TW201336225A - Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network - Google Patents
Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TW201336225A TW201336225A TW101105308A TW101105308A TW201336225A TW 201336225 A TW201336225 A TW 201336225A TW 101105308 A TW101105308 A TW 101105308A TW 101105308 A TW101105308 A TW 101105308A TW 201336225 A TW201336225 A TW 201336225A
- Authority
- TW
- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- transformer
- power amplifier
- transmission line
- primary side
- secondary side
- Prior art date
Links
Landscapes
- Amplifiers (AREA)
Abstract
Description
本發明係有關於一種功率放大器設計，尤指關於可多模操作的功率放大器網路。This invention relates to a power amplifier design, and more particularly to a power amplifier network that is multimode operable.
隨著行動電話、無線網路、數位電視等的普及，無線通訊技術快速地進展，以滿足廣大的需求，於是，高品質而低成本的功率放大器已成為一項極為熱門的電子技術。然而，如果要使用成本較低且發展成熟的CMOS製程，勢必需要克服其較低的崩潰電壓(breakdown voltage)和較高的基材損耗(substrate loss)的問題，因此，透過變壓器進行功率合成，能達到縮小單一電晶體並提升輸出功率的效果。With the popularity of mobile phones, wireless networks, digital TVs, etc., wireless communication technology has rapidly advanced to meet the needs of the vast demand, so high-quality and low-cost power amplifiers have become an extremely popular electronic technology. However, if a lower cost and well-developed CMOS process is to be used, it is necessary to overcome its lower breakdown voltage and higher substrate loss. Therefore, power synthesis through the transformer, It can achieve the effect of reducing the single transistor and increasing the output power.
然而，傳統變壓器的結構在整合多個電晶體或者實行較高比例的阻抗轉換時，必須使用一個相當大的二次側繞組，此二次側繞組通常為一個迴圈，如此將造成Q值(品質係數)的下降，且當整合電晶體越多時，問題更加地嚴重。However, the structure of a conventional transformer must use a relatively large secondary winding when integrating multiple transistors or performing a higher ratio of impedance conversion. This secondary winding is usually a loop, which will cause a Q value ( The quality factor) drops, and the more the integrated transistors, the more serious the problem.
而近幾年來大眾感興趣的分佈式變壓器，將數個差動放大器串連形成變壓器中的主線圈，訊號饋入的方式採用差動傳輸線的方式饋入進各個差動放大器，再藉由另一個金屬線圈與主線圈進行能量耦合，以達到功率結合。然而，操作在毫米波頻段時，因短波長的特性使得差動訊號饋入各個放大器時，其非對稱性所造成的相位差導致功率結合的效率上會受到損耗，加上串聯放大器所形成的組態令各個放大器之間具有高度的相關性，並不適合根據實際所需來關閉部分的放大器，故分佈式變壓器無法達到節省功率，效率亦無法提升。In recent years, distributed transformers of interest to the public have connected several differential amplifiers in series to form the main coil in the transformer. The signal feeding method is fed into each differential amplifier by means of a differential transmission line, and then by another A metal coil is energy coupled to the primary coil to achieve power combining. However, when operating in the millimeter wave band, due to the short-wavelength characteristics, when the differential signal is fed into each amplifier, the phase difference caused by the asymmetry causes the efficiency of the power combination to be lost, plus the formation of the series amplifier. The configuration makes the high correlation between the amplifiers, and it is not suitable to turn off some of the amplifiers according to actual needs. Therefore, the distributed transformer cannot achieve power saving and the efficiency cannot be improved.
因此，研發一種改良的功率放大器，其具有良好的功率結合效率以及較小的操作面積，是有其必要的。Therefore, it is necessary to develop an improved power amplifier which has good power combining efficiency and a small operating area.
有鑑於先前技術之缺點，本發明之一目的係在提供一種功率放大器及功率放大器網路，。In view of the shortcomings of the prior art, it is an object of the present invention to provide a power amplifier and power amplifier network.
依據本發明的一實施例，提供一種功率放大器，包括：一基板、一第一變壓器、一第一放大器、一第二放大器及一第二變壓器。其中該第一變壓器及該第二變壓器皆設置在該基板上。該第一變壓器包括一第一一次側及一第一二次側，該第一一次側的一端電性連接一輸入節點，該第一一次側的另一端接地，該第一二次側位於該第一一次側的上方層且與該第一一次側相對。該第一放大器及該第二放大器分別電性連接該第一二次側的兩端。該第二變壓器包括一第二一次側及一第二二次側，該第二一次側的兩端分別電性連接該第一放大器及一第二放大器，該第二一次側位於該第二二次側的上方層且與該第二二次側相對，該第二二次側的一端電性連接一輸出節點，該第二二次側的另一端接地，該輸出節點鄰近於該輸入節點。According to an embodiment of the invention, a power amplifier is provided, comprising: a substrate, a first transformer, a first amplifier, a second amplifier, and a second transformer. The first transformer and the second transformer are all disposed on the substrate. The first transformer includes a first primary side and a first secondary side. One end of the first primary side is electrically connected to an input node, and the other end of the first primary side is grounded. The side is located on the upper layer of the first primary side and is opposite to the first primary side. The first amplifier and the second amplifier are electrically connected to both ends of the first secondary side. The second transformer includes a second primary side and a second secondary side. The two ends of the second primary side are electrically connected to the first amplifier and a second amplifier respectively. The second primary side is located at the second primary side. An upper layer of the second secondary side is opposite to the second secondary side, and one end of the second secondary side is electrically connected to an output node, and the other end of the second secondary side is grounded, and the output node is adjacent to the Enter the node.
依據本發明的另一實施例，提供一種功率放大器，包括：一基板、一第一變壓器、一第一放大器、一第二放大器及一第二變壓器。其中該第一變壓器及該第二變壓器皆設置在該基板上。該第一變壓器包括一第一一次側及一第一二次側，該第一一次側的一端電性連接一輸入節點，該第一一次側的另一端接地，該第一二次側位於該第一一次側的下方層且與該第一一次側相對。該第一放大器及該第二放大器分別電性連接該第一二次側的兩端。該第二變壓器包括一第二一次側及一第二二次側，該第二一次側的兩端分別電性連接該第一放大器及一第二放大器，該第二一次側位於該第二二次側的下方層且與該第二二次側相對，該第二二次側的一端電性連接一輸出節點，該第二二次側的另一端接地，該輸出節點鄰近於該輸入節點。According to another embodiment of the present invention, a power amplifier is provided, including: a substrate, a first transformer, a first amplifier, a second amplifier, and a second transformer. The first transformer and the second transformer are all disposed on the substrate. The first transformer includes a first primary side and a first secondary side. One end of the first primary side is electrically connected to an input node, and the other end of the first primary side is grounded. The side is located on the lower layer of the first primary side and is opposite to the first primary side. The first amplifier and the second amplifier are electrically connected to both ends of the first secondary side. The second transformer includes a second primary side and a second secondary side. The two ends of the second primary side are electrically connected to the first amplifier and a second amplifier respectively. The second primary side is located at the second primary side. a lower layer of the second secondary side opposite to the second secondary side, one end of the second secondary side is electrically connected to an output node, and the other end of the second secondary side is grounded, and the output node is adjacent to the Enter the node.
依據本發明的另一實施例，提供一種功率放大器網路，包括：一第一功率放大器及一二功率放大器，其中該第一功率放大器及該第二功率放大器呈輻射狀地設置在同一基板上，該第一功率放大器的該第一一次側與該第二功率放大器的該第一一次側電性連接到同一輸入節點，該第一功率放大器的該第二二次側與該第二功率放大器的該第二二次側電性連接到同一輸出節點，該輸入節點與該輸出節點皆位於該功率放大器網路的結構中心區域。According to another embodiment of the present invention, a power amplifier network includes: a first power amplifier and a power amplifier, wherein the first power amplifier and the second power amplifier are radially disposed on a same substrate The first primary side of the first power amplifier and the first primary side of the second power amplifier are electrically connected to the same input node, the second secondary side of the first power amplifier and the second The second secondary side of the power amplifier is electrically connected to the same output node, and the input node and the output node are both located in a central area of the structure of the power amplifier network.
是故，由上述可以得知，本發明的功率放大器網路可將饋入於結構對稱中心之訊號同步分佈至各放大器進行放大，可減少功率分配上的損耗，此外，可將放大的訊號同步收集至結構對稱中心，達到同相為訊號疊加。藉此，本發明的變壓式功率放大器網路將功率分配及功率結合電路整合於同一面積，達到面積高度使用率。Therefore, as can be seen from the above, the power amplifier network of the present invention can synchronously distribute the signals fed to the symmetric center of the structure to the amplifiers for amplification, thereby reducing the loss in power distribution and, in addition, synchronizing the amplified signals. Collected to the center of structural symmetry, reaching the same phase as the signal superposition. Thereby, the transformer power amplifier network of the present invention integrates the power distribution and the power combining circuit into the same area to achieve the area height usage rate.
為進一步說明各實施例，本發明乃提供有圖式。此些圖式乃為本發明揭露內容之一部分，其主要係用以說明實施例，並可配合說明書之相關描述來解釋實施例的運作原理。配合參考這些內容，本領域具有通常知識者應能理解其他可能的實施方式以及本發明之優點。圖中的元件並未按比例繪製，而類似的元件符號通常用來表示類似的元件。To further illustrate the various embodiments, the invention is provided with the drawings. The drawings are a part of the disclosure of the present invention, and are mainly used to explain the embodiments, and the operation of the embodiments may be explained in conjunction with the related description of the specification. With reference to such content, those of ordinary skill in the art should be able to understand other possible embodiments and advantages of the present invention. Elements in the figures are not drawn to scale, and similar elements are generally used to represent similar elements.
首先，請參考第1A圖至第1B圖，第1A圖至第1B圖顯示依據本發明功率放大器的一實施例之示意圖，其中第1A圖顯示功率放大器1在折疊前的示意圖，第1B圖顯示功率放大器1在折疊後的示意圖。如第1A圖所示，功率放大器1包括一基板(圖未示)、一第一變壓器11、一差動放大器13及一第二變壓器15。第一變壓器11、第二變壓器15皆透過半導體製程技術或多層板技術設置在該基板上，且第一變壓器11及第二變壓器15不限於位於同一層金屬層。根據一實施例，基板可為陶瓷基板、矽基板或印刷線路板等。First, please refer to FIG. 1A to FIG. 1B. FIG. 1A to FIG. 1B are schematic diagrams showing an embodiment of a power amplifier according to the present invention, wherein FIG. 1A shows a schematic diagram of the power amplifier 1 before folding, and FIG. 1B shows Schematic diagram of the power amplifier 1 after folding. As shown in FIG. 1A, the power amplifier 1 includes a substrate (not shown), a first transformer 11, a differential amplifier 13, and a second transformer 15. The first transformer 11 and the second transformer 15 are all disposed on the substrate through a semiconductor process technology or a multi-layer board technology, and the first transformer 11 and the second transformer 15 are not limited to being located in the same metal layer. According to an embodiment, the substrate may be a ceramic substrate, a germanium substrate, a printed wiring board, or the like.
如第1A圖所示，第一變壓器11可為一個單端轉差動變壓器，第一變壓器11包括一第一一次側111及一第一二次側113，其中第一一次側111的一端電性連接到一輸入節點ni，第一一次側111的另一端接地，而第一二次側113的兩端分別電性連接到差動放大器13。第二變壓器15可為一差動轉單端之變壓器，第二變壓器15包括一第二一次側151及一第二二次側153，其中第二一次側151的兩端分別電性連接差動放大器13，第二二次側153的一端電性連接到一輸出節點no，第二二次側153的另一端接地。As shown in FIG. 1A, the first transformer 11 can be a single-ended differential transformer, and the first transformer 11 includes a first primary side 111 and a first secondary side 113, wherein the first primary side 111 One end is electrically connected to an input node n i , and the other end of the first primary side 111 is grounded, and both ends of the first secondary side 113 are electrically connected to the differential amplifier 13 respectively. The second transformer 15 can be a differential-transformed single-ended transformer, and the second transformer 15 includes a second primary side 151 and a second secondary side 153, wherein the two ends of the second primary side 151 are electrically connected The differential amplifier 13 has one end of the second secondary side 153 electrically connected to an output node n o and the other end of the second secondary side 153 is grounded.
未折疊的功率放大器1所包含的第一變壓器11、差動放大器13及第二變壓器15皆位於同一平面，更詳細地來說，第一變壓器11形成於一第一平面101，差動放大器13形成於一第二平面103，而第二變壓器15形成於一第三平面105，第一平面101及第三平面105分別位於第二平面103的相異兩側，且第一平面101、第二平面103及第三平面105皆位於同一水平面上。藉由上述的安排，使得輸入節點ni與輸出節點no分別位於相對差動放大器13所形成的第二平面103的相異兩側。The first transformer 11, the differential amplifier 13, and the second transformer 15 included in the unfolded power amplifier 1 are all located in the same plane. In more detail, the first transformer 11 is formed on a first plane 101, and the differential amplifier 13 Formed on a second plane 103, and the second transformer 15 is formed on a third plane 105, the first plane 101 and the third plane 105 are respectively located on opposite sides of the second plane 103, and the first plane 101, the second The plane 103 and the third plane 105 are all on the same horizontal plane. With the above arrangement, the input node n i and the output node n o are respectively located on opposite sides of the second plane 103 formed by the differential amplifier 13 .
當第一平面101繞一位於第二平面103的一側的第一旋轉軸a1旋轉一預設角度，且第三平面105繞一位於第二平面103的另一側的第二旋轉軸a2旋轉一預設角度，該預設角度可約為90度，使第一變壓器11與第二變壓器15皆大體上垂直於差動放大器13，形成一具折疊式變壓器的功率放大器1'，如第1B圖所示。When the first plane 101 is rotated by a predetermined angle about a first axis of rotation a 1 on a side of the second plane 103, and the third plane 105 is around a second axis of rotation a located on the other side of the second plane 103 2 rotating a predetermined angle, the preset angle may be about 90 degrees, so that the first transformer 11 and the second transformer 15 are substantially perpendicular to the differential amplifier 13 to form a power amplifier 1' of the folding transformer, such as Figure 1B shows.
折疊後的功率放大器1'具有一特點在於，第一平面101上的第一變壓器11與第三平面105上的第二變壓器15彼此相對，兩者可與差動變壓器13所形成的平面傾斜或垂直。藉此輸出節點no可鄰近於輸入節點ni，以方便訊號的饋入與功率的結合。The folded power amplifier 1' has a feature in that the first transformer 11 on the first plane 101 and the second transformer 15 on the third plane 105 are opposed to each other, and the two can be inclined to the plane formed by the differential transformer 13 or vertical. Thereby, the output node n o can be adjacent to the input node n i to facilitate the combination of signal feeding and power.
請參考第1C圖，第1C圖顯示依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之示意圖。如第1C圖所示，功率放大器網路100包括一第一功率放大器1a、一第二功率放大器1b、一第三功率放大器1c、一第四功率放大器1d一第一輸入傳輸線19a、一第二輸入傳輸線19b、一第三輸入傳輸線19c、一第四輸入傳輸線19d、一第一輸出傳輸線17a、一第二輸出傳輸線17b、一第三輸出傳輸線17c及一第四輸出傳輸線17d。其中多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的每一個皆為第1B圖的具折疊式變壓器的功率放大器1'，多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d彼此並聯，具有良好的隔離性，也就是說，多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的每一個第一一次側分別透過輸入傳輸線19a、19b、19c、19d電性連接至同一輸入節點NI，且多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的每一個第二二次側分別透過輸出傳輸線17a、17b、17c、17d電性連接至同一輸出節點NO。Please refer to FIG. 1C, which shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1C, the power amplifier network 100 includes a first power amplifier 1a, a second power amplifier 1b, a third power amplifier 1c, a fourth power amplifier 1d, a first input transmission line 19a, and a second. The input transmission line 19b, a third input transmission line 19c, a fourth input transmission line 19d, a first output transmission line 17a, a second output transmission line 17b, a third output transmission line 17c and a fourth output transmission line 17d. Each of the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d is a power amplifier 1' having a folded transformer of FIG. 1B, and the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d are connected in parallel with each other to have good isolation. That is, each of the first power sides of the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d is electrically connected to the same input node N I through the input transmission lines 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d, respectively, and the plurality of power amplifiers Each of the second secondary sides of 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d is electrically connected to the same output node N O through output transmission lines 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, respectively.
多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的分別將一饋入至輸入節點NI的輸入訊號SI透過個別的單端轉差動的第一變壓器轉換至對應的差動放大器13，經多個差動放大器13放大後，再由個別的差動轉單端的第二變壓器將放大的訊號轉換為一輸出訊號SO。The plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, and 1d respectively convert an input signal S I fed to the input node N I to the corresponding differential amplifier 13 through an individual single-ended differential first transformer. After the differential amplifier 13 is amplified, the amplified signal is converted into an output signal S O by an individual differentially-transferred single-ended second transformer.
由於多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的每一個屬於具折疊式變壓器的功率放大器，因此，輸入節點NI可與輸出節點NO相鄰，且分別位於功率放大器網路100的結構中心區域，也就是說，訊號的饋入與功率的結合皆位於功率放大器網路100的結構中心區域，功率放大器網路100將輻射狀分佈網路與輻射狀集成網路整合於同一面積，提升了面積的使用率。Since a plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, each having a folding amplifier transformer belonging 1c, 1d, and therefore, the input node N I may be adjacent to the output node N O, and located the center of the web structure 100 of the power amplifier The area, that is, the combination of signal feed and power is located in the central area of the structure of the power amplifier network 100, and the power amplifier network 100 integrates the radial distribution network and the radial integrated network in the same area, thereby improving the area. Area usage rate.
根據一實施例，第一功率放大器1a可與第二功率放大器1b對稱地設置，第三功率放大器1c可與第四功率放大器1d對稱地設置，也就是說，輸入節點NI可與輸出節點NO是位於功率放大器網路100的對稱中心區域。實際實施時，若僅有一對功率放大器，例如第一功率放大器1a及第二功率放大器1b，或是第三功率放大器1c及第四功率放大器1d，便可實現功率放大器網路100，也就是說，功率放大器網路100可包括兩個以上的功率放大器，且功率放大器的個數不限於奇數或偶數。According to an embodiment, the first power amplifier 1a can be symmetrically arranged with the second power amplifier 1b, and the third power amplifier 1c can be symmetrically arranged with the fourth power amplifier 1d, that is, the input node N I can be connected to the output node N O is a symmetric central region located in the power amplifier network 100. In actual implementation, if there is only one pair of power amplifiers, such as the first power amplifier 1a and the second power amplifier 1b, or the third power amplifier 1c and the fourth power amplifier 1d, the power amplifier network 100 can be realized, that is, The power amplifier network 100 may include more than two power amplifiers, and the number of power amplifiers is not limited to odd or even numbers.
根據一實施例，多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的輸入傳輸線19a、19b、19c、19d具有相同的長度，使得功率放大器網路100可同步地將位於對稱中心的輸入節點NI的輸入訊號SI分佈至多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的各個差動放大器，如此，可減少功率分配上的損耗。此外，功率放大器網路100可同步地將放大的訊號收集至位於對稱中心區域的輸出節點NO，在輸出節點NO處將多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d的的輸出訊號作同相位地疊加，得到輸出訊號SO。According to an embodiment, the input transmission lines 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d of the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d have the same length such that the power amplifier network 100 can synchronously input the input node N I at the center of symmetry The input signal S I is distributed to the respective differential amplifiers of the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, so that the loss in power distribution can be reduced. In addition, network 100 may be a power amplifier the amplified signal in synchronism to a collection area located at the isocenter output node N O, N O at an output node at a plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d is the same as the output signal The phases are superimposed to obtain an output signal S O .
此外，由於功率放大器網路100的多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d是以並聯方式互相連接，個別的輸入與輸出是分開處理，因此，多個功率放大器1a、1b、1c、1d具有良好的隔離性，可分別獨立***作，使得功率放大器網路100可根據所需的資料傳輸率或是所需的通訊距離而操作在不同的模式，例如高功率模式、中功率模式以及低功率模式，達到節省功率的效果。Furthermore, since the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d of the power amplifier network 100 are connected to each other in parallel, the individual inputs and outputs are separately processed, and therefore, the plurality of power amplifiers 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d have Good isolation, can be operated independently, so that the power amplifier network 100 can operate in different modes according to the required data transmission rate or the required communication distance, such as high power mode, medium power mode and low power. Mode to achieve power saving effect.
接著，請參考第2A圖至第2B圖，第2A圖至第2B圖分別顯示本發明功率放大器網路的電路圖及結構圖。如第2A圖所示，第2A圖的功率放大器網路200係為第1C圖的功率放大器網路100以電路方式表示。Next, please refer to FIGS. 2A to 2B. FIGS. 2A to 2B are respectively a circuit diagram and a structural diagram of the power amplifier network of the present invention. As shown in Fig. 2A, the power amplifier network 200 of Fig. 2A is shown in a circuit manner for the power amplifier network 100 of Fig. 1C.
功率放大器網路200與第1C圖的功率放大器網路100大致相同，也就是功率放大器網路200包括多個相同(identical)的功率放大器2a、2b、2c、2d、多條輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c、29d多條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c、27d。多個功率放大器2a、2b、2c、2d的每一個包括一第一變壓器21、一差動放大器23、一第二電壓器25，第一變壓器21透過對應的輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c或29d電性連接到輸入節點NI，第二變壓器25透過對應的輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c或27d電性連接到輸出傳輸線NO，且輸入節點NI與輸出傳輸線NO皆位於功率放大器網路200的結構中心區域c。每一個第一變壓器21包括一第一一次側211及一第一二次側213。每一個第二變壓器25包括一第二一次側251及一第二二次側253。The power amplifier network 200 is substantially identical to the power amplifier network 100 of FIG. 1C, that is, the power amplifier network 200 includes a plurality of identical power amplifiers 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, and a plurality of input transmission lines 29a, 29b. , 29c, 29d, a plurality of output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d. Each of the plurality of power amplifiers 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d includes a first transformer 21, a differential amplifier 23, and a second voltage converter 25, and the first transformer 21 transmits through a corresponding input transmission line 29a, 29b, 29c or 29d. Electrically connected to the input node N I , the second transformer 25 is electrically connected to the output transmission line N O through the corresponding output transmission line 27a, 27b, 27c or 27d, and the input node N I and the output transmission line N O are located in the power amplifier network The central area c of the structure of 200. Each of the first transformers 21 includes a first primary side 211 and a first secondary side 213. Each of the second transformers 25 includes a second primary side 251 and a second secondary side 253.
與功率放大器網路100不同的是，功率放大器網路200的差動放大器23可包括一第一放大器231及一第二放大器233，其中第一放大器231實際上為一第一電晶體231，第二放大器233實際上為一第二電晶體233。第一電晶體231的閘極及第二電晶體233的閘極分別電性連接第一變壓器21的第一二次側233，第一電晶體231的汲極及第二電晶體233的汲極分別電性連接第二變壓器25的第二一次側251，第一電晶體231的源極及第二電晶體233的源極分別接地。Different from the power amplifier network 100, the differential amplifier 23 of the power amplifier network 200 can include a first amplifier 231 and a second amplifier 233, wherein the first amplifier 231 is actually a first transistor 231, The second amplifier 233 is actually a second transistor 233. The gate of the first transistor 231 and the gate of the second transistor 233 are electrically connected to the first secondary side 233 of the first transformer 21, the drain of the first transistor 231 and the drain of the second transistor 233, respectively. The second primary side 251 of the second transformer 25 is electrically connected, and the source of the first transistor 231 and the source of the second transistor 233 are respectively grounded.
此外，多個功率放大器2a、2b、2c、2d的每一個可包括一電容28，每一個電容28與每一個第二一次側251並聯，藉此，每一個電容28可與對應的第二一次側251產生共振，使第二變壓器25具有較佳的耦合。Furthermore, each of the plurality of power amplifiers 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d may comprise a capacitor 28, each capacitor 28 being in parallel with each of the second primary sides 251, whereby each capacitor 28 may correspond to a second The primary side 251 resonates to provide a better coupling of the second transformer 25.
根據一實施例，第一一次側211、第一二次側213、第二一次側251及第二二次側253分別包括兩個電感，兩個電感互相串聯，其中第一二次側213的兩個電感之間的節點接地VG，第二一次側251的兩個電感之間的節點接收一直流電壓VDD。According to an embodiment, the first primary side 211, the first secondary side 213, the second primary side 251, and the second secondary side 253 respectively comprise two inductors, and the two inductors are connected in series with each other, wherein the first secondary side The node between the two inductors 213 is grounded V G , and the node between the two inductors of the second primary side 251 receives the DC voltage V DD .
如第2B圖所示，功率放大器網路200的各元件可設置在基板(圖未示)上的不同金屬層。舉例來說，功率放大器網路200分佈在三層金屬層上，三層金屬層分別為最低層、中間層及最高層。舉例來說，多條輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c、29d可位於最低層，每一個第一一次側211及每一個第二二次側253可位於中間層，多條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c、27d、每一個第一二次側213及每一個第二一次側251可位於最高層。其中每一個第一變壓器21的第一一次側211與第一二次側213的位置上下重疊且相對，每一個第二變壓器25的第二一次側251與第二二次側253的位置上下重疊且相對。多條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c、27d與對應的輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c、29d具有相同延伸方向，但每一條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c或27d與對應的輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c或29d的位置上下錯開，且每一條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c或27d與對應的輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c或29d的位置偏移一預設距離g。As shown in FIG. 2B, the various components of power amplifier network 200 can be disposed on different metal layers on a substrate (not shown). For example, the power amplifier network 200 is distributed over three metal layers, and the three metal layers are the lowest layer, the middle layer, and the highest layer, respectively. For example, a plurality of input transmission lines 29a, 29b, 29c, 29d may be located at the lowest layer, and each of the first primary side 211 and each of the second secondary sides 253 may be located in the intermediate layer, and the plurality of output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d, each of the first secondary sides 213 and each of the second primary sides 251 may be located at the highest level. The positions of the first primary side 211 and the first secondary side 213 of each of the first transformers 21 overlap and are opposite each other, and the positions of the second primary side 251 and the second secondary side 253 of each of the second transformers 25 Top and bottom overlap and opposite. The plurality of output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d have the same extension direction as the corresponding input transmission lines 29a, 29b, 29c, 29d, but each of the output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c or 27d and the corresponding input transmission line 29a, 29b, 29c The position of 29d or 29d is shifted up and down, and the position of each of the output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c or 27d and the corresponding input transmission line 29a, 29b, 29c or 29d is offset by a predetermined distance g.
功率放大器網路200的分佈不限於上述所舉的實施例，也就是說，多條輸入傳輸線29a、29b、29c、29d可位於最高層，每一個第一一次側211及每一個第二二次側253可位於中間層，多條輸出傳輸線27a、27b、27c、27d、每一個第一二次側213及每一個第二一次側251可位於最低層。每一個第一變壓器21的第一一次側211與第一二次側213的位置上下重疊且相對，每一個第二變壓器25的第二一次側251與第二二次側253的位置上下重疊且相對。The distribution of the power amplifier network 200 is not limited to the above-described embodiment, that is, the plurality of input transmission lines 29a, 29b, 29c, 29d may be located at the highest level, each of the first primary side 211 and each of the second two The secondary side 253 can be located in the intermediate layer, and the plurality of output transmission lines 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d, each of the first secondary sides 213, and each of the second primary sides 251 can be located at the lowest level. The positions of the first primary side 211 and the first secondary side 213 of each of the first transformers 21 overlap and are opposite each other, and the positions of the second primary side 251 and the second secondary side 253 of each of the second transformers 25 are up and down. Overlapping and relative.
無論此功率放大器網路200是以上述哪一種方式配置，皆是將輻射狀分佈網路與輻射狀集成網路整合於同一面積，提升了操作面積的使用率，以達到降低功率放大器網路200的分佈所佔的面積，根據一實施例，功率放大器網路200的操作面積約可縮小到350X350μm2，然不以此為限。Regardless of whether the power amplifier network 200 is configured in any of the above manners, the radial distributed network and the radial integrated network are integrated in the same area, thereby improving the operating area utilization rate, so as to reduce the power amplifier network 200. According to an embodiment, the operating area of the power amplifier network 200 can be reduced to about 350×350 μm 2 , but not limited thereto.
根據一實施例，功率放大器網路200包括一饋入導線291及一集結導線271，饋入導線291的一端接收輸入訊號SI，饋入導線291的另一端連接輸入節點NI，集結導線271的一端輸出輸出訊號SO，集結導線271的另一端連接輸入節點NO。饋入導線291可位於與每一條輸入傳輸線27同一層，集結導線271可位於與每一條輸出傳輸線29同一層。根據一實施例，多個功率放大器2a、2b、2c、2d的每一個包括一第一導線221及一第二導線223，第一導線221的一端可接地VG，第一導線221的另一端連接第一二次側213的結構中心，此結構中心為第一二次側213的虛擬接地端。第二導線223的一端可接收直流電壓VDD，第二導線223的另一端連接第二一次側251的結構中心，此結構中心為第二一次側251的虛擬接地端。According to an embodiment, the power amplifier network 200 includes a feed wire 291 and a lumped wire 271. One end of the feed wire 291 receives the input signal S I , and the other end of the feed wire 291 is connected to the input node N I . One end outputs an output signal S O , and the other end of the aggregation wire 271 is connected to the input node N O . The feed wire 291 can be located in the same layer as each of the input transmission lines 27, and the build wire 271 can be located in the same layer as each of the output transmission lines 29. According to an embodiment, each of the plurality of power amplifiers 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d includes a first wire 221 and a second wire 223. One end of the first wire 221 can be grounded to V G , and the other end of the first wire 221 The center of the structure connecting the first secondary side 213 is centered on the virtual ground of the first secondary side 213. One end of the second wire 223 can receive the DC voltage V DD , and the other end of the second wire 223 is connected to the center of the structure of the second primary side 251 . The center of the structure is the virtual ground of the second primary side 251 .
根據一實施例，饋入導線291的延伸方向通過第一二次側213的結構中心及第二一次側251的結構中心的下方，且集結導線271的延伸方向通過另一功率放大器的第一二次側213的結構中心及第二一次側251的結構中心，藉此，可降低輸入訊號SI與輸出訊號SO對多個變壓器21、25的影響。According to an embodiment, the extending direction of the feeding wire 291 passes through the center of the structure of the first secondary side 213 and the center of the structure of the second primary side 251, and the extending direction of the collecting wire 271 passes through the first of the other power amplifier. The center of the structure of the secondary side 213 and the center of the structure of the second primary side 251 can thereby reduce the influence of the input signal S I and the output signal S O on the plurality of transformers 21, 25.
以下將進一步說明功率放大器網路如何在不同模態中達到阻抗匹配。The following will further explain how the power amplifier network achieves impedance matching in different modes.
請參考第3A圖，第3A圖顯示本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例的部分電路圖。為了清楚地表達，第3A圖顯示的部分功率放大器網路300的多個第二變壓器35a、35b、35c、35d，多個第二變壓器35a、35b、35c、35d的每一個為相同的且分別包括一第二一次側351及一第二二次側353，多個第二變壓器35a、35b、35c、35d分別透過輸出傳輸線37a、37b、37c、37d連接到輸出節點NO。須說明的是，功率放大器網路300未繪示的部分可參考第1C圖或第2A圖。Please refer to FIG. 3A, which shows a partial circuit diagram of an embodiment of the power amplifier network of the present invention. For clarity of presentation, each of the plurality of second transformers 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d of the partial power amplifier network 300 shown in FIG. 3A, the plurality of second transformers 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d are identical and respectively A second primary side 351 and a second secondary side 353 are included, and the plurality of second transformers 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d are connected to the output node N O through the output transmission lines 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d, respectively. It should be noted that the portion not shown in the power amplifier network 300 can refer to FIG. 1C or FIG. 2A.
根據一實施例，每一個第二二次側353與對應的輸出傳輸線37a、37b、37c或37d的總長度L可較佳地設計為0.2～0.3倍的功率放大器網路300的等效波長，如第3B圖所示。藉此，當第二變壓器35c對應的差動放大器(圖未示)關閉時，從輸出節點NO往輸出傳輸線37c看入的等效元件36的阻抗Z為高阻抗，使得其他未關閉差動放大器的各個功率放大器能保持在最佳工作條件下，不受關閉差動放大器的功率放大器阻抗影響。藉此，功率放大器網路300的功率放大器可單獨***作。According to an embodiment, the total length L of each of the second secondary sides 353 and the corresponding output transmission line 37a, 37b, 37c or 37d may preferably be designed to be 0.2 to 0.3 times the equivalent wavelength of the power amplifier network 300, As shown in Figure 3B. Thereby, when the differential amplifier (not shown) corresponding to the second transformer 35c is turned off, the impedance Z of the equivalent component 36 seen from the output node N O to the output transmission line 37c is high impedance, so that other unclosed differentials are made. The amplifier's individual power amplifiers are maintained under optimal operating conditions without being affected by the power amplifier impedance of the off-amplifier. Thereby, the power amplifier of the power amplifier network 300 can be operated separately.
實際實施時，功率放大器網路300可藉由關閉不同個數的差動放大器來操作在不同的模式。舉例來說，當所有差動放大器皆開啟時，功率放大器網路300可操作在高功率模式，當其中一個或兩個差動放大器關閉時，功率放大器網路300可操作在中功率模式，當其中三個功率放大器關閉時，功率放大器網路300可操作在低功率模式。In actual implementation, power amplifier network 300 can operate in different modes by turning off a different number of differential amplifiers. For example, when all of the differential amplifiers are turned on, the power amplifier network 300 can operate in a high power mode, and when one or both of the differential amplifiers are turned off, the power amplifier network 300 can operate in a medium power mode. When three of the power amplifiers are off, the power amplifier network 300 can operate in a low power mode.
第3C圖及第3D圖分別顯示本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例的電壓及電流特性圖。第3C圖可為在第二一次側351的兩端所量測的瞬時電壓V1或V4，第3D圖可為在第二一次側351的一端所量測的瞬時電流I1或I4。如第3C圖及第3D圖所示，操作在高功率模式的功率放大器網路300與操作在中功率模式的功率放大器網路300具有幾乎相同的電壓特性及電流特性，顯示出關閉部分的差動放大器不影響未關閉放大器的功率放大器的操作。3C and 3D are diagrams showing voltage and current characteristics of an embodiment of the power amplifier network of the present invention, respectively. The 3Cth diagram may be the instantaneous voltage V 1 or V 4 measured at both ends of the second primary side 351, and the 3D diagram may be the instantaneous current I 1 measured at one end of the second primary side 351 or I 4 . As shown in Figures 3C and 3D, the power amplifier network 300 operating in the high power mode has almost the same voltage characteristics and current characteristics as the power amplifier network 300 operating in the medium power mode, showing the difference in the off portion. The amplifier does not affect the operation of the power amplifier that does not turn off the amplifier.
第4A圖顯示本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之功率級汲極效率及增益特性圖。第4A圖顯示操作在不同功率模式下的功率放大器網路的功率級汲極效率，如第4A圖所示，低功率模式下的直流電流顯著地少於高功率模式下的直流電流。而操作在不同功率模式下的功率放大器網路的增益是以階梯式地變化。Figure 4A is a graph showing the power stage drain efficiency and gain characteristics of an embodiment of the power amplifier network of the present invention. Figure 4A shows the power stage drain efficiency of a power amplifier network operating in different power modes. As shown in Figure 4A, the DC current in low power mode is significantly less than the DC current in high power mode. The gain of the power amplifier network operating in different power modes varies stepwise.
第4B圖顯示本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之功率級電流及第3階諧波失真特性圖。如第4B圖所示，操作在不同功率模式下的功率級電流亦以階梯式地變化。Figure 4B is a graph showing power stage current and third order harmonic distortion characteristics of an embodiment of the power amplifier network of the present invention. As shown in Figure 4B, the power stage currents operating in different power modes also vary stepwise.
是故，由上述實施例可以得知，本發明的功率放大器網路在功率分波與結合具有高度集成的設計，使操作面積微小化，並且適用於毫米波頻段，可以多模態操作，以節省功率損耗並提高效率。藉此，功率放大器可應用於無線發射機(例如無線通訊等)所需要的功率放大器。Therefore, it can be known from the above embodiments that the power amplifier network of the present invention has a highly integrated design in power splitting and combining, minimizing the operating area, and is suitable for the millimeter wave band, and can be operated in multiple modes. Save power consumption and increase efficiency. Thereby, the power amplifier can be applied to a power amplifier required for a wireless transmitter such as wireless communication or the like.
以上敍述依據本發明多個不同實施例，其中各項特徵可以單一或不同結合方式實施。因此，本發明實施方式之揭露為闡明本發明原則之具體實施例，應不拘限本發明於所揭示的實施例。進一步言之，先前敍述及其附圖僅為本發明示範之用，並不受其限囿。其他元件之變化或組合皆可能，且不悖于本發明之精神與範圍。The above description is based on a number of different embodiments of the invention, wherein the features may be implemented in a single or different combination. Therefore, the disclosure of the embodiments of the present invention is intended to be illustrative of the embodiments of the invention. Further, the foregoing description and the accompanying drawings are merely illustrative of the invention and are not limited. Variations or combinations of other elements are possible and are not intended to limit the spirit and scope of the invention.
100、200、200'、300．．．功率放大器網路100, 200, 200', 300. . . Power amplifier network
1、1'、1a、1b、1c、1d、2a、2b、2c、2d．．．功率放大器1, 1', 1a, 1b, 1c, 1d, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. . . Power amplifier
11、21．．．第一變壓器11, 21. . . First transformer
111、211．．．第一一次側111, 211. . . First time side
113、213．．．第一二次側113, 213. . . First secondary side
13、23．．．差動放大器13,23. . . Differential amplifier
231．．．第一電晶體231. . . First transistor
233．．．第二電晶體233. . . Second transistor
15、25、35a、35b、35c、35d．．．第二變壓器15, 25, 35a, 35b, 35c, 35d. . . Second transformer
151、251、351．．．第二一次側151, 251, 351. . . Second time side
153、253、353．．．第二二次側153, 253, 353. . . Second secondary side
36．．．等效元件36. . . Equivalent component
17、17a、17b、17c、17d、27a、27b、27c、27d、37a、37b、37c、37d．．．輸出傳輸線17, 17a, 17b, 17c, 17d, 27a, 27b, 27c, 27d, 37a, 37b, 37c, 37d. . . Output transmission line
28．．．電容28. . . capacitance
19、19a、19b、19c、19d、29a、29b、29c、29d．．．輸入傳輸線19, 19a, 19b, 19c, 19d, 29a, 29b, 29c, 29d. . . Input transmission line
221．．．第一導線221. . . First wire
223．．．第二導線223. . . Second wire
291．．．饋入導線291. . . Feeding wire
271．．．集結導線271. . . Gathering wire
a1．．．第一旋轉軸a 1 . . . First axis of rotation
a2．．．第二旋轉軸a 2 . . . Second axis of rotation
101．．．第一平面101. . . First plane
103．．．第二平面103. . . Second plane
105．．．第三平面105. . . Third plane
ni、NI．．．輸入節點n i , N I . . . Input node
no、NO．．．輸入節點n o , N O . . . Input node
L．．．長度L. . . length
Z．．．阻抗Z. . . impedance
c．．．中心區域c. . . Central region
g．．．距離g. . . distance
SI．．．輸入訊號S I . . . Input signal
SO．．．輸出訊號S O . . . Output signal
第1A圖為依據本發明功率放大器的一實施例之示意圖。Figure 1A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier in accordance with the present invention.
第1B圖為依據本發明功率放大器的一實施例之示意圖。Figure 1B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier in accordance with the present invention.
第1C圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之示意圖。1C is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第2A圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之電路圖。Figure 2A is a circuit diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第2B圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之示意圖。2B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第3A圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之示意圖。Figure 3A is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第3B圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之示意圖。Figure 3B is a schematic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第3C圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之電壓特性圖。Figure 3C is a voltage characteristic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第3D圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之電流特性圖。Figure 3D is a current characteristic diagram of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第4A圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之功率級汲極效率及增益特性圖。4A is a diagram of power stage drain efficiency and gain characteristics for an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
第4B圖為依據本發明功率放大器網路的一實施例之功率級電流及第3階諧波失真特性圖。Figure 4B is a diagram showing power stage current and third order harmonic distortion characteristics of an embodiment of a power amplifier network in accordance with the present invention.
200．．．功率放大器網路200. . . Power amplifier network
2a、2b、2c、2d．．．功率放大器2a, 2b, 2c, 2d. . . Power amplifier
21．．．第一變壓器twenty one. . . First transformer
211．．．第一一次側211. . . First time side
213．．．第一二次側213. . . First secondary side
23．．．差動放大器twenty three. . . Differential amplifier
231．．．第一電晶體231. . . First transistor
233．．．第二電晶體233. . . Second transistor
25．．．第二變壓器25. . . Second transformer
251．．．第二一次側251. . . Second time side
253．．．第二二次側253. . . Second secondary side
27a、27b、27c、27d．．．輸出傳輸線27a, 27b, 27c, 27d. . . Output transmission line
28．．．電容28. . . capacitance
29a、29b、29c、29d．．．輸入傳輸線29a, 29b, 29c, 29d. . . Input transmission line
NI．．．輸入節點N I . . . Input node
NO．．．輸入節點N O . . . Input node
c．．．中心區域c. . . Central region
SI．．．輸入訊號S I . . . Input signal
SO．．．輸出訊號S O . . . Output signal
Claims (31)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW101105308A TWI470926B (en) | 2012-02-17 | 2012-02-17 | Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW101105308A TWI470926B (en) | 2012-02-17 | 2012-02-17 | Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| TW201336225A true TW201336225A (en) | 2013-09-01 |
| TWI470926B TWI470926B (en) | 2015-01-21 |
Family
ID=49627517
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW101105308A TWI470926B (en) | 2012-02-17 | 2012-02-17 | Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| TW (1) | TWI470926B (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104767494A (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2015-07-08 | 宏达国际电子股份有限公司 | Power amplifying apparatus |
| US11948722B2 (en) | 2020-09-17 | 2024-04-02 | Chicony Power Technology Co., Ltd. | Planar winding transformer |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7675365B2 (en) * | 2007-01-10 | 2010-03-09 | Samsung Electro-Mechanics | Systems and methods for power amplifiers with voltage boosting multi-primary transformers |
| TWI369070B (en) * | 2009-03-30 | 2012-07-21 | Univ Nat Taiwan | Distributed active transformer type millimeter-wave power amplifier circuit |
-
2012
- 2012-02-17 TW TW101105308A patent/TWI470926B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN104767494A (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2015-07-08 | 宏达国际电子股份有限公司 | Power amplifying apparatus |
| US9473084B2 (en) | 2014-01-03 | 2016-10-18 | Htc Corporation | Power amplifying apparatus |
| CN104767494B (en) * | 2014-01-03 | 2018-05-22 | 宏达国际电子股份有限公司 | Power amplifier device |
| US11948722B2 (en) | 2020-09-17 | 2024-04-02 | Chicony Power Technology Co., Ltd. | Planar winding transformer |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| TWI470926B (en) | 2015-01-21 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US10461717B2 (en) | Baluns for RF signal conversion and impedance matching | |
| JP5530265B2 (en) | Power amplifier | |
| US7936215B2 (en) | Multi-segment primary and multi-turn secondary transformer for power amplifier systems | |
| JP5793089B2 (en) | Quadrature hybrid coupler, amplifier, and wireless communication apparatus | |
| TWI445330B (en) | Transceiver having an on-chip co-transformer | |
| US9312815B2 (en) | Broadband integrated RF/microwave/millimeter mixer with integrated balun(s) | |
| US8026775B2 (en) | Decade bandwidth planar MMIC four port transformer | |
| TWI660594B (en) | Transceiver circuit and method of layout thereof | |
| TW201414195A (en) | Balun transformer | |
| TWI470926B (en) | Folded-transformer based power amplifier and power amplifier network | |
| TWI404085B (en) | Transformer and structure thereof and power amplifier | |
| CN106533372A (en) | Piecewise external matching type miniature power amplifier | |
| CN107743684B (en) | Differential amplifier | |
| CN103606726B (en) | A kind of wide-band transformer Ba Lun with center open stub | |
| US8362835B2 (en) | Decade bandwidth planar MMIC four port transformer | |
| CN106450630A (en) | Miniaturized high-restrain multilayer balun | |
| US12009140B2 (en) | Integrated stack transformer | |
| US8531261B2 (en) | Transformer and method for using same | |
| CN210693866U (en) | Differential alternating current stacking power amplifier for wireless terminal | |
| WO2023273848A1 (en) | Radio frequency front-end module | |
| KR20130033159A (en) | Cmos power amplifier using power combiner | |
| TWI497907B (en) | Transformer power amplifier | |
| TWI556504B (en) | Suspended all phase quadrature coupler and manufacturing method thereof | |
| CN117118361A (en) | Frequency multiplication circuit, frequency multiplier and radio frequency system | |
| TWM453977U (en) | Dual balun converter |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| MM4A | Annulment or lapse of patent due to non-payment of fees |