限公司 | Full-shielding composite insulating tubular bus |
WO2011127414A2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2011-10-13 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
US8099982B2 (en) | 2007-03-29 | 2012-01-24 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Method of molding glass parts and molding apparatus |
WO2012051443A2 (en) | 2010-10-13 | 2012-04-19 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
US20120103478A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2012-05-03 | California Institute Of Technology | High aspect ratio parts of bulk metallic glass and methods of manufacturing thereof |
US20120132625A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2012-05-31 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
WO2012092208A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2012-07-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of mettalic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
WO2012103552A2 (en) | 2011-01-28 | 2012-08-02 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
WO2012112656A2 (en) | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-23 | California Institute Of Technology | Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US8276426B2 (en) | 2007-03-21 | 2012-10-02 | Magnetic Metals Corporation | Laminated magnetic cores |
US20120268079A1 (en) | 2011-04-25 | 2012-10-25 | Aisin Aw Co., Ltd. | Discharge control circuit |
US20130001222A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-01-03 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20130048152A1 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2013-02-28 | California Institute Of Technology | Bulk Nickel-Based Chromium and Phosphorous Bearing Metallic Glasses |
US20130112321A1 (en) * | 2009-03-23 | 2013-05-09 | Joseph C. Poole | Rapid discharge forming process for amorphous metal |
CN103320783A (en) | 2004-03-25 | 2013-09-25 | 都美工业株式会社 | Metallic glass laminates, production methods and applications thereof |
US20140045680A1 (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2014-02-13 | Tohoku University | Method for manufacturing metallic glass nanowire, metallic glass nanowire manufactured thereby, and catalyst containing metallic glass nanowire |
US20140130563A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-15 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Automated rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
WO2014078697A2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-22 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Bulk nickel-phosphorus-boron glasses bearing chromium and tantalum |
US20140283956A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Methods for shaping high aspect ratio articles from metallic glass alloys using rapid capacitive discharge and metallic glass feedstock for use in such methods |
US20150090375A1 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Cellulosic and synthetic polymeric feedstock barrel for use in rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20150096967A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2015-04-09 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedstock barrels coated with insulating films for rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20150299825A1 (en) | 2014-04-18 | 2015-10-22 | Apple Inc. | Methods for constructing parts using metallic glass alloys, and metallic glass alloy materials for use therewith |
US20150367410A1 (en) | 2014-06-18 | 2015-12-24 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses using separate heating and forming feedstock chambers |
US20160008870A1 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Mechanically tuned rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20170203358A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2017-07-20 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedback-assisted rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
US10248004B2 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2019-04-02 | Universite de Bordeaux | Method for the inscription of second-order nonlinear optical properties into an amorphous or vitreous material |
-
2017
- 2017-09-01 US US15/694,298 patent/US10632529B2/en active Active
Patent Citations (163)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
GB215522A (en) | 1923-03-26 | 1924-05-15 | Thomas Edward Murray | Improvements in and relating to die casting and similar operations |
US2467782A (en) | 1947-09-20 | 1949-04-19 | Westinghouse Electric Corp | Dielectric heating means with automatic compensation for capacitance variation |
US2587175A (en) | 1948-06-30 | 1952-02-26 | Rca Corp | Load control system for electronic power generators |
US2816034A (en) | 1951-03-10 | 1957-12-10 | Wilson & Co Inc | High frequency processing of meat and apparatus therefor |
US3250892A (en) | 1961-12-29 | 1966-05-10 | Inoue Kiyoshi | Apparatus for electrically sintering discrete bodies |
US3241956A (en) | 1963-05-30 | 1966-03-22 | Inoue Kiyoshi | Electric-discharge sintering |
US3332747A (en) | 1965-03-24 | 1967-07-25 | Gen Electric | Plural wedge-shaped graphite mold with heating electrodes |
US3537045A (en) | 1966-04-05 | 1970-10-27 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Variable capacitor type tuner |
JPS488694Y1 (en) | 1968-06-19 | 1973-03-07 | ||
US3863700A (en) | 1973-05-16 | 1975-02-04 | Allied Chem | Elevation of melt in the melt extraction production of metal filaments |
US4115682A (en) | 1976-11-24 | 1978-09-19 | Allied Chemical Corporation | Welding of glassy metallic materials |
US4462092A (en) | 1980-05-15 | 1984-07-24 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Company, Limited | Arc scan ultrasonic transducer array |
US4355221A (en) | 1981-04-20 | 1982-10-19 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Method of field annealing an amorphous metal core by means of induction heating |
US4809411A (en) | 1982-01-15 | 1989-03-07 | Electric Power Research Institute, Inc. | Method for improving the magnetic properties of wound core fabricated from amorphous metal |
US4523748A (en) | 1983-09-02 | 1985-06-18 | R & D Associates | Very high pressure apparatus for quenching |
GB2148751A (en) | 1983-10-31 | 1985-06-05 | Telcon Metals Ltd | Manufacture of magnetic cores |
US4571414A (en) | 1984-04-11 | 1986-02-18 | General Electric Company | Thermoplastic molding of ceramic powder |
US4715906A (en) | 1986-03-13 | 1987-12-29 | General Electric Company | Isothermal hold method of hot working of amorphous alloys |
JPS63220950A (en) | 1986-06-28 | 1988-09-14 | Nippon Steel Corp | Production of metal strip and nozzle for production |
US5075051A (en) | 1988-07-28 | 1991-12-24 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Molding process and apparatus for transferring plural molds to plural stations |
US5005456A (en) | 1988-09-29 | 1991-04-09 | General Electric Company | Hot shear cutting of amorphous alloy ribbon |
US4950337A (en) | 1989-04-14 | 1990-08-21 | China Steel Corporation | Magnetic and mechanical properties of amorphous alloys by pulse high current |
US5069428A (en) | 1989-07-12 | 1991-12-03 | James C. M. Li | Method and apparatus of continuous dynamic joule heating to improve magnetic properties and to avoid annealing embrittlement of ferro-magnetic amorphous alloys |
US5196264A (en) | 1989-08-22 | 1993-03-23 | Isuzu Motors Limited | Porous sintered body and method of manufacturing same |
US5220349A (en) | 1989-10-17 | 1993-06-15 | Seiko Instruments Inc. | Method and apparatus for thermally recording data utilizing metallic/non-metallic phase transition in a recording medium |
US5427660A (en) | 1990-03-19 | 1995-06-27 | Isuzu Motors, Ltd. | Sintered composite and method of manufacture |
US5550857A (en) | 1990-04-18 | 1996-08-27 | Stir-Melter, Inc. | Method and apparatus for waste vitrification |
US7120185B1 (en) | 1990-04-18 | 2006-10-10 | Stir-Melter, Inc | Method and apparatus for waste vitrification |
US5101186A (en) | 1990-12-19 | 1992-03-31 | Square D Company | Circuit breaker utilizing deformable section blade |
US6027586A (en) | 1991-05-31 | 2000-02-22 | Tsuyoshi Masumoto | Forming process of amorphous alloy material |
US5324368A (en) | 1991-05-31 | 1994-06-28 | Tsuyoshi Masumoto | Forming process of amorphous alloy material |
US5278377A (en) | 1991-11-27 | 1994-01-11 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Electromagnetic radiation susceptor material employing ferromagnetic amorphous alloy particles |
JPH0657309A (en) | 1992-08-07 | 1994-03-01 | Takeshi Masumoto | Production of bulk material of amorphous alloy |
JPH06277820A (en) | 1993-03-30 | 1994-10-04 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method and device for controlling molten metal quantity in casting equipment and sensor for detecting molten metal |
US5288344A (en) | 1993-04-07 | 1994-02-22 | California Institute Of Technology | Berylllium bearing amorphous metallic alloys formed by low cooling rates |
US5368659A (en) | 1993-04-07 | 1994-11-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Method of forming berryllium bearing metallic glass |
KR100271356B1 (en) | 1993-11-06 | 2000-11-01 | 윤종용 | Molding apparatus for semiconductor package |
JPH0824969A (en) | 1994-07-07 | 1996-01-30 | Japan Steel Works Ltd:The | Electromagnetic forming device for tube expansion and manufacture of tube-like formed product |
US20010033304A1 (en) | 1994-10-20 | 2001-10-25 | Hiroyuki Ishinaga | Elements substrate having connecting wiring between heat generating resistor elements and ink jet recording apparatus |
US5618359A (en) | 1995-02-08 | 1997-04-08 | California Institute Of Technology | Metallic glass alloys of Zr, Ti, Cu and Ni |
JPH08300126A (en) | 1995-04-28 | 1996-11-19 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Casting device for thixocasting |
US5554838A (en) | 1995-08-23 | 1996-09-10 | Wind Lock Corporation | Hand-held heating tool with improved heat control |
JPH11354319A (en) | 1995-11-27 | 1999-12-24 | Mobiletron Electronics Co Ltd | Method for controlling electric power for double-solenoid electric impact tool |
US5735975A (en) | 1996-02-21 | 1998-04-07 | California Institute Of Technology | Quinary metallic glass alloys |
US5896642A (en) | 1996-07-17 | 1999-04-27 | Amorphous Technologies International | Die-formed amorphous metallic articles and their fabrication |
US6355361B1 (en) | 1996-09-30 | 2002-03-12 | Unitika Ltd. | Fe group-based amorphous alloy ribbon and magnetic marker |
US6293155B1 (en) | 1997-02-13 | 2001-09-25 | GEBR, SCHMIDT FABRIK FüR FEINMECHANIK | Method for operating an electric press |
JPH10263739A (en) | 1997-03-27 | 1998-10-06 | Olympus Optical Co Ltd | Method and device for forming metallic glass |
JPH10296424A (en) | 1997-05-01 | 1998-11-10 | Ykk Corp | Manufacture and device for amorphous alloy formed product pressure cast with metallic mold |
JPH111729A (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1999-01-06 | Akihisa Inoue | Production of metallic glass and apparatus therefor |
US20020100573A1 (en) | 1997-06-10 | 2002-08-01 | Akihisa Inoue | Process and apparatus for producing metallic glass |
EP0921880A1 (en) | 1997-06-10 | 1999-06-16 | Kabushiki Kaisha Makabe Giken | Process and apparatus for producing metallic glass |
JPH11104810A (en) | 1997-08-08 | 1999-04-20 | Sumitomo Rubber Ind Ltd | Metallic glass-made formed product and production thereof |
US6258183B1 (en) | 1997-08-08 | 2001-07-10 | Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd. | Molded product of amorphous metal and manufacturing method for the same |
JPH11123520A (en) | 1997-10-24 | 1999-05-11 | Kozo Kuroki | Die casting machine |
US6235381B1 (en) | 1997-12-30 | 2001-05-22 | The Boeing Company | Reinforced ceramic structures |
US6279346B1 (en) | 1998-08-04 | 2001-08-28 | Dmc2 Degussa Metals Catalysts Cerdec Ag | Method for reducing hot sticking in molding processes |
JP2000119826A (en) | 1998-08-11 | 2000-04-25 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy, magnetic parts, manufacture of injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy, and metal mold for injection molded body of amorphous soft magnetic alloy |
JP2000169947A (en) | 1998-12-03 | 2000-06-20 | Japan Science & Technology Corp | High ductile nanoparticle dispersion metallic glass and its production |
WO2001021343A1 (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2001-03-29 | Brunel University | Method and apparatus for producing semisolid metal slurries and shaped components |
JP2003509221A (en) | 1999-09-24 | 2003-03-11 | ブルーネル ユニバーシティ | Method and apparatus for producing semi-fluid metal slurry and molding material |
US20050103271A1 (en) | 2000-02-01 | 2005-05-19 | Naoki Watanabe | Apparatus for manufacturing magnetic recording disk, and in-line type substrate processing apparatus |
FR2806019A1 (en) | 2000-03-10 | 2001-09-14 | Inst Nat Polytech Grenoble | Method, for moulding and forming metallic glass workpiece, involves exerting pressure between two parts of workpiece, passing electric current through contact area, and maintaining temperature between limits |
US7506566B2 (en) | 2000-04-28 | 2009-03-24 | Metglas, Inc. | Bulk stamped amorphous metal magnetic component |
JP2001321847A (en) | 2000-05-18 | 2001-11-20 | Honda Motor Co Ltd | Superplastic forming apparatus and superplastic working method |
JP2001347355A (en) | 2000-06-07 | 2001-12-18 | Taira Giken:Kk | Plunger tip for die casting and its manufacturing method |
US6432350B1 (en) | 2000-06-14 | 2002-08-13 | Incoe Corporation | Fluid compression of injection molded plastic materials |
US6631752B2 (en) | 2000-06-29 | 2003-10-14 | Diecast Software Inc. | Mathematically determined solidification for timing the injection of die castings |
US20040067369A1 (en) | 2000-11-30 | 2004-04-08 | Franz Ott | Coated metal element used for producing glass |
US20020122985A1 (en) | 2001-01-17 | 2002-09-05 | Takaya Sato | Battery active material powder mixture, electrode composition for batteries, secondary cell electrode, secondary cell, carbonaceous material powder mixture for electrical double-layer capacitors, polarizable electrode composition, polarizable electrode, and electrical double-layer capacitor |
US7347967B2 (en) | 2001-03-02 | 2008-03-25 | Isan Biotech Co. | Plastic system and method of porous bioimplant having a unified connector |
US6771490B2 (en) | 2001-06-07 | 2004-08-03 | Liquidmetal Technologies | Metal frame for electronic hardware and flat panel displays |
US6875293B2 (en) | 2001-09-07 | 2005-04-05 | Liquidmetal Technologies Inc | Method of forming molded articles of amorphous alloy with high elastic limit |
US20030056562A1 (en) | 2001-09-27 | 2003-03-27 | Toshihisa Kamano | Method and apparatus for forming metallic materials |
US20030222122A1 (en) | 2002-02-01 | 2003-12-04 | Johnson William L. | Thermoplastic casting of amorphous alloys |
US20030183310A1 (en) | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-02 | Mcrae Michael M. | Method of making amorphous metallic sheet |
US20040035502A1 (en) | 2002-05-20 | 2004-02-26 | James Kang | Foamed structures of bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys |
US20060102315A1 (en) | 2002-09-27 | 2006-05-18 | Lee Jung G | Method and apparatus for producing amorphous alloy sheet, and amorphous alloy sheet produced using the same |
US20070003782A1 (en) | 2003-02-21 | 2007-01-04 | Collier Kenneth S | Composite emp shielding of bulk-solidifying amorphous alloys and method of making same |
CN1552940A (en) | 2003-05-27 | 2004-12-08 | 中国科学院金属研究所 | High heat stability block ferromagnetic metal glas synthetic method |
US20050034787A1 (en) | 2003-08-14 | 2005-02-17 | Song Yong Sul | Method for making nano-scale grain metal powders having excellent high-frequency characteristic and method for making high-frequency soft magnetic core using the same |
US20070034304A1 (en) | 2003-09-02 | 2007-02-15 | Akihisa Inoue | Precision gear, its gear mechanism, and production method of precision gear |
JP2005209592A (en) | 2004-01-26 | 2005-08-04 | Dyupurasu:Kk | Heater for water temperature adjustment |
US20050202656A1 (en) | 2004-02-09 | 2005-09-15 | Takayuki Ito | Method of fabrication of semiconductor device |
CN103320783A (en) | 2004-03-25 | 2013-09-25 | 都美工业株式会社 | Metallic glass laminates, production methods and applications thereof |
US20050217333A1 (en) | 2004-03-30 | 2005-10-06 | Daehn Glenn S | Electromagnetic metal forming |
CN1689733A (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2005-11-02 | 阿尔卑斯电气株式会社 | Amorphous soft magnetic alloy powder, and dust core and wave absorber using the same |
US20050236071A1 (en) | 2004-04-22 | 2005-10-27 | Hisato Koshiba | Amorphous soft magnetic alloy powder, and dust core and wave absorber using the same |
US20050263216A1 (en) | 2004-05-28 | 2005-12-01 | National Tsing Hua University | Ternary and multi-nary iron-based bulk glassy alloys and nanocrystalline alloys |
US20080110864A1 (en) | 2004-08-27 | 2008-05-15 | Jean Oussalem | Electric Forge For Heating Horse Shoes |
US20080302775A1 (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2008-12-11 | Noble Advanced Technologies, Inc. | Metal forming apparatus and process with resistance heating |
CN101053281A (en) | 2004-09-17 | 2007-10-10 | 普尔曼工业公司 | Metal forming apparatus and process with resistance heating |
US20060293162A1 (en) | 2005-06-28 | 2006-12-28 | Ellison Adam J | Fining of boroalumino silicate glasses |
US20070023401A1 (en) | 2005-07-29 | 2007-02-01 | Takeshi Tsukamoto | Electric joining method and electric joining apparatus |
JP2008000783A (en) | 2006-06-21 | 2008-01-10 | Kobe Steel Ltd | Method for producing metallic glass fabricated material |
US20090246070A1 (en) | 2006-07-19 | 2009-10-01 | Kohei Tokuda | Alloy with high glass forming ability and alloy-plated metal material using same |
US20100047376A1 (en) | 2006-08-29 | 2010-02-25 | Marc-Olivier Imbeau | Nerve cuff injection mold and method of making a nerve cuff |
US20080081213A1 (en) | 2006-09-28 | 2008-04-03 | Fuji Xerox Co., Ltd. | Amorphous alloy member, authenticity determining device, authenticity determination method, and process for manufacturing amorphous alloy member |
US20080135138A1 (en) | 2006-12-07 | 2008-06-12 | Gang Duan | Thermoplastically processable amorphous metals and methods for processing same |
US20100320195A1 (en) | 2007-02-09 | 2010-12-23 | Toyo Seikan Kaisha, Ltd. | Induction heating body and indcution heating container |
US20100009212A1 (en) | 2007-02-27 | 2010-01-14 | Ngk Insulators, Ltd. | Metal sheet rolling method and rolled sheet manufactured by metal sheet rolling method |
US8276426B2 (en) | 2007-03-21 | 2012-10-02 | Magnetic Metals Corporation | Laminated magnetic cores |
US8099982B2 (en) | 2007-03-29 | 2012-01-24 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial Science And Technology | Method of molding glass parts and molding apparatus |
US7883592B2 (en) | 2007-04-06 | 2011-02-08 | California Institute Of Technology | Semi-solid processing of bulk metallic glass matrix composites |
WO2009048865A1 (en) | 2007-10-08 | 2009-04-16 | American Trim, L.L.C. | Method of forming metal |
US20110048587A1 (en) | 2007-11-09 | 2011-03-03 | Vecchio Kenneth S | Amorphous Alloy Materials |
US20100121471A1 (en) | 2008-03-14 | 2010-05-13 | Tsuyoshi Higo | Learing method of rolling load prediction for hot rolling |
US20160298205A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2016-10-13 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20140102163A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2014-04-17 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
US8613815B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-12-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US9463498B2 (en) * | 2008-03-21 | 2016-10-11 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US8613813B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-12-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US9309580B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2016-04-12 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US9297058B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2016-03-29 | California Institute Of Technology | Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20120132625A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2012-05-31 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
US20150231675A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2015-08-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US9067258B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2015-06-30 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
US8961716B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2015-02-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US8613814B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-12-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
US20120255338A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2012-10-11 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
JP2011517623A (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2011-06-16 | カリフォルニア インスティテュート オブ テクノロジー | Formation of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20130001222A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-01-03 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20130025814A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-01-31 | California Institute Of Technology | Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20140083150A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2014-03-27 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20140047888A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2014-02-20 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US8613816B2 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2013-12-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20090236017A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | Johnson William L | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20140033787A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2014-02-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
WO2009117735A1 (en) | 2008-03-21 | 2009-09-24 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20130112321A1 (en) * | 2009-03-23 | 2013-05-09 | Joseph C. Poole | Rapid discharge forming process for amorphous metal |
US9539628B2 (en) * | 2009-03-23 | 2017-01-10 | Apple Inc. | Rapid discharge forming process for amorphous metal |
US20100243618A1 (en) | 2009-03-27 | 2010-09-30 | Canon Anelva Corporation | Temperature control method for heating apparatus |
JP2013530045A (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2013-07-25 | カリフォルニア インスティチュート オブ テクノロジー | Electromagnetic metallic glass formation using capacitor discharge and magnetic field |
US8776566B2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2014-07-15 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
US8499598B2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2013-08-06 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
US20120006085A1 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2012-01-12 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
WO2011127414A2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2011-10-13 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
EP2556178A2 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2013-02-13 | California Institute of Technology | Electromagnetic forming of metallic glasses using a capacitive discharge and magnetic field |
US20130319062A1 (en) | 2010-04-08 | 2013-12-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Electromagnetic Forming of Metallic Glasses Using a Capacitive Discharge and Magnetic Field |
US20120103478A1 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2012-05-03 | California Institute Of Technology | High aspect ratio parts of bulk metallic glass and methods of manufacturing thereof |
US9044800B2 (en) | 2010-08-31 | 2015-06-02 | California Institute Of Technology | High aspect ratio parts of bulk metallic glass and methods of manufacturing thereof |
CN201838352U (en) | 2010-09-16 | 2011-05-18 | 江苏威腾母线有限公司 | Full-shielding composite insulating tubular bus |
WO2012051443A2 (en) | 2010-10-13 | 2012-04-19 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge forging |
WO2012092208A1 (en) | 2010-12-23 | 2012-07-05 | California Institute Of Technology | Sheet forming of mettalic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
WO2012103552A2 (en) | 2011-01-28 | 2012-08-02 | California Institute Of Technology | Forming of ferromagnetic metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
WO2012112656A2 (en) | 2011-02-16 | 2012-08-23 | California Institute Of Technology | Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge |
US20120268079A1 (en) | 2011-04-25 | 2012-10-25 | Aisin Aw Co., Ltd. | Discharge control circuit |
US20140045680A1 (en) * | 2011-04-28 | 2014-02-13 | Tohoku University | Method for manufacturing metallic glass nanowire, metallic glass nanowire manufactured thereby, and catalyst containing metallic glass nanowire |
US20130048152A1 (en) | 2011-08-22 | 2013-02-28 | California Institute Of Technology | Bulk Nickel-Based Chromium and Phosphorous Bearing Metallic Glasses |
WO2014078697A2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-22 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Bulk nickel-phosphorus-boron glasses bearing chromium and tantalum |
US9393612B2 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2016-07-19 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Automated rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20140130563A1 (en) | 2012-11-15 | 2014-05-15 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Automated rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US9845523B2 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2017-12-19 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Methods for shaping high aspect ratio articles from metallic glass alloys using rapid capacitive discharge and metallic glass feedstock for use in such methods |
US20140283956A1 (en) | 2013-03-15 | 2014-09-25 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Methods for shaping high aspect ratio articles from metallic glass alloys using rapid capacitive discharge and metallic glass feedstock for use in such methods |
US20150090375A1 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2015-04-02 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Cellulosic and synthetic polymeric feedstock barrel for use in rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US10273568B2 (en) | 2013-09-30 | 2019-04-30 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Cellulosic and synthetic polymeric feedstock barrel for use in rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20150096967A1 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2015-04-09 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedstock barrels coated with insulating films for rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US10213822B2 (en) | 2013-10-03 | 2019-02-26 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedstock barrels coated with insulating films for rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US20150299825A1 (en) | 2014-04-18 | 2015-10-22 | Apple Inc. | Methods for constructing parts using metallic glass alloys, and metallic glass alloy materials for use therewith |
US20150367410A1 (en) | 2014-06-18 | 2015-12-24 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses using separate heating and forming feedstock chambers |
US20160008870A1 (en) * | 2014-07-08 | 2016-01-14 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Mechanically tuned rapid discharge forming of metallic glasses |
US10248004B2 (en) * | 2015-05-05 | 2019-04-02 | Universite de Bordeaux | Method for the inscription of second-order nonlinear optical properties into an amorphous or vitreous material |
US20170203358A1 (en) | 2016-01-14 | 2017-07-20 | Glassimetal Technology, Inc. | Feedback-assisted rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses |
Non-Patent Citations (15)
Title |
---|
De Oliveira et al., "Electromechanical engraving and writing on bulk metallic glasses", Applied Physics Letters, Aug. 26, 2002, vol. 81, No. 9, pp. 1606-1608. |
Demetriou, Document cited and published during Applicant Interview Summary conducted on Jan. 29, 2013, entitled, "Rapid Discharge Heating & Forming of Metallic Glasses: Concepts, Principles, and Capabilities," Marios Demetriou, 20 pages. |
Duan et al., "Bulk Metallic Glass with Benchmark Thermoplastic Processability", Adv. Mater., 2007, vol. 19, pp. 4272-4275. |
Ehrt et al., "Electrical conductivity and viscosity of borosilicate glasses and melts," Phys. Chem. Glasses: Eur. J. Glass Sci. Technol. B, Jun. 2009, 50(3), pp. 165-171. |
Johnson et al., "A Universal Criterion for Plastic Yielding of Metallic Glasses with a (T/Tg)⅔Temperature Dependence," Physical Review Letter, (2005), PRL 95, pp. 195501-195501-4. |
Kulik et al., "Effect of flash- and furnace annealing on the magnetic and mechanical properties of metallic glasses," Materials Science and Engineering, A133 (1991), pp. 232-235. |
Love, "Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and the probability density function," J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys., 16, 1983, pp. 5985-5993. |
Masuhr et al., Time Scales for Viscous Flow, Atomic Transport, and Crystallization in the Liquid and Supercooled Liquid States of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10.0Be22.5,: Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 82, (1999), pp. 2290-2293. |
Mattern et al., "Structural behavior and glass transition of bulk metallic glasses," Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 345&346, 2004, pp. 758-761. |
Saotome et al., "Characteristic behavior of Pt-based metallic glass under rapid heating and its application to microforming," Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, vol. 375-377, pp. 389-393. |
Schroers et al., "Pronounced asymmetry in the crystallization behavior during constant heating and cooling of a bulk metallic glass-forming liquid," Phys. Rev. B, vol. 60, No. 17 (1999), pp. 11855-11858. |
Wiest et al., "Zi-Ti-based Be-bearing glasses optimized for high thermal stability and thermoplastic formability", Acta Materialia, 2008, vol. 56, pp. 2625-2630. |
Wiest et al., "Zi—Ti-based Be-bearing glasses optimized for high thermal stability and thermoplastic formability", Acta Materialia, 2008, vol. 56, pp. 2625-2630. |
Yavari et al., "Electromechanical shaping, assembly and engraving of bulk metallic glasses", Materials Science and Engineering A, 2004, vol. 375-377, pp. 227-234. |
Yavari et al., "Shaping of Bulk Metallic Glasses by Simultaneous Application of Electrical Current and Low Stress", Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc., 2001, vol. 644, pp. L12.20.1-L12.20.6. |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20180065173A1 (en) | 2018-03-08 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US10632529B2 (en) | Durable electrodes for rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses | |
KR101863466B1 (en) | Resistive spot welding device, composite electrode, and resistive spot welding method | |
JP5939545B2 (en) | Injection molding of metallic glass by rapid capacitor discharge | |
US5510598A (en) | Electro-thermally actuated switch | |
US6995972B2 (en) | Solid electrolytic capacitor and method for manufacturing the same | |
EP3103578A1 (en) | Welded structure and method for manufacturing welded structure | |
US10029304B2 (en) | Rapid discharge heating and forming of metallic glasses using separate heating and forming feedstock chambers | |
JPH0542501B2 (en) | ||
CN103210314A (en) | Contact probe pin | |
CN112570867A (en) | Method for inhibiting internal defects of resistance spot welding nuggets of aluminum alloy | |
US2262705A (en) | Electric welding | |
US9627781B2 (en) | Contact element and method for manufacturing same | |
EP2840314B1 (en) | Glow plug | |
CN103862176A (en) | Laser welding method of copper-based amorphous alloy and commercial metal alloy | |
US4233149A (en) | Anode support member | |
JP2016207495A (en) | Electrical connection component, terminal pair and connector pair | |
KR102013926B1 (en) | Electroplastic forming method | |
Huang et al. | Evolution of joint formation in resistance microwelding of crossed Pt-10% Ir and 316 LVM stainless steel wires | |
JP2011070849A (en) | Terminal connection method of aluminum or aluminum alloy conductor | |
JP2014162965A (en) | Tungsten electrode material for resistance welding | |
CN103752746B (en) | Manufacturing method of pressure head used on thermal force simulation testing machine | |
JPH10162704A (en) | Thermal fuse | |
US6822184B2 (en) | Process to weld steel to copper | |
JP6797809B2 (en) | Connecting elements, especially screws or nuts | |
JPS6052530B2 (en) | electrical insulation materials |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: ENTITY STATUS SET TO UNDISCOUNTED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: BIG.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
AS | Assignment |
Owner name: APPLE INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNOR:GLASSIMETAL TECHNOLOGY, INC.;REEL/FRAME:043501/0861 Effective date: 20170818 Owner name: GLASSIMETAL TECHNOLOGY, INC., CALIFORNIA Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:CREWDSON, CHASE;SCHRAMM, JOSEPH P.;DEMETRIOU, MARIOS D.;AND OTHERS;SIGNING DATES FROM 20170818 TO 20170828;REEL/FRAME:043500/0312 |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: DOCKETED NEW CASE - READY FOR EXAMINATION |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: RESPONSE TO NON-FINAL OFFICE ACTION ENTERED AND FORWARDED TO EXAMINER |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NON FINAL ACTION MAILED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: NOTICE OF ALLOWANCE MAILED -- APPLICATION RECEIVED IN OFFICE OF PUBLICATIONS |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: PUBLICATIONS -- ISSUE FEE PAYMENT RECEIVED |
|
STPP | Information on status: patent application and granting procedure in general |
Free format text: PUBLICATIONS -- ISSUE FEE PAYMENT VERIFIED |
|
STCF | Information on status: patent grant |
Free format text: PATENTED CASE |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: MAINTENANCE FEE REMINDER MAILED (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: REM.); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
FEPP | Fee payment procedure |
Free format text: SURCHARGE FOR LATE PAYMENT, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1554); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY |
|
MAFP | Maintenance fee payment |
Free format text: PAYMENT OF MAINTENANCE FEE, 4TH YEAR, LARGE ENTITY (ORIGINAL EVENT CODE: M1551); ENTITY STATUS OF PATENT OWNER: LARGE ENTITY Year of fee payment: 4 |