TWI804230B - An organic-photocatalytic thin film, the corresponding preparation method, and application in photocatalytic hydrogen-producing system - Google Patents
An organic-photocatalytic thin film, the corresponding preparation method, and application in photocatalytic hydrogen-producing system Download PDFInfo
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本發明係關於一種有機光觸媒薄膜、其製備方法及應用其之光產氫系統，特別關於一種應用高分子之有機光觸媒薄膜。The invention relates to an organic photocatalyst film, a preparation method thereof and a photohydrogen production system using the same, in particular to an organic photocatalyst film using a polymer.
近年來，化石能源日漸枯竭，能源危機嚴重，故探索替代能源是現今的趨勢及目標。為了解決上述問題，具高熱值、乾淨而不會產生任何溫室氣體的氫能源已逐漸成為極具發展潛能的能量來源。除此之外，太陽能具有環保且用之不竭的特點，亦已成為能量來源的新選擇。In recent years, fossil energy has been depleted day by day, and the energy crisis is serious, so exploring alternative energy is the current trend and goal. In order to solve the above problems, hydrogen energy, which has a high calorific value, is clean and does not produce any greenhouse gases, has gradually become an energy source with great development potential. In addition, solar energy is environmentally friendly and inexhaustible, and has become a new choice of energy source.
據此，已常見有光觸媒、光觸媒薄膜等的開發，期望能於照射太陽光後，有效地進行水分解產氫。Accordingly, the development of photocatalysts and photocatalyst thin films has been common, and it is expected to effectively split water and produce hydrogen after being irradiated with sunlight.
然而，傳統光觸媒由於其能量間隙較大，僅能在紫外光照射下激發產生電子電洞對。由於紫外光僅占太陽光能量約4%，因此太陽能源的利用效率仍有改善空間。現有技術中合成的材料則多以無機材料作為主體，且主要利用化學合成的方式製備光觸媒薄膜，因此需要繁複的合成步驟以及嚴苛的合成環境，例如：高溫、高壓及高酸鹼值。 ［先前技術文獻］ ［專利文獻］ However, due to its large energy gap, traditional photocatalysts can only be excited to generate electron-hole pairs under ultraviolet light irradiation. Since ultraviolet light only accounts for about 4% of sunlight energy, there is still room for improvement in the utilization efficiency of solar energy. The materials synthesized in the prior art mostly use inorganic materials as the main body, and the photocatalyst film is mainly prepared by chemical synthesis, so complicated synthesis steps and harsh synthesis environment are required, such as: high temperature, high pressure and high pH value. [Prior Technical Literature] [Patent Document]
［專利文獻1］日本公告JP 6471299 B2[Patent Document 1] Japanese publication JP 6471299 B2
［發明所欲解決之技術問題］[Technical problem to be solved by the invention]
據此，本發明提供一種改善太陽光能使用效率、提升水分解產氫效能的有機光觸媒薄膜及其製備方法，並將其應用在光產氫系統。 ［技術手段］ Accordingly, the present invention provides an organic photocatalyst film and a preparation method thereof which can improve the utilization efficiency of solar energy and enhance the efficiency of water splitting and hydrogen production, and apply it to a photohydrogen production system. [Technical means]
本發明提供一種有機光觸媒薄膜，其以pBTTT-C14（聚[2,5-雙（3-十四烷基噻吩-2-基）噻吩\ [3,2- b 噻吩]）為施體材料、奈米碳球衍生物（PCBM）為受體材料，該PCBM嵌入至該pBTTT-C14中側鏈與側鏈之間的間隙，形成有序的細條紋。The invention provides an organic photocatalyst film, which uses pBTTT-C14 (poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thiophene\[3,2-bthiophene]) as a donor material, Carbon nanosphere derivative (PCBM) is the acceptor material, and the PCBM is embedded into the gap between side chains and side chains in the pBTTT-C14 to form ordered fine stripes.
其中，該有機光觸媒薄膜之製備方法可包含以下步驟： (A) 配置濃度重量百分濃度為0.6wt% 的pBTTT-C14溶液； (B) 以旋轉塗佈的方式將該pBTTT-C14之溶液旋塗於一基板上，製備成一薄膜； (C) 將該薄膜於真空的環境下，以265 oC持溫1分鐘； (D) 將步驟(C)中持溫後之該薄膜以旋轉塗佈的方式，塗佈上一層PCBM，其中該PCBM的溶液濃度為3mg/ml； (E) 將步驟(D)中塗佈上該PCBM後之該薄膜以210 oC的溫度持溫1小時，即獲得有機光觸媒薄膜。 Wherein, the preparation method of the organic photocatalyst thin film may include the following steps: (A) configuring a pBTTT-C14 solution with a concentration of 0.6 wt% by weight; (B) spinning the pBTTT-C14 solution by spin coating Apply on a substrate to prepare a film; (C) Keep the film at 265 o C for 1 minute in a vacuum environment; (D) Spin coat the film after holding the temperature in step (C) In the way of coating a layer of PCBM, wherein the solution concentration of the PCBM is 3mg/ml; (E) the film coated with the PCBM in the step (D) is kept at a temperature of 210 o C for 1 hour, that is An organic photocatalyst film was obtained.
其中，步驟(A)之該pBTTT-C14溶液之溶劑可為氯苯。Wherein, the solvent of the pBTTT-C14 solution in step (A) can be chlorobenzene.
其中，步驟(B)中旋轉塗佈之條件可為：先以轉速500 rpms進行20秒，再以轉速2000 rpms進行30秒。Wherein, the conditions of the spin coating in the step (B) can be: first carry out 20 seconds at a rotating speed of 500 rpms, and then carry out 30 seconds at a rotating speed of 2000 rpms.
其中，步驟(D)中旋轉塗佈之條件可為：以轉速3000 rpms進行40秒。Wherein, the condition of the spin coating in the step (D) can be: 40 seconds at a rotation speed of 3000 rpms.
其中，步驟(B)之該基板可為玻璃基板或氧化銦錫基板。Wherein, the substrate in step (B) may be a glass substrate or an indium tin oxide substrate.
另一方面，本發明並提供一種有機光觸媒薄膜之製備方法，其中包含利用熱處理使高分子結晶的方式，可以調控並分佈具有氫離子反應活性的材料於高分子薄膜中，並發產出有序陣列的薄膜，進而亦可達到促進分解水產氫之功效。On the other hand, the present invention also provides a method for preparing an organic photocatalyst film, which includes the method of using heat treatment to crystallize the polymer, which can control and distribute the material with hydrogen ion reactivity in the polymer film, and simultaneously produce an ordered array The thin film can also achieve the effect of promoting the decomposition of water to produce hydrogen.
該製備方法可包含以下步驟： (A) 配置濃度重量百分濃度為0.6wt% 的pBTTT-C14溶液； (B) 以旋轉塗佈的方式將該pBTTT-C14之溶液旋塗於一基板上，製備成一薄膜； (C) 將該薄膜於真空的環境下，以265 oC持溫1分鐘； (D) 將步驟(C)中持溫後之該薄膜以旋轉塗佈的方式，塗佈上一層PCBM，其中該PCBM的溶液濃度為3mg/ml； (E) 將步驟(D)中塗佈上該PCBM後之該薄膜以210 oC的溫度持溫1小時，即獲得有機光觸媒薄膜。 The preparation method may include the following steps: (A) configuring a pBTTT-C14 solution with a concentration of 0.6 wt% by weight; (B) spin-coating the pBTTT-C14 solution on a substrate by spin coating, Prepare a thin film; (C) hold the film at 265 o C for 1 minute in a vacuum environment; (D) spin coat the film after holding the temperature in step (C) on One layer of PCBM, wherein the solution concentration of the PCBM is 3mg/ml; (E) The film coated with the PCBM in step (D) is kept at a temperature of 210 o C for 1 hour to obtain an organic photocatalyst film.
進一步地，步驟(A)之該pBTTT-C14溶液之溶劑可為氯苯。Further, the solvent of the pBTTT-C14 solution in step (A) can be chlorobenzene.
進一步地，步驟(B)中旋轉塗佈之條件可為：先以轉速500 rpms進行20秒，再以轉速2000 rpms進行30秒。Further, the conditions of spin coating in step (B) can be: firstly carry out 20 seconds at a rotating speed of 500 rpms, and then carry out 30 seconds at a rotating speed of 2000 rpms.
進一步地，步驟(D)中旋轉塗佈之條件可為：以轉速3000 rpms進行40秒。Further, the condition of spin coating in step (D) may be: 40 seconds at a rotation speed of 3000 rpms.
進一步地，步驟(B)之該基板可為玻璃基板或氧化銦錫基板。Further, the substrate in step (B) may be a glass substrate or an indium tin oxide substrate.
本發明亦提供一種光產氫系統，其可使用如上所述之有機光觸媒薄膜作為產氫薄膜。 ［發明之效果］ The present invention also provides a photohydrogen production system, which can use the above-mentioned organic photocatalyst film as the hydrogen production film. [Effect of the invention]
本發明利用高分子合成有機光觸媒薄膜，相較於大部分的無機材料，由於共軛高分子具有寬廣的可見光吸收範圍，因此與共軛高分子的結合可以改善太陽光能的使用效益。The present invention utilizes polymers to synthesize organic photocatalyst films. Compared with most inorganic materials, conjugated polymers have a wide range of visible light absorption, so the combination with conjugated polymers can improve the use efficiency of solar energy.
此外，本發明亦藉由調控高分子與氫離子反應活性材料的結構演變來提升水分解產氫效能。In addition, the present invention also improves the efficiency of water splitting and hydrogen production by regulating the structural evolution of polymers and hydrogen ion reactive materials.
此外，相較於利用化學合成光觸媒的方式，本發明以物理性調控有利於產氫效率的薄膜，使製備環境單純、安全，不需要嚴苛的條件，也不需要繁複的合成步驟，即能獲得一高產氫效率的有機光觸媒薄膜。In addition, compared with the method of chemically synthesizing photocatalysts, the present invention physically regulates the film that is beneficial to the hydrogen production efficiency, so that the preparation environment is simple and safe, and does not require harsh conditions or complicated synthesis steps. An organic photocatalyst thin film with high hydrogen production efficiency is obtained.
以下藉由示例性實施方式說明本發明之製備步驟、鑑定方式與分析結果。應注意，下述示例性實施方式僅用以說明本發明，而非用以限制本發明之範圍。The preparation steps, identification methods and analysis results of the present invention are described below by means of exemplary embodiments. It should be noted that the following exemplary embodiments are only used to illustrate the present invention, but not to limit the scope of the present invention.
本發明所製備之有機光觸媒之運作機制如圖1所示。利用太陽光產氫氣的過程可以簡單分成三個反應步驟：光觸媒材料吸收太陽光產生光電子、光電子擴散至光觸媒與水的介面、及光電子與水中的氫離子反應並產生氫氣。在發展產氫光觸媒材料時，施體與受體材料皆為不可或缺的角色，且由於普遍的施體材料都有光電子容易重新再結合的議題，因此受體材料的耦合可以有效地解決這個狀況。The operating mechanism of the organic photocatalyst prepared by the present invention is shown in FIG. 1 . The process of using sunlight to produce hydrogen can be simply divided into three reaction steps: photocatalyst material absorbs sunlight to generate photoelectrons, photoelectrons diffuse to the interface between photocatalyst and water, and photoelectrons react with hydrogen ions in water to generate hydrogen. Both donor and acceptor materials play an indispensable role in the development of hydrogen-producing photocatalyst materials, and since common donor materials have the problem of easy recombination of photoelectrons, the coupling of acceptor materials can effectively solve this problem. situation.
然而，為了使施體材料受光激發的電子可以有效率的傳遞到受體材料上，受體材料在施體材料中的分佈將主導整個產氫的效率。However, in order to efficiently transfer the photoexcited electrons from the donor material to the acceptor material, the distribution of the acceptor material in the donor material will dominate the overall hydrogen production efficiency.
據此，本發明以發展最佳化有機光觸媒薄膜為主要目的。在施體材料上的選擇，本發明使用了具有液晶行為的共軛高分子 pBTTT-C14（商品名pBTTT-C14或Poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene]， https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TW/en/product/aldrich/753971）；由於液晶相高分子具有較高的分子活動能力，因此在進行熱處理調控時，有將受體材料進行最佳分佈的潛力。受體材料則是選擇具有高收獲電子能力的奈米材料：奈米碳球衍生物PCBM（商品名[6,6]-Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester，https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TW/en/product/aldrich/684465）。此外，在電子能階的匹配上，這樣的材料組合也是適合光電子的躍遷過程。Accordingly, the main purpose of the present invention is to develop an optimized organic photocatalyst film. In the selection of the donor material, the present invention uses a conjugated polymer pBTTT-C14 (trade name pBTTT-C14 or Poly[2,5-bis(3-tetradecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3, 2-b]thiophene], https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TW/en/product/aldrich/753971); due to the high molecular mobility of liquid crystal phase polymers, there will be Potential for optimal distribution of receptor material. The acceptor material is to choose a nanomaterial with high electron harvesting ability: carbon nanosphere derivative PCBM (trade name [6,6]-Phenyl C71 butyric acid methyl ester, https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/TW /en/product/aldrich/684465). In addition, such a combination of materials is also suitable for the transition process of optoelectronics in terms of the matching of electronic energy levels.
示例性地，本發明之有機光觸媒薄膜之製備方法包含以下步驟： (A) 配置濃度重量百分濃度為 0.6wt% 的 pBTTT-C14 的溶液，其溶劑為氯苯。 (B) 以旋轉塗佈的方式將 pBTTT-C14 之溶液旋塗於基板上製備成薄膜。旋轉塗佈機（GSSP-03A）的參數為：第一階段轉速 500 rpms、20 秒，第二階段轉速 2000 rpms、30 秒。 (C) 將 pBTTT-C14 的薄膜於真空的環境下，以 265 oC 持溫 1 分鐘。這個步驟可以使 pBTTT-C14 預先發展出具有非常大尺度的液晶相排列。 (D) 將步驟(C)製備好的薄膜再以旋轉塗佈的方式，塗佈上一層 PCBM 的薄膜。其中 PCBM 的溶液濃度為 3mg/ml；旋轉塗佈機的參數為 3000 rpms，40 秒。 (E) 接著，將旋塗好 PCBM 分子的薄膜以 210 oC 的溫度持溫 1 小時，以得到有機光觸媒薄膜。 Exemplarily, the preparation method of the organic photocatalyst thin film of the present invention includes the following steps: (A) Prepare a solution of pBTTT-C14 with a concentration of 0.6wt% by weight, and its solvent is chlorobenzene. (B) The pBTTT-C14 solution was spin-coated on the substrate by spin-coating to prepare a thin film. The parameters of the spin coater (GSSP-03A) are: the first stage rotation speed is 500 rpms for 20 seconds, and the second stage rotation speed is 2000 rpms for 30 seconds. (C) The pBTTT-C14 film was kept at 265 o C for 1 minute under vacuum. This step allows pBTTT-C14 to pre-develop a very large-scale liquid crystal phase alignment. (D) Coat the film prepared in step (C) with a layer of PCBM film by spin coating. The solution concentration of PCBM is 3mg/ml; the parameters of the spin coater are 3000 rpms, 40 seconds. (E) Next, keep the spin-coated film of PCBM molecules at 210 o C for 1 hour to obtain an organic photocatalyst film.
步驟(B)中之基板可為玻璃基板或氧化銦錫基板（ITO）；圖 2 所示為包含 pBTTT-C14 及 PCBM 之有機光觸媒薄膜在玻璃基板上發展的薄膜結構，圖3所示為包含 pBTTT-C14 及 PCBM 之有機光觸媒薄膜在氧化銦錫基板(ITO)上發展的薄膜結構。The substrate in step (B) can be a glass substrate or an indium tin oxide substrate (ITO); Figure 2 shows the film structure of an organic photocatalyst film containing pBTTT-C14 and PCBM developed on a glass substrate, and Figure 3 shows the film structure containing The thin film structure of organic photocatalyst thin film of pBTTT-C14 and PCBM developed on indium tin oxide substrate (ITO).
以 X 光繞射鑑定分析（D8 DISCOVER with GADDS (Bruker AXS Gmbh, Karlsruhe, Germany)）製備完成之有機光觸媒薄膜。如圖4所示為 X 光繞射圖譜，可發現 pBTTT-C14 的層狀堆疊間距往低角度移動的趨勢；該趨勢係由於受體材料 PCBM 在經過步驟(E)的熱處理後，會嵌入至 pBTTT-C14 中側鏈與側鏈之間的間隙。pBTTT-C14 與 PCBM 嵌入關係的示意圖如圖5所示，其中，圓球狀之分子為 PCBM，鏈狀分子為 pBTTT-C14。Organic photocatalyst film prepared by X-ray diffraction analysis (D8 DISCOVER with GADDS (Bruker AXS Gmbh, Karlsruhe, Germany)). As shown in Figure 4 is the X-ray diffraction pattern, it can be found that the layered stacking distance of pBTTT-C14 tends to move to a lower angle; this trend is due to the fact that the acceptor material PCBM will be embedded in the Gap between side chains in pBTTT-C14. The schematic diagram of the embedding relationship between pBTTT-C14 and PCBM is shown in Figure 5, where the spherical molecule is PCBM and the chain molecule is pBTTT-C14.
此外，以電子顯微鏡（ JEM-1400 Transmission electron microscope, JEOL）觀察製備完成之有機光觸媒薄膜。如圖6所示，PCBM 在 pBTTT-C14 的液晶相嵌入會形成有序的細條紋，此係由於 pBTTT-C14 側鏈間的空隙會沿著分子鏈 b 軸的方向發展出通道；該細條紋為本發明製備完成之有機光觸媒薄膜極其重要的結構，顯示在步驟(E)的熱處理條件下，本發明之 pBTTT-C14 及 PCBM 方皆得以形成良好的傳輸電子的通道，並大大提升產氫效率。In addition, the prepared organic photocatalyst film was observed with an electron microscope (JEM-1400 Transmission electron microscope, JEOL). As shown in Figure 6, the embedding of PCBM in the liquid crystal phase of pBTTT-C14 will form ordered thin stripes. This is because the gaps between the side chains of pBTTT-C14 will develop channels along the direction of the b-axis of the molecular chain; the thin stripes It is an extremely important structure of the organic photocatalyst film prepared by the present invention. It shows that under the heat treatment conditions of step (E), the pBTTT-C14 and PCBM of the present invention can form a good electron transmission channel and greatly improve the hydrogen production efficiency. .
因此，可發現以本發明之有機光觸媒薄膜之製備方法製備完成之有機光觸媒薄膜，特別是在步驟(E)之熱處理後，不但可以使施體 pBTTT-C14與受體 PCBM 彼此形成大量有助於光電子與電洞分離的異質接面，也使兩種材料於薄膜中各自發展出有利於光電子的傳遞連續的晶相。因此，這樣的薄膜結構將有助於提升光電子參與產氫的反應效率進而提升產氫的表現。Therefore, it can be found that the organic photocatalyst film prepared by the preparation method of the organic photocatalyst film of the present invention, especially after the heat treatment in step (E), not only can make the donor pBTTT-C14 and the acceptor PCBM form a large amount of mutual help The heterojunction that separates photoelectrons and holes also enables the two materials to develop continuous crystal phases in the thin film that are conducive to the transfer of photoelectrons. Therefore, such a thin film structure will help to improve the reaction efficiency of photoelectrons participating in hydrogen production and thus improve the performance of hydrogen production.
為了評估薄膜產氫的效率，將製備好的薄膜進行光電流實驗的評估。採用 pH 值為 4 之維他命 C 電解液，於其中放置薄膜並將其放置於光強度為一個太陽光強度的大小，藉由衡電流儀（ Autolab PGSTAT30）測量在光照射樣品時所產生出來的光電流密度大小；當光電流密度越大時，意味著可以提供氫離子還原成氫氣的電子數量越多，因此產氫的效率較好。如圖7所示，在沉積上一層 PCBM 分子於 pBTTT-C14 表面上時，因為異質接面的的建立，使其較純PBTTT-C14薄膜的光電流密度較高；然而，在 210 oC 進行熱處理後，可以觀察到光電流密度有更進一步的提升。此係由於經過熱處理後，PCBM 分子嵌入於 pBTTT-C14 孔隙中的結構，使施體與受體的異質接面可以於更小尺度建立，因此電子電洞的分離可以更有效率，因而有較好的產氫效率。 In order to evaluate the hydrogen production efficiency of the thin film, the prepared thin film was evaluated by photocurrent experiment. Use a vitamin C electrolyte with a pH value of 4, place a film in it and place it at a light intensity equal to the size of a sunlight intensity, and measure the light generated when the light irradiates the sample with a constant current meter (Autolab PGSTAT30) Current density; when the photocurrent density is higher, it means that the number of electrons that can provide hydrogen ions to be reduced to hydrogen gas is more, so the efficiency of hydrogen production is better. As shown in Figure 7, when a layer of PCBM molecules is deposited on the surface of pBTTT-C14, the photocurrent density of the pure PBTTT-C14 film is higher due to the establishment of heterojunction; however, at 210 o C After heat treatment, a further increase in photocurrent density can be observed. This is due to the structure of PCBM molecules embedded in the pores of pBTTT-C14 after heat treatment, so that the heterojunction between the donor and the acceptor can be established on a smaller scale, so the separation of electron holes can be more efficient, so there is more Good hydrogen production efficiency.
據此，本發明之有機光觸媒薄膜具有有助於光電子與電洞分離的異質接面，且將本發明之有機光觸媒薄膜應用於光產氫系統，亦可達成極高的產氫效率。Accordingly, the organic photocatalyst film of the present invention has a heterojunction that facilitates the separation of photoelectrons and holes, and applying the organic photocatalyst film of the present invention to a photohydrogen production system can also achieve extremely high hydrogen production efficiency.
〔圖1〕本發明所製備之有機光觸媒之運作機制。 〔圖2〕包含 pBTTT-C14 及 PCBM 之有機光觸媒薄膜在玻璃基板上發展的薄膜結構。 〔圖3〕包含 pBTTT-C14 及 PCBM 之有機光觸媒薄膜在氧化銦錫基板(ITO)上發展的薄膜結構。 〔圖4〕有機光觸媒薄膜之 X 光繞射圖譜。 〔圖5〕PCBM 與 pBTTT-C14 嵌入關係示意圖。 〔圖6〕有機光觸媒薄膜之電子顯微鏡觀察圖。 〔圖7〕光電流實驗結果。 [Figure 1] The operating mechanism of the organic photocatalyst prepared by the present invention. [Fig. 2] The film structure of the organic photocatalyst film including pBTTT-C14 and PCBM developed on the glass substrate. [Fig. 3] The film structure of the organic photocatalyst film including pBTTT-C14 and PCBM developed on the indium tin oxide substrate (ITO). [Figure 4] X-ray diffraction pattern of organic photocatalyst film. 〔Figure 5〕Schematic diagram of the embedded relationship between PCBM and pBTTT-C14. [Fig. 6] Electron microscope observation diagram of organic photocatalyst thin film. [Fig. 7] Results of photocurrent experiments.
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