TWI450754B - Method for treating acidic gas - Google Patents
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本發明關於一種有害的氯化氫或硫氧化物等的酸性氣體的處理方法，所述有害的氯化氫或硫氧化物等的酸性氣體產生於城市垃圾廢棄物焚化爐(incinerator)、工業廢棄物焚化爐、發電鍋爐(power boiler)、碳化爐、以及民間工廠等的燃燒設施中。詳細而言，本發明關於一種有效率地對鹼劑的添加量進行控制的方法，所述鹼劑對酸性氣體進行處理。The present invention relates to a method for treating an acid gas such as harmful hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide, which is produced in an industrial waste incinerator (incinerator), an industrial waste incinerator, In combustion facilities such as power boilers, carbonization furnaces, and private factories. In particular, the present invention relates to a method for efficiently controlling the amount of an alkali agent to be treated, which treats an acid gas.
包含有害的氯化氫或硫氧化物的廢氣經消石灰或碳酸氫鈉(sodium bicarbonate)等的鹼劑處理之後，經袋濾器(Bag Filter，BF)等的吸塵器除塵，然後從煙囪排出。另一方面，吸塵器所收集的飛塵包含有害的Pb、Cd等的重金屬類，對所述有害重金屬進行穩定化處理之後，進行填埋處理。The exhaust gas containing harmful hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide is treated with an alkali agent such as slaked lime or sodium bicarbonate, and then dusted by a vacuum cleaner such as a bag filter (BF), and then discharged from the chimney. On the other hand, the fly ash collected by the vacuum cleaner contains harmful heavy metals such as Pb and Cd, and after the stabilizing treatment of the harmful heavy metals, the landfill treatment is performed.
對酸性氣體進行處理的鹼劑即被加工成5 μm～30 μm的細粉的碳酸氫鈉為與消石灰相比較，反應性高，可穩定地對酸性氣體進行處理，並且未反應部分少，可削減填埋處理量，且有效地使環境負擔減小的手段。另外，作為重金屬處理方法，利用二乙基二硫代胺基甲酸鹽等的螯合物來進行不溶化處理的方法是一般的方法，短期而言，所述方法的重金屬固定效果高，但仍存在如下的問題，即，由於因最終處理廠的酸雨引起的pH下降以及螯合物的氧化自分解，鉛等的重金屬會再次析出。另一方面，對於利用磷酸等的磷酸化合物的重金屬固定而言，由於變化至無機礦物即羥磷灰石(hydroxyapatite)形態，因此，最終處理廠中的長期穩定性優異，從環境保護的觀點考慮，所述利用磷酸等的磷酸化合物的重金屬固定是價值非常高的處理方法。此外，利用磷酸等的重金屬固定劑來對經所述細粉碳酸氫鈉處理的飛塵進行處理的方法，是具有使大量的環境負擔減輕的效果的有效手段。The alkali agent which is treated with an acid gas is a fine powder of 5 μm to 30 μm. Compared with slaked lime, the sodium bicarbonate has high reactivity and can stably treat the acid gas, and the unreacted portion is small. A means of reducing the amount of landfill treatment and effectively reducing the environmental burden. Further, as a heavy metal treatment method, a method of performing insolubilization treatment using a chelate compound such as diethyldithiocarbamate is a general method, and in the short term, the method has a high effect of fixing heavy metals, but still There is a problem in that heavy metals such as lead are precipitated again due to a drop in pH due to acid rain in the final treatment plant and oxidative self-decomposition of the chelate. On the other hand, the heavy metal fixation using a phosphoric acid compound such as phosphoric acid is excellent in long-term stability in the final treatment plant due to the change to the inorganic mineral, that is, the hydroxyapatite form, from the viewpoint of environmental protection. The heavy metal fixation using a phosphoric acid compound such as phosphoric acid is a very expensive treatment method. Further, the method of treating the fly ash treated with the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate by a heavy metal fixing agent such as phosphoric acid is an effective means for reducing the environmental burden.
然而，若對消石灰或碳酸氫鈉等的鹼劑的添加量進行控制，則不僅可削減酸性氣體處理費用，而且可期待如下的效果，即，使鹼劑的未反應分減少，削減飛塵的填埋處理量，所述消石灰或碳酸氫鈉等的鹼劑對氯化氫或硫氧化物等的酸性氣體進行處理。However, when the amount of the alkaline agent such as slaked lime or sodium hydrogencarbonate is controlled, not only the acid gas treatment cost can be reduced, but also an effect of reducing the unreacted component of the alkali agent and reducing the fly ash can be expected. The amount of landfill treatment is such that the alkaline agent such as slaked lime or sodium hydrogencarbonate treats an acid gas such as hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide.
一般而言，根據設置於袋濾器的後段的離子(ion)電極式的氯化氫測定裝置所測定出的氯化氫濃度，藉由比例積分微分(Proportional Integral Differential，PID)控制裝置來對鹼劑的添加量進行回饋(feedback)控制，所述鹼劑對氯化氫或硫氧化物等的酸性氣體進行處理。然而，在焚化設施等的燃燒設施中，並未設置有對通常入口的酸性氣體濃度進行測定的裝置，在不瞭解入口的變動狀況的狀態下，對PID控制的參數(parameter)進行設定，且對控制輸出進行調整。然而，對於PID控制裝置而言，由於存在P、I、D、添加量(輸出)下限、以及添加量(輸出)上限這五個設定項目，並且將各項目的設定值予以複合而決定控制輸出值，因此，需要大量的時間來研究出適當的添加控制。因此，一般而言，實施如下的控制的設施較多，所述控制是指當PID控制裝置的設定超過控制目標值(SV)時，使添加量大幅度地增加。In general, the amount of alkali agent added by a Proportional Integral Differential (PID) control device is determined based on the concentration of hydrogen chloride measured by an ion electrode type hydrogen chloride measuring device provided in the rear stage of the bag filter. Feedback control is performed, and the alkaline agent treats an acid gas such as hydrogen chloride or sulfur oxide. However, in a combustion facility such as an incineration facility, a device that measures the acid gas concentration of the normal inlet is not provided, and the parameter of the PID control is set without knowing the fluctuation state of the inlet, and Adjust the control output. However, for the PID control device, there are five setting items of P, I, D, the added amount (output) lower limit, and the added amount (output) upper limit, and the set values of the respective items are combined to determine the control output. Value, therefore, requires a lot of time to study the appropriate add control. Therefore, in general, there are many facilities that perform the following control, and when the setting of the PID control device exceeds the control target value (SV), the amount of addition is greatly increased.
然而，通常的PID控制裝置的控制輸出僅可設定單一的上限，例如當將HCl濃度的控制目標值(SV)設定為40 ppm時，在40 ppm以上的濃度下，以控制輸出的單一的上限為限度來添加鹼劑，從而引起鹼劑的過剩添加。另外，所述回饋控制會受到酸性氣體測定裝置的測量延遲的影響。袋濾器出口的氯化氫濃度通常是由離子電極法(例如京都電子工業製造的HL-36)來測定，硫氧化物濃度是由紅外線吸收法(例如島津製作所製造的NSA-3080)來測定，但若包括試料廢氣的取樣(sampling)時間、以及測量器的回應時間，則存在5分鐘～10分鐘的極大的測量延遲。本測量延遲成為引起鹼劑的添加延遲後，導致酸性氣體的處理不良，並且引起鹼劑的過剩添加的原因。However, the control output of a typical PID control device can only set a single upper limit, for example, when the control target value (SV) of the HCl concentration is set to 40 ppm, at a concentration of 40 ppm or more, a single upper limit of the control output is controlled. An alkaline agent is added to the limit to cause an excessive addition of the alkaline agent. In addition, the feedback control is affected by the measurement delay of the acid gas measuring device. The concentration of hydrogen chloride at the outlet of the bag filter is usually measured by an ion electrode method (for example, HL-36 manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.), and the sulfur oxide concentration is measured by an infrared absorption method (for example, NSA-3080 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Including the sampling time of the sample exhaust gas and the response time of the measuring instrument, there is a great measurement delay of 5 minutes to 10 minutes. This measurement delay is caused by a delay in the addition of the alkali agent, which causes a poor treatment of the acid gas and causes an excessive addition of the alkali agent.
為了解決所述問題，已研究出了各種控制方法。在專利文獻1中，已提出了進一步將P添加至通常的PID控制式的“P+PID控制”。本方案考慮了通常的PID控制所難以應對的酸性氣體的突然產生。另外，在專利文獻2以及專利文獻3中，已提出了將前饋(feed forward)控制與回饋控制加以組合的控制方式，所述前饋控制根據入口的酸性氣體濃度來決定鹼劑的添加量，所述回饋控制根據經鹼劑處理之後的酸性氣體濃度來對鹼劑的添加量進行補充。一般認為本控制方式估計具有抑制回饋控制的過剩添加的效果，且可獲得對於酸性氣體的穩定處理、以及使鹼劑的過剩添加減少的效果。In order to solve the problem, various control methods have been developed. In Patent Document 1, a "P+PID Control" in which P is further added to a normal PID control type has been proposed. This scheme considers the sudden generation of acid gas that is difficult to cope with in normal PID control. Further, in Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3, a control method in which feed forward control and feedback control are combined is proposed, and the feedforward control determines the amount of the alkali agent to be added according to the acid gas concentration of the inlet. The feedback control supplements the amount of the alkali agent added according to the acid gas concentration after the alkali treatment. It is considered that this control method has an effect of suppressing the excessive addition of the feedback control, and it is possible to obtain an effect of stabilizing the acid gas and reducing the excessive addition of the alkali agent.
[先前技術文獻][Previous Technical Literature]
[專利文獻][Patent Literature]
[專利文獻1]日本專利特開2002-113327號公報[Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2002-113327
[專利文獻2]日本專利特開平10-165752號公報[Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. Hei 10-165752
[專利文獻3]日本專利特開2006-75758號公報[Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Laid-Open Publication No. 2006-75758
然而，對於專利文獻1而言，能夠某種程度地應對在入口處突然產生的酸性氣體，但並未顧及所述測定裝置的測量延遲，無法應對由測量延遲引起的鹼劑的添加延遲所導致的酸性氣體的處理不良。另外，對於專利文獻2以及專利文獻3而言，在焚化設施等的燃燒設施中，大多數的設施僅對出口的酸性氣體濃度進行測量，為了實施本控制方式，必須將對入口的酸性氣體濃度進行測量的新且昂貴的酸性氣體測定裝置予以導入。However, in Patent Document 1, the acid gas suddenly generated at the inlet can be dealt with to some extent, but the measurement delay of the measuring device is not taken into consideration, and it is impossible to cope with the delay of the addition of the alkaline agent caused by the measurement delay. Poor treatment of acid gases. Further, in Patent Document 2 and Patent Document 3, in a combustion facility such as an incineration facility, most facilities measure only the acid gas concentration of the outlet, and in order to implement the control method, the acid gas concentration to the inlet must be A new and expensive acid gas measuring device for measuring is introduced.
考慮到所述以往的問題，本發明的目的在於提供一種酸性氣體處理方法，該酸性氣體處理方法是在無需將新且昂貴的酸性氣體測定裝置予以導入的回饋形式下，抑制由以往的回饋控制所具有的測量延遲引起的酸性氣體的產生、以及鹼劑的過剩添加。In view of the above conventional problems, an object of the present invention is to provide an acid gas treatment method which suppresses the feedback control by the prior art without requiring a new and expensive acid gas measuring device to be introduced. The production of acid gas caused by the measurement delay and the excessive addition of the alkaline agent.
(1)一種酸性氣體的處理方法，根據酸性氣體測定裝置的測定信號來對鹼劑的添加量進行回饋控制，所述酸性氣體測定裝置是在將鹼劑添加至燃燒廢氣中所含的酸性氣體之後的步驟中設置的酸性氣體測定裝置，所述酸性氣體處理方法的特徵在於包括如下的步驟：設定至少兩個酸性氣體濃度的斜率範圍(例如，後述的最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正的範圍以及該6秒平均值為負的範圍等)；針對所述至少兩個斜率範圍，對酸性氣體濃度的控制目標值(例如，後述的實例1中的30 ppm、40 ppm等)進行設定；以及至少基於所述測定信號以及所述控制目標值，對表示鹼劑的添加量的控制輸出值進行計算，在對所述控制目標值進行設定的步驟中，所述酸性氣體濃度的斜率範圍大時(例如，後述的最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正時(酸性氣體有增加傾向時))所設定的控制目標值，比所述酸性氣體濃度的斜率範圍小時(例如，後述的最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為負時(酸性氣體有減少傾向時))所設定的控制目標值更小。(1) A method for treating an acid gas, wherein feedback control is performed on an amount of an alkali agent added to an acid gas contained in a combustion exhaust gas based on a measurement signal of an acid gas measuring device The acid gas measuring device provided in the subsequent step is characterized in that the acid gas processing method includes the step of setting a slope range of at least two acid gas concentrations (for example, a 6-second average of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration described later). The value is a positive range and the 6-second average is a negative range, etc.); for the at least two slope ranges, a control target value for the acid gas concentration (for example, 30 ppm, 40 ppm, etc. in Example 1 to be described later) And setting a control output value indicating an addition amount of the alkaline agent based on at least the measurement signal and the control target value, and in the step of setting the control target value, the acid gas concentration When the slope range is large (for example, the 6-second average value of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration described later is positive (when the acid gas tends to increase)) The target value is smaller than the control target value set when the slope of the acid gas concentration is smaller than the range of the slope of the acid gas concentration (for example, when the average value of the slope of the nearest HCl concentration described later is negative (when the acid gas tends to decrease)) .
在以往的PID控制中，例如當將酸性氣體濃度的控制目標值(SV)設定為40 ppm時，發生如下的變化，即，在酸性氣體濃度達到40 ppm之後，控制輸出增加且添加鹼劑，添加的鹼劑與酸性氣體發生反應，藉此，在酸性氣體濃度達到40 ppm以下之後，控制輸出減少。因此，並未考慮酸性氣體濃度增減的傾向。In the conventional PID control, for example, when the control target value (SV) of the acid gas concentration is set to 40 ppm, the following change occurs, that is, after the acid gas concentration reaches 40 ppm, the control output is increased and the alkali agent is added. The added alkali agent reacts with the acid gas, whereby the control output is reduced after the acid gas concentration reaches 40 ppm or less. Therefore, the tendency of the increase and decrease of the acid gas concentration is not considered.
相對於此，根據(1)，使酸性氣體有增加傾向時的酸性氣體濃度控制目標值，比酸性氣體有減少傾向時的酸性氣體濃度控制目標值更小，因此，酸性氣體有增加傾向時的鹼劑添加量的控制輸出值，比酸性氣體有減少傾向時的控制輸出值更大。On the other hand, in the case of (1), the acid gas concentration control target value when the acid gas tends to increase is smaller than the acid gas concentration control target value when the acid gas tends to decrease, so that the acid gas tends to increase. The control output value of the amount of the alkali agent added is larger than the control output value when the acid gas tends to decrease.
(2)根據(1)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於更包括如下的步驟：在表示鹼劑的添加量的控制輸出值的下限值(例如，後述的圖15、圖17、以及圖19的LO[控制輸出下限](細粉碳酸氫鈉的最小添加量))與上限值(例如，後述的圖15、圖17、以及圖19的LO[控制輸出上限](細粉碳酸氫鈉的最大添加量))之間，根據所述酸性氣體濃度(例如，後述的圖15、圖17、以及圖19的BF出口HCl濃度)，設定一個以上的所述控制輸出值的新的上限值(例如，後述的圖15、圖17、以及圖19的控制輸出添加量)。(2) The acid gas treatment method according to (1), further comprising the step of indicating a lower limit value of a control output value indicating an amount of addition of the alkali agent (for example, FIG. 15 and FIG. 17 which will be described later). And LO [control output lower limit] (minimum addition amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate) and upper limit value of FIG. 19 (for example, LO [control output upper limit] of FIG. 15, FIG. 17, and FIG. 19 which will be described later (fine powder) Between the maximum addition amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate)), one or more of the control output values are set based on the acid gas concentration (for example, BF outlet HCl concentration in FIGS. 15 , 17 , and 19 to be described later). The upper limit value (for example, the control output addition amount of FIG. 15, FIG. 17, and FIG. 19 mentioned later).
通常的PID控制裝置僅有一個控制輸出上限，例如若酸性氣體的控制目標值(SV)保持固定，則無論酸性氣體濃度的大小如何，均會以所述上限值為限度來添加鹼劑，因此，會引起過剩添加。相對於此，根據(2)，藉由添加與目前的酸性氣體濃度相對應的控制輸出的限制(後述的分步(step)控制方式)，能夠根據酸性氣體濃度的大小來適當地添加鹼劑，從而能夠使添加量削減。A typical PID control device has only one control output upper limit. For example, if the control target value (SV) of the acid gas is kept constant, the alkali agent is added to the limit value regardless of the acid gas concentration. Therefore, it will cause excessive addition. On the other hand, according to (2), by adding a control output limitation (a step control method to be described later) corresponding to the current acid gas concentration, an alkali agent can be appropriately added depending on the magnitude of the acid gas concentration. Therefore, the amount of addition can be reduced.
(3)根據(1)或(2)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於：所述酸性氣體測定裝置是利用離子電極法的氯化氫濃度測定裝置。(3) The acid gas treatment method according to (1) or (2), wherein the acid gas measuring device is a hydrogen chloride concentration measuring device using an ion electrode method.
(4)根據(1)至(3)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於：所述酸性氣體測定裝置是利用紅外線吸收法或紫外線螢光法的硫氧化物濃度測定裝置。(4) The acid gas processing method according to (1) to (3), wherein the acid gas measuring device is a sulfur oxide concentration measuring device using an infrared ray absorbing method or an ultraviolet ray fluorescing method.
本發明中所使用的酸性氣體的測定裝置無論測量方式如何，均能夠實施測量。氯化氫濃度能夠由離子電極法、利用鐳射(laser)的單一吸收線吸收光譜法等來測定，硫氧化物能夠由紅外線吸收法、紫外線螢光法等來測定。再者，本發明是以改善酸性氣體的測量延遲為主要目的，因此，在如下的設施中發揮特別的效果，所述設施使用氯化氫測定裝置或硫氧化物測定裝置，對袋濾器後段的酸性氣體進行測定，且進行回饋控制，所述氯化氫測定裝置利用測量延遲大的離子電極法，所述硫氧化物測定裝置利用紅外線吸收法或紫外線螢光法。The acid gas measuring device used in the present invention can perform measurement regardless of the measurement method. The concentration of hydrogen chloride can be measured by an ion electrode method, a single absorption line absorption spectrum method using a laser, or the like, and the sulfur oxide can be measured by an infrared absorption method, an ultraviolet ray method, or the like. Further, the present invention has a main object of improving the measurement delay of the acid gas, and therefore, it has a special effect in a facility using a hydrogen chloride measuring device or a sulfur oxide measuring device, and an acid gas in the latter stage of the bag filter. The measurement is performed and the feedback control is performed. The hydrogen chloride measuring device uses an ion electrode method having a large measurement delay, and the sulfur oxide measuring device uses an infrared absorption method or an ultraviolet fluorescence method.
再者，以無測量延遲的鐳射形式，對燃燒設施的袋濾器後段的氯化氫濃度進行測定，且進行回饋控制，藉此，有可能可改善回饋控制的過剩添加。然而，鐳射方式在日本工業標準(Japanese Industrial Standards，JIS)認定方面仍有技術問題，以往，鐳射方式的測定裝置尚未作為對最終廢氣的酸性氣體濃度進行判定的測定裝置而進一步得到普及。Further, the concentration of hydrogen chloride in the subsequent stage of the bag filter of the combustion facility is measured in the form of laser without measurement delay, and feedback control is performed, whereby it is possible to improve the excessive addition of the feedback control. However, the laser method has technical problems in the Japanese Industrial Standards (JIS) certification. In the past, the laser type measuring device has not been widely used as a measuring device for determining the acid gas concentration of the final exhaust gas.
(5)根據(1)至(4)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於：將對控制目標值進行設定的酸性氣體濃度的斜率，設為最近的7分鐘以內的平均值。(5) The acid gas treatment method according to (1) to (4), wherein the slope of the acid gas concentration that sets the control target value is an average value within the last 7 minutes.
對控制目標值進行設定的酸性氣體濃度的斜率較佳使用最近的7分鐘以內的平均值。當使用7分鐘以內的酸性氣體的斜率的平均值時，能夠適當地進行選擇，從而可穩定地對酸性氣體進行處理。The slope of the acid gas concentration set for the control target value is preferably an average value within the last 7 minutes. When the average value of the slope of the acid gas within 7 minutes is used, it can be appropriately selected, and the acid gas can be stably treated.
(6)根據(1)至(5)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於：使用根據氯化氫濃度而運算出的控制輸出與根據硫氧化物濃度而運算出的控制輸出這兩個輸出，對鹼劑的添加量進行控制。(6) The acid gas processing method according to (1) to (5), characterized in that the two outputs of the control output calculated based on the hydrogen chloride concentration and the control output calculated based on the sulfur oxide concentration are used. The amount of the alkali agent added is controlled.
在多數情況下，工業廢棄物焚化爐或民間工廠的燃燒設施中會產生高濃度的氯化氫與硫氧化物。此時，氯化氫與硫氧化物均成為處理物件，例如將根據設置於袋濾器後段的氯化氫濃度測定裝置的氯化氫濃度而求出的控制輸出、與根據硫氧化物濃度而求出的控制輸出相加，藉此，可穩定地對氯化氫以及硫氧化物這兩種酸性氣體進行處理。In most cases, high concentrations of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides are produced in industrial waste incinerators or in combustion facilities in private factories. In this case, both hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxide are treated objects, and for example, a control output obtained based on the hydrogen chloride concentration of the hydrogen chloride concentration measuring device installed in the bag filter rear stage is added to the control output obtained based on the sulfur oxide concentration. Thereby, the two acid gases of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxide can be stably treated.
(7)根據(1)至(6)所述的酸性氣體處理方法，其特徵在於：對酸性氣體進行處理的鹼劑是平均粒子徑為5 μm～30 μm的細粉碳酸氫鈉。(7) The acid gas treatment method according to (1) to (6), wherein the alkaline agent for treating the acid gas is fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate having an average particle diameter of 5 μm to 30 μm.
本發明中所使用的鹼劑特別較佳為如下的細粉碳酸氫鈉，該細粉碳酸氫鈉的與酸性氣體之間的反應性快且平均粒子徑已被調整至5 μm～30 μm。由於細粉碳酸氫鈉的反應性快，因此，控制回應性良好，從而可有效果地發揮本發明的性能。然而，本發明取決於控制方法，且本發明也可應用消石灰。若消石灰為高比表面積的消石灰，則更可發揮本發明的性能，所述高比表面積的消石灰的與酸性氣體之間的反應性高且比表面積例如為30 m2 /g以上。The alkali agent used in the present invention is particularly preferably a fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate having a high reactivity with an acid gas and having an average particle diameter adjusted to 5 μm to 30 μm. Since the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate has a high reactivity, the control response is good, so that the performance of the present invention can be exerted effectively. However, the present invention depends on the control method, and the present invention can also apply slaked lime. If the slaked lime is a slaked lime having a high specific surface area, the performance of the present invention is more exhibited, and the reactivity of the slaked lime having a high specific surface area with an acid gas is high and the specific surface area is, for example, 30 m 2 /g or more.
[發明的效果][Effects of the Invention]
根據本發明，在無需將新且昂貴的酸性氣體測定裝置予以導入的回饋形式下，可改善由以往的回饋控制所具有的酸性氣體測定裝置的測量延遲引起的酸性氣體的處理不良，以及可使鹼劑的過剩添加減少，能夠藉由有效地添加鹼劑來穩定地對酸性氣體進行處理。According to the present invention, it is possible to improve the processing failure of the acid gas caused by the measurement delay of the acid gas measuring device included in the conventional feedback control, without the need to introduce a new and expensive acid gas measuring device. The excessive addition of the alkaline agent is reduced, and the acid gas can be stably treated by effectively adding an alkali agent.
為讓本發明之上述特徵和優點能更明顯易懂，下文特舉實施例，並配合所附圖式作詳細說明如下。The above described features and advantages of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description.
以下，列舉實施方式來更具體地對本發明進行說明，但本發明並不限定於此實施方式。Hereinafter, the present invention will be described more specifically by way of embodiments, but the invention is not limited thereto.
圖1是表示將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加至焚化設施中的廢氣即HCl的酸性氣體處理系統(system)1的構成的方塊圖。Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an acid gas treatment system 1 which is an HCl which is an exhaust gas which is added to an incineration facility.
酸性氣體處理系統1包括：控制裝置11、細粉碳酸氫鈉添加裝置12、袋濾器13以及HCl濃度測定裝置14。控制裝置11基於HCl濃度測定信號等，藉由PID控制方式來對細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量的控制輸出值進行計算。細粉碳酸氫鈉添加裝置12基於控制裝置11所計算出的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量的控制輸出值，將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加至廢氣中的HCl。The acid gas treatment system 1 includes a control device 11, a fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition device 12, a bag filter 13, and an HCl concentration measuring device 14. The control device 11 calculates a control output value of the amount of fine sodium hydrogen carbonate added by the PID control method based on the HCl concentration measurement signal or the like. The fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition device 12 adds fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate to the HCl in the exhaust gas based on the control output value of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition amount calculated by the control device 11.
袋濾器13將廢氣中的HCl與細粉碳酸氫鈉發生反應之後的粉塵予以除去。HCl濃度測定裝置14對HCl濃度(後述的袋濾器出口HCl濃度)進行測定，並且將HCl濃度測定信號發送至控制裝置11，所述HCl濃度(後述的袋濾器出口HCl濃度)是蓄積在袋濾器13上的細粉碳酸氫鈉(因與廢氣中的HCl反應而殘存的細粉碳酸氫鈉蓄積在袋濾器13上)與廢氣反應後的HCl發生反應之後的HCl濃度。The bag filter 13 removes the dust after the reaction of HCl in the exhaust gas with the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate. The HCl concentration measuring device 14 measures the HCl concentration (the bag filter outlet HCl concentration to be described later), and sends a HCl concentration measurement signal to the control device 11, which is accumulated in the bag filter (hereinafter, the bag filter outlet HCl concentration). The concentration of HCl after the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate remaining in the reaction with HCl in the exhaust gas is accumulated on the bag filter 13) reacts with the HCl after the reaction of the exhaust gas.
酸性氣體處理系統1將如上所述的迴圈(cycle)予以重複而進行回饋控制，藉此，控制裝置11進行如下的控制，該控制將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量的控制輸出值設為適當的控制輸出值。The acid gas treatment system 1 repeats the above-described cycle and performs feedback control, whereby the control device 11 performs control such that the control output value of the fine powder sodium hydrogen carbonate addition amount is appropriately set. Control output value.
再者，HCl濃度測定裝置14是離子電極式的氯化氫濃度測定裝置。Further, the HCl concentration measuring device 14 is an ion electrode type hydrogen chloride concentration measuring device.
另外，如圖1所示，較佳以對HCl濃度(後述的袋濾器出口HCl濃度)進行測定的方式來設置HCl濃度測定裝置14，所述HCl濃度(後述的袋濾器出口HCl濃度)是蓄積在袋濾器13上的細粉碳酸氫鈉與廢氣反應後的HCl發生反應之後的HCl濃度。原因在於：因與廢氣中的HCl反應而殘存的細粉碳酸氫鈉會蓄積在袋濾器13上，該蓄積的細粉碳酸氫鈉會與廢氣反應後的HCl發生反應，因此，可更正確地對HCl濃度進行測定。Further, as shown in Fig. 1, it is preferable to provide the HCl concentration measuring device 14 in such a manner that the HCl concentration (the concentration of the HCl at the bag filter to be described later) is measured, and the HCl concentration (concentration of the bag filter outlet HCl, which will be described later) is accumulation. The concentration of HCl after the reaction of the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate on the bag filter 13 with the HCl after the reaction with the exhaust gas. The reason is that the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate remaining due to the reaction with HCl in the exhaust gas is accumulated on the bag filter 13, and the accumulated fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate reacts with the HCl after the reaction of the exhaust gas, so that it can be more accurately The HCl concentration was measured.
再者，HCl濃度測定裝置14的設置並不限定於所述設置，只要是將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加裝置12所添加的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加至廢氣中的HCl之後的步驟，則可在任一個步驟中對HCl濃度測定裝置14進行設置。In addition, the setting of the HCl concentration measuring device 14 is not limited to the above-described arrangement, and may be any step as long as the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added by the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition device 12 is added to the HCl in the exhaust gas. The HCl concentration measuring device 14 is set in one step.
此外，詳細地說明控制裝置11所進行的控制。Further, the control performed by the control device 11 will be described in detail.
控制裝置11設置兩個範圍，即，HCl濃度的斜率(濃度的時間變化率)為正的範圍與HCl濃度的斜率(濃度的時間變化率)為負的範圍。而且，針對所述兩個範圍，分別對HCl濃度的控制目標值進行設定。The control device 11 sets two ranges, that is, a range in which the slope of the HCl concentration (time change rate of the concentration) is positive and the slope of the HCl concentration (time change rate of the concentration) is a negative range. Further, for each of the two ranges, the control target value of the HCl concentration is set.
此處，以如下的方式來對HCl濃度的控制目標值進行設定，所述方式是指使相對於HCl濃度的斜率為正的範圍而設置的控制目標值，比相對於HCl濃度的斜率為負的範圍的控制目標值更小。藉此，可使HCl濃度有增加傾向時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量的控制輸出值，比HCl濃度有減少傾向時的控制輸出值更大。Here, the control target value of the HCl concentration is set in such a manner that the control target value set with respect to the range in which the slope of the HCl concentration is positive is negative than the slope with respect to the HCl concentration. The range of control target values is smaller. Thereby, the control output value of the amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added when the HCl concentration tends to increase is larger than the control output value when the HCl concentration tends to decrease.
再者，當HCl濃度有減少傾向時，也可一併執行如下的控制，該控制將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量的輸出值例如設為0.7倍，藉此來直接地使細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量減小。藉此，當HCl濃度有減少傾向時，可迅速地使添加量下降，從而可使過剩添加減少。Further, when the HCl concentration tends to decrease, the following control may be performed together, and the output of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition amount is, for example, 0.7 times, thereby directly making the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate The amount of addition is reduced. Thereby, when the HCl concentration tends to decrease, the amount of addition can be quickly lowered, and the excessive addition can be reduced.
接著，將控制裝置11的控制方式改變成PID控制方式，對分步控制方式進行說明。Next, the control method of the control device 11 is changed to the PID control mode, and the step control method will be described.
分步控制方式是階段性地對與HCl濃度相對應的控制輸出進行設定的控制方式。具體而言，除了PID控制方式所設定的控制輸出值的上限值之外，還對應於HCl濃度來對控制輸出值的新的上限值進行設定。The step-by-step control method is a control method of setting the control output corresponding to the HCl concentration in stages. Specifically, in addition to the upper limit value of the control output value set by the PID control method, a new upper limit value of the control output value is set in accordance with the HCl concentration.
此處，在通常的PID控制中，由於細粉碳酸氫鈉的添加量僅有一個上限值，因此，導致無論HCl濃度如何，均會在達到所述細粉碳酸氫鈉的添加量的上限值的範圍內，添加細粉碳酸氫鈉，從而會引起過剩添加。因此，藉由採用分步控制方式來增加與目前的HCl濃度相對應的新的控制輸出上限值，藉此，能夠根據酸性氣體濃度的大小來適當地添加鹼劑，從而能夠抑制鹼劑的過剩添加。Here, in the normal PID control, since the addition amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate has only one upper limit value, the amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added may be reached regardless of the HCl concentration. Within the limits, a fine powder of sodium bicarbonate is added, which causes excessive addition. Therefore, by using a stepwise control method to increase the new control output upper limit value corresponding to the current HCl concentration, it is possible to appropriately add an alkali agent according to the magnitude of the acid gas concentration, thereby suppressing the alkali agent. Excessive addition.
此處，對應於HCl濃度而設定新的控制輸出上限值，HCl濃度越高，則新的控制輸出上限值也會被設定得越高。然而，為了抑制鹼劑的過剩添加，較佳將上述新的控制輸出上限值，設為比PID控制方式所設定的控制輸出值的上限值(例如後述的圖15、圖17以及圖19的LH[控制輸出上限])更小的值。Here, a new control output upper limit value is set corresponding to the HCl concentration, and the higher the HCl concentration, the higher the new control output upper limit value is set. However, in order to suppress excessive addition of the alkaline agent, it is preferable to set the new control output upper limit value as an upper limit value of the control output value set by the PID control method (for example, FIG. 15, FIG. 17, and FIG. 19 which will be described later). LH [Control Output Upper Limit]) smaller value.
作為新的控制輸出上限值的設定例，較佳如與後述的圖15、圖17以及圖19所記載的BF出口HCl濃度[運算輸入值]相對應的控制輸出添加量，HCl濃度越高，則將新的控制輸出上限值也設定得越高。As a setting example of the new control output upper limit value, it is preferable to control the amount of addition of the control output corresponding to the BF outlet HCl concentration [calculated input value] described in FIGS. 15 , 17 and 19 to be described later, and the higher the HCl concentration. , the higher the new control output upper limit is also set.
再者，本實施方式中所使用的酸性氣體測定裝置不限於氯化氫(HCl)濃度測定裝置(HCl濃度測定裝置14)，也可為利用紅外線吸收法或紫外線螢光法的硫氧化物濃度測定裝置。In addition, the acid gas measuring device used in the present embodiment is not limited to a hydrogen chloride (HCl) concentration measuring device (HCl concentration measuring device 14), and may be a sulfur oxide concentration measuring device using an infrared absorption method or an ultraviolet fluorescent method. .
另外，在本實施方式中，對HCl濃度的控制目標值進行設定的酸性氣體濃度的斜率是最近的7分鐘以內的平均值。原因在於：當使用7分鐘以內的酸性氣體的斜率的平均值時，能夠適當地進行選擇，從而可穩定地對酸性氣體進行處理。Further, in the present embodiment, the slope of the acid gas concentration for setting the control target value of the HCl concentration is an average value within the last 7 minutes. The reason is that when the average value of the slope of the acid gas within 7 minutes is used, the selection can be appropriately performed, and the acid gas can be stably treated.
另外，在本實施方式中，僅使用了根據氯化氫濃度而運算出的控制輸出，但也可使用根據氯化氫濃度而運算出的控制輸出、與根據硫氧化物濃度而運算出的控制輸出這兩個輸出，對鹼劑的添加量進行控制。原因在於：在多數情況下，工業廢棄物焚化爐或民間工廠的燃燒設施中會產生高濃度的氯化氫與硫氧化物。Further, in the present embodiment, only the control output calculated based on the hydrogen chloride concentration is used, but the control output calculated based on the hydrogen chloride concentration and the control output calculated based on the sulfur oxide concentration may be used. Output, control the amount of alkali agent added. The reason is that in most cases, high concentrations of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxides are produced in the combustion facilities of industrial waste incinerators or private factories.
在所述情況下，氯化氫與硫氧化物均成為處理對象，將根據設置於袋濾器後段的氯化氫濃度測定裝置的氯化氫濃度而求出的控制輸出、與根據硫氧化物濃度而求出的控制輸出例如進行相加，藉此，可穩定地對氯化氫以及硫氧化物這兩種酸性氣體進行處理。In this case, both the hydrogen chloride and the sulfur oxide are treated, and the control output obtained based on the hydrogen chloride concentration of the hydrogen chloride concentration measuring device installed in the bag filter downstream stage and the control output obtained based on the sulfur oxide concentration are obtained. For example, the addition is performed, whereby the acid gases of hydrogen chloride and sulfur oxide can be stably treated.
本實施方式中所使用的細粉碳酸氫鈉特別較佳為如下的細粉碳酸氫鈉，該細粉碳酸氫鈉的與酸性氣體之間的反應性快且平均粒子徑已被調整成5 μm～30 μm。原因在於：由於細粉碳酸氫鈉的反應性快，因此，控制回應性良好。The fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate used in the present embodiment is particularly preferably a fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate having a high reactivity with an acid gas and an average particle diameter of 5 μm. ~30 μm. The reason is that since the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate has a high reactivity, the control response is good.
在本實施方式中，使用細粉碳酸氫鈉作為鹼劑，但發揮本實施方式的效果的鹼劑並無特別的限制。作為細粉碳酸氫鈉以外的鹼劑，可例示碳酸鈉、碳酸氫鉀、碳酸鉀、倍半碳酸鈉、天然鹼(natural soda)、氫氧化鈉、氫氧化鉀、氧化鎂、以及氫氧化鎂等。另外，當鹼劑為粉體時，較佳為與酸性氣體的反應性高的粒子徑不足30 μm的細粉，特佳為5 μm～20 μm的細粉。可應用預先已對粒徑進行了調整的鹼劑，也可當場設置粉碎設備，並一面當場對粒徑粗的鹼劑進行粉碎，一面添加該鹼劑。In the present embodiment, fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate is used as the alkali agent, but the alkali agent which exerts the effects of the present embodiment is not particularly limited. Examples of the alkaline agent other than the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate include sodium carbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate, natural soda, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, and magnesium hydroxide. Wait. Further, when the alkali agent is a powder, a fine powder having a particle diameter of less than 30 μm which is highly reactive with an acid gas is preferable, and a fine powder of 5 μm to 20 μm is particularly preferable. An alkali agent having a particle size adjusted in advance may be applied, or a pulverizing device may be provided on the spot, and the alkali agent may be added while pulverizing the alkali agent having a large particle diameter on the spot.
另外，對於對入口的酸性氣體進行測定的燃燒設施而言，除了前饋控制之外，以本控制方式來進行回饋控制也是有效的手段。當在袋濾器後段進一步設置有脫硝觸媒設備時，由於該脫硝觸媒設備必須在200℃左右的溫度下運轉，因此，將袋濾器溫度調整至180℃～230℃，藉此，可使再加熱能量(energy)的熱損失減少，從而能夠實現經濟的運用。Further, in the combustion facility that measures the acid gas at the inlet, in addition to the feedforward control, the feedback control by the present control method is also an effective means. When the denitration catalyst device is further provided in the rear stage of the bag filter, since the denitration catalyst device must be operated at a temperature of about 200 ° C, the bag filter temperature is adjusted to 180 ° C to 230 ° C, thereby The heat loss of the reheating energy is reduced, so that economical operation can be realized.
[實例][Example]
[測試例1][Test Example 1]
根據實際設備研究結果來製作模擬(simulation)反應系統。首先，作為第一模式(pattern)，對模擬反應系統1進行說明。再者，所述實際設備研究結果是在城市垃圾焚化設施中，根據如下的氯化氫濃度來進行回饋控制所得的結果，所述氯化氫濃度是使用以往控制即PID裝置，以離子電極法來對平均粒子徑已調整至8 μm的細粉碳酸氫鈉(栗田工業製造的Hyperther B-200)進行測定(京都電子工業製造的HL-36)所得的氯化氫濃度。A simulation reaction system was prepared based on actual equipment research results. First, the pseudo reaction system 1 will be described as a first pattern. Furthermore, the actual equipment research result is a result of feedback control performed in a municipal waste incineration facility based on a hydrogen chloride concentration which is an ion-electrode method using average control particles using a conventional control, that is, a PID device. The concentration of hydrogen chloride obtained by measuring the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate (Hyperther B-200 manufactured by Kurita Industries Co., Ltd.) having a diameter of 8 μm (HL-36 manufactured by Kyoto Electronics Industry Co., Ltd.).
[模擬反應系統1]：對廢氣中的反應進行假設[Simulated Reaction System 1]: Assumptions on reactions in exhaust gas
每當研究模擬反應系統1時，將碳酸氫鈉與氯化氫(HCl)的反應設為在廢氣中瞬間產生的反應，以圖2所示的方式來構成模擬反應系統1。When the simulation reaction system 1 is studied, the reaction of sodium hydrogencarbonate and hydrogen chloride (HCl) is set as a reaction instantaneously generated in the exhaust gas, and the pseudo reaction system 1 is constructed in the manner shown in FIG.
參照圖2來對模擬反應系統1的基本構成進行說明。The basic configuration of the pseudo reaction system 1 will be described with reference to Fig. 2 .
對於焚化設施中的加藥控制而言，根據設置於袋濾器出口的離子電極式HCl濃度測定裝置的HCl濃度(處理後)信號，藉由PID等的控制式的運算來決定藥劑添加量(細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量(Ag))，接著將已決定的添加量的細粉碳酸氫鈉(酸性氣體處理劑)添加至廢氣(入口HCl濃度(Hi))。添加至煙道的細粉碳酸氫鈉與廢氣中的HCl等的酸性氣體發生反應，廢氣中的HCl被除去(基於HCl除去率(α)而被除去)。利用離子電極式HCl測定裝置來對本反應之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(Ho)進行測定，但存在由設施引起的測量延遲、由廢氣取樣引起的測量延遲、以及由離子電極式的測定引起的測量延遲(回應時間)，從而會產生回饋特有的控制延遲。因此，以下述式(1)的方式來對本模擬中的HCl的測量延遲時間(T)進行設定。In the dosing control in the incineration facility, the amount of the drug to be added is determined by a control calculation such as PID based on the HCl concentration (after treatment) signal of the ion electrode type HCl concentration measuring device provided at the outlet of the bag filter. The powdered amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate (Ag) was added, and then a predetermined amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (acid gas treating agent) was added to the exhaust gas (inlet HCl concentration (Hi)). The fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added to the flue reacts with an acid gas such as HCl in the exhaust gas, and HCl in the exhaust gas is removed (removed based on the HCl removal rate (α)). The ion filter HCl measuring device was used to measure the bag filter outlet HCl concentration (Ho) after the reaction, but there were measurement delay caused by the facility, measurement delay caused by the exhaust gas sampling, and measurement by the ion electrode type measurement. Delay (response time), which results in feedback-specific control delays. Therefore, the measurement delay time (T) of HCl in the present simulation is set in the following formula (1).
T=T1+T2+T3 (1)T=T1+T2+T3 (1)
T：模擬反應系統的測量延遲時間T: measurement delay time of the simulated reaction system
T1：設施的延遲時間(sec)[設定為30 sec]T1: Delay time (sec) of the facility [set to 30 sec]
T2：HCl測定裝置的廢氣取樣時間(sec)[設定為240 sec]T2: Exhaust gas sampling time (sec) of the HCl measuring device [set to 240 sec]
T3：HCl測定裝置的90%回應時間(sec)[設定為180 sec]T3: 90% response time (sec) of the HCl measuring device [set to 180 sec]
再者，HCl氣體的朝向吸收液的擴散會對離子電極式的90%響應時間(測量延遲)產生影響，因此，T3設為下述式(2)。在此次的模擬研究中，對於本模擬的測量延遲時間，根據設施的狀況來設定為T1=30秒、T2=240秒、以及T3=180秒。Further, since the diffusion of the HCl gas toward the absorption liquid affects the 90% response time (measurement delay) of the ion electrode type, T3 is represented by the following formula (2). In this simulation study, the measurement delay time for this simulation was set to T1 = 30 seconds, T2 = 240 seconds, and T3 = 180 seconds depending on the condition of the facility.
T3=2.3×τ (2)T3=2.3×τ (2)
Yn =Yn-1 +(Xn -Yn-1 )÷τ×Ts (3)Y n = Y n-1 + (X n - Y n-1 ) ÷ τ × Ts (3)
τ：時間常數(sec)τ: time constant (sec)
Ts：單位模擬時間(=資料(data)取樣時間)(sec)[設定為0.5 sec]Ts: unit simulation time (= data sampling time) (sec) [set to 0.5 sec]
Xn ：目前的測定裝置輸入HCl濃度(ppm)X n : current measuring device input HCl concentration (ppm)
Yn ：目前的測定裝置輸出HCl濃度(ppm)Y n : current measuring device output HCl concentration (ppm)
Yn-1 ：上一次[Ts(sec)前]的測定裝置輸出HCl濃度(ppm)Y n-1 : The output of the previous device [before Ts (sec)] HCl concentration (ppm)
另外，從栗田工業製造的細粉碳酸氫鈉的運用知識的方面考慮，根據細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(J)與HCl除去率的關係(圖3)，對由細粉碳酸氫鈉產生的入口HCl濃度(Hi)的HCl除去率(α)進行估算。另外，將HCl濃度與細粉碳酸氫鈉的反應設為瞬間的反應。再者，根據下述式(4)來對細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(J)進行計算。In addition, from the viewpoint of the knowledge of the application of fine powder sodium bicarbonate manufactured by Kurita Industries, based on the relationship between the addition of the fine powder sodium bicarbonate (J) and the HCl removal rate (Fig. 3), it is produced by the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate. The HCl removal rate (α) of the inlet HCl concentration (Hi) was estimated. Further, the reaction between the HCl concentration and the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate was set as an instantaneous reaction. Further, the equivalent (J) of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate was added according to the following formula (4).
J=Ag÷{Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (4)J=Ag÷{Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (4)
J：細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量J: fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition equivalent
Ag：細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量(kg/h)Ag: fine powder sodium bicarbonate added (kg / h)
Hi：入口HCl濃度(ppm)Hi: inlet HCl concentration (ppm)
M1：HCl分子量[設定為36.5]M1: HCl molecular weight [set to 36.5]
M2：碳酸氫鈉分子量[設定為84]M2: molecular weight of sodium bicarbonate [set to 84]
F：廢氣量(Nm3 /h)[設定為25,000 Nm3 /h]F: amount of exhaust gas (Nm 3 /h) [set to 25,000 Nm 3 /h]
以與實際設備相同的PID控制條件“P(比例增益(gain))=10%，I=0.1秒，D=0.1秒，添加量輸出下限為5 kg/h，添加量輸出上限為100 kg/h”進行模擬，結果在模擬反應系統與實際設備中，出口HCl濃度(Ho)的變化有所不同(圖4、圖5)，所述實際設備基於本理論來添加細粉碳酸氫鈉。再者，根據下述式(5)來對出口HCl濃度(Ho)進行計算。The same PID control condition as the actual device "P (proportional gain) = 10%, I = 0.1 second, D = 0.1 second, the lower limit of the added amount is 5 kg / h, and the upper limit of the added output is 100 kg / h" was simulated, and the results showed that the change in outlet HCl concentration (Ho) was different between the simulated reaction system and the actual equipment (Fig. 4, Fig. 5), and the actual equipment added fine powder sodium bicarbonate based on the theory. Further, the outlet HCl concentration (Ho) was calculated according to the following formula (5).
Ho=Hi×(1-αg÷100) (5)Ho=Hi×(1-αg÷100) (5)
Hi：入口HCl濃度(ppm)Hi: inlet HCl concentration (ppm)
Ho：袋濾器出口HCl濃度(ppm)Ho: bag filter outlet HCl concentration (ppm)
α：HCl除去率(%)[根據添加當量與HCl除去率的關係(圖3)來設定]α: HCl removal rate (%) [set according to the relationship between the addition equivalent and the HCl removal rate (Fig. 3)]
與添加了細粉碳酸氫鈉的HCl處理之後的HCl濃度的推移相比較，本模擬反應系統1的HCl濃度的上升速度比實際設備更快。雖改變所述測量延遲時間等的參數來進行研究，但實際設備與模擬的結果並不一致。因此，認為實際設備中的所述HCl濃度上升速度比本模擬反應系統1更慢的原因在於：袋濾器所捕集的未反應的細粉碳酸氫鈉會與HCl發生反應。The HCl concentration of the simulated reaction system 1 rises faster than the actual equipment as compared with the shift of the HCl concentration after the HCl treatment with the addition of the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate. Although the parameters such as the measurement delay time are changed for research, the actual device and the simulation result are not uniform. Therefore, it is considered that the reason why the HCl concentration rise rate in the actual apparatus is slower than that of the present simulation reaction system 1 is that the unreacted fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate trapped by the bag filter reacts with HCl.
[測試例2][Test Example 2]
接著，作為第二模式，對模擬反應系統2進行說明。Next, the pseudo reaction system 2 will be described as a second mode.
[模擬反應系統2]：廢氣與袋濾器上的複合反應[Simulated Reaction System 2]: Composite reaction on exhaust gas and bag filter
根據所述研究結果，考慮袋濾器上的未反應的細粉碳酸氫鈉與HCl的反應，包括所述廢氣中的反應在內，以圖6所示的方式構成袋濾器上的反應。另外，袋濾器中的捕集物的延遲留時間通常為兩小時左右。因此，在本模擬反應系統2中，袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉設為如下的形態，即，該細粉碳酸氫鈉會在規定時間(設定為約兩小時)內消失。Based on the results of the above investigation, the reaction on the bag filter was constructed in the manner shown in Fig. 6 in consideration of the reaction of the unreacted fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate on the bag filter with HCl, including the reaction in the exhaust gas. In addition, the retention time of the trap in the bag filter is usually about two hours. Therefore, in the simulated reaction system 2, the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate on the bag filter has a form in which the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate disappears within a predetermined time (set to about two hours).
參照圖6來對模擬反應系統2的基本構成進行說明。The basic configuration of the pseudo reaction system 2 will be described with reference to Fig. 6 .
首先，對於焚化設施中的加藥控制而言，根據設置於袋濾器出口的離子電極式HCl濃度測定裝置的HCl濃度(處理後)信號，藉由PID等的控制式的運算來決定藥劑添加量(細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量(Ag))，接著將已決定的添加量的細粉碳酸氫鈉(酸性氣體處理劑)添加至廢氣(入口HCl濃度(Hi))。First, in the dosing control in the incineration facility, the amount of the drug to be added is determined by a control calculation such as PID based on the HCl concentration (after treatment) signal of the ion electrode type HCl concentration measuring device provided at the outlet of the bag filter. (fine powder sodium hydrogen carbonate addition amount (Ag)), and then the determined addition amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate (acid gas treatment agent) is added to the exhaust gas (inlet HCl concentration (Hi)).
根據廢氣反應的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(Jg)與廢氣反應HCl除去率(αg)，推導出廢氣中的反應之後的HCl濃度(Hg)(下述式(6))。再者，根據下述式(7)來對廢氣反應的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(Jg)進行計算。The HCl concentration (Hg) after the reaction in the exhaust gas is derived from the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate addition equivalent (Jg) of the exhaust gas reaction and the HCl removal rate (αg) of the exhaust gas (the following formula (6)). Further, the equivalent amount (Jg) of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate reacted with the exhaust gas was calculated according to the following formula (7).
Hg=Hi×(1-αg÷100) (6)Hg=Hi×(1-αg÷100) (6)
Hi：入口HCl濃度(ppm)Hi: inlet HCl concentration (ppm)
Hg：廢氣反應後的HCl濃度(ppm)Hg: HCl concentration after exhaust gas reaction (ppm)
αg：廢氣反應中的HCl除去率(%)Gg: HCl removal rate in exhaust gas reaction (%)
[根據廢氣反應細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量與HCl除去率的關係(圖7)來設定][Set according to the relationship between the exhaust gas reaction fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition equivalent and the HCl removal rate (Fig. 7)]
Jg=Ag÷{Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (7)Jg=Ag÷{Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (7)
Jg：廢氣反應細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量Jg: exhaust gas reaction fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition equivalent
Ag：細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量(kg/h)Ag: fine powder sodium bicarbonate added (kg / h)
Hi：入口HCl濃度(ppm)Hi: inlet HCl concentration (ppm)
M1：HCl分子量[設定為36.5]M1: HCl molecular weight [set to 36.5]
M2：碳酸氫鈉分子量[設定為84]M2: molecular weight of sodium bicarbonate [set to 84]
F：廢氣量(Nm3 /h)[設定為25,000 Nm3 /h]F: amount of exhaust gas (Nm 3 /h) [set to 25,000 Nm 3 /h]
另外，因廢氣反應而殘存的細粉碳酸氫鈉會隨時蓄積在袋濾器上。蓄積在袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉與廢氣反應後的HCl發生反應，從而決定袋濾器出口的HCl濃度(Ho)。此時，從廢氣反應中所蓄積的細粉碳酸氫鈉中，減去在袋濾器上與HCl發生反應的細粉碳酸氫鈉量，從而求出袋濾器上的蓄積細粉碳酸氫鈉量(As)。In addition, the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate remaining due to the exhaust gas reaction accumulates on the bag filter at any time. The fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate accumulated on the bag filter reacts with HCl reacted with the exhaust gas to determine the HCl concentration (Ho) at the outlet of the bag filter. At this time, the amount of the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate which reacted with HCl on the bag filter was subtracted from the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate accumulated in the exhaust gas reaction, thereby obtaining the amount of the fine powder of sodium bicarbonate accumulated on the bag filter ( As).
另外，根據本袋濾器上的蓄積細粉碳酸氫鈉量(As)、以及根據廢氣反應後的HCl濃度(Hg)而估算出的袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(Js)，決定出袋濾器上的HCl除去率(αs)，且決定袋濾器出口的HCl濃度(Ho)(下述式(8))。再者，根據下述式(9)來對袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量(Js)進行計算。另外，與模擬反應系統1同樣地，將HCl測量的延遲設為T(=T1+T2+T3)。Further, it is determined based on the amount of fine sodium hydrogen carbonate (As) accumulated on the bag filter and the fine powder sodium hydrogen carbonate addition equivalent (Js) estimated on the bag filter based on the HCl concentration (Hg) after the exhaust gas reaction. The HCl removal rate (αs) on the bag filter was determined, and the HCl concentration (Ho) at the bag filter outlet was determined (the following formula (8)). Further, the equivalent amount (Js) of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate on the bag filter was calculated according to the following formula (9). Further, similarly to the pseudo reaction system 1, the delay of the HCl measurement was set to T (= T1 + T2 + T3).
Ho=Hg×(1-αs÷100) (8)Ho=Hg×(1-αs÷100) (8)
Hg：廢氣反應後的HCl濃度(ppm)Hg: HCl concentration after exhaust gas reaction (ppm)
Ho：袋濾器出口HCl濃度(ppm)Ho: bag filter outlet HCl concentration (ppm)
αs：袋濾器上的反應的HCl除去率(%)Αs: HCl removal rate of reaction on bag filter (%)
[根據袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量與HCl除去率的關係(圖8)來設定][Set according to the relationship between the addition amount of fine powder sodium bicarbonate on the bag filter and the HCl removal rate (Fig. 8)]
Js=As÷{Hg÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (9)Js=As÷{Hg÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000} (9)
Js：袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量Js: fine powder of sodium bicarbonate on bag filter
As：袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉量(kg/h)As: The amount of fine sodium bicarbonate on the bag filter (kg/h)
Hg：廢氣反應後的HCl濃度(ppm)Hg: HCl concentration after exhaust gas reaction (ppm)
M1：HCl分子量[設定為36.5]M1: HCl molecular weight [set to 36.5]
M2：碳酸氫鈉分子量[設定為84]M2: molecular weight of sodium bicarbonate [set to 84]
F：廢氣量(Nm3 /h)[設定為25,000 Nm3 /h]F: amount of exhaust gas (Nm 3 /h) [set to 25,000 Nm 3 /h]
As=Zn ÷Ts×3600 (10)As=Z n ÷Ts×3600 (10)
Zn ：袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉蓄積量(kg)Z n : the amount of fine powder sodium bicarbonate accumulated on the bag filter (kg)
Ts：單位模擬時間(=資料取樣時間)(sec)Ts: unit simulation time (= data sampling time) (sec)
[設定為0.5 sec][Set to 0.5 sec]
Zn =Zn' ×(1-2.3÷T4×Ts) (11)Z n =Z n' ×(1-2.3÷T4×Ts) (11)
Zn' ：未反應細粉碳酸氫鈉量(kg)Z n' : amount of unreacted fine powder sodium bicarbonate (kg)
T4：袋濾器上的蓄積細粉碳酸氫鈉90%消失時間常數(sec)T4: Accumulated fine powder sodium bicarbonate 90% disappearance time constant (sec) on the bag filter
[設定為7,200 sec][Set to 7,200 sec]
Ts：單位模擬時間(=資料取樣時間)(sec)Ts: unit simulation time (= data sampling time) (sec)
[設定為0.5 sec][Set to 0.5 sec]
Zn' =(Ag÷3600×Ts-Rg)+(Zn-1 -Rs) (12)Z n' =(Ag÷3600×Ts-Rg)+(Z n-1 -Rs) (12)
Ag：細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量(kg/h)Ag: fine powder sodium bicarbonate added (kg / h)
Ts：單位模擬時間(=資料取樣時間)(sec)Ts: unit simulation time (= data sampling time) (sec)
[設定為0.5 sec][Set to 0.5 sec]
Rg：廢氣反應中的碳酸氫鈉反應量(kg/h)Rg: sodium bicarbonate reaction amount in exhaust gas reaction (kg/h)
Zn-1 ：Ts(Sec)前的袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉蓄積量(kg)Z n-1 : fine powder sodium bicarbonate accumulation on the bag filter before Ts (Sec) (kg)
Rs：袋濾器上的反應中的碳酸氫鈉反應量(kg/h)Rs: sodium bicarbonate reaction amount in the reaction on the bag filter (kg/h)
Rg=(Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000)÷3600×Ts×αg÷100 (13)Rg=(Hi÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000)÷3600×Ts×αg÷100 (13)
Hi：入口HCl濃度(ppm)Hi: inlet HCl concentration (ppm)
M1：HCl分子量[設定為36.5]M1: HCl molecular weight [set to 36.5]
M2：碳酸氫鈉分子量[設定為84]M2: molecular weight of sodium bicarbonate [set to 84]
F：廢氣量(Nm3 /h)[設定為25,000 Nm3 /h]F: amount of exhaust gas (Nm 3 /h) [set to 25,000 Nm 3 /h]
αg：廢氣反應中的HCl除去率(%)Gg: HCl removal rate in exhaust gas reaction (%)
Rs=(Hg÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000)÷3600×Ts×αs÷100 (14)Rs=(Hg÷0.614÷1000÷M1×M2×F÷1000)÷3600×Ts×αs÷100 (14)
Hg：廢氣反應後的HCl濃度(ppm)Hg: HCl concentration after exhaust gas reaction (ppm)
M1：HCl分子量[設定為36.5]M1: HCl molecular weight [set to 36.5]
M2：碳酸氫鈉分子量[設定為84]M2: molecular weight of sodium bicarbonate [set to 84]
F：廢氣量(Nm3 /h)[設定為25,000 Nm3 /h]F: amount of exhaust gas (Nm 3 /h) [set to 25,000 Nm 3 /h]
αs：袋濾器上的反應的HCl除去率(%)Αs: HCl removal rate of reaction on bag filter (%)
在本理論中，改變廢氣中的反應與袋濾器上的反應的HCl除去率且進行模擬，結果，如圖7、圖8所示，對於廢氣反應與袋濾器上的反應而言，廢氣反應的HCl除去率為95%，袋濾器上的反應的HCl除去率為75%，與實際設備中的袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化(圖4)大致一致(圖9)。此結果證明：由於袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉會與HCl發生反應，因此，HCl上升速度緩和。另外，本模擬的結果是袋濾器上的與HCl之間的反應遜色於廢氣反應中的與HCl之間的反應。一般認為原因在於：袋濾器上的反應所應處理的HCl濃度比廢氣反應所應處理的HCl濃度更低，因此，HCl除去率低。另外，一般認為蓄積在袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉會因廢氣的溫度而發生熱分解，並變成碳酸鈉。碳酸鈉的HCl除去率遜色於細粉碳酸氫鈉的HCl除去率，因此，袋濾器上的除去率有可能會下降。In the present theory, the HCl removal rate of the reaction in the exhaust gas and the reaction on the bag filter is changed and simulated, and as a result, as shown in Figs. 7 and 8, the reaction of the exhaust gas reacts with the reaction on the bag filter. The HCl removal rate was 95%, and the HCl removal rate of the reaction on the bag filter was 75%, which was approximately the same as the change in the HCl concentration at the bag filter outlet in the actual equipment (Fig. 4) (Fig. 9). This result proves that the HCl rise rate is moderated because the fine powder of sodium bicarbonate on the bag filter reacts with HCl. In addition, the result of this simulation is that the reaction between the bag filter and HCl is inferior to the reaction between HCl and the HCl in the exhaust gas reaction. The reason is generally considered to be that the concentration of HCl to be treated in the reaction on the bag filter is lower than the concentration of HCl to be treated in the reaction of the exhaust gas, and therefore, the HCl removal rate is low. Further, it is considered that the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate accumulated on the bag filter is thermally decomposed by the temperature of the exhaust gas and becomes sodium carbonate. The HCl removal rate of sodium carbonate is inferior to the HCl removal rate of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate, and therefore the removal rate on the bag filter may be lowered.
根據本研究結果，認為燃燒廢氣中的細粉碳酸氫鈉與HCl的反應，是廢氣中的反應與蓄積在袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉的反應複合而成的反應系統。另外，袋濾器出口的HCl濃度的變化與實際設備大致一致，因此，已知：本模擬反應系統2是有效地對使用細粉碳酸氫鈉的控制方法進行評價的工具(tool)。According to the results of the present study, it is considered that the reaction of the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and HCl in the combustion exhaust gas is a reaction system in which the reaction in the exhaust gas and the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate accumulated on the bag filter are combined. Further, since the change in the HCl concentration at the outlet of the bag filter is substantially the same as that of the actual equipment, it is known that the simulated reaction system 2 is a tool for effectively evaluating the control method using fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate.
以下表示在本模擬反應系統2中，對各種控制方法進行研究所得的結果。The results obtained by studying various control methods in the present simulation reaction system 2 are shown below.
再者，以下的實例1～實例8中所使用的細粉碳酸氫鈉的平均粒子徑為5 μm～30 μm。另外，實例1～實例8中所使用的HCl濃度測定裝置14是利用離子電極法的氯化氫濃度測定裝置。Further, the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate used in the following Examples 1 to 8 has an average particle diameter of 5 μm to 30 μm. Further, the HCl concentration measuring device 14 used in Examples 1 to 8 is a hydrogen chloride concentration measuring device using an ion electrode method.
[比較例1][Comparative Example 1]
使用圖11所示的入口HCl濃度，在模擬反應系統2中，採用PID控制方式“P(比例增益)=10%，I=0.1秒，D=0.1秒，添加量輸出下限為5 kg/h，添加量輸出上限為100 kg/h”，將HCl處理的控制目標值(SV)設定且控制為40 ppm。圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖12表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。Using the inlet HCl concentration shown in Fig. 11, in the analog reaction system 2, the PID control mode "P (proportional gain) = 10%, I = 0.1 second, D = 0.1 second, and the lower limit of the added amount is 5 kg / h. The upper limit of the added amount is 100 kg/h", and the control target value (SV) of the HCl treatment is set and controlled to 40 ppm. Figure 10 shows the HCl concentration (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration) of the bag filter outlet after the fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition and the fine powder sodium bicarbonate treatment. In addition, Fig. 12 shows changes in the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
[實例1][Example 1]
在與比較例1所示的PID相同的設定條件下，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為30 ppm，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為負時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為40 ppm。同樣地，圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖13表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。Under the same setting conditions as the PID shown in Comparative Example 1, when the average value of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration is positive, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 30 ppm, when the slope of the nearest HCl concentration is When the 6 second average is negative, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 40 ppm. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the addition amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter after treatment with fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration). In addition, Fig. 13 shows changes in the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
已知：當HCl濃度的斜率為正(有增加傾向)時，將控制目標值設定為低控制目標值，藉此，存在如下的效果，即，HCl濃度有增加傾向時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量增多，防止HCl的峰值(peak)的產生。另外，HCl平均濃度以及每小時平均最大濃度均下降，如願地獲得了穩定地對HCl進行處理的效果。然而，與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，細粉碳酸氫鈉的添加量增加，因此，本控制是適合於如下的設施的控制設定，該設施是必須使HCl濃度例如穩定在30 ppm以下來進行處理的設施。It is known that when the slope of the HCl concentration is positive (the tendency to increase), the control target value is set to a low control target value, whereby there is an effect that fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate tends to increase when the HCl concentration tends to increase. The amount of addition is increased to prevent the peak of HCl. In addition, the average HCl concentration and the average maximum concentration per hour were both lowered, and the effect of stably treating HCl was obtained as desired. However, compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1), the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added is increased. Therefore, the present control is suitable for the control setting of a facility in which it is necessary to stabilize the HCl concentration to, for example, 30 ppm or less. The facility to be processed.
[實例2][Example 2]
在與比較例1所示的PID相同的設定條件下，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為30 ppm，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為負時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為50 ppm。同樣地，圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖14表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。Under the same setting conditions as the PID shown in Comparative Example 1, when the average value of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration is positive, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 30 ppm, when the slope of the nearest HCl concentration is When the 6 second average is negative, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 50 ppm. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the addition amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter after treatment with fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration). In addition, FIG. 14 shows changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the HCl concentration at the bag filter outlet in the present control.
當HCl濃度的斜率為正(有增加傾向)時，與實例1同樣地，可獲得防止HCl峰值的產生的效果，並且與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，也可穩定地對HCl進行處理。另外，當HCl濃度的斜率為負(有減少傾向)時，與實例1相比較，使控制目標值(SV)增大，因此，細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量變少，提前結束添加，與實例1相比較，細粉碳酸氫鈉的添加量下降。然而，與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，添加量增加，因此，本控制是適合於如下的設施的控制設定，該設施是必須使HCl濃度例如穩定在30 ppm以下來進行處理的設施。When the slope of the HCl concentration was positive (the tendency to increase), the effect of preventing the generation of the HCl peak was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, and the HCl was stably treated as compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1). . Further, when the slope of the HCl concentration was negative (the tendency to decrease), the control target value (SV) was increased as compared with Example 1, and therefore, the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added was small, and the addition was completed earlier, and Example 1 In comparison, the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added decreased. However, since the amount of addition is increased as compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1), the present control is suitable for the control setting of a facility which is required to stabilize the HCl concentration to, for example, 30 ppm or less.
以下，對比較例2以及實例3～實例8進行說明。在比較例2以及實例3～實例8中，代替PID控制方式，藉由分步控制方式來進行控制。Hereinafter, Comparative Example 2 and Examples 3 to 8 will be described. In Comparative Example 2 and Examples 3 to 8, the control was performed by a step-by-step control method instead of the PID control method.
此處，對分步控制方式的概要進行說明。分步控制方式與PID控制方式不同，該分步控制方式設為根據出口的HCl濃度來階段性地規定輸出的控制方式。首先，以比較例2(圖15)來進行說明，設為如下的形式，即，當HCl濃度在SV控制目標值[控制輸出開始濃度(輸出下限以上)]～SM1之間時，在LO與LM1之間，階段性地將控制輸出予以輸出。當HCl濃度在SM1～SM2之間時，將LM2所設定的控制輸出予以輸出，當HCl濃度為SM2以上時，將LH(控制輸出上限)予以輸出。再者，在通常的PID控制式中並無輸出限制，僅存在LO與LH的設定。另外，在SVA1與SVB1中對表格(table)進行修正，該表格決定利用HCl斜率的控制運算中所使用的HCl濃度與控制輸出，當HCl斜率為正時，從運算中所使用的HCl濃度中減去SVA1，當HCl斜率為負時，將SVB1與運算中所使用的HCl濃度相加。藉此，當將相同的HCl濃度予以輸入時所運算出的控制輸出設為如下的形式，即，使HCl斜率的值大時(酸性氣體濃度有增加傾向)的控制輸出值，比HCl斜率的值小時的控制輸出值更大。Here, an outline of the step-by-step control method will be described. The step-by-step control method is different from the PID control method, which is set to control the output control mode stepwise according to the HCl concentration of the outlet. First, the description will be made with reference to Comparative Example 2 (FIG. 15), in which the HCl concentration is between the SV control target value [control output start concentration (above output lower limit)] to SM1, at LO and Between the LM1, the control output is output step by step. When the HCl concentration is between SM1 and SM2, the control output set by LM2 is output. When the HCl concentration is SM2 or higher, LH (control output upper limit) is output. Furthermore, there is no output limitation in the normal PID control formula, and only the LO and LH settings exist. In addition, the table is modified in SVA1 and SVB1, which determines the HCl concentration and control output used in the control calculation using the HCl slope. When the HCl slope is positive, the HCl concentration used in the calculation is used. SVA1 is subtracted, and when the HCl slope is negative, SVB1 is added to the HCl concentration used in the calculation. Thereby, the control output calculated when the same HCl concentration is input is set to a control output value when the value of the HCl slope is large (the acid gas concentration tends to increase), which is lower than the HCl slope. The value of the hourly control output is larger.
[比較例2][Comparative Example 2]
使用圖11所示的入口HCl濃度，在模擬反應系統2中，採用分步控制方式，將控制目標值(在本方式中，鹼劑的控制輸出將超過輸出下限地添加的濃度固定為SV)設定且控制為40 ppm。圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖15表示與袋濾器出口HCl濃度相對應的細粉碳酸氫鈉的控制輸出添加量。此外，圖16表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。Using the inlet HCl concentration shown in FIG. 11, in the simulation reaction system 2, the control target value is used in a stepwise control mode (in this mode, the concentration of the alkali agent control output added to the output lower limit is fixed to SV) Set and control to 40 ppm. Figure 10 shows the HCl concentration (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration) of the bag filter outlet after the fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition and the fine powder sodium bicarbonate treatment. In addition, FIG. 15 shows the control output addition amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate corresponding to the bag filter outlet HCl concentration. Further, Fig. 16 shows changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
在本控制方式中，在控制輸出的下限與上限之間，根據HCl濃度範圍來對控制輸出施加限制，因此，可階段性地添加鹼劑。因此，防止鹼劑的過剩添加，細粉碳酸氫鈉的添加量會大幅度地下降。然而，與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，應處理的HCl的處理水準(level)大幅度地變差。In the present control method, between the lower limit and the upper limit of the control output, the control output is limited according to the HCl concentration range, and therefore, the alkaline agent can be added stepwise. Therefore, excessive addition of the alkali agent is prevented, and the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added is drastically lowered. However, compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1), the treatment level of HCl to be treated was greatly deteriorated.
[實例3][Example 3]
在與比較例2相同的分步控制方式中，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為30 ppm，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為負時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為40 ppm。同樣地，圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖17表示與袋濾器出口HCl濃度相對應的細粉碳酸氫鈉的控制輸出添加量。此外，圖18表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。In the same stepwise control method as in Comparative Example 2, when the average value of the 6 second of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration is positive, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 30 ppm, when the slope of the nearest HCl concentration is 6 When the second average is negative, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 40 ppm. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the addition amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter after treatment with fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration). In addition, FIG. 17 shows the control output addition amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate corresponding to the bag filter outlet HCl concentration. Further, Fig. 18 shows changes in the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
在本控制方式中，與比較例2同樣地，階段性地添加鹼劑，與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，可獲得使細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量削減的效果。另外，當HCl有增加傾向時，考慮測量延遲而迅速地添加細粉碳酸氫鈉，藉此，可獲得穩定地對HCl進行處理的效果。本控制方法與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，HCl的處理水準提高，並且可獲得使添加量削減的效果，本控制方法是非常有效的方法。In the same manner as in Comparative Example 2, the alkaline agent was added in a stepwise manner, and the effect of reducing the amount of fine sodium hydrogen carbonate added was obtained as compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1). Further, when HCl tends to increase, the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate is rapidly added in consideration of the measurement delay, whereby the effect of stably treating HCl can be obtained. In the present control method, compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1), the treatment level of HCl is improved, and the effect of reducing the amount of addition can be obtained, and this control method is a very effective method.
再者，當此次的袋濾器出口HCl濃度的測定值處於40 ppm～50 ppm之間時，對與HCl濃度相對應的添加量進行設定且進行控制，但即便在本範圍內，藉由PID來進行控制，在控制輸出的下限與上限之間，若HCl濃度為50 ppm以下，則將控制輸出限制為50 kg/h以下，若所述HCl濃度在50 ppm～60 ppm之間，則將控制輸出限制為70 kg/h以下，因此，一般認為可獲得同等的HCl處理效果與使添加量削減的效果。In addition, when the measured value of the HCl concentration at the outlet of the bag filter is between 40 ppm and 50 ppm, the amount of addition corresponding to the HCl concentration is set and controlled, but even within this range, by PID To control, if the HCl concentration is below 50 ppm between the lower and upper limits of the control output, the control output is limited to 50 kg/h or less. If the HCl concentration is between 50 ppm and 60 ppm, Since the control output is limited to 70 kg/h or less, it is generally considered that an equivalent HCl treatment effect and an effect of reducing the addition amount can be obtained.
[實例4][Example 4]
在與比較例2相同的分步控制方式中，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為正時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為30 ppm，當最近的HCl濃度的斜率的6秒平均值為負時，將控制目標值(SV)控制為50 ppm。同樣地，圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖19表示與袋濾器出口HCl濃度相對應的細粉碳酸氫鈉的控制輸出添加量。此外，圖20表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。In the same stepwise control method as in Comparative Example 2, when the average value of the 6 second of the slope of the most recent HCl concentration is positive, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 30 ppm, when the slope of the nearest HCl concentration is 6 When the second average is negative, the control target value (SV) is controlled to 50 ppm. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the addition amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter after treatment with fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration). In addition, FIG. 19 shows the control output addition amount of the fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate corresponding to the bag filter outlet HCl concentration. Further, Fig. 20 shows changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
在本控制方式中，與比較例2同樣地，階段性地添加細粉碳酸氫鈉，並且當HCl有減少傾向時，與實例3相比較，使控制目標值(SV)增大，因此，細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量變少，提前結束添加，與以往控制(比較例1)相比較，可獲得使添加量削減的效果。另外，能夠實現如下的處理，對於該處理而言，無論能否使添加量削減，HCl的處理水平均為與以往控制(比較例1)同等的水準。本控制方式也可進行與以往控制大致同等的HCl處理，並且可獲得使添加量削減的效果，一般認為本控制方式是非常有用的控制方法。In the present control method, as in Comparative Example 2, fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate was added in stages, and when HCl had a tendency to decrease, the control target value (SV) was increased as compared with Example 3, and therefore, fine The amount of sodium hydrogencarbonate added was small, and the addition was completed in advance, and the effect of reducing the amount of addition was obtained as compared with the conventional control (Comparative Example 1). In addition, the following processing can be realized, and the processing level of HCl is equal to the level of the conventional control (Comparative Example 1) regardless of whether or not the amount of addition can be reduced. In this control method, HCl treatment which is substantially equivalent to the conventional control can be performed, and the effect of reducing the amount of addition can be obtained. This control method is generally considered to be a very useful control method.
[實例5～實例8][Example 5 to Example 8]
在與實例4相同的控制條件下，對選擇控制運算式的最近的HCl濃度的斜率的適當的平均時間進行研究，因此，改變本HCl濃度的斜率平均時間來進行研究。同樣地，圖10表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與經細粉碳酸氫鈉處理之後的袋濾器出口HCl濃度(平均濃度、每小時平均最大濃度、瞬間最大濃度)。另外，圖21～圖24表示本控制時的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量與袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化。Under the same control conditions as in Example 4, the appropriate average time for selecting the slope of the most recent HCl concentration of the control expression was investigated, and therefore, the slope average time of the present HCl concentration was changed to carry out the study. Similarly, Fig. 10 shows the addition amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter after treatment with fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate (average concentration, average maximum concentration per hour, instantaneous maximum concentration). 21 to 24 show changes in the amount of fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter in the present control.
本研究的結果是當將選擇控制式的HCl濃度的斜率的平均時間設為10分鐘時，產生了大的HCl峰值(實例8)。此表示由於斜率的平均時間變長，因此添加細粉碳酸氫鈉的時機(timing)發生了偏差，且表示當將所述斜率的平均時間設定為超過7分鐘時，本控制產生了異常。另一方面，當本平均時間為7分鐘以下時，並未異常地產生HCl，一般認為適當的HCl斜率的平均時間為7分鐘以下(實例5～實例7)。The result of this study was that when the average time of the slope of the selective control HCl concentration was set to 10 minutes, a large HCl peak was produced (Example 8). This indicates that since the average time of the slope becomes long, the timing of adding the fine powder of sodium hydrogencarbonate is deviated, and it indicates that the abnormality is generated in the present control when the average time of the slope is set to more than 7 minutes. On the other hand, when the average time is 7 minutes or less, HCl is not abnormally generated, and the average time of the appropriate HCl slope is generally considered to be 7 minutes or less (Examples 5 to 7).
雖然本發明已以實施例揭露如上，然其並非用以限定本發明，任何所屬技術領域中具有通常知識者，在不脫離本發明之精神和範圍內，當可作些許之更動與潤飾，故本發明之保護範圍當視後附之申請專利範圍所界定者為準。Although the present invention has been disclosed in the above embodiments, it is not intended to limit the invention, and any one of ordinary skill in the art can make some modifications and refinements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The scope of the invention is defined by the scope of the appended claims.
1．．．酸性氣體處理系統/模擬反應系統1. . . Acid gas treatment system / simulated reaction system
11．．．控制裝置11. . . Control device
12．．．細粉碳酸氫鈉添加裝置12. . . Fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition device
13．．．袋濾器13. . . Bag filter
14．．．HCl濃度測定裝置14. . . HCl concentration measuring device
Ag．．．細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量Ag. . . Fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition
Hg．．．廢氣反應後的HCl濃度Hg. . . HCl concentration after exhaust gas reaction
Hi．．．入口HCl濃度Hi. . . Inlet HCl concentration
Ho．．．袋濾器出口HCl濃度Ho. . . Bag filter outlet HCl concentration
J．．．細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量J. . . Fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition equivalent
Js．．．袋濾器上的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量Js. . . Fine powder sodium bicarbonate on bag filter
Jg．．．廢氣反應細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量Jg. . . Exhaust gas reaction fine powder sodium bicarbonate addition equivalent
T1．．．設施的延遲時間T1. . . Facility delay time
T2．．．HCl測定裝置的廢氣取樣時間T2. . . Exhaust gas sampling time of HCl measuring device
T3．．．HCl測定裝置的90%回應時間T3. . . 90% response time of the HCl analyzer
α．．．HCl除去率α. . . HCl removal rate
αg．．．廢氣反應中的HCl除去率Gg. . . HCl removal rate in exhaust gas reaction
αs．．．袋濾器上的反應的HCl除去率Ss. . . HCl removal rate of the reaction on the bag filter
圖1是表示將細粉碳酸氫鈉添加至焚化設施中的廢氣即HCl的酸性氣體處理系統1的構成的方塊圖。Fig. 1 is a block diagram showing the configuration of an acid gas treatment system 1 which is an HCl which is an exhaust gas which is added to an incineration facility.
圖2是模擬反應系統1的基本構成圖。2 is a basic configuration diagram of the pseudo reaction system 1.
圖3是表示細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量與HCl除去率的關係的曲線圖。Fig. 3 is a graph showing the relationship between the addition amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate and the HCl removal rate.
圖4是表示實際設備的袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 4 is a graph showing changes in the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter of the actual equipment.
圖5是表示模擬反應系統1的袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 5 is a graph showing changes in the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter of the simulated reaction system 1.
圖6是模擬反應系統2的基本構成圖。FIG. 6 is a basic configuration diagram of the pseudo reaction system 2.
圖7是表示廢氣反應中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量與HCl除去率的關係的曲線圖。Fig. 7 is a graph showing the relationship between the addition amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate and the HCl removal rate in the exhaust gas reaction.
圖8是表示袋濾器上的反應中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加當量與HCl除去率的關係的曲線圖。Fig. 8 is a graph showing the relationship between the addition amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate and the HCl removal rate in the reaction on the bag filter.
圖9是表示模擬反應系統2的袋濾器出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 9 is a graph showing changes in the concentration of HCl at the outlet of the bag filter of the simulated reaction system 2.
圖10是表示各比較例以及各實例的袋濾器出口HCl濃度等的表。Fig. 10 is a table showing the HCl concentration and the like of the bag filter outlet of each comparative example and each example.
圖11是表示入口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Figure 11 is a graph showing changes in the concentration of HCl at the inlet.
圖12是表示比較例1中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 12 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Comparative Example 1.
圖13是表示實例1中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 13 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 1.
圖14是表示實例2中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 14 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 2.
圖15是比較例2中的分步控制方式的控制設定的表。Fig. 15 is a table showing control settings of the step-by-step control method in Comparative Example 2.
圖16是表示比較例2中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 16 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Comparative Example 2.
圖17是實例3中的分步控制方式的控制設定的表。Fig. 17 is a table showing the control settings of the step-by-step control method in the example 3.
圖18是表示實例3中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 18 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 3.
圖19是實例4等中的分步控制方式的控制設定的表。Fig. 19 is a table showing control settings of the step-by-step control method in the example 4 and the like.
圖20是表示實例4中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 20 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 4.
圖21是表示實例5中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 21 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 5.
圖22是表示實例6中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 22 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 6.
圖23是表示實例7中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 23 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 7.
圖24是表示實例8中的細粉碳酸氫鈉添加量以及出口HCl濃度的變化的曲線圖。Fig. 24 is a graph showing changes in the amount of fine powder sodium hydrogencarbonate added and the concentration of outlet HCl in Example 8.
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