TW201629422A - Heat capture, transfer and release for industrial applications - Google Patents

Abstract

Embodiments of the invention provide systems and methods for heat transfer at temperatures in the range of -40 DEG C to 1,300 DEG C over long distances with minimal heat losses. The systems consist of advanced heat pipes configured such that they fit inside drilling holes or in horizontal distance over industrial plants, and effectively transfer heat requiring minimal water, CO2, or steam injection, and that operate without user intervention for many years.

Description

工業應用之熱捕捉，轉移及釋放 Thermal capture, transfer and release for industrial applications

本發明係關於應用中之熱能捕捉、轉移及釋放之領域，諸如用於增強型油回收(EOR)之熱處理、加熱地下地質學沈積物、自地熱源回收熱及在多種工業應用中有效地轉移熱。特定言之，本發明之實施例係關於自間歇源(諸如冶金操作)、高溫下之連續源(諸如化學及石化操作)及低溫下之連續源(諸如廢熱源)捕捉、轉移及釋放熱能之系統及方法。本發明之關鍵特徵為能夠跨短或長距離以最少熱及溫度損失轉移熱。本發明亦包括製造用於捕捉、轉移及釋放熱能之裝置的方法及將此類裝置安裝於眾多工業應用中之方法。 The present invention relates to the field of thermal energy capture, transfer and release in applications, such as heat treatment for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), heating of underground geological deposits, heat recovery from geothermal heat sources, and efficient transfer in a variety of industrial applications. heat. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to capturing, transferring, and releasing thermal energy from intermittent sources (such as metallurgical operations), continuous sources at high temperatures (such as chemical and petrochemical operations), and continuous sources at low temperatures (such as waste heat sources). System and method. A key feature of the invention is the ability to transfer heat across short or long distances with minimal heat and temperature loss. The invention also includes methods of making devices for capturing, transferring, and releasing thermal energy, and methods of installing such devices in a variety of industrial applications.

在大多數工業情形中，熱捕捉涉及將此類能自熱氣體、液體或固體轉移至其他介質中，該介質經由熱傳導(如熱交換器之情況)、涉及蒸發或熔融之相變(如淬滅反應之情況)或藉由對流或輻射傳導出熱。然而，在諸多工業系統中，熱主要由傳導、對流或輻射消耗而非捕捉。舉例而言，熔融及淬滅操作，諸如用水淬滅熱冶金之焦煤很少捕捉產生之輻射或蒸汽，因此熱經消耗而非捕捉。工業中之大多數熱捕捉操作依賴於密封熱產生介質之金屬或其他材料之熱傳導。此金屬或其他材料隨後自其源轉移出熱。因此，熱捕捉中之重要參數為由密封材料表現之熱障。此熱障亦為最終熱釋放中之重要參數。 In most industrial situations, thermal capture involves the transfer of such self-heating gases, liquids or solids into other media that pass through heat conduction (as in the case of heat exchangers), phase transitions involving evaporation or melting (such as quenching). In the case of a reaction, or by convection or radiation. However, in many industrial systems, heat is primarily consumed by conduction, convection, or radiation rather than capture. For example, melting and quenching operations, such as quenching hot metallurgical coking coal with water, rarely capture the generated radiation or steam, so heat is consumed rather than captured. Most heat capture operations in the industry rely on the heat transfer of metals or other materials that seal the heat generating medium. This metal or other material then transfers heat away from its source. Therefore, an important parameter in heat capture is a thermal barrier represented by a sealing material. This thermal barrier is also an important parameter in the final heat release.

在捕捉熱時，跨距離熱轉移之方法通常依賴於絕緣蒸汽管道或經由熱流體之熱轉移，該等熱流體可包括基於油之流體(諸如DowTherm®)、共熔混合物(諸如熔融鹽)、熔融金屬(諸如Na或Pb或Sn，此等可適於冶金應用)或熔融摻合物。蒸汽通常在大多數工業應用中較佳，因為其在冷凝之後提供大量熱，其常為低成本選擇且易於跨一定距離泵送。然而，儘管絕緣，移動蒸汽之熱損失亦非常顯著，且因此可經濟地轉移蒸汽之距離必然受限。具有額外重量及所涉及成本之加劇特徵的熱流體同樣如此。在熔融鹽之情況下，若使鹽原地「凍結」(常發生之問題)，則整個管道將需要替換。 When capturing heat, the method of heat transfer across distances typically relies on the transfer of insulated steam conduits or via thermal fluids, which may include oil-based fluids (such as DowTherm®), eutectic mixtures (such as molten salts), Molten metal (such as Na or Pb or Sn, which may be suitable for metallurgical applications) or molten blends. Steam is generally preferred in most industrial applications because it provides a large amount of heat after condensation, which is often a low cost option and is easy to pump across a distance. However, despite the insulation, the heat loss of the moving steam is also very significant, and thus the distance at which the steam can be economically transferred is necessarily limited. The same is true for thermal fluids with additional weight and increased cost involved. In the case of molten salt, if the salt is "frozen" in place (a problem that often occurs), the entire pipe will need to be replaced.

除以上限制及參數以外，一些工業應用存在熱捕捉、轉移及釋放之獨特問題，且需要進一步討論。 In addition to the above limitations and parameters, some industrial applications have unique problems of heat capture, transfer and release, and need further discussion.

增強型油回收中之熱轉移Heat transfer in enhanced oil recovery

在習知油生產中，油藉由鑽井自含油鹽丘回收。由於典型油形成係在壓力下，因此藉由在壓力下使油流動至地表促進初始生產。隨時間，此類天然流動因壓力下降而降低，且生產依賴於增強型油回收方法。此等方法可包括藉由注入CO₂、水溢流或用蒸汽加熱而加壓。蒸汽注入已普及，因為(a)由蒸汽所導致之溫度升高降低油之流體黏度，(b)在地下冷凝之水亦取代油同時提高地下壓力，及(c)雙相流動可降低總流動黏度。 In conventional oil production, oil is recovered from oil-bearing salt domes by drilling. Since typical oil formation is under pressure, initial production is facilitated by flowing oil to the surface under pressure. Over time, such natural flows are reduced by pressure drop and production is dependent on enhanced oil recovery methods. Such methods may include injection by CO _2, water or heated with steam and an overflow pressure. Steam injection has become popular because (a) the temperature rise caused by steam reduces the fluid viscosity of the oil, (b) the water condensed in the ground also replaces the oil while increasing the underground pressure, and (c) the two-phase flow reduces the total flow. Viscosity.

由於排出習知油沈積物，油生產日益依賴於油頁岩及類似層，其一般不太多孔且較難獲得。此類油源一般經歷液壓破裂，或者稱為「壓裂(fracking)」，其中水在巨大壓力下脈衝，用於使地下岩石破裂以便提高孔隙率，由此允許烴類(天然氣或石油)流動至地表。隨時間，烴類流動之類似降低因隨生產之地下壓力降低而發生，且採用類似EOR方法：水、CO₂或蒸汽注入。所有此類方法為能量集中且昂貴的。需要節約能量且不需要大量水用於注入或生產蒸汽的EOR方法。 Due to the discharge of conventional oil deposits, oil production is increasingly dependent on oil shale and similar layers, which are generally less porous and less accessible. Such oil sources typically undergo hydraulic rupture, or "fracking," in which water is pulsed under tremendous pressure to rupture subterranean rocks to increase porosity, thereby allowing the flow of hydrocarbons (natural gas or petroleum). To the surface. Over time, a similar decrease in hydrocarbon flow occurs as the subsurface pressure decreases with production, and a similar EOR method is employed: water, CO ₂ or steam injection. All such methods are energy concentrated and expensive. An EOR method that requires energy savings and does not require large amounts of water for injecting or producing steam.

地熱區域之熱轉移Thermal transfer in geothermal areas

不同於問題為使熱降至地表以下之油的增強型油回收之情況，地熱區域之熱能已在地表以下，且因此熱可自熱管或熱虹吸管之底部流動至頂部，同時工作流體藉由重力、經芯或兩者自頂部至底部。因此，在地熱應用中使用熱管之關鍵障礙為熱轉移距離，亦即熱管或熱虹吸管所需實際長度。 Unlike the problem of enhanced oil recovery in which the heat is reduced to oil below the surface, the thermal energy in the geothermal area is below the surface, and therefore the heat can flow from the bottom of the heat pipe or thermosiphon to the top while the working fluid is gravity , core or both from top to bottom. Therefore, a key barrier to the use of heat pipes in geothermal applications is the heat transfer distance, which is the actual length required for a heat pipe or thermosiphon.

工業應用中之熱轉移Thermal transfer in industrial applications

大多數工業應用涉及操作工廠，其中設施在有時覆蓋數英畝及眾多生產單元之相當程度之區域中分佈。通常可當發熱反應在鍋爐容器、爐及其類似者中發生時利用此類設施中之熱能，而熱能可能在離彼等機構一定距離處需要。因此工廠處之熱轉移主要涉及跨數百或數千呎之水平轉移，但通常不必跨較大垂直距離轉移。 Most industrial applications involve operating plants where facilities are distributed in areas that sometimes cover a few acres and a significant number of production units. Thermal energy in such facilities can often be utilized when a pyrolysis reaction occurs in boiler vessels, furnaces, and the like, and thermal energy may be required at a distance from such facilities. Therefore, the heat transfer at the factory mainly involves horizontal transfer across hundreds or thousands of turns, but usually does not have to be transferred across a large vertical distance.

因其歸因於內部蒸氣質量轉移之出色熱流通量比率，熱管非常適合水平熱轉移，因為對跨距離毛細作用無較大限制。因此，此類型應用之主要實際限制來自於市售熱管之長度。 Because of its excellent heat flux ratio due to internal vapor mass transfer, heat pipes are well suited for horizontal heat transfer because there are no major restrictions on capillary action across distances. Therefore, the main practical limitation of this type of application comes from the length of commercially available heat pipes.

本發明之實施例提供用於捕捉、轉移及隨後釋放熱之新穎構件，其可應用於工業應用，諸如增強型油回收(EOR)之熱處理、加熱地下地質學沈積物、自地熱源回收熱、控制化學製程中之溫度、捕捉及再用工廠(plant/factory)中之廢熱及在多種其他工業應用中有效地轉移熱。特定言之，本發明之實施例係關於自間歇源(諸如冶金操作)、自高溫下之連續源(諸如化學及石化操作)及自低溫下之連續源(諸如廢熱源)捕捉、轉移及釋放熱能之系統及方法。本發明之關鍵特徵為能夠跨短或長距離以最少熱及溫度損失轉移熱。本發明包括製造用於捕捉、轉移及釋放熱能之裝置的方法及將此類裝置安裝於眾多工業應用中之方法。本發明允許在-40℃至1300℃或1300℃以上範圍內之溫度下自多 種熱源進行快速熱轉移，及在可變或恆定溫度下後續釋放此類熱持續長時段。該系統包括跨其長度之大部分絕緣的新穎熱管。在一些實施例中，溫度範圍之下端可為0、50、100、150、200及250度。溫度範圍之上端可為1200、1100、1000、900、800、700、600、500、400及300度。在該系統之實施例中，熱管尺寸、絕緣類型、製造方法及其在區域中之位置由各種工業應用之條件及特徵、在熱釋放方面之熱轉移需求及可利用之熱能類型確定。 Embodiments of the present invention provide novel components for capturing, transferring, and subsequently releasing heat that can be applied to industrial applications such as heat treatment of enhanced oil recovery (EOR), heating of underground geological deposits, heat recovery from geothermal heat sources, Controls temperature in chemical processes, waste heat in capture and reuse plants (plant/factory), and efficient heat transfer in a variety of other industrial applications. In particular, embodiments of the present invention relate to capture, transfer, and release from intermittent sources (such as metallurgical operations), continuous sources from high temperatures (such as chemical and petrochemical operations), and continuous sources (such as waste heat sources) from low temperatures. Thermal energy systems and methods. A key feature of the invention is the ability to transfer heat across short or long distances with minimal heat and temperature loss. The present invention includes methods of making devices for capturing, transferring, and releasing thermal energy and methods of installing such devices in a variety of industrial applications. The invention allows self-multiple temperatures at temperatures ranging from -40 ° C to 1300 ° C or above 1300 ° C The heat source performs rapid heat transfer and subsequently releases such heat for a long period of time at variable or constant temperatures. The system includes a novel heat pipe that is insulated over most of its length. In some embodiments, the lower end of the temperature range can be 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, and 250 degrees. The upper end of the temperature range may be 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, and 300 degrees. In an embodiment of the system, the heat pipe size, insulation type, method of manufacture, and its location in the region are determined by the conditions and characteristics of various industrial applications, the heat transfer requirements in terms of heat release, and the type of thermal energy available.

本發明之一些實施例提供可包括複數個熱轉移裝置之熱管理系統，該等熱轉移裝置可包括組裝至提供連續熱連通之實體中的例如習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、熱散播器、脈動或環狀熱管、蒸汽管及其類似者，其適用於在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下在0.1m至14km之距離內捕捉、轉移及釋放熱，其自捕捉至釋放之溫度損失在應轉移熱源處之溫度的0%與40%之間，其中熱因此可自一或多個熱源轉移，且其中熱轉移裝置可捕捉或提供熱用於至少一種應用。在本發明之一些實施例中，距離可為0.3m、1m、3m、10m、30m、100m、300m、500m及1km至2km、3km、4km、5km、6km、7km、8km、9km、10km、11km、12km、13km、14km或14km以上。同樣，在本發明之一些實施例中，溫度損失或熱損失可為至少0%、1%、2%、3%、4%、5%、6%、7%、8%及9%，及12%、15%、20%、25%、30%、35%或40%或40%以上。 Some embodiments of the present invention provide a thermal management system that can include a plurality of thermal transfer devices, which can include, for example, conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermosiphons, heat spreaders assembled into an entity that provides continuous thermal communication. , pulsating or ring-shaped heat pipes, steam pipes and the like, which are suitable for capturing, transferring and releasing heat in a range of from -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of from 0.1 m to 14 km, from self-capture to release The temperature loss is between 0% and 40% of the temperature at which the heat source should be transferred, wherein heat can thus be transferred from one or more heat sources, and wherein the heat transfer device can capture or provide heat for at least one application. In some embodiments of the invention, the distance may be 0.3 m, 1 m, 3 m, 10 m, 30 m, 100 m, 300 m, 500 m, and 1 km to 2 km, 3 km, 4 km, 5 km, 6 km, 7 km, 8 km, 9 km, 10 km, 11 km. , 12km, 13km, 14km or more. Also, in some embodiments of the invention, the temperature loss or heat loss may be at least 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, and 9%, and 12%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35% or 40% or 40% or more.

在其他實施例中，該熱管理系統可包括一或多個熱轉移裝置，其可包括組裝至可提供連續熱連通之實體中的例如習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、熱散播器、脈動或環狀熱管或蒸汽管，其適用於在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下在500m至14km之距離內捕捉、轉移及釋放熱，其自捕捉至釋放之溫度損失在待轉移熱源處之溫度的0%與40%之間，其中熱因此可自一或多個熱源傳輸，且其中熱轉移裝置可捕捉 或提供熱用於至少一種應用。 In other embodiments, the thermal management system can include one or more thermal transfer devices that can include, for example, conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermosiphons, heat spreaders, pulsations assembled into an entity that can provide continuous thermal communication. Or a loop heat pipe or steam pipe, which is suitable for capturing, transferring and releasing heat at a temperature ranging from -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 500 m to 14 km, and the temperature loss from the capture to the release is at the heat source to be transferred Between 0% and 40% of the temperature, wherein heat can thus be transferred from one or more heat sources, and wherein the heat transfer device can capture Or provide heat for at least one application.

在其他實施例中，該系統之熱轉移裝置可具有一或多個芯。在一些實施例中，熱轉移裝置可無芯。在一些實施例中，熱轉移裝置可包括自例如鋼、銅及其合金、鈦及其合金、鋁及其合金、鎳及鉻合金、捲繞金屬箔、絲網及支架製造之密封材料。在其他實施例中，熱轉移裝置可包括不同金屬及合金，其可包括不同熱傳導率。 In other embodiments, the thermal transfer device of the system can have one or more cores. In some embodiments, the thermal transfer device can be coreless. In some embodiments, the thermal transfer device can include sealing materials fabricated from, for example, steel, copper and alloys thereof, titanium and alloys thereof, aluminum and alloys thereof, nickel and chrome alloys, coiled metal foils, wire mesh, and stents. In other embodiments, the thermal transfer device can include different metals and alloys, which can include different thermal conductivities.

在其他實施例中，該系統之熱轉移裝置可包括多個部分，諸如，舉例來說，蒸發器、熱轉移部分及冷凝器或其類似物。在一些實施例中，該等部分可包括芯特徵，諸如無芯、完全芯、部分芯及其類似特徵。 In other embodiments, the thermal transfer device of the system can include multiple portions such as, for example, an evaporator, a heat transfer portion, and a condenser or the like. In some embodiments, the portions can include core features such as a coreless, a full core, a partial core, and the like.

在進一步之實施例中，該系統之應用可包括例如發電廠、地熱能生產、增強型油回收、氣體再壓縮、水淡化、冶金加工、化學及石化操作及生產、紙漿及造紙工業、塑膠及橡膠操作、耐火工業、玻璃製造操作、採礦操作、膠合板及定向粒片板製造、醱酵、肥料生產、工業氣體生產、軍事應用、太陽能生產、橡膠製造、煉油廠及其類似者。 In further embodiments, applications of the system may include, for example, power plants, geothermal energy production, enhanced oil recovery, gas recompression, water desalination, metallurgical processing, chemical and petrochemical operations and production, pulp and paper industry, plastics and Rubber operations, refractory industries, glass manufacturing operations, mining operations, plywood and directional pellet manufacturing, fermentation, fertilizer production, industrial gas production, military applications, solar energy production, rubber manufacturing, refineries and the like.

在另外之實施例中，熱轉移裝置之密封材料可包括例如金屬、塑膠或陶瓷組合物，其可相對於多種熱源無反應性、相對於熱轉移介質無反應性且相對於熱源無反應性。 In still other embodiments, the sealing material of the thermal transfer device can comprise, for example, a metal, plastic or ceramic composition that is non-reactive with respect to a variety of heat sources, non-reactive with respect to the heat transfer medium, and non-reactive with respect to the heat source.

在其他實施例中，可接合不同的個別有芯熱轉移裝置，因此可存在具有與沿長度之毛細作用相容之連續性的經接合芯結構，該連續性可允許內部工作材料在整個長度中之熱連通，且該內部工作材料包括例如流體、昇華之固體、具有多種化學水合程度之材料及其類似材料。 In other embodiments, different individual cored thermal transfer devices can be joined, and thus there can be bonded core structures having continuity compatible with capillary action along the length that allows the inner working material to be throughout the length The thermal communication, and the internal working materials include, for example, fluids, sublimated solids, materials having various chemical hydration levels, and the like.

在其他實施例中，芯結構可包括多個具有不同孔隙率之層。在進一步之實施例中，芯結構可包括內部芯結構，其可包括軸芯。在其他實施例中，芯結構可包括諸如，舉例來說，經燒結金屬、金屬篩網、凹槽、氧化物、硼酸鹽、昇華之固體、具有不同化學水合程度之材料、奈米粒子、奈米孔、奈米管及其類似物之材料。 In other embodiments, the core structure can include a plurality of layers having different porosities. In a further embodiment, the core structure can include an inner core structure that can include a core. In other embodiments, the core structure can include, for example, sintered metal, metal mesh, grooves, oxides, borate, sublimed solids, materials having different chemical hydration levels, nanoparticles, nai Materials for rice pores, nanotubes and the like.

在另外之實施例中，可沿長度在不同位置使用不同材料，且可選擇材料以優化熱捕捉及釋放，同時使熱損失最少。 In other embodiments, different materials can be used at different locations along the length, and materials can be selected to optimize heat capture and release while minimizing heat loss.

在其他實施例中，芯可由例如噴塗、塗敷、烘烤、PVD、CVD或熱解有機化合物形成。在一些實施例中，芯可由在液態金屬前驅物中熱分解金屬粒子之漿料及/或由類似方法形成。 In other embodiments, the core can be formed from, for example, spray coating, coating, baking, PVD, CVD, or pyrolysis of organic compounds. In some embodiments, the core may be formed from a slurry that thermally decomposes the metal particles in a liquid metal precursor and/or by a similar process.

在一些實施例中，密封管可包括捲繞之箔條在一些實施例中，該箔條可為薄的。 In some embodiments, the sealing tube can include a coiled foil strip. In some embodiments, the foil strip can be thin.

在另外之實施例中，捲繞條結構可在形成圍繞可包括例如網篩之例如金屬支架的管狀總成之前預塗有芯材料。 In still other embodiments, the winding strip structure can be pre-coated with a core material prior to forming a tubular assembly that can include, for example, a metal stent, such as a mesh screen.

在一些實施例中，捲繞管中之任何空隙可由獨立捲繞條密封。 In some embodiments, any voids in the coiled tubing may be sealed by separate winding strips.

在一些實施例中，工作材料之量可超過使內部芯結構飽和所需之程度。 In some embodiments, the amount of working material can exceed the extent required to saturate the inner core structure.

在一些實施例中，熱轉移裝置中之工作材料之相變溫度可在-40℃與1,300℃範圍內。 In some embodiments, the phase change temperature of the working material in the thermal transfer device can range from -40 °C to 1,300 °C.

在一些實施例中，熱轉移裝置可包括鄰近至少一端之至少一個閥以控制及維持部分真空。 In some embodiments, the heat transfer device can include at least one valve adjacent at least one end to control and maintain a partial vacuum.

在一些實施例中，可安裝長度至多14km之垂直熱轉移裝置以防止熱轉移裝置之物理降解或斷裂。在此等實施例中，藉由例如至少一個浮力氣球、至少一個直升機、其組合或其類似物抵消熱轉移裝置之重量。 In some embodiments, a vertical heat transfer device of up to 14 km in length can be installed to prevent physical degradation or fracture of the heat transfer device. In such embodiments, the weight of the heat transfer device is counteracted by, for example, at least one buoyancy balloon, at least one helicopter, a combination thereof, or the like.

在不同實施例中，熱轉移裝置可使用至少一種輔助設施安裝，諸如起重機、直升機、氣球、車輪、鑽油平台、塔或其類似物。在一些實施例中，可在無此類熱轉移裝置之物理降解或斷裂之情況下安裝例如3-7Km長度之熱轉移裝置，且熱轉移裝置可圍繞使熱轉移裝置之曲率最小的例如100-500呎直徑之輪捲繞。在一些實施例中，熱轉移裝置可經絕緣。 In various embodiments, the heat transfer device can be installed using at least one ancillary facility, such as a crane, helicopter, balloon, wheel, oil rig, tower, or the like. In some embodiments, a heat transfer device, such as a 3-7 Km length, can be installed without physical degradation or breakage of such heat transfer devices, and the heat transfer device can surround, for example, 100- that minimizes the curvature of the heat transfer device. 500-inch diameter wheel winding. In some embodiments, the thermal transfer device can be insulated.

在一些實施例中，脈動熱管可藉由將薄金屬或合金層密封於例如 堅固金屬篩網中來製造以抵抗壓力脈衝。 In some embodiments, the pulsating heat pipe can be sealed by, for example, sealing a thin metal or alloy layer Made in a solid metal screen to resist pressure pulses.

本發明之一些實施例可包括使用熱管理系統進行熱捕捉、轉移及釋放之方法。 Some embodiments of the invention may include methods of thermal capture, transfer, and release using a thermal management system.

一些實施例包括製造熱管理系統之方法，其可包括以下步驟：自例如習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、散播器熱管、環狀熱管、脈動熱管、蒸汽管、任何此類組合或其類似物選擇熱轉移裝置之類型；自例如接焊、硬焊、焊接、車螺紋、箔捲繞、機械配件、密封熱流體、任何組合或其類似者選擇接合熱轉移裝置元件之方法；自例如經燒結金屬、軸芯、金屬篩網、凹槽、任何組合或其類似物或無芯材料選擇一類芯結構；自例如水溶液、共熔鹽混合物、有機熱流體或在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下可液化的高溫金屬及合金、昇華之固體或具有不同化學水合程度之材料選擇內部工作材料；且另外該等方法可包括應用由此選擇之接合方法、芯結構及工作流體；及在真空下密封熱轉移裝置。 Some embodiments include a method of making a thermal management system that can include the following steps: from, for example, conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermosiphons, diffuser heat pipes, annular heat pipes, pulsating heat pipes, steam pipes, any such combination, or the like. The type of heat transfer device selected; the method of joining the components of the heat transfer device from, for example, welding, brazing, welding, threading, foil winding, mechanical fittings, sealing hot fluid, any combination, or the like; Sintered metal, core, metal mesh, groove, any combination or the like or coreless material selected from a core structure; for example from aqueous solutions, eutectic salt mixtures, organic hot fluids or in the range of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C The liquefiable high temperature metal and alloy at a temperature, the sublimed solid or the material having a different degree of chemical hydration selects the internal working material; and the other methods may include applying the bonding method, the core structure and the working fluid selected thereby; The heat transfer device is sealed under vacuum.

1‧‧‧地表位點 1‧‧‧Surface sites

2‧‧‧油層 2‧‧‧ oil layer

3‧‧‧鑽孔 3‧‧‧Drilling

4‧‧‧熱管/脈動熱管/熱虹吸管/熱捕捉裝置 4‧‧‧Heat pipe/pulsating heat pipe/thermo siphon/heat trap

4'‧‧‧熱捕捉部分/熱管 4'‧‧‧Heat catching part / heat pipe

4"‧‧‧熱轉移部分 4"‧‧‧heat transfer section

4'''‧‧‧熱釋放部分 4'''‧‧‧Hot release section

5‧‧‧氣球/抬起裝置 5‧‧‧Balloon/lifting device

6‧‧‧直升機 6‧‧‧ helicopter

7‧‧‧絕緣塗層/管殼體 7‧‧‧Insulation coating/tube housing

8‧‧‧中間儲集器 8‧‧‧Intermediate reservoir

9‧‧‧導熱流體/熱轉移流體 9‧‧‧ Thermal fluid/thermal transfer fluid

10‧‧‧管/金屬障壁/金屬箔 10‧‧‧Tube/Metal Barrier/Metal Foil

11‧‧‧工作流體 11‧‧‧Working fluid

12‧‧‧毛細芯/內部芯/芯/表面芯/芯結構/軸芯/毛細材料 12‧‧‧Capillary core/internal core/core/surface core/core structure/axis core/capillary material

13‧‧‧金屬篩網/管狀支架/金屬支架/強化篩網 13‧‧‧Metal screen/tubular bracket/metal bracket/reinforced screen

14‧‧‧軸芯結構/中央軸芯/軸毛細芯 14‧‧‧Axis core structure / central shaft core / shaft capillary core

15‧‧‧熱源 15‧‧‧heat source

16‧‧‧油層 16‧‧‧ oil layer

17‧‧‧金屬條/條/經燒結球體條/金屬箔 17‧‧‧Metal strips/strips/sintered sphere strips/metal foil

18‧‧‧經燒結芯材料條/芯/芯材料/內部芯材料 18‧‧‧Sintered core material strip/core/core material/internal core material

19‧‧‧鍋爐 19‧‧‧Boiler

20‧‧‧多孔可撓性織物 20‧‧‧Porous flexible fabric

21‧‧‧箔條 21‧‧‧Foil strips

22‧‧‧支撐物 22‧‧‧Support

23‧‧‧安裝閥 23‧‧‧Installation valve

24‧‧‧結構性支撐管 24‧‧‧Structural support tube

25‧‧‧環形輪 25‧‧‧ring wheel

26‧‧‧地熱層 26‧‧‧ geothermal layer

27‧‧‧深層岩漿 27‧‧‧Deep magma

28‧‧‧底部 28‧‧‧ bottom

29‧‧‧水 29‧‧‧ water

30‧‧‧閥 30‧‧‧ valve

31‧‧‧工廠 31‧‧‧Factory

32‧‧‧廢熱源 32‧‧‧ Waste heat source

33‧‧‧很遠位置 33‧‧‧ Very far away

35‧‧‧箔/金屬箔 35‧‧‧Foil/metal foil

40‧‧‧管 40‧‧‧ tube

45‧‧‧液體流體 45‧‧‧Liquid fluid

46‧‧‧蒸氣 46‧‧‧Vapor

47‧‧‧單向閥 47‧‧‧ check valve

48‧‧‧環形凝膠 48‧‧‧Ring gel

49‧‧‧焊料 49‧‧‧ solder

50‧‧‧使新芯粒子固持在一起 50‧‧‧ Keep new core particles together

52‧‧‧煙道氣管道/煙道氣/管道系統 52‧‧‧ Flue Gas Pipeline / Flue Gas / Piping System

53‧‧‧加工容器 53‧‧‧Processing containers

54‧‧‧儲存槽/儲存容器/容器/熱流體槽 54‧‧‧Storage tank/storage container/container/hot fluid tank

55‧‧‧較低容器 55‧‧‧lower containers

56‧‧‧開口閥 56‧‧‧Open valve

57‧‧‧泵 57‧‧‧ pump

58‧‧‧熱管/複雜熱管 58‧‧‧Heat pipe/complex heat pipe

60‧‧‧簡單閥/閥 60‧‧‧Simple valve/valve

63‧‧‧內部反應器 63‧‧‧Internal reactor

64‧‧‧外部容器 64‧‧‧External containers

65‧‧‧反應器頂部 65‧‧‧reactor top

66‧‧‧袋濾室 66‧‧‧ baghouse

67‧‧‧靜電集塵器 67‧‧‧Electrostatic dust collector

71‧‧‧氧鋼轉換器 71‧‧‧Oxygen steel converter

72‧‧‧熔融鐵 72‧‧‧ molten iron

73‧‧‧熔渣薄層 73‧‧‧Slag slag

74‧‧‧氧槍 74‧‧‧Oxygen gun

75‧‧‧燃燒氣體 75‧‧‧ combustion gases

76‧‧‧罩 76‧‧‧ Cover

77‧‧‧金屬管道 77‧‧‧Metal pipe

圖1展示可能性發電廠組態 Figure 1 shows the possibility of power plant configuration

圖2展示管道系統組態 Figure 2 shows the piping system configuration

圖3展示使阻力降至最低之熱管之空氣動力形狀 Figure 3 shows the aerodynamic shape of the heat pipe that minimizes drag

圖4展示最少壓降之管道系統組態 Figure 4 shows the piping system configuration with minimum pressure drop

圖5展示自袋濾室回收熱之視情況選用之組態 Figure 5 shows the configuration selected from the case of recovering heat from the bag filter chamber.

圖6展示自靜電集塵器(ESP)回收熱之視情況選用之組態 Figure 6 shows the configuration selected from the case of heat recovery from an electrostatic precipitator (ESP).

圖7展示自間歇熱源之選擇性熱捕捉組態 Figure 7 shows the selective heat capture configuration from an intermittent heat source

圖8展示用於熱儲存之管道系統組態。 Figure 8 shows the piping system configuration for thermal storage.

圖9展示自拜耳方法回收熱之兩種視情況選用之組態 Figure 9 shows two configurations selected from the Bayer method for heat recovery.

圖10展示用於EOR之熱轉移方法之實施例的截面圖。 Figure 10 shows a cross-sectional view of an embodiment of a thermal transfer method for EOR.

圖11為描述安裝用於EOR之熱轉移裝置之實施例的截面圖。 Figure 11 is a cross-sectional view depicting an embodiment of mounting a heat transfer device for EOR.

圖12展示用於EOR之熱轉移裝置之安裝方法的一替代性實施例。 Figure 12 shows an alternative embodiment of a method of mounting a heat transfer device for EOR.

圖13展示用於地熱設施之熱轉移裝置之實施例。 Figure 13 shows an embodiment of a heat transfer device for a geothermal facility.

圖14展示用於工廠之熱轉移裝置之一替代性實施例。 Figure 14 shows an alternative embodiment of a heat transfer device for a factory.

圖15為具有絕緣性之熱轉移裝置之圖示。 Figure 15 is an illustration of an insulating heat transfer device.

圖16展示熱管之截面圖。 Figure 16 shows a cross-sectional view of the heat pipe.

圖17為高效能熱管之示意圖。 Figure 17 is a schematic diagram of a high efficiency heat pipe.

圖18展示兩種熱管之示意圖。 Figure 18 shows a schematic of two heat pipes.

圖19展示用於長距離熱轉移之一替代性實施例。 Figure 19 shows an alternative embodiment for long distance heat transfer.

圖20為製造長熱管方法之圖示。 Figure 20 is a graphical representation of a method of making a long heat pipe.

圖21為具有多孔毛細表面之捲繞條之一替代性實施例的截面圖。 Figure 21 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of a wound strip having a porous capillary surface.

圖22展示製造長熱管之一替代性實施例。 Figure 22 shows an alternative embodiment of making a long heat pipe.

圖23展示熱管軸芯之一實施例。 Figure 23 shows an embodiment of a heat pipe shaft core.

圖24展示維持熱管中之內部真空之一實施例。 Figure 24 shows an embodiment of maintaining an internal vacuum in a heat pipe.

圖25展示製造高級熱管之一替代性實施例。 Figure 25 shows an alternative embodiment of making an advanced heat pipe.

圖26展示超長高級熱管之一替代性實施例 Figure 26 shows an alternative embodiment of an ultra long thermal pipe

圖27展示熱管接合方法 Figure 27 shows a heat pipe joining method

圖28展示阻斷複合熱管中之熱轉移的方法 28 shows a method of blocking heat transfer in a composite heat pipe

圖29為熱轉移裝置之示意圖。 Figure 29 is a schematic illustration of a heat transfer device.

定義definition

熱能或熱(在通常用法中)表示分子、原子或離子之熱能，包括能量之動力學、振動及旋轉形式。熱亦表示將動能自一種介質或物體轉移至另一介質或物體，或自能源轉移至介質或物體。此類能量轉移可以三種方式進行：輻射、傳導及對流，但此處將以一般常識使用以包括可利用之熱能內容物。一些人認為熱指系統(或物體)之間的能量轉移，不指系統內含有之能量，但此理解為不必要限制。其他人將熱定義為歸因於其溫度差而在兩個物質樣品之間流動的能量形式，此亦為 限制性的。以下熱定義為適用的： Thermal energy or heat (usually used) refers to the thermal energy of a molecule, atom or ion, including the dynamics, vibrations, and rotational forms of energy. Heat also means transferring kinetic energy from one medium or object to another medium or object, or from energy to a medium or object. Such energy transfer can occur in three ways: radiation, conduction, and convection, but will be used here in common sense to include available thermal energy content. Some people think that heat refers to the transfer of energy between systems (or objects), not the energy contained in the system, but this is understood as unnecessary. Others define heat as the form of energy that flows between two substance samples due to their temperature difference, which is also Restrictive. The following hot definitions apply:

a.一種能量形式，其與原子或分子運動相關且能夠藉由傳導經固體及流體介質、藉由對流經流體介質及藉由輻射經空的空間輸送。 a. A form of energy that is related to atomic or molecular motion and can be transported through a space through a solid and fluid medium, through a flow through a fluid medium, and through radiation through an empty space.

b.由於溫度差或相變而自一個物體至另一物體之能量轉移。 b. Energy transfer from one object to another due to temperature differences or phase changes.

c.潛在或可感測之熱能。 c. Potential or sensible heat energy.

在本發明之情形中，「熱轉移裝置」(HTD)包括習知及新穎HP、散播器HP、熱虹吸管、蒸汽管及脈動熱管。當熱管經提及為熱捕捉、轉移及釋放之方法時，亦可使用脈動熱管及散播器熱管。在垂直應用中，熱虹吸管可代替熱管使用。熱管為可比熱交換器、金屬表面或熱流體更有效地捕捉、轉移及傳遞熱之裝置，因為其基於兩種物理原理且不僅基於熱傳導運作。在熱捕捉及釋放期間，熱管依賴於熱傳導及相變，但後者比前者有效數倍，因此在所討論之應用中其總熱效能比具有類似表面積之可比熱交換器高許多倍。此外，在熱轉移期間，熱管藉由質量轉移而轉移熱之能力同樣比單獨熱傳導之速度大許多倍，即使在處理諸如銅或銀之高度傳導材料時亦如此。在所討論應用中跨熱流體之熱管之優良效能來自於熱管中之常見工作流體(水)之比熱與熱流體情況下之有機液體熱容量的差異。 In the context of the present invention, a "heat transfer device" (HTD) includes conventional and novel HP, a diffuser HP, a thermosiphon, a steam tube, and a pulsating heat pipe. When the heat pipe is mentioned as a method of heat capture, transfer and release, a pulsating heat pipe and a diffuser heat pipe can also be used. In vertical applications, thermosiphons can be used instead of heat pipes. Heat pipes are devices that capture, transfer, and transfer heat more efficiently than heat exchangers, metal surfaces, or hot fluids because they operate on two physical principles and are based not only on heat transfer. During heat capture and release, the heat pipe relies on heat transfer and phase change, but the latter is several times more effective than the former, so the total thermal efficiency in the application in question is many times higher than comparable heat exchangers with similar surface areas. Moreover, during thermal transfer, the ability of the heat pipe to transfer heat by mass transfer is also many times greater than the rate of heat transfer alone, even when dealing with highly conductive materials such as copper or silver. The superior performance of a heat pipe across a hot fluid in the application in question is derived from the difference between the specific working fluid (water) in the heat pipe and the heat capacity of the organic liquid in the case of a hot fluid.

描述於本發明中之HTD之重要特徵為熱管之優良熱轉移機制。如後續段落中所示，熱管提供接近熱力學上可逆之轉移熱之方式，亦即幾乎無效率損失轉移焓之系統。此外，儘管習知熱管共有此等獨特機制，但本文所述之高級熱管之特徵在於顯著改良之熱捕捉、轉移及釋放效能且因此在於甚至更接近熱力學上可逆之方法。 An important feature of the HTD described in the present invention is the excellent heat transfer mechanism of the heat pipe. As shown in the subsequent paragraphs, the heat pipe provides a means of near thermodynamically reversible heat transfer, i.e., a system that transfers loss enthalpy with almost no efficiency. Moreover, while conventional heat pipes share such unique mechanisms, the advanced heat pipes described herein are characterized by significantly improved heat capture, transfer and release efficiencies and are therefore even closer to thermodynamically reversible methods.

需要可在高溫下自地表操作容易地傳輸熱、可在恆定溫度下長時段地將此類熱轉移至地下層、需要極少或不需維護、可靠且需要最低程度水或蒸汽用於操作之廉價熱轉移機制。 There is a need for heat that can be easily transferred from surface operations at high temperatures, that can be transferred to a subterranean formation at a constant temperature for extended periods of time, requires little or no maintenance, is reliable, and requires minimal water or steam for operation. Thermal transfer mechanism.

出現長度為一吋之一部分至數呎之市售熱管，但無數百或數千呎 之熱管，且此為有原因的。如在以下實施方式章節中所解釋，熱管之基本態樣為其能夠使經冷凝之工作流體循環回熱管之熱區。彼能力非常難以用目前製造方法完成，因為a)目前HP中之毛細作用力將不能夠使液體抬升數百呎，且b)內部毛細作用之任何中斷亦將中斷內部轉移機制。因此，需要可製造以有效運行之長熱管。 Commercially available heat pipes of one to one length, but not hundreds or thousands of The heat pipe, and this is for a reason. As explained in the following section of the embodiment, the basic aspect of the heat pipe is its ability to circulate the condensed working fluid back to the hot zone of the heat pipe. This ability is very difficult to accomplish with current manufacturing methods because a) the capillary forces in HP will not lift the liquid by hundreds of turns, and b) any interruption of internal capillary action will also disrupt the internal transfer mechanism. Therefore, there is a need for a long heat pipe that can be manufactured to operate efficiently.

使用熱管、散播器熱管、熱虹吸管及脈動熱管之熱捕捉Heat capture using heat pipes, diffuser heat pipes, thermosiphons, and pulsating heat pipes

圖29為熱轉移裝置，例如一種熱管類型之示意圖。在圖29中，熱管(4)由三個主要部分組成：熱捕捉部分(4')、熱轉移部分(4")及熱釋放部分(4''')。熱轉移部分通常稱為「絕熱」部分，因為熱損失如此小以致其常被忽略，因此使用術語絕熱，但在絕熱過程中之熱損失從未真正為零。 Figure 29 is a schematic illustration of a heat transfer device, such as a heat pipe type. In Fig. 29, the heat pipe (4) is composed of three main portions: a heat trap portion (4'), a heat transfer portion (4"), and a heat release portion (4'''). The heat transfer portion is generally called "insulation". In part, because the heat loss is so small that it is often overlooked, the term adiabatic is used, but the heat loss during the adiabatic process is never really zero.

在此揭示本發明之實施例，在一些情況下呈例示性形式或參考一或多圖。然而，特定實施例之任何此類揭示內容僅為例示性的，且不指示本發明之全部範圍。 Embodiments of the invention are disclosed herein, in some instances in an illustrative form or with reference to one or more figures. However, any such disclosure of a particular embodiment is merely illustrative and does not indicate the full scope of the invention.

工業熱捕捉需要：(a)捕捉廢棄及/或低級熱(thermal/heat)能，諸如熱煙道氣，(b)冷卻多種工業及化學製程，諸如包括發熱反應之彼等製程，(c)控制某些化學或石化廠中之溫度，諸如在生產丙二醇期間控制200℃下環氧丙烷之氧化，(d)將熱捕捉用於很遠位置之傳遞，諸如用於增強型油回收(EOR)，及(e)自較難進入之位置捕捉熱，諸如開發地熱源。申請人藉助於展示本發明在多種應用中之廣泛範圍的實例綜述此等。 Industrial heat capture requires: (a) capture of waste and/or thermal/heat energy, such as hot flue gas, and (b) cooling of various industrial and chemical processes, such as those including exothermic reactions, (c) Controls the temperature in certain chemical or petrochemical plants, such as controlling the oxidation of propylene oxide at 200 ° C during the production of propylene glycol, and (d) using heat capture for transfer at very remote locations, such as for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) And (e) capturing heat from a location that is difficult to access, such as developing a geothermal source. Applicants summarize these by means of examples showing a wide range of the invention in various applications.

捕捉廢棄、低級及高級熱能Capture waste, low grade and advanced heat

此等工業應用通常涵蓋約60℃至可能高達250℃範圍內之溫度下的大量熱，其阻礙將此類能量用於其他熱消耗應用，諸如額外發電。產生大量低級熱之工業包括(但不限於)：(a)使用大量燃料且產生大量煙道氣之彼等工業，諸如發電廠，尤其燒煤廠、冶金及水泥廠，且其藉助於煙道或煙囪處置彼等煙道氣；(b)使用工業窖爐、煅燒爐或加工反應器之彼等功業，諸如石灰生產者、氧化鋁生產者、氧化鎂生產者， 及許多無機化學品產生者；(c)產生大量熱而無煙道氣之彼等功業，諸如核發電廠、壓縮器、功率變換器、耐火材料廠、玻璃製造廠或熱發電廠(其具有產生大量熱之冷凝器)。 Such industrial applications typically cover large amounts of heat at temperatures ranging from about 60 ° C to possibly up to 250 ° C, which hinder the use of such energy for other heat consuming applications, such as additional power generation. Industries that generate large amounts of low-grade heat include, but are not limited to: (a) industries that use large amounts of fuel and produce large amounts of flue gas, such as power plants, especially coal-fired plants, metallurgical and cement plants, and which rely on flue Or chimneys to dispose of their flue gases; (b) use industrial furnaces, calciners or process reactors such as lime producers, alumina producers, magnesium oxide producers, And many inorganic chemical producers; (c) other industries that generate large amounts of heat and smokeless gases, such as nuclear power plants, compressors, power converters, refractory plants, glass manufacturing plants or thermal power plants (which have a large Thermal condenser).

由於燃料燃燒構成大部分自工業產生之能量，因此自煙道氣捕捉熱變為許多工業之相關應用。選擇自燒煤發電廠之煙道氣回收熱來說明熱捕捉方法及機制。 Since fuel combustion constitutes most of the energy produced by industry, the heat from flue gas capture has become a relevant application in many industries. The flue gas recovery heat from the coal-fired power plant was chosen to illustrate the heat capture method and mechanism.

圖1展示自此類煙道氣回收熱之典型組態。在圖1中，典型煙道氣管道(52)之截面為量測為約20×30呎之矩形截面。多個熱管(4)穿過煙道氣(52)之部分。熱管與煙道氣接觸，其在300℉至450℉之溫度下，且捕捉氣體中一部分可利用之熱。捕捉僅一部分可利用之熱為此特定應用中之重要特徵，因為不可使煙道氣之溫度過度下降。此類下降將削弱煙道氣最終流動穿過處置煙囪。捕捉熱之熱管(4)連接至較大且較複雜熱管(58)。此熱管具有較大直徑及因此具有更大容量用於轉移大量熱。或者，一者可使用長距離更有效之不同芯結構。較大直徑熱管(58)將捕捉之熱轉移至另一位置，在此位置將此類熱饋入一組較小直徑熱管(4)中，該等較小直徑熱管又將此類熱轉移至需要熱之加工容器(53)，諸如水純化系統之熱輸入部分。因此，熱捕捉之重要功能涉及使用可自煙道氣轉移熱且將其轉移至離原始煙道氣熱源一定距離之其他製程的熱管。 Figure 1 shows a typical configuration for recovering heat from such flue gases. In Figure 1, the cross section of a typical flue gas duct (52) is a rectangular cross section measuring about 20 x 30 inches. A plurality of heat pipes (4) pass through portions of the flue gas (52). The heat pipe is in contact with the flue gas at temperatures between 300 °F and 450 °F and captures some of the heat available in the gas. Capturing only a portion of the available heat is an important feature in this particular application because the temperature of the flue gas cannot be excessively reduced. Such a decline will weaken the final flow of flue gas through the disposal chimney. The hot heat pipe (4) is connected to a larger and more complex heat pipe (58). This heat pipe has a larger diameter and therefore has a larger capacity for transferring a large amount of heat. Alternatively, one can use different core structures that are more effective over long distances. The larger diameter heat pipe (58) transfers the captured heat to another location where it is fed into a set of smaller diameter heat pipes (4) which in turn transfer such heat to A hot processing vessel (53) is required, such as a heat input portion of a water purification system. Therefore, an important function of heat capture involves the use of heat pipes that transfer heat from the flue gas and transfer it to other processes at a distance from the original flue gas heat source.

圖2展示用於將熱捕捉裝置***管道系統中之視情況選用之組態。如圖2中所示，熱捕捉裝置(4)(例如習知熱管、熱虹吸管、擴散熱管或脈動熱管)如圖2(a)中所示垂直地或如圖2(b)中所示水平地部分***煙道氣管道(52)之截面中。在較佳組態中，與煙道氣流動方向共線性地置放熱管以使阻力及因此煙道氣中之壓降及HP之潛在消蝕最小。視情況，熱管可在垂直與水平方向之間或以中間***角度交替。此外，熱管可彼此相鄰或錯開置放以使擾動及壓降及邊界層厚度最 小，以便使自大部分氣體至熱管表面之熱轉移最大。 Figure 2 shows an optional configuration for inserting a heat capture device into a piping system. As shown in Figure 2, the heat capture device (4) (such as a conventional heat pipe, thermosiphon, diffusion heat pipe or pulsating heat pipe) is shown vertically as shown in Figure 2 (a) or as shown in Figure 2 (b) The ground portion is inserted into the cross section of the flue gas duct (52). In a preferred configuration, the heat pipe is placed co-linearly with the direction of flow of the flue gas to minimize drag and therefore pressure drop in the flue gas and potential erosion of HP. Optionally, the heat pipes may alternate between vertical and horizontal directions or at intermediate insertion angles. In addition, the heat pipes can be placed next to each other or staggered to maximize the disturbance and pressure drop and the thickness of the boundary layer. Small to maximize heat transfer from most gases to the surface of the heat pipe.

圖3展示可用於使流體流動阻力最小化之另一熱管特徵：熱管之熱效能獨立於熱管之截面形狀，亦即熱轉移主要視熱管之截面積及表面積而定，而非基於截面是否為環形、矩形或另一形狀，只要氣體邊界層之厚度及停留時間類似即可。圖3展示煙道氣管道(52)之截面，其中一系列熱管(4)之截面形狀經空氣動力學設計以使阻力、邊界層厚度最小且接觸時間最大。因此，主要熱管(4)具有與列中最後之熱管(4')不同之截面。 Figure 3 shows another heat pipe feature that can be used to minimize fluid flow resistance: the thermal efficiency of the heat pipe is independent of the cross-sectional shape of the heat pipe, that is, the heat transfer is mainly determined by the cross-sectional area and surface area of the heat pipe, not based on whether the cross-section is a ring. , rectangular or another shape, as long as the thickness and residence time of the gas boundary layer are similar. Figure 3 shows a section of a flue gas duct (52) in which the cross-sectional shape of a series of heat pipes (4) is aerodynamically designed to minimize drag, boundary layer thickness and maximum contact time. Therefore, the main heat pipe (4) has a different cross section than the last heat pipe (4') in the column.

圖4展示使流體流動中之阻力最小之另一方法。在圖4中，熱管(4)以相對於煙道氣流動方向之角度***。通常，阻力及消蝕在此角度為自流動方向約30°時最小，但視管道系統之組態而定其他角度可為較佳的。 Figure 4 shows another method of minimizing the resistance in fluid flow. In Figure 4, the heat pipe (4) is inserted at an angle relative to the direction of flow of the flue gas. Generally, the resistance and erosion are minimal at this angle from about 30° from the flow direction, but other angles may be preferred depending on the configuration of the piping system.

通常在燒煤發電廠中，燃燒氣體首先藉助於氨或胺進行催化反硝化，接著藉由在袋濾室中過濾或靜電沈澱減少煙道氣中之灰。隨後，煙道氣藉助於煙道傳送至提高壓力之風扇中隨後進行煙道氣脫硫(FGD)。FGD後，煙道氣藉助於煙道或煙囪排至大氣，其為低級熱之潛在捕捉之另一點。圖5展示自燒煤發電廠中之管道系統直接捕捉熱之替代性組態，亦即在袋濾室(66)處捕捉熱。在圖5中，熱管(4)置放於袋濾室(66)之過濾器(乾淨側)內以使熱管上之灰沈積最少。煙道氣之流動與熱管內流體之流動將為平行且同時的。熱氣體將接觸熱管且在熱管底部捕捉之熱將迅速轉移至袋濾室區外部，其將引發煙道氣之冷卻。過濾袋中流動之總壓降將與袋內自由截面積之倒數成比例。對於10cm直徑陶瓷過濾器內之1cm直徑熱管，歸因於熱管之額外壓降將為：10²/(10²-1²)-1或大致1%額外壓降。若一個位置有6個熱管，則此處仍具有10²/(10²-6 x 1²)-1或大致6%壓降之提高，其在煙道氣系統波動之容限內。將藉由濾袋之尺寸及所要待回收之熱部分測定熱管之數 目、分佈及直徑。 Typically in a coal fired power plant, the combustion gases are first subjected to catalytic denitrification by means of ammonia or an amine, followed by reduction of ash in the flue gas by filtration or electrostatic precipitation in a baghouse. Subsequently, the flue gas is transferred to the fan of increased pressure by means of the flue, followed by flue gas desulfurization (FGD). After FGD, the flue gas is vented to the atmosphere by means of a flue or chimney, which is another point of potential capture of low-grade heat. Figure 5 shows an alternative configuration for direct capture of heat from a piping system in a coal-fired power plant, i.e., capturing heat at the baghouse (66). In Figure 5, the heat pipe (4) is placed in the filter (clean side) of the baghouse (66) to minimize ash deposition on the heat pipe. The flow of flue gas and the flow of fluid within the heat pipe will be parallel and simultaneous. The hot gas will contact the heat pipe and the heat trapped at the bottom of the heat pipe will quickly transfer to the outside of the baghouse zone, which will initiate cooling of the flue gas. The total pressure drop flowing in the filter bag will be proportional to the reciprocal of the free cross-sectional area within the bag. For a 1 cm diameter heat pipe in a 10 cm diameter ceramic filter, the additional pressure drop due to the heat pipe would be: 10 ² /(10 ² -1 ² )-1 or approximately 1% additional pressure drop. If there are 6 heat pipes in one location, there is still an increase in pressure of 10 ² /(10 ² -6 x 1 ² )-1 or approximately 6%, which is within the tolerance of the fluctuation of the flue gas system. The number, distribution and diameter of the heat pipes will be determined by the size of the filter bag and the hot portion to be recovered.

圖6展示自燒煤發電廠中之管道系統直接捕捉熱之另一視情況選用之組態，亦即在靜電集塵器(67)處捕捉熱。靜電集塵器系統經設計以具有與煙道氣接觸之最大區以能夠以最小壓降控制大部分粒子流動。因此，接觸氣固接觸已經良好。較佳組態為使帶孔板(參見圖6)成為熱管。該等板已經具有與外部電力供電系統之連接，因此跨頂部之連接亦可用作熱轉移導管，即HP本身。圖6展示提出之靜電集塵器中之組態。由於不考慮煙道氣流動之變化，因此此特定組態中之壓降將為靜電集塵器之壓降而無任何其他提高。 Figure 6 shows another configuration that is used to directly capture heat from a piping system in a coal-fired power plant, that is, to capture heat at an electrostatic precipitator (67). The electrostatic precipitator system is designed to have a maximum zone in contact with the flue gas to control most of the particle flow with minimal pressure drop. Therefore, the contact gas-solid contact is already good. It is preferably configured to make the perforated plate (see Figure 6) a heat pipe. These boards already have connections to an external power supply system, so the connection across the top can also be used as a heat transfer conduit, ie HP itself. Figure 6 shows the configuration in the proposed electrostatic precipitator. Since the change in flue gas flow is not considered, the pressure drop in this particular configuration will be the pressure drop of the electrostatic precipitator without any other increase.

此等最後兩種組態(在袋濾室處或在靜電集塵器處捕捉熱)之益處為雙重的：首先，熱以比煙道氣管道中略高之溫度捕捉因此改良熱效率，且其次，此等製程單元中之每一者可用於執行雙重功能，即其原始功能及額外之熱捕捉功能。亦注意，由於使用HP，靜電集塵器將保持比習知模式更低之溫度且因此其將吸引由熱泳力驅動之較多及甚至較精細粒子，由此進一步強化過濾作用。 The benefits of these last two configurations (capturing heat at the baghouse or at the electrostatic precipitator) are twofold: first, heat is captured at a slightly higher temperature than in the flue gas duct, thus improving thermal efficiency, and secondly, Each of these process units can be used to perform dual functions, namely its original function and additional thermal capture capabilities. It is also noted that due to the use of HP, the electrostatic precipitator will maintain a lower temperature than the conventional mode and therefore it will attract more and even finer particles driven by thermophoretic forces, thereby further enhancing the filtration.

間歇性地產生大量熱之工業操作構成特殊情況。彼等操作在此類工業中係作為利用氧轉換器之一貫作業鋼廠、使用電爐之二級鋼廠及生產金屬(如銅、鉛、矽或鈦)之非鐵廠發生。此等廠中之製程均在極高溫度下但不一定連續地產生大量熱。捕捉此類型間歇性地產生之熱類似於上文所述之先前實例，但轉移及釋放此類熱呈現在連續熱源中未發現之限制。一個選擇為捕捉熱用於亦間歇性地操作之應用中。另一選擇為將間歇熱儲存於填充有熱流體(用於中至低溫之DowTherm®或等效物，用於較高溫度之熔融鹽或共熔物)之獨立容器、或高級熱儲存系統，諸如2011年1月12日申請之「Heat Transfer Interphase」(其具有2010年1月12日之優先權日且具有國際申請案編號PCT/US2011/021007，並受讓給Sylvan Source,Inc，其以全文引用之方 式併入本文中)中。 Industrial operations that generate large amounts of heat intermittently constitute a special case. These operations occur in such industries as a consistent steel mill utilizing oxygen converters, a secondary steel mill using electric furnaces, and a non-ferrous plant producing metals such as copper, lead, tantalum or titanium. Processes in these plants produce large amounts of heat at very high temperatures but not necessarily continuously. Capturing this type of intermittently generated heat is similar to the previous examples described above, but transferring and releasing such heat presents a limit not found in continuous heat sources. One option is to capture heat for use in applications that also operate intermittently. Another option is to store intermittent heat in a separate vessel, or an advanced thermal storage system, filled with a hot fluid (DowTherm® or equivalent for medium to low temperatures, for higher temperature molten salts or eutectics), For example, "Heat Transfer Interphase" filed on January 12, 2011 (which has the priority date of January 12, 2010 and has the international application number PCT/US2011/021007, and is assigned to Sylvan Source, Inc. Full text reference The formula is incorporated herein.

因此，顯而易見存在雙重工業需求：(a)需要跨長距離(包括垂直距離)捕捉、轉移及釋放熱能之新穎熱管，及(b)需要儲存來自間歇性高溫源之熱能。此類雙重特徵之組合開啟原本不可能之多種工業應用。 Therefore, there are clearly two industrial needs: (a) novel heat pipes that need to capture, transfer, and release thermal energy over long distances (including vertical distances), and (b) the need to store thermal energy from intermittent high temperature sources. This combination of dual features opens up many industrial applications that were not possible.

圖7展示自通常用於一貫作業鋼廠以及銅及鉛廠中之氧轉換器捕捉熱。在圖7中，氧鋼轉換器(71)含有經碳飽和之熔融鐵(72)且經熔渣薄層(73)覆蓋。氧氣藉助於氧槍(74)吹至熔融鐵中持續約20至30分鐘之時段，且在此操作期間，大量含有CO及CO₂之燃燒氣體(75)在極高溫度(高於1,500℃)下放出。藉由罩(76)在轉換器上收集此類燃燒氣體(75)且藉由金屬管道(77)運送走。擴大管道以適合多個熱管(4)，其捕捉一部分熱且將其轉移至填充有熱流體之儲存槽(54)，該熱流體可包括在彼等溫度下穩定之熔融鹽或共熔。用於彼等熔融鹽及共熔之適合組合物描述於2013年5月29日發佈之南非專利第2012/05975號中。 Figure 7 shows the capture heat from oxygen converters commonly used in steel mills and copper and lead plants. In Figure 7, the oxygen steel converter (71) contains carbon-saturated molten iron (72) and is covered by a slag layer (73). Oxygen is blown into the molten iron by means of an lance (74) for a period of about 20 to 30 minutes, and during this operation, a large amount of combustion gas (75) containing CO and CO ₂ is at a very high temperature (above 1,500 ° C). Released below. Such combustion gases (75) are collected on the converter by a hood (76) and carried away by metal conduits (77). The conduit is enlarged to accommodate a plurality of heat pipes (4) that capture a portion of the heat and transfer it to a storage tank (54) filled with a hot fluid, which may include molten salts or eutectic that are stable at their temperatures. Suitable compositions for their molten salts and eutectic are described in South African Patent No. 2012/05975, issued May 29, 2013.

圖8展示熱儲存之另一實例，但其適用於連續產熱。圖8展示自發電廠之管道系統(52)捕捉熱且將其轉移至儲存容器(54)中的視情況選用之組態，該儲存容器允許僅藉由開口閥(56)中斷熱轉移，由此使熱儲存槽排至較低容器(55)中。當熱流體在較低容器中時，不再自管道系統捕捉熱。儲存熱流體直至再次需要捕捉更多熱，此時泵(57)激活且熱流體向上泵送至容器(54)且再次使其與熱管(4)接觸。此外，熱流體槽(54)允許大直徑熱管(58)捕捉熱流體之熱，因此其可轉移走用於潛在用途，諸如水中之純化。 Figure 8 shows another example of thermal storage, but it is suitable for continuous heat production. Figure 8 shows an optional configuration for capturing heat from a power plant piping system (52) and transferring it to a storage vessel (54) that allows thermal transfer to be interrupted only by the open valve (56), thereby The hot storage tank is drained into the lower vessel (55). When the hot fluid is in a lower vessel, heat is no longer captured from the piping system. The hot fluid is stored until more heat needs to be captured again, at which point the pump (57) is activated and the hot fluid is pumped up to the vessel (54) and again brought into contact with the heat pipe (4). In addition, the hot fluid tank (54) allows the large diameter heat pipe (58) to capture the heat of the hot fluid so it can be diverted for potential use, such as purification in water.

工業及化學品製程之冷卻Industrial and chemical process cooling

眾多工業應用需要捕捉熱作為冷卻及製冷之方式。此類工業包括(但不限於)製冰、釀造、地下採礦、紙漿及紙張製造、食物加工、飲料生產、在生物燃料生產期間脫水及化學及石化反應之冷卻，僅舉幾例，該等反應諸如在乙酸纖維素、硝基苯、聚乙烯-氯樹脂、二硫化碳、 異丙苯(來自用丙烯進行苯之烷化)、乙醇(來自乙烯之水合)、甲醛(來自使用發熱反應器之甲醇)、苯酚(來自異丙苯過氧化)及丙二醇(藉由在200℃下進行環氧丙烷之水合)、丙烯酸系樹脂(來自甲基丙烯酸甲酯之催化性氧化)、芳族酮聚合物(來自縮合聚合反應)、共聚酯-醚彈性體及聚縮醛樹脂之生產中放熱。 Many industrial applications require the capture of heat as a means of cooling and cooling. Such industries include, but are not limited to, ice making, brewing, underground mining, pulp and paper manufacturing, food processing, beverage production, dehydration during biofuel production, and cooling of chemical and petrochemical reactions, to name a few. Such as in cellulose acetate, nitrobenzene, polyethylene-chlorine resin, carbon disulfide, Cumene (from alkylation of benzene with propylene), ethanol (hydration from ethylene), formaldehyde (from methanol using a pyrolysis reactor), phenol (from cumene peroxide) and propylene glycol (by 200 ° C) Hydration of propylene oxide), acrylic resin (catalytic oxidation from methyl methacrylate), aromatic ketone polymer (from condensation polymerization), copolyester-ether elastomer and polyacetal resin Exothermic during production.

許多工業冷卻操作採用雙壁反應器，其中外部容器含有諸如水或熱流體之循環冷卻劑，其自內部反應器吸收掉餘熱，由此防止放熱操作反應失控。圖9展示用於冷卻之典型雙壁反應器，且儘管實例涵蓋將鋁礬土浸入鋁酸鈉中作為製造氧化鋁之第一步，但其亦可涵蓋許多用於冷卻工業製程之雙壁反應器。在圖9中，呈現兩種替代性組態。圖9(a)展示習知雙壁反應器，其中外部容器(64)填充有熱冷卻流體(通常水)，且包圍用苛性鹼(NaOH)浸漬鋁礬土之內部反應器(63)。反應器頂部(65)封閉反應器且保持壓力及溫度。藉由泵(57)使熱流體保持循環，同時熱管(4)將熱傳導離開熱流體用於別處之可能性用途。 Many industrial cooling operations employ a double wall reactor in which the outer vessel contains a circulating coolant such as water or a hot fluid that absorbs residual heat from the internal reactor, thereby preventing the exothermic operation from being out of control. Figure 9 shows a typical double wall reactor for cooling, and although the examples cover the incorporation of bauxite into sodium aluminate as a first step in the manufacture of alumina, it can also cover many double wall reactions for cooling industrial processes. Device. In Figure 9, two alternative configurations are presented. Figure 9 (a) shows a conventional double wall reactor in which the outer vessel (64) is filled with a hot cooling fluid (typically water) and surrounds an internal reactor (63) impregnated with caustic (NaOH). The top of the reactor (65) encloses the reactor and maintains pressure and temperature. The hot fluid is kept in circulation by the pump (57) while the heat pipe (4) conducts heat away from the hot fluid for other possible uses.

圖9(b)展示一替代性實施例，其中外部容器由在其整個內表面積中含有毛細芯(12)之圓柱形熱管(4)替代，由此加速捕捉熱且將其傳輸出反應器。此類型複雜熱管(58)在後續段落中討論。在冷卻應用中，熱管之工作流體不必為水或水流體，但可為產低溫流體，諸如氨及其類似物。其他在冷卻及製冷應用中捕捉熱之替代性組態涵蓋於2013年5月29日發佈之南非專利第2012/05975號中，其以完全引用之方式併入本文中。 Figure 9(b) shows an alternative embodiment in which the outer container is replaced by a cylindrical heat pipe (4) containing a capillary core (12) throughout its inner surface area, thereby accelerating the capture of heat and transporting it out of the reactor. This type of complex heat pipe (58) is discussed in subsequent paragraphs. In cooling applications, the working fluid of the heat pipe need not be water or a water fluid, but may be a cryogenic fluid such as ammonia and the like. Other alternative configurations for capturing heat in cooling and cooling applications are described in South African Patent No. 2012/05975, issued May 29, 2013, which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

冷卻塔一般用於冷卻熱發電廠中之餘熱且通常在整個化學及石化工業中採用。冷卻塔藉由蒸發消散熱且因此實質上造成工業操作中之水損失。熱管可因其在捕捉、轉移及釋放熱中之優良效能用於擴增及替代冷卻塔。因此，熱管可在其進入冷卻塔之前自流體(氣體或液體)捕捉熱，由此擴增冷卻塔之容量且若捕捉到足夠熱，則冷卻塔可完全 去除。 Cooling towers are typically used to cool the waste heat from thermal power plants and are typically used throughout the chemical and petrochemical industries. The cooling tower dissipates heat by evaporation and thus substantially causes water loss in industrial operations. Heat pipes can be used to amplify and replace cooling towers due to their superior performance in capturing, transferring and releasing heat. Thus, the heat pipe can capture heat from the fluid (gas or liquid) before it enters the cooling tower, thereby amplifying the capacity of the cooling tower and if sufficient heat is captured, the cooling tower can be completely Remove.

控制化學或石化廠中之溫度Control the temperature in a chemical or petrochemical plant

許多化學及石化工業需要精確控制操作溫度。在本發明中，控制溫度之方式類似於在上圖9中考慮之彼等者，其中冷卻在雙壁反應器中進行。需要密切溫度控制之工業包括(但不限於)乙醛(來自乙烯之氧化)、乙酸(來自甲醇之羰基化)、丙酮(來自異丙醇之催化脫氫)、丙烯酸(來自丙烯氧化)、丙烯腈(來自丙烯之氨氧化)、己二酸(來自環己烷氧化)、塑化劑醇類(來自烯烴之氫甲醯化)、烷基胺(來自醇/氨反應)、苯(來自甲苯之加氫脫烷)、1-4丁二醇(來自乙炔/甲醛反應)、二硫化碳(來自天然氣及硫之反應)、碳纖維、羧甲基纖維素(CMC)、乙酸纖維素及三醋酸纖維、氯化異氰尿酸酯(來自脲熱解)、C2氯化溶劑(來自二氯化乙烯之氯化)、氯化甲烷、異丙苯(來自用丙烯進行苯之烷化)、環己烷(來自用氫氣進行苯之氫化)、二異氰酸酯及聚異氰酸酯(來自一級胺之光氣化)、乙醇(來自乙烯之水合)、乙苯(來自藉由乙烯進行苯之烷化)、二氯化乙烯(來自使乙烯與氧及氯化氫反應)、環氧乙烷(來自乙烯之氧化)、甲醛(來自使用放熱反應器之甲醇)、氰化氫、異丙醇(來自用過熱蒸汽進行丙烯之水合)、乙烯酮/二乙烯酮(來自乙酸之氣相裂化)、直鏈烷化物磺酸鹽(來自用發煙硫酸或含三氧化硫之硫酸進行直鏈烷基苯之磺化反應)、直鏈α烯烴(來自乙烯低聚合)、順丁烯二酸酐(來自碳氫化合物之氣相氧化)、甲醇(來自合成天然氣及二氧化碳)、甲基乙基酮(來自二級丁基醇之催化脫氫)、苯酚(來自異丙苯過氧化)、光氣(藉由使無水氯氣與一氧化碳反應)、鄰苯二甲酸酐(藉由使二甲苯與氧)反應、聚酯纖維、聚酯多元醇(藉由二醇與羧酸或酸衍生物之縮合)、聚乙烯、用於胺基甲酸酯之聚乙二醇、聚醯亞胺、丙二醇(藉由在200℃下進行環氧丙烷之水合)、環氧丙烷(來自氯乙醇或過氧化)、吡啶及吡啶鹼(藉由使乙醛(通常含甲醇或甲醛)與氨反應)、山梨醇(藉由在高壓 釜中進行葡糖之高壓催化氫化)、對苯二甲酸及對苯二甲酸二甲酯、脲、丙烯酸彈性體、丙烯酸系樹脂(來自甲基丙烯酸甲酯之催化性氧化)、胺基樹脂(來自醛與胺基之反應)、芳族酮聚合物(來自縮合聚合反應)、氟聚合物(來自使四氟乙烯與酸及界面活性劑)反應、共聚酯-醚彈性體、耐綸樹脂、聚醯胺樹脂、聚縮醛樹脂、聚碳酸酯樹脂、PBT樹脂(來自雙(4-羥丁基)-對苯二甲酸酯-BHBT)、PET聚合物(藉由乙二醇與對苯二甲酸二甲酯或對苯二甲酸之聚縮合)、不飽和聚酯樹脂及聚苯乙烯樹脂(使用用引發劑及熱進行的苯乙烯之自由基聚合)。 Many chemical and petrochemical industries require precise control of operating temperatures. In the present invention, the manner of controlling the temperature is similar to those considered in the above Figure 9, wherein the cooling is carried out in a double-walled reactor. Industries that require close temperature control include, but are not limited to, acetaldehyde (oxidation from ethylene), acetic acid (carbonylation from methanol), acetone (catalytic dehydrogenation from isopropanol), acrylic acid (from propylene oxide), propylene Nitrile (ammonia oxidation from propylene), adipic acid (from cyclohexane oxidation), plasticizer alcohols (hydrocarbylation from olefins), alkylamines (from alcohol/ammonia reaction), benzene (from toluene) Hydrodealkylation), 1-4 butanediol (from acetylene/formaldehyde reaction), carbon disulfide (from natural gas and sulfur), carbon fiber, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), cellulose acetate and triacetate, Chlorinated isocyanurate (from urea pyrolysis), C2 chlorinated solvent (chlorinated from ethylene dichloride), methyl chloride, cumene (from the alkylation of benzene with propylene), cyclohexane (from hydrogenation of benzene with hydrogen), diisocyanate and polyisocyanate (phosgenation from primary amine), ethanol (hydration from ethylene), ethylbenzene (from alkylation of benzene by ethylene), dichlorination Ethylene (from reacting ethylene with oxygen and hydrogen chloride), ethylene oxide (oxidation from ethylene), formaldehyde (from Methanol with exothermic reactor), hydrogen cyanide, isopropanol (from hydration of propylene with superheated steam), ketene/diketene (gas phase cracking from acetic acid), linear alkyl sulfonate (from Sulfonation of linear alkylbenzenes with fuming sulfuric acid or sulfuric acid containing sulfur trioxide), linear alpha olefins (from ethylene oligomerization), maleic anhydride (gas phase oxidation from hydrocarbons), Methanol (from synthetic natural gas and carbon dioxide), methyl ethyl ketone (catalytic dehydrogenation from secondary butyl alcohol), phenol (from cumene peroxidation), phosgene (by reacting anhydrous chlorine with carbon monoxide), Phthalic anhydride (by reacting xylene with oxygen), polyester fibers, polyester polyols (by condensation of diols with carboxylic acids or acid derivatives), polyethylene, for urethanes Polyethylene glycol, polyimine, propylene glycol (by propylene oxide at 200 ° C), propylene oxide (from chlorohydrin or peroxidation), pyridine and pyridine base (by acetaldehyde ( Usually contains methanol or formaldehyde) reacted with ammonia), sorbitol (by high pressure) High-pressure catalytic hydrogenation of glucose in the kettle), terephthalic acid and dimethyl terephthalate, urea, acrylic elastomer, acrylic resin (catalytic oxidation from methyl methacrylate), amine resin ( Reaction from aldehyde to amine group), aromatic ketone polymer (from condensation polymerization), fluoropolymer (from tetrafluoroethylene with acid and surfactant), copolyester-ether elastomer, nylon resin , polyamide resin, polyacetal resin, polycarbonate resin, PBT resin (from bis(4-hydroxybutyl)-terephthalate-BHBT), PET polymer (by ethylene glycol and pair Polycondensation of dimethyl phthalate or terephthalic acid), unsaturated polyester resin and polystyrene resin (radical polymerization of styrene using an initiator and heat).

將熱捕捉用於很遠位置之傳遞Use heat capture for transmission at very far locations

本發明之實施例包括無需水、CO₂或蒸汽注入而加熱諸如油沈積物之地下地質學層(例如增強型油回收-EOR)之系統、方法及設備。較佳實施例提供廣泛範圍之熱管，其在120℃與1,300℃或高於1,300℃之溫度範圍內運行，且其提供在數小時、數天或數月內不受使用者干預在類似於彼範圍之溫度下完全自動之熱回收。舉例而言，本文所揭示之系統可在無使用者控制或干預之情況下運行1、2、4、6、8個月或更長時間。在較佳實施例中，系統可自動運行1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8年或8年以上。 Embodiments of the present invention need not include water, CO ₂ or steam injection for heating subterranean geology of the sediment layer such as an oil (such as enhanced oil recovery EOR) of systems, methods and apparatus. The preferred embodiment provides a wide range of heat pipes that operate at temperatures between 120 ° C and 1,300 ° C or above 1,300 ° C and which provide for user intervention in a few hours, days or months. Fully automatic heat recovery at range temperatures. For example, the systems disclosed herein can operate for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8 months or longer without user control or intervention. In a preferred embodiment, the system can automatically operate for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more years.

圖10展示將熱管用於EOR之目的。在圖10中，假設地表位點(1)具有已經就位或特定對熱管鑽孔之鑽孔(3)，及自地表達至油層(2)之熱管(4)。在操作期間，將熱提供至熱管頂部。熱管有效地將此類熱自其頂部直接轉移至與油層接觸之其底部。由於沈積油層可位於很深之深度，因此熱管(4)必須足夠長以使其達至層中。因此，待解決之重要問題為如何設計及製造此類HP及如何將極長管道***垂直或傾斜鑽孔中，而不過度彎曲管道且因此損壞管道。 Figure 10 shows the purpose of using a heat pipe for EOR. In Fig. 10, it is assumed that the surface site ( 1 ) has a borehole ( 3 ) that has been in place or specifically drilled into the heat pipe, and a heat pipe ( 4 ) that is self-exposed to the oil layer ( 2 ). Heat is supplied to the top of the heat pipe during operation. The heat pipe effectively transfers such heat from its top directly to its bottom in contact with the oil layer. Since the deposited oil layer can be located at a deep depth, the heat pipe ( 4 ) must be long enough to reach the layer. Therefore, the important issue to be solved is how to design and manufacture such HP and how to insert extremely long pipes into vertical or inclined boreholes without excessively bending the pipe and thus damaging the pipe.

圖11描述將長熱管放入鑽孔中之一個可能性方法。在圖11中，沿管道(4)之長度在適合間隔處使用多個浮力氣球(5)以中和其重量且因 此防止其在抬起其端部之一時彎曲。可用直升機(6)或類似空中系統(例如無人駕駛飛機)完成實際抬起。一旦熱管對準鑽孔(3)，其中性重量使其易於將其降低至位置中，逐漸自管道(4)移除個別抬起裝置(5)直至管道達至油層(2)。 Figure 11 depicts one possible method of placing a long heat pipe into a borehole. In Figure 11, a plurality of buoyancy balloons ( 5 ) are used along the length of the conduit ( 4 ) at suitable intervals to neutralize their weight and thus prevent them from bending when one of their ends is raised. The actual lifting can be done with a helicopter ( 6 ) or similar air system (such as a drone). Once the heat pipe is aligned with the bore ( 3 ), its neutral weight makes it easy to lower it into position, gradually removing the individual lifts ( 5 ) from the pipe ( 4 ) until the pipe reaches the oil layer ( 2 ).

圖12展示將熱管放於鑽孔下之一替代性實施例。在圖11中，熱管4圍繞環形輪25捲繞，其具有足夠半徑以使管道曲率最小且因此防止其內部機制受損。在旋轉輪時，接著使熱管降低至鑽孔3中。 Figure 12 shows an alternative embodiment of placing a heat pipe under a borehole. In Fig. 11, the heat pipe 4 is wound around the annular wheel 25 , which has a sufficient radius to minimize the curvature of the pipe and thus prevent damage to its internal mechanism. When the wheel is rotated, the heat pipe is then lowered into the borehole 3 .

一旦就位，熱管即準備好不需要泵、外部再循環迴路或其他機制而直接將熱自地表轉移至油層。熱可藉由燃料(例如天然氣、油)之直接燃燒、藉由經由太陽能集中器或拋物線形槽之太陽能加熱、電力、地熱源、蒸汽、高溫下之廢熱或任何其他類型能量源提供至地表上之管道上部。由於熱管擅長在接近聲速之速率下進行軸熱轉移，因此自地表源吸收之熱迅速達至釋放此類熱之油層。 Once in place, the heat pipe is ready to transfer heat from the surface to the reservoir directly without the need for a pump, external recirculation loop, or other mechanism. Heat can be supplied to the surface by direct combustion of fuel (such as natural gas, oil), by solar heating via solar concentrators or parabolic troughs, electricity, geothermal sources, steam, waste heat at high temperatures, or any other type of energy source. The upper part of the pipe. Since the heat pipe excels at axial heat transfer at a rate close to the speed of sound, the heat absorbed from the surface source quickly reaches the layer that releases such heat.

一視情況選用之組態需要使用如上文段落中所述之熱管以及蒸汽注入。此允許蒸汽在整個熱管長度中維持高溫，由此使壁熱損失最小，同時促進熱轉移且在熱管底部傳遞更高溫度之熱。此外，蒸汽冷凝在油層提供促進流動之液體水。當需要額外熱轉移時或當EOR之鑽井洞數目受限時，可證明此類型組態有用。 The configuration chosen as the case requires the use of a heat pipe as described in the paragraph above and steam injection. This allows the steam to maintain a high temperature throughout the length of the heat pipe, thereby minimizing wall heat loss while promoting heat transfer and delivering higher temperature heat at the bottom of the heat pipe. In addition, steam condenses in the oil layer to provide liquid water that promotes flow. This type of configuration can be proven useful when additional heat transfer is required or when the number of EOR drill holes is limited.

將熱捕捉用於地熱區域中之傳遞Use heat capture for transfer in geothermal areas

在其他應用中(諸如自地熱區域回收熱)，較佳實施例包括熱管、熱虹吸管、環狀熱管或脈動熱管，其在250℃與1,300℃溫度範圍內運行，且其提供在數小時、數天或數月內不受使用者干預在類似於彼範圍之溫度下完全自動之熱回收。 In other applications, such as recovering heat from a geothermal region, preferred embodiments include a heat pipe, a thermosiphon, a looped heat pipe, or a pulsating heat pipe that operates at a temperature range of 250 ° C and 1,300 ° C and is provided in hours, numbers Fully automatic heat recovery at temperatures similar to those of the range without user intervention for days or months.

圖13展示自地熱區域抽取熱之兩個實施例選項。地熱源通常自深層岩漿(27)(在圖13中未按比例繪製)導出熱能量，其加熱可具有大量水分或實質上乾燥之地熱層(26)。圖13(a)假設濕潤地熱層，因此鑽孔 (3)中之液體水可直接將熱轉移至熱管、脈動熱管或熱虹吸管(4)。如後續段落中所說明，熱管、熱虹吸管或脈動熱管(4)提供將熱自地熱層(26)轉移至地表之高效機制，其中此類熱可在類似於深層存在之溫度的溫度下回收且無需熱交換器或水處理而直接利用。 Figure 13 shows two embodiment options for extracting heat from the geothermal region. The geothermal source typically derives thermal energy from the deep magma (27) (not drawn to scale in Figure 13), which may be heated to have a substantial amount of moisture or a substantially dry geothermal layer (26) . Figure 13 (a) assumes a moist geothermal layer so that the liquid water in the bore (3) can transfer heat directly to the heat pipe, pulsating heat pipe or thermosiphon (4) . As explained in the following paragraphs, the heat pipe, thermosiphon or pulsating heat pipe (4) provides an efficient mechanism for transferring heat from the geothermal layer (26) to the surface, where such heat can be recovered at temperatures similar to the temperatures at which deep layers are present and It can be used directly without heat exchanger or water treatment.

圖13(b)展示在地質層極密或具有低孔隙率或滲透率或不具有足夠水分以幫助深層之熱傳導時進行熱回收之一替代性實施例。在彼等情況下，鑽孔(3)之底部在底部(28)擴大以提供更大表面積用於熱傳導。為進一步提高熱傳導，用水(29)或其他高熱導率流體可部分地填充孔之此底部。此外，為保持地熱區域中之高溫，宜用閥(30)封蓋鑽孔之頂部，以便維持地熱深層處存在之壓力及溫度，由此使熱管、脈動熱管或熱虹吸管(4)在最高可能性溫度下將熱轉移至地表。 Figure 13 (b) shows an alternative embodiment of heat recovery when the geological layer is extremely dense or has low porosity or permeability or does not have sufficient moisture to aid in the thermal conduction of the deep layer. In these cases, the bottom of the bore (3) is enlarged at the bottom (28) to provide a larger surface area for heat transfer. To further increase heat transfer, the bottom of the pores can be partially filled with water (29) or other high thermal conductivity fluid. In addition, in order to maintain the high temperature in the geothermal area, it is advisable to cover the top of the borehole with a valve (30) in order to maintain the pressure and temperature present in the deep geothermal zone, thereby making the heat pipe, pulsating heat pipe or thermosiphon (4) at the highest possible level. Heat is transferred to the surface at the temperature.

自工業源轉移熱之描述Description of heat transfer from industrial sources

其他實施例自工廠捕捉熱且將其轉移至可在數十至數百至數千呎之距離處使用彼熱之位點。此等系統可在80℃與1,300℃溫度範圍內運行且提供在數小時、數天或數月內不受使用者干預在類似於彼範圍之溫度下完全自動之熱回收。 Other embodiments capture heat from the factory and transfer it to a site where the heat can be used at distances of tens to hundreds to thousands of miles. These systems can operate at temperatures between 80 ° C and 1,300 ° C and provide fully automated heat recovery over a period of hours, days or months without user intervention at temperatures similar to those of the range.

圖14展示在工業設定中轉移熱之一實施例。在典型工廠(31)中，可包括發電廠、鍋爐室、放熱處理容器或化學反應器之廢熱源(32)可用於藉助於熱管(4)提供熱，該等熱管在溫度中以最少損失將此類熱轉移至很遠位置(33)，該等位置可包括蒸汽產生位點或其他需要熱之處理容器。 Figure 14 shows an embodiment of transferring heat in an industrial setting. In a typical plant (31) , a waste heat source (32) , which may include a power plant, a boiler chamber, a heat treatment vessel or a chemical reactor, may be used to provide heat by means of a heat pipe (4) that will have minimal loss in temperature Such heat is transferred to a very remote location (33) , which may include steam generating sites or other processing vessels that require heat.

化學製程工業涵蓋數百化學品及石化產品，其利用高度放熱製程、需要數百攝氏度之溫度或生產必須迅速冷卻或冷藏之產品。實例包括(但不限於)製造乙醛、乙酸、乙酸酐、丙酮、乙腈、乙炔、丙烯醯胺、丙烯酸、丙烯腈、己二酸、烷基胺、烷基苯、氨、苯胺、酮聚合物、苯、苯甲基氯、雙酚A、丁二醇、乙酸丁酯、己內醯胺、二硫 化碳、醋酸纖維素、纖維素醚、氯化異氰尿酸酯、氯化溶劑、氯苯、氯化甲烷、甲酚、二甲苯酚、異丙苯、環己烷、二甲基甲醯胺、表氯醇、環氧樹脂、乙醇胺、乙酸乙酯、乙醇、乙苯、氯乙烷、乙烯、二氯化乙烯、乙烯胺、乙二醇、環氧乙烷、碳化氟、甲醛、反丁烯二酸、糠醛、二醇醚、己二胺、氰化氫、對苯二酚、間苯二甲酸、異丙醇、乙烯酮、烷基磺酸鹽、α烯烴、木質磺酸鹽、順丁烯二酸酐、三聚氰胺、甲醇、甲基乙基酮、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、硝基苯、耐綸樹脂、苯酚、酚系樹脂、光氣、鄰苯二甲酸酐、聚醯胺樹脂、聚縮醛樹脂、聚伸烷基二醇、聚碳酸酯樹脂、聚酯、聚乙烯、聚乙二醇、聚醯亞胺、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚乙烯醇、丙酸、丙二醇、環氧丙烷、吡啶、矽酮、山梨醇、苯乙烯、對苯二甲酸、脲、乙酸乙烯酯、氯乙烯及沸石。 The chemical process industry covers hundreds of chemicals and petrochemicals that utilize highly exothermic processes, require temperatures in the hundreds of degrees Celsius, or produce products that must be rapidly cooled or refrigerated. Examples include, but are not limited to, the manufacture of acetaldehyde, acetic acid, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetonitrile, acetylene, acrylamide, acrylic acid, acrylonitrile, adipic acid, alkylamine, alkylbenzene, ammonia, aniline, ketone polymers , benzene, benzyl chloride, bisphenol A, butanediol, butyl acetate, caprolactam, disulfide Carbon, cellulose acetate, cellulose ether, chlorinated isocyanurate, chlorinated solvent, chlorobenzene, methyl chloride, cresol, xylenol, cumene, cyclohexane, dimethylformamidine Amine, epichlorohydrin, epoxy resin, ethanolamine, ethyl acetate, ethanol, ethylbenzene, ethyl chloride, ethylene, ethylene dichloride, vinylamine, ethylene glycol, ethylene oxide, carbon fluoride, formaldehyde, anti Butenedioic acid, furfural, glycol ether, hexamethylenediamine, hydrogen cyanide, hydroquinone, isophthalic acid, isopropanol, ketene, alkyl sulfonate, alpha olefin, lignosulfonate, Maleic anhydride, melamine, methanol, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl methacrylate, nitrobenzene, nylon resin, phenol, phenolic resin, phosgene, phthalic anhydride, polyamide resin, Polyacetal resin, polyalkylene glycol, polycarbonate resin, polyester, polyethylene, polyethylene glycol, polyimide, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl alcohol, propionic acid, propylene glycol, ring Oxypropane, pyridine, fluorenone, sorbitol, styrene, terephthalic acid, urea, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride and zeolite.

另一類型工業應用涉及發電廠，尤其燒煤之彼等發電廠。此等工廠產生大體積燃燒氣體，其需要漸進式處理步驟以減少污染物。氮氧化物(NOx)通常在燃燒製程期間產生且需要藉由添加將NOx還原為氮氣之氨或胺來還原。隨後，需要捕捉及移除飛灰粒子，此通常用靜電集塵器或袋濾室或兩者來進行。煙道氣亦含有來自原始煤之大量含硫化合物，其通常在涉及去垢之煙道氣脫硫(FGD)系統中處理。儘管有此等多個處理步驟，但燒煤發電廠中之煙道氣含有極大量330℉至400℉範圍內溫度下之低級熱，其可不受工廠一般操作之不當影響而開發。 Another type of industrial application involves power plants, especially those that burn coal. These plants produce large volumes of combustion gases that require incremental processing steps to reduce contaminants. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are typically produced during the combustion process and need to be reduced by the addition of ammonia or an amine that reduces NOx to nitrogen. Subsequently, it is desirable to capture and remove fly ash particles, which are typically performed using an electrostatic precipitator or baghouse or both. Flue gas also contains large amounts of sulfur compounds from the raw coal, which are typically processed in flue gas desulfurization (FGD) systems involving descaling. Despite these various processing steps, the flue gas in a coal fired power plant contains a very large amount of low heat at temperatures ranging from 330 °F to 400 °F, which can be developed without undue influence from the general operation of the plant.

熱捕捉、轉移及釋放之其他實例包括：在熱發電廠中， Other examples of heat capture, transfer, and release include: in a thermal power plant,

˙冷卻塔之擴增及替代 Amplification and replacement of ̇ cooling tower

˙大型冷凝器之擴增及替代 扩增 Large condenser expansion and replacement

˙提取熱作為蒸汽及「熱鍋爐氣」以優化循環效率 ̇ extract heat as steam and "hot boiler gas" to optimize cycle efficiency

˙自小型發電廠中之鍋爐室回收熱 Recycling heat from boiler rooms in small power plants

˙在熱池發電中，使用熱管轉移熱 ̇In the hot pool power generation, use heat pipe to transfer heat

˙預加熱預燃燒氣體 ̇Preheating pre-combustion gas

˙自鍋爐排放捕捉熱 锅炉Boiler emissions capture heat

在核發電廠中，In a nuclear power plant,

˙廢燃料儲存之冷卻 Cooling of spent fuel storage

˙反應器核之冷卻 ̇reactor core cooling

˙蒸汽冷凝器之擴增及替代 Amplification and replacement of ̇ steam condenser

在天然氣壓縮站中In the natural gas compression station

˙自大型壓縮器回收熱 回收Recovering heat from large compressors

在地下採礦中In underground mining

˙冷卻較深工作位點 ̇Cooling deeper working sites

在溶液採礦中 In solution mining

˙加熱地下層以提高溶解度 ̇heat the subterranean layer to increase solubility

在膠合板及OBS生產中In plywood and OBS production

˙原材料之乾燥 Drying of raw materials

在工業製程之熱管理中，諸如In the thermal management of industrial processes, such as

˙生物醱酵 Biological fermentation

˙肥料生產(例如脲) ̇ fertilizer production (eg urea)

在工業氣體生產中 In industrial gas production

˙氬氣、氮氣、氧氣CO₂生產中之壓縮器熱 Compressor heat in the production of helium, nitrogen, and oxygen CO ₂

˙氣體液化 Helium gas liquefaction

˙煤氣化及合成氣費歇爾-托普希製程(Fischer-Tropsch) ̇ Coal gasification and synthesis gas Fischer-Tropsch process (Fischer-Tropsch)

在軍事應用中，諸如In military applications, such as

˙固定式產生器 ̇Fixed generator

˙行動引擎，諸如交通工具 ̇Action engine, such as transportation

˙船上之引擎 Engine on the ship

˙用於冷卻及加熱兩者之行動/可部署熱管跑道 行动 Action / deployable heat pipe runway for both cooling and heating

在太陽能應用中In solar applications

˙在太陽能集中器中捕捉、轉移及釋放熱 捕捉Capture, transfer and release heat in solar concentrators

˙光伏陣列之冷卻 ̇ cooling of the photovoltaic array

在冶金應用中In metallurgical applications

˙使用輻射熱拉伸晶體(例如矽) 拉伸Using radiant heat to stretch crystals (such as 矽)

˙使用輻射熱及傳導連續鑄造鋼及其他金屬 ̇Using radiant heat and conducting continuous casting of steel and other metals

˙藉由將熱轉移出熱屏進行熱屏蔽 热 Thermally shielded by transferring heat out of the heat shield

˙在砂鑄中冷卻模具 冷却 Cooling mold in sand casting

˙在雷射切割中冷卻雷射頭 冷却 Cooling the laser head during laser cutting

各種其他應用，包括SIC程式碼中之熱敏性工業，諸如Various other applications, including the thermal industry in SIC code, such as

˙自半導體加工回收熱 Recycling heat from semiconductor processing

˙橡膠製造，例如硫化 ̇Rubber manufacturing, such as vulcanization

˙煉油廠，包括煉焦器、蒸餾塔及化學反應器 ̇ refinery, including cokers, distillation columns and chemical reactors

˙擴增及替代HVAC系統用於住宅及工業建築物之冷卻及加熱 ̇ Augmentation and replacement of HVAC systems for cooling and heating of residential and industrial buildings

˙用於農業應用(諸如葡萄及柑橘)之冷凍保護 冷冻Cryoprotection for agricultural applications such as grapes and citrus

˙分解海底甲烷水合物用於天然氣生產。 Decomposition of seabed methane hydrates for natural gas production.

由於任何類型之熱管在熱轉移方面均極其有效，因此以下章節關注熱管及如何改良其平均效能以使其可不僅應用於習知應用(諸如穩定阿拉斯加永久凍土)，且亦應用於多種工業應用，包括(但不限於)淡化、工業熱轉移、冷卻、製冷及其類似者。 Since any type of heat pipe is extremely effective in terms of heat transfer, the following sections focus on heat pipes and how to improve their average performance so that they can be used not only in conventional applications (such as stabilizing Alaska permafrost), but also in a variety of industrial applications. These include, but are not limited to, desalination, industrial heat transfer, cooling, refrigeration, and the like.

關於熱管About heat pipe

顯而易見，熱管允許進行有效熱轉移。熱管藉由其冷凝及沸騰端之間的溫度差(△T)驅動，其足以維持流經熱管之極高熱流通量。市售之熱管轉移大量熱(例如>200W)且通常具有約8℃(15℉)之△T，或更高電力輸出下更高之△T，但其中一些之△T低至3℃。△T對EOR或地熱應用不重要，因為地表熱源與地質層之間的溫度差為數百度，但一般需 要低△T優化總熱效率。因此其可用於檢查熱管中之熱現象。在此***工作流體(92)。 It is obvious that the heat pipe allows for efficient heat transfer. The heat pipe is driven by its temperature difference (ΔT) between the condensing and boiling ends, which is sufficient to maintain a very high heat flux through the heat pipe. Commercially available heat pipes transfer a large amount of heat (e.g., >200 W) and typically have a ΔT of about 8 ° C (15 ° F), or a higher ΔT at a higher power output, but some of them have ΔT as low as 3 ° C. △T is not important for EOR or geothermal applications because the temperature difference between the surface heat source and the geological layer is hundreds of degrees, but generally To optimize the total thermal efficiency with low ΔT. It can therefore be used to check for thermal phenomena in heat pipes. The working fluid (92) is inserted here.

維持低△T之重要因素為限制壁熱損失，其為管道表面積(及因此長度上)與壁材料及HP周圍介質之熱導率的函數。此需要對一般HP管不重要但對如本申請案中所主張之極長HP重要。圖15展示表面絕緣之不同可能性實施例，其用於長熱管以使得大部分熱轉移至冷卻端且極少熱在中間部分中沿HP之壁損失。在圖15(a)中所展示之實施例中，跨表面積之大部分使用良好絕緣塗層(7)，除熱管(4)吸收或釋放熱之面積以外。用於相對低溫(<150℃)之適當絕緣體包括熱絕緣體材料，諸如用於蒸汽管之彼等者。用於高溫操作之適當絕緣體可包括多種絕緣物體與陶瓷組合物，諸如氧化鋯、氧化鋁、氧化鎂及類似組合物。一個視情況選用之優良絕緣組態展示於圖15(a)中且需要含有封閉孔之陶瓷材料。圖15(b)展示在部分真空下由管殼體(7)組成之另一實施例。此殼體提供優良絕緣，加上中和熱管內部真空之結構性張力的外部真空之優點。殼體管之類型可類似於在拋物線形太陽能集中器之熱採集器管中利用之彼等者。圖15(b)展示尤其用於高溫操作之一實施例，其包括以常規間隔圍繞熱管(4)以防止熱管重量超過熱管總成之結構性電阻的結構性支撐管(24)。此類結構性支撐物可服務於在將熱管***其最終位置期間及在操作期間幫助中和熱管重量的雙重目的。 An important factor in maintaining a low ΔT is the limiting wall heat loss, which is a function of the surface area of the pipe (and therefore the length) and the thermal conductivity of the wall material and the surrounding medium of the HP. This need is not important for a typical HP tube but is important for an extremely long HP as claimed in this application. Figure 15 shows a different possible embodiment of surface insulation for a long heat pipe such that most of the heat is transferred to the cooling end and very little heat is lost along the wall of the HP in the middle portion. In the embodiment shown in Figure 15(a), most of the cross-surface area uses a good insulating coating ( 7 ), except for the area where heat is absorbed or released by the heat pipe (4) . Suitable insulators for relatively low temperatures (<150 ° C) include thermal insulator materials such as those used for steam tubes. Suitable insulators for high temperature operation can include a variety of insulating objects and ceramic compositions such as zirconia, alumina, magnesia, and the like. An excellent insulation configuration, as appropriate, is shown in Figure 15(a) and requires a ceramic material with closed cells. Figure 15 (b) shows another embodiment consisting of a tube housing ( 7 ) under partial vacuum. This housing provides excellent insulation, plus the advantage of an external vacuum that neutralizes the structural tension of the vacuum inside the heat pipe. The type of casing tubes can be similar to those utilized in the heat collector tubes of parabolic solar concentrators. Figure 15 (b) shows an embodiment, particularly for high temperature operation, that includes a structural support tube (24) that surrounds the heat pipe (4) at regular intervals to prevent the heat pipe weight from exceeding the structural resistance of the heat pipe assembly. Such structural supports can serve the dual purpose of helping to neutralize the weight of the heat pipe during insertion of the heat pipe into its final position and during operation.

圖15(c)展示以最小熱轉移效能損失延伸熱管長度之另一實施例。在圖15(c)中，熱管(4)以較小直徑管(40)結束，該較小直徑管配合於為另一熱管之末端的中空半圓柱體中。兩種熱管之表面積允許熱自一個熱管轉移至另一熱管，且熱損失藉由可撓性絕緣毯(未展示)最小化。圖15(d)展示使用各熱管(40)之細徑或毛細尺寸末端將兩個或兩個以上熱管(4)連接成更長熱管之一替代性組態。此類型組態利用熱管之常見特徵，即熱管之內部形狀對熱管之熱轉移效能及功能性具有極小 影響。兩種組態類型均產生「鉸接式」熱管，其經設計以在兩個或兩個以上熱管接合處樞轉及彎曲，由此使極長熱管遵循非直線路徑。 Figure 15 (c) shows another embodiment of extending the length of the heat pipe with minimal heat transfer efficiency loss. In Figure 15 (c), the heat pipe (4) ends with a smaller diameter tube (40) that fits into a hollow semi-cylinder that is the end of the other heat pipe. The surface area of the two heat pipes allows heat to be transferred from one heat pipe to the other, and heat loss is minimized by a flexible insulating blanket (not shown). Figure 15 (d) shows an alternative configuration for joining two or more heat pipes (4) into longer heat pipes using the small diameter or capillary end of each heat pipe (40) . This type of configuration utilizes the common feature of heat pipes, that is, the internal shape of the heat pipe has minimal impact on the heat transfer efficiency and functionality of the heat pipe. Both configuration types produce "hinged" heat pipes that are designed to pivot and bend at the junction of two or more heat pipes, thereby allowing the very long heat pipes to follow a non-linear path.

圖16展示典型商用熱管(4)，其通常由含有少量工作流體(11)的部分抽空及密封之管(10)組成，該工作流體通常為水，但其亦可為醇或其他揮發性液體。當呈焓形式之熱應用於熱管下端時，熱首先越過金屬障壁(10)及內部芯(12)，接著用於將汽化熱提供至滲透芯之整個表面的工作流體(11)。工作流體蒸發時，所得氣體(在水之情況下為蒸汽)填充抽空之管且達至熱管上端，其中熱管內部與外部之間的△T導致冷凝且由此將冷凝之熱釋放至熱管外部。為促進連續操作，管(10)之內部通常包括芯(12)，其可為將工作流體之冷凝相轉移回管之熱末端的任何多孔及親水性層。 Figure 16 shows a typical commercial heat pipe (4) which typically consists of a partially evacuated and sealed tube ( 10 ) containing a small amount of working fluid ( 11 ), which is typically water, but which may also be an alcohol or other volatile liquid . When heat in the form of a crucible is applied to the lower end of the heat pipe, heat first passes over the metal barrier ( 10 ) and the inner core ( 12 ), and then serves to supply the heat of vaporization to the working fluid ( 11 ) of the entire surface of the infiltrated core. When the working fluid evaporates, the resulting gas (steam in the case of water) fills the evacuated tube and reaches the upper end of the heat pipe, wherein ΔT between the inside and the outside of the heat pipe causes condensation and thereby releases the heat of condensation to the outside of the heat pipe. To facilitate continuous operation, the interior of the tube ( 10 ) typically includes a core ( 12 ) which can be any porous and hydrophilic layer that transfers the condensed phase of the working fluid back to the hot end of the tube.

捕捉熱能力之改良為使用為深色或黑色且更容易吸收熱(尤其在輻射熱之情況下)之金屬氧化物及/或顏料。具有黑色外部塗層之熱管之一個優點為此類黑色表面亦擅長在熱管冷端輻射熱。 The improvement in the ability to capture heat is to use metal oxides and/or pigments that are dark or black and that are more susceptible to heat absorption, especially in the case of radiant heat. One advantage of a heat pipe with a black outer coating is that such a black surface is also good at radiant heat at the cold end of the heat pipe.

實驗上地，熱管中熱轉移之最大障壁包括：第一緊鄰熱管外部之層(邊界層)，第二由熱管材料表現之傳導障壁，及第三芯材料將工作流體傳回熱管熱端之限制。然而，在EOR應用中，與熱管外部相鄰之邊界層因以下兩個原因最小：第一，因為若使用直接加熱或不使用蒸汽或加壓熱水，則熱障變得較不顯著，且第二因為在油層側上，任何水往往會非常鹹，此可容易地使形成障壁大部分之分子雙層塌陷。圖17展示使此等障壁最小化之高效能熱管。應注意，軸芯減小通常存在於與熱管壁相鄰之習知芯中的熱障。 Experimentally, the maximum barrier of heat transfer in the heat pipe includes: a first layer adjacent to the heat pipe (boundary layer), a second conductive barrier represented by the heat pipe material, and a third core material that transfers the working fluid back to the hot end of the heat pipe. . However, in EOR applications, the boundary layer adjacent to the outside of the heat pipe is minimal for two reasons: first, because if direct or no steam or pressurized hot water is used, the thermal barrier becomes less noticeable, and Second, because on the oil layer side, any water tends to be very salty, which can easily collapse the double layer of the majority of the molecules forming the barrier. Figure 17 shows a high performance heat pipe that minimizes these barriers. It should be noted that the core reduces the thermal barrier typically present in conventional cores adjacent to the heat pipe wall.

在圖17中，熱管(4)展示於垂直位置中，其中在頂部進行熱輸入且在底部進行熱釋放。與熱管外部相鄰之熱轉移障壁可如以上段落中所述最小化。亦可藉由使用極薄金屬箔(10)代替大部分熱管之固體金屬管而使穿過管之金屬殼體之熱傳導障壁最小。用於金屬箔之機械支撐 物必須足以承受適度真空且由金屬篩網(13)提供，該金屬篩網藉由增加可用於提供所需冷凝/蒸發之熱的內部表面積來提供額外功能性。亦提供內部芯(12)以藉由其較大表面積及開口孔隙率來幫助內部流體蒸發。此外，鑒於冷凝之工作流體必須在管內移動之長距離，存在至少部分地不連接至壁之額外軸芯結構(14)，該等壁經由毛細作用、但獨立於表面芯作用來轉移流體。 In Figure 17, the heat pipe ( 4 ) is shown in a vertical position with heat input at the top and heat release at the bottom. The thermal transfer barrier adjacent the exterior of the heat pipe can be minimized as described in the paragraph above. It is also possible to minimize the heat conduction barrier of the metal casing passing through the tube by replacing the solid metal tube of most of the heat pipes with an extremely thin metal foil ( 10 ). The mechanical support for the metal foil must be sufficient to withstand moderate vacuum and provided by a metal screen ( 13 ) that provides additional functionality by increasing the internal surface area available to provide the heat of condensation/evaporation required. An inner core ( 12 ) is also provided to assist in the evaporation of the internal fluid by its large surface area and open porosity. Furthermore, in view of the long distance that the condensed working fluid must move within the tube, there are additional core structures ( 14 ) that are at least partially unconnected to the walls that transfer fluid via capillary action, independent of surface core action.

在操作期間，熱靠近頂部進入且穿過薄金屬箔(10)。金屬箔之薄促進熱轉移，因為熱導率為熱必須移動通過之材料厚度之倒數函數。到達內部芯(12)後，熱使存在於芯中之工作流體迅速蒸發。飽和蒸氣迅速移動通過熱管之內部體積且達至管之相反端，其中略低之溫度導致蒸氣之冷凝返回至工作流體中。在該方法中，汽化熱已自熱管頂部轉移至底部。冷凝之工作流體接著藉由毛細作用經由表面芯(12)與中央軸芯(14)兩者向管道之熱端流動，由此提供所需流動體積用於維持大量熱轉移。 During operation, heat enters near the top and passes through the thin metal foil ( 10 ). The thinness of the metal foil promotes heat transfer because the thermal conductivity is a reciprocal function of the thickness of the material through which heat must move. Upon reaching the inner core ( 12 ), the heat rapidly evaporates the working fluid present in the core. The saturated vapor rapidly moves through the internal volume of the heat pipe and reaches the opposite end of the tube, with a slightly lower temperature causing condensation of the vapor back into the working fluid. In this method, heat of vaporization has been transferred from the top of the heat pipe to the bottom. The condensed working fluid then flows by capillary action through both the surface core ( 12 ) and the central shaft core ( 14 ) to the hot end of the conduit, thereby providing the desired flow volume for maintaining substantial heat transfer.

圖18展示兩種熱管之圖形比較：一者為習知的且一者為新穎設計。在習知熱管中，主要問題為不間斷跨管之整個長度維持芯結構(12)。通常，此不為數呎長度或更短長度之管之問題。當長度超過此類尺寸時此變為重大難題。新穎設計藉由具有軸毛細芯(14)來避免此問題，該軸毛細芯不需要燒結或高熱導率，但可由任何多孔材料組成，該多孔材料可由內部工作流體濕潤。在任一情況下，目標為能夠有效地將熱能自熱管頂部之熱源轉移至熱管底部之應用區。若不可能用習知熱管達成，則彼目標較困難，除非內部芯可不中斷地運作。HP之另一問題/限制為製造極長管。製造長管通常藉由焊接較短管長度或穿過其來完成，但在任一情況下，出現滲漏問題，尤其當習知管在最終組裝之前部分抽空時。 Figure 18 shows a graphical comparison of two heat pipes: one is conventional and the other is a novel design. In conventional heat pipes, the main problem is to maintain the core structure ( 12 ) throughout the length of the uninterrupted pipe. Usually, this is not a problem with tubes of a length or shorter length. This becomes a major problem when the length exceeds this size. The novel design avoids this problem by having a shaft wick ( 14 ) that does not require sintering or high thermal conductivity, but can be composed of any porous material that can be wetted by the internal working fluid. In either case, the goal is to be able to efficiently transfer heat from the heat source at the top of the heat pipe to the application zone at the bottom of the heat pipe. If it is not possible to achieve with a conventional heat pipe, then the goal is more difficult unless the inner core can operate without interruption. Another problem/restriction for HP is the manufacture of extremely long tubes. The manufacture of long tubes is usually done by welding or passing through shorter tube lengths, but in either case, leakage problems occur, especially when conventional tubes are partially evacuated prior to final assembly.

內部芯材料包括經燒結銅球、金屬凹槽、金屬篩網及其他含有定 義明確之孔隙率的材料。 The inner core material includes sintered copper balls, metal grooves, metal mesh and others. A material with a defined porosity.

圖19展示避免需要極長熱管之一替代性實施例。在圖19之截面圖中，較短熱管(4)組裝有含有導熱流體(9)之中間儲集器(8)，該導熱流體將熱自一個熱管轉移至另一熱管，由此延長熱轉移進行之距離。然而，此實施例需要中間儲集器密閉地密封以防止熱轉移流體(9)損失。此外，此類型實施例之熱損失必然將增大，因為各接合處之△T提高，且熱壁損失因中間儲集器之表面積及其溫度而更高。然而，提出之實施例提供跨極長距離熱轉移之實際解決方案，尤其在EOR應用中，因為管接合為常見活動且高溫熱通常可利用。轉移流體之類型可為在熱轉移接合處涉及之溫度下化學穩定的任何導熱液體，諸如DowTerm®、某些共熔鹽混合物及其類似者。熟悉此項技術者亦將認識到，涉及將短熱管接合成較長者之類似實施例同時維持密封之密封件亦為可能的，且因此提出之實施例僅為例示性的且不欲作為本發明範圍之限制。 Figure 19 shows an alternative embodiment that avoids the need for extremely long heat pipes. In the cross-sectional view of Figure 19, the shorter heat pipe ( 4 ) is assembled with an intermediate reservoir ( 8 ) containing a heat transfer fluid ( 9 ) that transfers heat from one heat pipe to the other, thereby extending heat transfer. The distance to proceed. However, this embodiment requires an intermediate reservoir to be hermetically sealed to prevent loss of heat transfer fluid ( 9 ). Moreover, the heat loss of this type of embodiment will necessarily increase as the ΔT at each joint increases and the hot wall loss is higher due to the surface area of the intermediate reservoir and its temperature. However, the proposed embodiment provides a practical solution for thermal transfer across very long distances, especially in EOR applications, where tube bonding is a common activity and high temperature heat is generally available. The type of transfer fluid can be any thermally conductive liquid that is chemically stable at the temperatures involved in the thermal transfer joint, such as DowTerm®, certain eutectic salt mixtures, and the like. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that it is also possible to incorporate a similar embodiment of a short heat pipe into a longer embodiment while maintaining a sealed seal, and thus the embodiments presented are merely illustrative and are not intended to be inventive Limit of scope.

熱管內工作流體之組成一般確定熱管或熱虹吸管之溫度範圍。低溫涉及有機化合物，諸如氨、醇、酮、醛或芳族烴，其在低於普通水或水溶液之溫度下沸騰。對於高溫範圍，某些金屬(如鈉、鉀、鎂、鋁、鉛、鋅及其合金)提供可在超過1300℃之溫度下工作的工作流體。另一選擇為使用鹽及鹽之混合物，其昇華為用於高溫及低溫熱管兩者之工作流體。亦包括具有不同水合程度之金屬氧化物、硼酸鹽。 The composition of the working fluid in the heat pipe generally determines the temperature range of the heat pipe or thermosiphon. Low temperatures involve organic compounds such as ammonia, alcohols, ketones, aldehydes or aromatic hydrocarbons which boil at temperatures lower than ordinary water or aqueous solutions. For high temperature ranges, certain metals (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium, aluminum, lead, zinc, and alloys thereof) provide working fluids that can operate at temperatures in excess of 1300 °C. Another option is to use a mixture of salts and salts that sublimate into working fluids for both high temperature and low temperature heat pipes. Metal oxides and borate salts having different degrees of hydration are also included.

圖20展示製造任何長度之熱管之方法，且其尤其適用於製造極長熱管。該方法以管狀支架(13)開始，其由具有足夠堅固之電線之金屬篩網及足夠小之開口製成，一旦成品熱管在部分真空下密封，該等開口即維持成品熱管之結構完整性。通常，在24至150網目範圍內之金屬篩網網目尺寸可適於維持約0.1巴之部分真空。若需要更高真空，則金屬篩網之尺寸可降至325-400網目，且一者可提供管狀支架之內表面上 具有較大篩網洞之雙篩網表面，此將增加外部篩網表面之硬度。熟悉此項技術者將認識到存在不同方式製造此類管狀支架：其可預形成，其將總長度限制為數百呎，或其可就地織造用於較長距離。 Figure 20 shows a method of making a heat pipe of any length, and which is particularly suitable for making very long heat pipes. The method begins with a tubular support ( 13 ) made of a metal screen having sufficiently strong wires and a sufficiently small opening that maintains the structural integrity of the finished heat pipe once the finished heat pipe is sealed under partial vacuum. Typically, the mesh size of the metal mesh in the range of 24 to 150 mesh may be adapted to maintain a partial vacuum of about 0.1 bar. If a higher vacuum is required, the size of the metal screen can be reduced to 325-400 mesh, and one can provide a double screen surface with a larger mesh hole on the inner surface of the tubular support, which will increase the external mesh surface. Hardness. Those skilled in the art will recognize that there are different ways to make such tubular stents: they can be preformed, limiting the total length to hundreds of turns, or they can be woven in situ for longer distances.

一旦形成管狀支架，將其***可燒結或焊接允許旋轉之熱管之成品表面的鍋爐(19)中，如圖20中之圖式所示。隨後，在一側包括略薄之經燒結芯材料條(18)的由薄金屬箔製成之金屬條(17)在管狀支架上連續捲繞，以便形式管。金屬條(17)之捲繞角度將由條(17)之寬度及所需條重疊之程度確定以共同完全密封捲繞表面。鍋爐(19)基本上接近用內部芯層形成管之最後步驟。一旦完成管，則可置放軸芯，***工作流體，且可抽空及密封管。或者，可同時製造軸芯及管。 Once the tubular support is formed, it is inserted into a boiler ( 19 ) that can be sintered or welded to the finished surface of the heat pipe that allows rotation, as shown in the pattern of Figure 20. Subsequently, a metal strip ( 17 ) made of a thin metal foil comprising a slightly thin strip of sintered core material ( 18 ) on one side is continuously wound on the tubular support to form the tube. The winding angle of the metal strip ( 17 ) will be determined by the width of the strip ( 17 ) and the extent to which the desired strip overlaps to collectively completely seal the winding surface. The boiler (19) is substantially close to the final step of forming the tube with the inner core layer. Once the tube is completed, the shaft core can be placed, the working fluid can be inserted, and the tube can be evacuated and sealed. Alternatively, the shaft core and the tube can be manufactured at the same time.

圖21提供用內部芯表面捲繞長距離管之兩個實施例之截面圖。在圖20(a)中，芯(18)由經燒結球體條(17)之組成，且展示在芯邊緣上凸起之兩個多孔可撓性織物(20)上部條。當圍繞管狀支架捲繞時，使織物與相鄰織物接觸，由此提供構成連續毛細表面之連續多孔層。此防止內部芯材料在其軸長度之任何部分中分離。一替代性實施例描述於圖21(b)中，其中以相對於垂直線之微小角度置放內部芯材料條，以使其寬於捲繞之薄金屬箔，以便確保內部芯材料之恰當接觸。當然，此可在捲繞期間導致薄金屬箔之間的輕微分離，其可就在其進入焊接爐之前用圍繞管捲繞之較細箔條(21)密封，如圖22中所示。 Figure 21 provides a cross-sectional view of two embodiments of winding a long distance tube with an inner core surface. In Figure 20(a), the core (18) consists of a sintered ball strip (17) and exhibits an upper strip of two porous flexible fabrics (20) that are raised on the edge of the core. When wrapped around the tubular stent, the fabric is brought into contact with an adjacent fabric, thereby providing a continuous porous layer that constitutes a continuous capillary surface. This prevents the inner core material from separating in any part of its axial length. An alternative embodiment is depicted in Figure 21(b) wherein the inner core strip is placed at a slight angle relative to the vertical to make it wider than the wound thin metal foil to ensure proper contact of the inner core material . Of course, this can result in a slight separation between the thin metal foils during winding, which can be sealed with a thinner foil strip (21) wound around the tube just before it enters the welding furnace, as shown in FIG.

圖23展示軸芯(12)之實施例，其可由以下各物組成：單一圓柱形多孔體、具有內部金屬絲以提供硬度之同軸圓柱體、其中毛細作用源自由玻璃、陶瓷或金屬或其組合製成之小珠粒的同軸圓柱體。為防止軸芯彎曲及使其保持與熱管(4)之內壁分離，沿芯之長度置放一連串徑向隔開之支撐物(22)，隨後將芯***熱管中。此類支撐物一般為細薄部分，其不會不恰當地減小熱管之自由內部體積，且因此不會減小蒸氣沿熱管長度之質量流量。 23 shows an embodiment of a shaft core (12) that can be composed of a single cylindrical porous body, a coaxial cylinder having internal wires to provide hardness, wherein the capillary action source is free glass, ceramic or metal, or a combination thereof A coaxial cylinder of small beads made. To prevent the core from bending and keeping it separate from the inner wall of the heat pipe (4) , a series of radially spaced supports (22) are placed along the length of the core, and the core is then inserted into the heat pipe. Such supports are generally thin sections that do not improperly reduce the free internal volume of the heat pipe and therefore do not reduce the mass flow of vapor along the length of the heat pipe.

一種製造適合芯之替代方法為藉由使用銅或其他金屬前驅物。金屬前驅物為加熱後分解成金屬之化學物質。在經燒結銅芯之情況下，前驅物可為銅β二酮(CBDK)或乙醯基丙酮酸銅(CAA)，其兩者在還原氛圍中加熱後均分解成微米尺寸之銅粒子。一般而言，可經分解之任何有機前驅物、或可經電沈積之任何離子前驅物可係候選物。可藉由在CBDK或CAA中漿化微米尺寸之銅粒子及使漿料擴散至銅管或銅條之內表面中來製造適合芯。排出過量液體，因此隨後藉由形成於金屬粒子之接觸點中之索環之表面張力來固持固體金屬粒子。在還原氛圍中加熱後，CBDK或CAA分解成焊接至金屬粒子之接觸點中之銅，由此使其膠結定位。或者，若提供適合電位，則Cu離子可沈積以提供所要之膠。有眾多金屬前驅物可用於分解成不同金屬，且一般的熱擴散將允許此類前驅物膠結類似及相異的金屬，只要金屬粒子與前驅物金屬彼此間具有一些溶解度即可。舉例而言，CU在Cu上或Sn在Cu上之沈積均可藉助於Cu或CuSn合金橋提供良好熱接觸。 An alternative method of making a suitable core is by using copper or other metal precursors. Metal precursors are chemicals that decompose into metals after heating. In the case of a sintered copper core, the precursor may be copper beta diketone (CBDK) or copper acetylacetonate (CAA), both of which are decomposed into micron-sized copper particles upon heating in a reducing atmosphere. In general, any organic precursor that can be decomposed, or any ion precursor that can be electrodeposited, can be a candidate. A suitable core can be made by slurrying micron-sized copper particles in a CBDK or CAA and diffusing the slurry into the inner surface of a copper tube or copper strip. Excess liquid is discharged, and thus the solid metal particles are held by the surface tension of the grommet formed in the contact point of the metal particles. After heating in a reducing atmosphere, the CBDK or CAA breaks down into copper that is soldered to the contact points of the metal particles, thereby positioning the cement. Alternatively, if a suitable potential is provided, Cu ions can be deposited to provide the desired glue. There are numerous metal precursors that can be used to decompose into different metals, and the general thermal diffusion will allow such precursors to bond similar and dissimilar metals as long as the metal particles and the precursor metal have some solubility with each other. For example, deposition of CU on Cu or Sn on Cu can provide good thermal contact by means of a Cu or CuSn alloy bridge.

安裝軸芯(其為長熱管中視情況選用但需要的)後，***工作流體因此其可使芯之內表面及軸芯之體積飽和。工作流體之體積可比芯飽和狀態所需體積高0%至25%，且在蒸發之工作流體可以其蒸氣形式變得過熱之情況下，過量工作流體可超過25%。 After installing the shaft core, which is selected as needed in the long heat pipe, it is inserted into the working fluid so that it can saturate the inner surface of the core and the volume of the core. The volume of the working fluid may be from 0% to 25% higher than the volume required for the core saturation state, and the excess working fluid may exceed 25% in the event that the vaporized working fluid may become superheated in its vapor form.

極長垂直熱管中之芯結構可產生潛在問題，因為需要維持抗重力之毛細作用。毛細上升之高度h由以下界定： The core structure in extremely long vertical heat pipes can create potential problems because of the need to maintain capillary action against gravity. The height h of the capillary rise is defined by:

其中γ為液體-空氣表面張力(力/單元長度)，θ為接觸角，ρ為液體密度(質量/體積)，g為歸因於重力之局部加速度(長度/時間之平方[26])，且r為管半徑。 Where γ is the liquid-air surface tension (force/unit length), θ is the contact angle, ρ is the liquid density (mass/volume), and g is the local acceleration due to gravity (length/time square [26]), And r is the tube radius.

對於標準實驗室條件下空氣中之填水玻璃管，γ=0.0728N/m(20 ℃下)，θ=0°(cos(0)=1)，ρ為1000kg/m³，且g=9.81m/s²。對於此等值，水塔之高度為 For water-filled glass tubes in air under standard laboratory conditions, γ = 0.0728 N/m (at 20 °C), θ = 0° (cos(0) = 1), ρ is 1000 kg/m ³ , and g = 9.81 m/s ² . For this value, the height of the water tower is

因此對於r=0.0002m(0.2mm)，h=0.074m，且對於r=0.000002m(2 micron)，h=7.4m，且對於r=0.000000002m(2nm)，h=7,400m。然而，在實際工業實踐實驗室條件中未必應用：表面張力值通常隨溫度降低且接觸角很少為0°，但藉由保持芯表面乾淨及使用為水之工作流體，可接近此類值。然而，維持毛細作用中之最大因素仍為毛細管之半徑。因此，極長熱管中之芯孔徑需在數奈米範圍內且不在一般用於習知HP之微米範圍內。然而，此不為不具有芯結構之脈動熱管或熱虹吸管遇到之問題。關於可製造性之實際含義表明經燒結芯由奈米粒子製成或使用奈米管或奈米尺寸之經結構化粉末或類似尺寸之膜。 Thus for r=0.0002m (0.2mm), h=0.074m, and for r=0.000002m (2 micron), h=7.4m, and for r=0.000000002m(2nm), h=7,400m. However, it is not necessarily used in practical industrial practice laboratory conditions: the surface tension value generally decreases with temperature and the contact angle is rarely 0°, but such values can be approximated by keeping the core surface clean and using a working fluid that is water. However, the biggest factor in maintaining capillary action is still the radius of the capillary. Therefore, the core pore size in an extremely long heat pipe needs to be in the range of a few nanometers and is not in the micrometer range generally used for the conventional HP. However, this is not a problem encountered with a pulsating heat pipe or a thermosiphon having no core structure. The practical meaning with respect to manufacturability indicates that the sintered core is made of nanoparticle or that uses a nanotube or nano-sized structured powder or a similarly sized film.

製造熱管之最終階段涉及藉由施用真空使其抽空，及藉由皺縮或焊接使其密封。圖24展示密封操作之一替代性實施例，且其由安裝閥(23)組成，其在操作期間允許真空條件之週期性檢查。 The final stage of making the heat pipe involves evacuating it by applying a vacuum and sealing it by shrinking or welding. Figure 24 shows an alternative embodiment of a sealing operation and consists of a mounting valve (23) that allows periodic inspection of vacuum conditions during operation.

圖25展示製造高級熱管之一替代性實施例，彼等高級熱管因薄壁及特殊芯結構而展現優良熱轉移效能，且易於製造且廉價。在圖25(a)中，製造方法以首先塗有芯材料(18)之兩個薄箔(35)開始。因為芯在製造熱管之前在平坦表面上形成，所以芯結構可包括不同尺寸之材料。舉例而言，緊鄰箔表面，芯材料可由數奈米至100奈米範圍內之奈米粒子組成，其視熱管之最終垂直長度而定。在常見金屬(諸如銅及其合金)之情況下，此奈米粒子之初始層接著在低於用於習知HP之溫度(約500-700℃)下燒結。在吾人之情況下，其可低於數百度。或者，奈米粒子之初始層可藉由黏著劑原位固持，該黏著劑隨後可在約800-850℃之溫度下熱解及/或石墨化。其亦可由在所用溫度及蒸氣壓力下維持其 結構之材料支撐。舉例而言，若水為工作流體，則其可為裝飾有Cu或Ni之奈米膜或奈米島之20nm多孔氧化鋯奈米海綿。隨後，可在箔表面上沈積第二層芯材料(諸如1至100微米範圍內之粒子)且可重複燒結或熱解製程，藉此增加相互連接之量。或者，第二層芯材料可由銅網組成，其為芯提供優良孔結構。彼網材料可接著與芯材料之較低層接合。因此，芯可依序向上建構以含有具有不同孔隙率及滲透率之不同層。因此，此類型熱管之長度可為至多10-14km。 Figure 25 shows an alternative embodiment of manufacturing advanced heat pipes that exhibit superior heat transfer efficiency due to thin wall and special core structures, and are easy to manufacture and inexpensive. In Fig. 25(a), the manufacturing method starts with two thin foils (35) first coated with a core material (18). Because the core is formed on a flat surface prior to fabrication of the heat pipe, the core structure can include materials of different sizes. For example, in close proximity to the foil surface, the core material can be composed of nanoparticles ranging from a few nanometers to 100 nanometers, depending on the final vertical length of the heat pipe. In the case of common metals such as copper and its alloys, the initial layer of this nanoparticle is then sintered at a temperature lower than that used for conventional HP (about 500-700 ° C). In my case, it can be less than a few hundred degrees. Alternatively, the initial layer of nanoparticles can be held in situ by an adhesive which can then be pyrolyzed and/or graphitized at a temperature of about 800-850 °C. It can also be maintained at the temperature and vapor pressure used. Material support for the structure. For example, if the water is a working fluid, it may be a 20 nm porous zirconia nano sponge decorated with a nano film of Cu or Ni or a nano island. Subsequently, a second layer of core material (such as particles in the range of 1 to 100 microns) can be deposited on the foil surface and the sintering or pyrolysis process can be repeated, thereby increasing the amount of interconnection. Alternatively, the second core material may be comprised of a copper mesh that provides an excellent pore structure for the core. The mesh material can then be bonded to the lower layer of the core material. Thus, the core can be constructed sequentially to contain different layers having different porosities and permeability. Therefore, this type of heat pipe can be up to 10-14 km in length.

一旦芯材料已形成於箔上，可在兩個薄箔(35)之間置放多個金屬支架(13)，以便形成由平坦箔表面分離之獨立圓柱形表面，如圖25(b)中所示。分離個別支架之箔表面接著應藉由焊接或皺縮或兩者密封。在圖25(b)中，此等圓柱形之一端藉由皺縮或焊接或兩者封閉及密封。接著施加部分真空以確保支架材料與含有芯層之箔之間的良好接觸。通常，此類真空足以提供箔與支架之間的良好接觸，但後續燒結可有效地將此等表面焊接在一起。所得圓柱形因此變為由薄金屬箔(35)連接之熱管(4)。因而可在需要較大表面積及有效熱轉移係數之應用中使用此等。 Once the core material has been formed on the foil, a plurality of metal brackets (13) can be placed between the two thin foils (35) to form a separate cylindrical surface separated by the flat foil surface, as in Figure 25(b) Shown. The foil surface separating the individual stents should then be sealed by welding or crimping or both. In Figure 25(b), one of the cylindrical ends is closed and sealed by crimping or welding or both. A partial vacuum is then applied to ensure good contact between the stent material and the foil containing the core layer. Typically, such vacuum is sufficient to provide good contact between the foil and the stent, but subsequent sintering can effectively weld the surfaces together. The resulting cylindrical shape thus becomes a heat pipe (4) joined by a thin metal foil (35). This can be used in applications that require large surface areas and effective heat transfer coefficients.

圖25(c)展示將所連接熱管總成分離成個別熱管之選擇，該等熱管各自具有一對用於增加之表面積的薄金屬蓋。然而，此類箔表面可削減或切斷，如圖25(d)中所示，以最後製造個別熱管，如圖25(e)中所示。 Figure 25 (c) shows the option of separating the connected heat pipe assemblies into individual heat pipes, each having a pair of thin metal caps for increased surface area. However, such foil surfaces can be cut or severed, as shown in Figure 25(d), to ultimately produce individual heat pipes, as shown in Figure 25(e).

圖26展示跨長距離轉移大量熱之視情況選用之組態，尤其在深層或在垂直排列中。在圖26中，熱管(4)由「脈衝」熱管組成^①。在圖26中，藉由任何熱能之源在熱管(4)之一端傳遞熱。當藉由熱管吸收熱時，用蒸發為蒸氣(46)之液體流體(45)部分地填充熱管(4)。蒸氣(46)提高熱管之內部壓力且導致蒸氣(例如蒸汽氣泡)及液體塞(例如蛞蝓) 體之內部流動藉由質量轉移將熱傳輸至處於低溫之熱管總成之另一遠端。此熱轉移導致熱因蒸氣冷凝為液體而釋放(包含於液相中之潛在/可感測熱之釋放)。轉移熱時，額外蒸氣冷凝成液相且彼液體繼續回應壓力脈衝而流動。 Figure 26 shows the configuration chosen for transferring large amounts of heat across long distances, especially in deep or vertical alignment. In Figure 26, the heat pipe (4) "pulse" of the heat pipe is composed of ^①. In Figure 26, heat is transferred at one end of the heat pipe (4) by any source of thermal energy. When the heat is absorbed by the heat pipe, the heat pipe (4) is partially filled with the liquid fluid (45) evaporated to the vapor (46 ) . The vapor (46) increases the internal pressure of the heat pipe and causes the internal flow of vapor (e.g., steam bubbles) and liquid plugs (e.g., helium) to transfer heat to the other distal end of the heat pipe assembly at a lower temperature by mass transfer. This heat transfer causes heat to be released as the vapor condenses into a liquid (the release of potential/sensible heat contained in the liquid phase). When heat is transferred, additional vapor condenses into a liquid phase and the liquid continues to flow in response to a pressure pulse.

移至^①(見「An Introduction to Pulsating Heat Pipes.」Electronics Cooling Magazine.http：//www.electronics-cooling.com/2003/05/，在此引用其全部內容) Move to ¹ (see "An Introduction to Pulsating Heat Pipes." Electronics Cooling Magazine. http://www.electronics-cooling.com/2003/05/, all references herein)

自習知脈動熱管區分本發明者為熱管可根據先前關於圖20至圖22中之長距離熱管的討論中指出之原理來製造，不同之處在於將強化篩網(13)置放於金屬箔(17)外部，以便提供抗內部壓力脈衝之強度，且不需要內部芯材料(18)。或者，可使用習知接合管之方法組裝脈動熱管。其他區別特徵包括在熱管內表面上使用專用塗層以促進蒸發及沸騰，及/或在熱管外部上使用專用塗層以促進至地質層或其他需要熱之應用的熱轉移。此外，脈衝熱管之外表面可為絕緣的，但末端除外。因此，此類型熱管之長度可為至多10-14km。 The present inventors have made the heat pipe according to the principle pointed out in the previous discussion about the long-distance heat pipe in Figs. 20 to 22, except that the reinforcing screen (13) is placed on the metal foil ( 17) External to provide strength against internal pressure pulses and without the need for internal core material (18). Alternatively, the pulsating heat pipe can be assembled using conventional jointing methods. Other distinguishing features include the use of a dedicated coating on the inner surface of the heat pipe to promote evaporation and boiling, and/or the use of a dedicated coating on the exterior of the heat pipe to facilitate heat transfer to geological layers or other applications requiring heat. In addition, the outer surface of the pulsed heat pipe may be insulated except for the ends. Therefore, this type of heat pipe can be up to 10-14 km in length.

無顯著溫度損失而進行之有效熱轉移亦因具有大量體積之可利用廢熱之熱發電廠而引人注目，但其處於通常對於多種工業應用過低之溫度下。然而，新穎技術已由Sylvan Source,Inc發展，(US專利第8,771,477號，及專利申請案第PCT/US2012/054221號，其具有2012年9月7日日期之國際申請及2011年9月9日日期之優先權，其以全文引用之方式併入本文中)，其可使用極少熱能純化大範圍經污染之水，且彼技術可與熱捕捉組合以提供伴隨水純化之有用熱捕捉。 Effective heat transfer without significant temperature loss is also noticeable due to the large volume of thermal power plants that can utilize waste heat, but at temperatures that are typically too low for many industrial applications. However, the novel technology has been developed by Sylvan Source, Inc. (US Patent No. 8, 771, 477, and Patent Application No. PCT/US2012/054221, having an international application dated September 7, 2012 and September 9, 2011 The priority of the date, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, is that it can be used to purify a wide range of contaminated water with minimal thermal energy, and the technique can be combined with heat capture to provide useful heat capture with water purification.

然而，對於欲有效捕捉熱之此類創新，至其可使用之處的其傳輸及其後續傳送必須以最小溫度損失起效。熱管，熱虹吸管及脈動熱管提供實際解決方案，其限制條件為熱管系統可同時滿足所有三個功能且無中間步驟。因此，需要長距離熱管，其可捕捉低級以及較高溫度之熱，將此類熱能轉移至較大直徑熱管而無溫度損失，及將此類熱能傳遞至多個較小直徑熱管用於實際利用，此同樣不經歷顯著溫度損失。可完成此之一個方式為具有無縫連接至較大直徑熱管(58)且又連 接至由較小直徑熱管(4)組成之熱傳送系統的多個較小直徑熱管(4)，如圖1中所示。 However, for such innovations that are intended to effectively capture heat, its transmission and its subsequent delivery must be effective with minimal temperature loss. Heat pipes, thermosiphons, and pulsating heat pipes provide a practical solution with the constraint that the heat pipe system can satisfy all three functions simultaneously without intermediate steps. Therefore, there is a need for long-distance heat pipes that capture low-level and higher-temperature heat, transfer such heat energy to larger-diameter heat pipes without temperature loss, and transfer such heat energy to multiple smaller-diameter heat pipes for practical use, This also does not experience significant temperature loss. This can be done a manner to have a plurality of seamlessly connected to a larger diameter heat pipe (58) connected to the heat transfer system and because the smaller diameter of the heat pipe (4) consisting of a heat pipe of a smaller diameter (4), 1 Shown in .

顯而易見，對於充當單個單元之複雜熱管，使工作流體返回熱管熱端之機制必須不間斷，此為必需的。其意謂藉由毛細作用運行之內部芯必須在熱管元件之間的多個接合點相互連接。由於接合金屬熱管通常應由焊接外部密封材料來完成且此類焊接不可用於接合經燒結之芯，因此當接合相異熱管時，問題變為「如何提供毛細連續性」。圖27展示實現此目的之方法。 Obviously, for a complex heat pipe acting as a single unit, the mechanism for returning the working fluid to the hot end of the heat pipe must be uninterrupted, which is necessary. It means that the inner core operated by capillary action must be connected to each other at a plurality of joints between the heat pipe elements. Since joining metal heat pipes should normally be done by welding external sealing materials and such welding is not available for joining sintered cores, the problem becomes "how to provide capillary continuity" when joining dissimilar heat pipes. Figure 27 shows a method for accomplishing this.

圖27(a)展示如何接合具有不同直徑之兩種熱管(4)及(58)。將孔切成較大熱管(58)以使較小熱管(4)可精確配合。將含有相同尺寸粒子作為芯材料之環形凝膠(48)置放於較小熱管(4)末端，如圖27(b)中所示，且如圖27(c)中所示接合兩種熱管。圖27(d)展示兩種熱管之放大橫截面圖及存在於芯材料中之空隙。圖27(e)展示當焊料(49)或焊縫應用於兩種經接合熱管之外部表面時發生之事：凝膠材料液化且蒸發，但不完全，因此允許毛細作用在微觀粒子之懸浮液中汲取以便填充毛細材料(12)中之空隙。接焊或焊接之熱足以蒸發所有用於懸浮微觀粒子之液體，留下可熱解之小索環，由此使新芯粒子固持在一起(50)，如圖27(f)中所示。接著可視需要施加額外熱以將其他芯粒子燒結在一起。且當然，以上所有均需要在接合熱管時無真空。可如指示執行之凝膠實例為矽膠，其將在由二氧化矽-將促進毛細連續性之親水性物質組成的新芯材料之間留下焊接點。然而，二氧化矽很可能會溶解且自熱管之熱側移動至冷側，因此較佳材料將為具有於懸浮液中之氧化鋁粒子、氧化鋯或稀土粒子之矽膠，如此其將芯永久地焊接在一起。 Figure 27 (a) shows how to join two heat pipes (4) and (58) having different diameters. The holes are cut into larger heat pipes (58) so that the smaller heat pipes (4) can be precisely fitted. An annular gel (48) containing particles of the same size as the core material is placed at the end of the smaller heat pipe (4) as shown in Fig. 27(b), and the two heat pipes are joined as shown in Fig. 27(c) . Figure 27 (d) shows an enlarged cross-sectional view of two heat pipes and voids present in the core material. Figure 27(e) shows what happens when solder (49) or welds are applied to the outer surfaces of two joined heat pipes: the gel material liquefies and evaporates, but is incomplete, thus allowing capillary action on the suspension of microscopic particles. The medium is drawn to fill the voids in the capillary material (12) . The heat of soldering or soldering is sufficient to evaporate all of the liquid used to suspend the microscopic particles, leaving a pyrolyzable small grommet, thereby holding the new core particles together (50) , as shown in Figure 27(f). Additional heat may then be applied as needed to sinter the other core particles together. And of course, all of the above requires no vacuum when joining the heat pipes. An example of a gel that can be performed as indicated is silicone, which will leave a weld between the new core material consisting of cerium oxide, a hydrophilic material that promotes capillary continuity. However, cerium oxide is likely to dissolve and move from the hot side of the heat pipe to the cold side, so the preferred material will be a silicate having alumina particles, zirconia or rare earth particles in the suspension, such that it will permanently Soldered together.

高級熱管，尤其整合數個細徑及大直徑熱管者之另一重要特徵為能夠隨意停止熱轉移，諸如在主廠必須自熱轉移機構斷開之工業情形中。圖28展示一個在高級、複雜熱管中控制熱轉移之機制。如圖28(a) 中所示，將可電子或遠程受控之簡單閥(60)連接至大直徑熱管(58)內部，且在閥(60)打開時，熱管繼續按設計轉移熱。圖28(b)展示閥回應外部致動器關閉時發生之事：氣態工作流體之流動停止進入細徑熱管(4)且因此熱轉移為阻斷的。 Another important feature of advanced heat pipes, especially those incorporating several small diameter and large diameter heat pipes, is the ability to stop heat transfer at will, such as in an industrial situation where the main plant must be disconnected from the heat transfer mechanism. Figure 28 shows a mechanism for controlling heat transfer in advanced, complex heat pipes. Figure 28 (a) As shown, an electronically or remotely controlled simple valve (60) is connected to the interior of the large diameter heat pipe (58), and as the valve (60) is opened, the heat pipe continues to transfer heat as designed. Figure 28(b) shows what happens when the valve responds to the closing of the external actuator: the flow of gaseous working fluid stops entering the small diameter heat pipe (4) and thus the heat transfer is blocked.

高級熱管之視情況選用之組態包括熱管與脈動熱管及/或環狀熱管之混合，其將各類型熱管之最佳特徵組合成具有優良效能之單個實體。舉例而言，脈動熱管之組合可提供最佳熱捕捉及釋放，同時完整元件之標準或環狀熱管提供最佳熱轉移。此類混合可包括熱捕捉及釋放端之薄壁厚度，及有或無絕緣之較厚壁以防止長距離損失，及確保歸因於毛細作用之混合管內部連續流體連通之常見芯材料。此外，毛細芯可由週期性地接觸內壁之軸或螺旋捲繞芯組成，由此維持整個熱管長度中之毛細連續性。此類可撓性芯可用於在焊接之前接合不同熱管，由此亦維持毛細連續性。或者，芯材料可溝槽化用於熱管之長距離部分，由此提供優化以下熱管各功能之不同芯結構：熱捕捉、轉移及釋放。另一選擇涉及使用金屬篩網，其可焊接於提供毛細作用之略大或略小直徑篩網上。 The configuration of the advanced heat pipe optionally includes a mix of heat pipes and pulsating heat pipes and/or annular heat pipes, which combines the best features of each type of heat pipe into a single entity with excellent performance. For example, a combination of pulsating heat pipes provides optimal heat capture and release while a standard or looped heat pipe of the complete component provides optimal heat transfer. Such mixing may include thin wall thicknesses at the heat capture and release ends, and thicker walls with or without insulation to prevent long distance losses, and to ensure common core materials for continuous fluid communication within the mixing tube due to capillary action. Further, the wick can be composed of a shaft or a spirally wound core that periodically contacts the inner wall, thereby maintaining capillary continuity throughout the length of the heat pipe. Such flexible cores can be used to join different heat pipes prior to welding, thereby also maintaining capillary continuity. Alternatively, the core material can be grooved for the long distance portion of the heat pipe, thereby providing different core structures that optimize the functions of the following heat pipes: heat capture, transfer, and release. Another option involves the use of a metal screen that can be welded to a slightly larger or slightly smaller diameter screen that provides capillary action.

使用熱管、散播器熱管、熱虹吸管及脈動熱管之熱釋放Heat release using heat pipes, diffuser heat pipes, thermosiphons, and pulsating heat pipes

熱釋放涉及於熱捕捉相同之原理，不同之處在於在熱管、尤其習知熱管之情況下，彼等原理以相反順序執行。因此，自習知熱管釋放熱涉及首先內部蒸氣在熱管冷端之冷凝，接著彼熱藉助於熱傳導轉移至芯材料且隨後轉移至通常為金屬或合金之密封管，及最後彼熱消耗至熱管外部之介質。在可含有具有不同孔隙率之多個芯層的高級熱管之情況下，熱導率將視各芯層厚度及芯材料之熱傳導而定。在脈動熱管及熱虹吸管之情況下，當不存在芯時，整個密封管之熱導率將視內部流體是否呈液體或氣態形式，以及管之熱傳導及其厚度而定。 Thermal release involves the same principle of heat capture, except that in the case of heat pipes, especially conventional heat pipes, their principles are performed in reverse order. Therefore, self-learning heat release heat involves first condensation of internal vapor at the cold end of the heat pipe, followed by transfer of heat to the core material by means of thermal conduction and subsequent transfer to a sealed tube, typically a metal or alloy, and finally heat consumption to the outside of the heat pipe. medium. In the case of advanced heat pipes that may contain multiple core layers having different porosities, the thermal conductivity will depend on the thickness of each core layer and the heat transfer of the core material. In the case of a pulsating heat pipe and a thermosiphon, when there is no core, the thermal conductivity of the entire sealed tube will depend on whether the internal fluid is in a liquid or gaseous form, as well as the heat transfer of the tube and its thickness.

描述於先前段落中之眾多可能性組態具有不同的有效釋放熱之 優勢，諸如： The numerous possibilities described in the previous paragraph have different effective release heats Advantages such as:

˙在用於熱管之密封材料中使用較薄壁厚度使溫度損失最小同時促進每單元表面積所轉移之熱量，如圖17、20、22及25中所示。 The use of thinner wall thicknesses in sealing materials for heat pipes minimizes temperature loss while promoting heat transfer per unit surface area, as shown in Figures 17, 20, 22 and 25.

˙如圖25中所示使用薄箔允許同時製造增加表面積且使熱釋放最大化之薄翅片結構。 The use of a thin foil as shown in Figure 25 allows for the simultaneous fabrication of thin fin structures that increase surface area and maximize heat release.

˙接合複雜熱管之多個部分同時維持芯稠度及連續性之能力，其允許自不同位置捕捉熱，使用較大、較有效熱管跨短或長距離轉移此類熱，及藉助於較小熱管將此類熱傳送至多個位置。 The ability to join multiple parts of a complex heat pipe while maintaining core consistency and continuity, allowing heat to be captured from different locations, using larger, more efficient heat pipes to transfer such heat across short or long distances, and with smaller heat pipes This type of heat is transferred to multiple locations.

˙熱管中之開/關轉換之控制特徵，其允許熱管隨意中斷或維持熱流動。 A control feature of the on/off transition in the heat pipe that allows the heat pipe to interrupt or maintain heat flow at will.

˙使用特殊組態熱管，諸如脈動熱管，其允許跨極長距離之垂直或水平熱轉移。 ̇ Use specially configured heat pipes, such as pulsating heat pipes, which allow vertical or horizontal heat transfer across very long distances.

˙使用用於熱管末端及中間之不同密封材料，其優化熱捕捉及釋放，同時在熱轉移期間藉助於具有低熱導率之連接材料或熱管外部上之絕緣塗層而使熱損失最小。 不同Use different sealing materials for the end and middle of the heat pipe, which optimizes heat capture and release while minimizing heat loss during thermal transfer by means of a joint material with low thermal conductivity or an insulating coating on the outside of the heat pipe.

˙熱管與熱儲存系統之可能性整合，其提供工廠中之可操作可撓性。 The heat pipe is integrated with the possibility of a heat storage system that provides operational flexibility in the plant.

所有此等有助於優良熱特性。 All of this contributes to excellent thermal properties.

比依賴於熱流體或基於水噴射之淬滅操作的熱交換器或所謂「節能器」更有效地捕捉、轉移及釋放熱之能力在多個工業應用中賦予描述於先前段落中之熱管不同優勢，諸如： The ability to capture, transfer and release heat more efficiently than heat exchangers or so-called "energy savers" that rely on hot fluid or water jet based quenching operations impart different advantages to the heat pipes described in the previous paragraphs in a number of industrial applications. , such as:

˙僅舉幾例，在來自油及氣體萃取、化學或冶金製程、紙漿及造紙工業以及塑膠及橡膠操作的水純化中，且尤其在海水淡化、微咸水純化、超鹹廢水純化中。實際上，由熱管獲得之低溫差允許在蒸餾系統中使用較有效之多個蒸發器，且熱管之優良熱轉移提高熱效能。此外，水純化組態可包括多種設計，諸如垂直排列堆疊、橫向排列蒸餾 系統或屬於「蒸餾核」類別之混合組態。 ̇ In a few examples, in water purification from oil and gas extraction, chemical or metallurgical processes, the pulp and paper industry, and plastic and rubber operations, and especially in seawater desalination, brackish water purification, and ultra-salt wastewater purification. In fact, the low temperature difference obtained by the heat pipe allows the use of a plurality of more efficient evaporators in the distillation system, and the excellent heat transfer of the heat pipes improves thermal performance. In addition, the water purification configuration can include a variety of designs, such as vertical alignment stacking, lateral alignment distillation The system or a hybrid configuration belonging to the "distillation core" category.

˙在化學及石化加工中，其需要放熱反應之有效冷卻、將反應溫度維持於窄範圍內、使在低溫下用於合成或催化反應之容器製冷。 In chemical and petrochemical processing, it requires efficient cooling of the exothermic reaction, maintaining the reaction temperature within a narrow range, and cooling the vessel used for synthesis or catalytic reaction at low temperatures.

˙在發電廠、核工廠及類似工業中，其需要有效冷卻，諸如用高度有效之熱管驅動之冷凝器容器替代冷卻塔及其他冷卻系統。相反地，在將熱管之熱釋放特徵用於預加熱製程容器或控制煙道氣之溫度中。且特定言之，在使用空氣動力學形狀熱管自煙道氣回收低級熱中，該等熱管亦可自正交角傾斜以減小阻力。 In power plants, nuclear plants, and the like, it requires efficient cooling, such as replacing the cooling tower and other cooling systems with highly efficient heat pipe driven condenser vessels. Conversely, the heat release characteristics of the heat pipe are used to preheat the process vessel or control the temperature of the flue gas. In particular, in the use of aerodynamic shape heat pipes to recover low-grade heat from flue gas, the heat pipes can also be inclined from orthogonal angles to reduce drag.

˙在冶金操作中，其間歇性地產生熱量(諸如鋼及非鐵工廠)，或其需要控制如冶金浸漬製程中(諸如拜耳製程中)之溫度。 In metallurgical operations, it generates heat intermittently (such as steel and non-ferrous plants), or it requires control of temperatures such as in metallurgical impregnation processes, such as in the Bayer process.

˙在大量熱能之有效轉移及釋放中，如在增強型油回收、油及天然氣壓裂操作、天然氣樞紐操作中，其自壓縮器、煉油廠(例如蒸餾塔、煉焦器操作及冷卻塔)、地熱能生產及冶金與化學操作回收熱。 ̇In the efficient transfer and release of large amounts of thermal energy, such as in enhanced oil recovery, oil and gas fracturing operations, natural gas hub operations, self-compressors, refineries (eg distillation columns, coker operations and cooling towers), Geothermal energy production and metallurgical and chemical operations to recover heat.

˙在其他應用中，諸如食物及飲料加工。 ̇ In other applications, such as food and beverage processing.

˙且尤其在軍事操作中，其產生大量廢熱同時需要自經污染之源獲得飲用水。 And especially in military operations, it produces a large amount of waste heat while requiring access to drinking water from sources of pollution.

熟習此項技術者應瞭解，此等方法及裝置適用於且可適用於實現目標且獲得所提及之目的及優勢，以及多種其他優勢及益處。本文所述之方法、程序及裝置目前為較佳實施例之代表且為例示性的且不欲為本發明範圍之限制。熟習此項技術者將想到涵蓋於本發明之精神內且由本發明範圍界定的其中之變化及其他用途。舉例而言，內部芯可撒於管管內且隨後在適當溫度下燒結，其視經燒結材料而定。 Those skilled in the art will appreciate that such methods and apparatus are suitable and applicable to achieve the objectives and advantages and advantages of the invention. The methods, procedures, and devices described herein are representative of the preferred embodiments and are illustrative and not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Variations and other uses that are within the spirit of the invention and are defined by the scope of the invention are contemplated by those skilled in the art. For example, the inner core can be sprinkled within the tube and subsequently sintered at a suitable temperature, depending on the material being sintered.

所有專利及公開案以引用之方式併入，其程度如同各個別公開案專門且分別指定為以引用之方式併入。 All patents and publications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety in the extent of the extent of the disclosure of each of the disclosures

可無本文中未特定揭示之任何要素、限制而適合地實踐本文中說 明性地描述之本發明。已採用之術語及表述用作描述之術語且不為限制，且不存在使用此類術語及表述以表明排除所展示及描述之特徵的等效者或其部分之目的。公認在所揭示之本發明範圍內多種修改為可能性的。因此，應理解儘管本發明已由較佳實施例及視情況選用之特徵特定揭示，但熟習此項技術者可採用本文所揭示之概念的修改及變化，且此類修改及變化視為處於由本發明所界定之本發明範圍內。 It is suitable to practice this article without any elements or limitations not specifically disclosed herein. The invention is described explicitly. The terms and expressions used are used to describe the terms and are not to be construed as limiting. It is recognized that various modifications are possible within the scope of the invention as disclosed. Therefore, it should be understood that the invention may be susceptible to modifications and variations of the concepts disclosed herein, and such modifications and changes are The invention is defined within the scope of the invention.

4‧‧‧熱管/脈動熱管/熱虹吸管/熱捕捉裝置 4‧‧‧Heat pipe/pulsating heat pipe/thermo siphon/heat trap

4'‧‧‧熱捕捉部分/熱管 4'‧‧‧Heat catching part / heat pipe

4"‧‧‧熱轉移部分 4"‧‧‧heat transfer section

4'''‧‧‧熱釋放部分 4'''‧‧‧Hot release section

Claims (30)

一種熱管理系統，其包含複數個熱轉移裝置，該等熱轉移裝置係選自由習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、熱散播器、脈動或環狀熱管、蒸汽管或其組合組成之群，其等經組裝成提供連續熱連通之實體，適用於在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下在0.1m至14km之距離內捕捉、轉移及釋放熱，其中自捕捉至釋放之溫度損失在待轉移之熱源處之溫度的0%與40%之間，其中經如此轉移之熱係來自一或多個熱源，且其中該等熱轉移裝置捕捉或提供熱用於至少一種應用。 A thermal management system comprising a plurality of thermal transfer devices selected from the group consisting of conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermosiphons, heat spreaders, pulsating or annular heat pipes, steam pipes, or combinations thereof. They are assembled into a body that provides continuous thermal communication and is suitable for capturing, transferring and releasing heat over a distance of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 0.1 m to 14 km, wherein the temperature loss from capture to release is Between 0% and 40% of the temperature at the heat source to be transferred, wherein the heat thus transferred is from one or more heat sources, and wherein the heat transfer devices capture or provide heat for at least one application. 一種熱管理系統，其包含一或多個熱轉移裝置，該或該等熱轉移裝置係選自由習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、熱散播器、脈動或環狀熱管或蒸汽管組成之群，其等經組裝成提供連續熱連通之實體，適用於在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下在500m至14km之距離內捕捉、轉移及釋放熱，其中自捕捉至釋放之溫度損失在待轉移之熱源處之溫度的0%與40%之間，其中經如此傳輸之熱係來自一或多個熱源，且其中該等熱轉移裝置捕捉或提供熱用於至少一種應用。 A thermal management system comprising one or more heat transfer devices selected from the group consisting of conventional heat pipes, advanced heat pipes, thermosiphons, heat spreaders, pulsating or annular heat pipes or steam pipes , which are assembled into a body that provides continuous thermal communication, suitable for capturing, transferring, and releasing heat over a distance of -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C at a distance of 500 m to 14 km, wherein the temperature loss from capture to release is Between 0% and 40% of the temperature at the heat source to be transferred, wherein the heat thus transferred is from one or more heat sources, and wherein the heat transfer devices capture or provide heat for at least one application. 如請求項1之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置具有一或多個芯。 The system of claim 1 wherein the heat transfer devices have one or more cores. 如請求項1之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置不具有芯。 The system of claim 1 wherein the heat transfer devices do not have a core. 如請求項1之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置包含多個部分，該等部分係選自蒸發器、熱轉移部分及冷凝器或其組合。 The system of claim 1 wherein the heat transfer means comprises a plurality of sections selected from the group consisting of an evaporator, a heat transfer section, and a condenser or a combination thereof. 如請求項5之系統，其中該等部分包含選自無芯、完全芯、部分芯及其任何組合之芯特徵。 The system of claim 5, wherein the portions comprise core features selected from the group consisting of a coreless, a full core, a partial core, and any combination thereof. 如請求項1之系統，其中該至少一種應用係選自發電廠、地熱能生產、增強型油回收、氣體再壓縮、水淡化、冶金加工、化學及 石化操作及生產、紙漿及造紙工業、塑膠及橡膠操作、耐火材料工業、玻璃製造操作、採礦操作、膠合板及定向粒片板製造、醱酵、肥料生產、工業氣體生產、軍事應用、太陽能生產、橡膠製造及煉油廠。 The system of claim 1, wherein the at least one application is selected from the group consisting of a power plant, geothermal energy production, enhanced oil recovery, gas recompression, water desalination, metallurgical processing, chemistry, and Petrochemical operations and production, pulp and paper industry, plastics and rubber operations, refractory industry, glass manufacturing operations, mining operations, plywood and directional pellet manufacturing, fermentation, fertilizer production, industrial gas production, military applications, solar production, Rubber manufacturing and refinery. 如請求項1之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置包含自由以下組成之材料之群製造的密封材料：鋼、銅及其合金、鈦及其合金、鋁及其合金、鎳及鉻合金、捲繞金屬箔、絲網及支架。 The system of claim 1, wherein the heat transfer device comprises a sealing material made of a group of materials free of the following composition: steel, copper and alloys thereof, titanium and alloys thereof, aluminum and alloys thereof, nickel and chromium alloys, winding Metal foil, wire mesh and brackets. 如請求項8之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置之該密封材料包括金屬、塑膠或陶瓷組合物，其相對於該多種熱源無反應性、相對於熱轉移介質無反應性且相對於該熱源無反應性。 The system of claim 8, wherein the sealing material of the heat transfer device comprises a metal, plastic or ceramic composition that is non-reactive with respect to the plurality of heat sources, is non-reactive with respect to the heat transfer medium, and has no relative to the heat source Reactivity. 如請求項8之系統，其中該熱轉移裝置包含不同金屬及合金，其包含不同熱傳導率。 The system of claim 8 wherein the thermal transfer device comprises a different metal and alloy comprising different thermal conductivities. 如請求項3之系統，其中接合不同的個別有芯熱轉移裝置，以致存在具有與沿長度之毛細作用相容之連續性的經接合芯結構，該連續性允許內部工作材料在整個該長度中之熱連通，且其中該等內部工作材料係選自由流體、昇華之固體、具有多種化學水合程度之材料及其任何組合組成之群。 The system of claim 3, wherein the different individual cored heat transfer devices are joined such that there is a bonded core structure having continuity compatible with capillary action along the length, the continuity allowing the inner working material to be throughout the length The thermal communication, and wherein the internal working materials are selected from the group consisting of fluids, sublimed solids, materials having multiple chemical hydration levels, and any combination thereof. 如請求項3之系統，其中該芯結構包含多個具有不同孔隙率之層。 The system of claim 3, wherein the core structure comprises a plurality of layers having different porosities. 如請求項3之系統，其中該芯結構包括含有軸芯的內部芯結構。 The system of claim 3, wherein the core structure comprises an inner core structure comprising a core. 如請求項3之系統，其中該芯結構包含至少一種選自由以下組成之群的材料：經燒結金屬、金屬篩網、凹槽、氧化物、硼酸鹽、昇華之固體、具有不同化學水合程度之材料、奈米粒子、奈米孔、奈米管及其任何組合。 The system of claim 3, wherein the core structure comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of sintered metals, metal meshes, grooves, oxides, borates, sublimed solids, having different degrees of chemical hydration Materials, nanoparticles, nanopores, nanotubes, and any combination thereof. 如請求項14之系統，其中在沿長度之不同位置使用不同材料，且其中該等材料係經選擇以優化熱捕捉及釋放，同時使熱損失最小。 A system of claim 14 wherein different materials are used at different locations along the length, and wherein the materials are selected to optimize heat capture and release while minimizing heat loss. 如請求項3之系統，其中該芯係藉由噴塗、塗敷、烘烤、PVD、CVD或熱解有機化合物所形成。 A system according to claim 3, wherein the core is formed by spraying, coating, baking, PVD, CVD or pyrolysis of an organic compound. 如請求項3之系統，其中該芯係藉由熱分解金屬粒子於液態金屬前驅物中之漿料形成。 The system of claim 3, wherein the core is formed by thermally decomposing a slurry of metal particles in a liquid metal precursor. 如請求項1之系統，其中該密封管包含捲繞之薄箔條。 The system of claim 1 wherein the sealed tube comprises a coiled thin foil strip. 如請求項18之系統，其中該捲繞條結構經預塗有芯材料，隨後再形成為圍繞包含網篩之金屬支架的管狀總成。 The system of claim 18, wherein the winding strip structure is pre-coated with a core material and subsequently formed into a tubular assembly surrounding the metal stent comprising the mesh screen. 如請求項18之系統，其中該捲繞管中之空隙係藉由獨立捲繞條密封。 The system of claim 18, wherein the voids in the winding tube are sealed by separate winding strips. 如請求項20之系統，其中該工作材料之量係超過使該內部芯結構飽和所需之量。 The system of claim 20, wherein the amount of working material exceeds the amount required to saturate the inner core structure. 如請求項1之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置中之該工作材料之相變溫度係在-40℃與1,300℃範圍內。 The system of claim 1, wherein the phase change temperature of the working material in the heat transfer devices is in the range of -40 ° C and 1,300 ° C. 如請求項1之系統，其中該熱轉移裝置包含接近一端之閥，以控制及維持部分真空。 The system of claim 1 wherein the heat transfer device comprises a valve proximate to one end to control and maintain a partial vacuum. 如請求項1或請求項2之系統，其中安裝長度至多14km之垂直熱轉移裝置以防止該等熱轉移裝置之物理降解或斷裂，其中該熱轉移裝置之重量係藉由至少一個浮力氣球、至少一個直升機或其組合來抵消。 The system of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein a vertical heat transfer device having a length of up to 14 km is installed to prevent physical degradation or fracture of the heat transfer device, wherein the weight of the heat transfer device is at least one buoyancy balloon, at least A helicopter or a combination of them to offset. 如請求項1或請求項2之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置係使用至少一個選自起重機、直升機、氣球、輪、鑽油平台及塔或其任何組合之安裝輔助來安裝。 The system of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the heat transfer devices are installed using at least one mounting aid selected from the group consisting of a crane, a helicopter, a balloon, a wheel, an oil rig, and a tower or any combination thereof. 如請求項2之系統，其中在無3-7Km長度之熱轉移裝置之物理降解或斷裂之情況下安裝此類熱轉移裝置，且其中該熱轉移裝置係圍繞使該熱轉移裝置之曲率最小化的100-500呎直徑之輪捲繞。 The system of claim 2, wherein the heat transfer device is installed without physical degradation or rupture of a heat transfer device having a length of 3-7 Km, and wherein the heat transfer device is configured to minimize curvature of the heat transfer device The 100-500 inch diameter wheel is wound. 如請求項1或請求項2之系統，其中該等熱轉移裝置為絕緣的。 The system of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the heat transfer devices are insulated. 如請求項1之系統，其中脈動熱管係藉由將薄金屬或合金層密封於堅固金屬篩網中來製造以抵抗壓力脈衝。 The system of claim 1 wherein the pulsating heat pipe is fabricated to resist pressure pulses by sealing a thin metal or alloy layer in a solid metal mesh. 一種熱捕捉、轉移及釋放之方法，其使用如請求項1之系統。 A method of heat capture, transfer and release using a system as claimed in claim 1. 一種用於製造如請求項1之系統的方法，其包含以下步驟：自由以下組成之群中選擇熱轉移裝置之類型：習知熱管、高級熱管、熱虹吸管、散播器熱管、環狀熱管、脈動熱管、蒸汽管及其任何組合；自至少一種由以下組成之群的方法中選擇接合熱轉移裝置元件之方法：接焊、硬焊、焊接、車螺紋、箔捲繞、機械配件、密封熱流體及其任何組合；自由以下組成之群中選擇芯結構類型：經燒結金屬、軸芯、金屬篩網、凹槽、其任何組合及無芯材料；自由以下組成之群中選擇內部工作材料：水溶液、共熔鹽混合物、有機熱流體及在-40℃至1,300℃範圍內之溫度下液化的高溫金屬及合金、昇華之固體及具有不同化學水合程度之材料；應用由此選擇之該等接合方法、芯結構及工作流體；及在真空下密封該熱轉移裝置。 A method for manufacturing the system of claim 1, comprising the steps of: selecting a type of heat transfer device from the group consisting of: a conventional heat pipe, an advanced heat pipe, a thermosiphon, a heat pipe of a diffuser, a ring heat pipe, a pulsation Heat pipe, steam pipe, and any combination thereof; a method of joining heat transfer device components from at least one of the following groups: welding, brazing, welding, threading, foil winding, mechanical fittings, sealing hot fluid And any combination thereof; the core structure type is selected from the group consisting of sintered metal, shaft core, metal mesh, groove, any combination thereof and coreless material; the inner working material is selected from the group consisting of: a eutectic salt mixture, an organic hot fluid, and a high temperature metal and alloy liquefied at a temperature ranging from -40 ° C to 1,300 ° C, a sublimed solid, and a material having a different degree of chemical hydration; applying the bonding method selected thereby , core structure and working fluid; and sealing the heat transfer device under vacuum.