TW201004195A - Method and system for link adaptation in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication system - Google Patents
Method and system for link adaptation in an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) wireless communication system Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L27/00—Modulated-carrier systems
- H04L27/26—Systems using multi-frequency codes
- H04L27/2601—Multicarrier modulation systems
- H04L27/2626—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only
- H04L27/2646—Arrangements specific to the transmitter only using feedback from receiver for adjusting OFDM transmission parameters, e.g. transmission timing or guard interval length
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B17/00—Monitoring; Testing
- H04B17/20—Monitoring; Testing of receivers
- H04B17/24—Monitoring; Testing of receivers with feedback of measurements to the transmitter
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/0413—MIMO systems
- H04B7/0417—Feedback systems
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B7/00—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field
- H04B7/02—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas
- H04B7/04—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas
- H04B7/06—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station
- H04B7/0613—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission
- H04B7/0615—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal
- H04B7/0619—Diversity systems; Multi-antenna system, i.e. transmission or reception using multiple antennas using two or more spaced independent antennas at the transmitting station using simultaneous transmission of weighted versions of same signal using feedback from receiving side
- H04B7/0621—Feedback content
- H04B7/0632—Channel quality parameters, e.g. channel quality indicator [CQI]
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0009—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the channel coding
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0015—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy
- H04L1/0016—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the adaptation strategy involving special memory structures, e.g. look-up tables
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0023—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff characterised by the signalling
- H04L1/0026—Transmission of channel quality indication
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L25/00—Baseband systems
- H04L25/02—Details ; arrangements for supplying electrical power along data transmission lines
- H04L25/0202—Channel estimation
- H04L25/0224—Channel estimation using sounding signals
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/0001—Arrangements for dividing the transmission path
- H04L5/0003—Two-dimensional division
- H04L5/0005—Time-frequency
- H04L5/0007—Time-frequency the frequencies being orthogonal, e.g. OFDM(A), DMT
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0044—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path allocation of payload
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L5/00—Arrangements affording multiple use of the transmission path
- H04L5/003—Arrangements for allocating sub-channels of the transmission path
- H04L5/0058—Allocation criteria
- H04L5/006—Quality of the received signal, e.g. BER, SNR, water filling
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04W—WIRELESS COMMUNICATION NETWORKS
- H04W52/00—Power management, e.g. TPC [Transmission Power Control], power saving or power classes
- H04W52/04—TPC
- H04W52/38—TPC being performed in particular situations
- H04W52/42—TPC being performed in particular situations in systems with time, space, frequency or polarisation diversity
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
- H04L1/00—Arrangements for detecting or preventing errors in the information received
- H04L1/0001—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff
- H04L1/0002—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate
- H04L1/0003—Systems modifying transmission characteristics according to link quality, e.g. power backoff by adapting the transmission rate by switching between different modulation schemes
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Description
201004195 六、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係有關-種正交分頻多工(〇FDM)無線通信系統。 更特別是,本發明係有關-種正交分頻多工無線通信系統中鍵 結適應方法及系統。 【先前技術】 無統係提供如對用戶無線網際網路存取之寬頻 Γ务二if,務係需多路衰落頻道上之可靠及高速率通 ϋ員夕工係為減輕多路衰落效應解決方案之一。多輸 ΐί Λρ 交分頻?工之組合(QFDM_MIM0)技術 區域網路(LAN)或廣域網路(WAN)環境。 作練通m麵魏信參數之鏈結適應。 ,、八應=為選擇包含編碼速率,調變类; 者之通信參數吨大化產&之—方法。代斜㈣似 多輸入端輸it!及正交分頻乡讀合祕巾 議來最大化下鏈容量。為了St; 、曾7n βΓ己方木,不僅要知道子頻道相關,亦要知道子頻 替之傳送係需頗多支出。於是’翻具有發 【發明内容】 ί 通㈣統巾鏈結適應方法及系統係被提 ^道之頻、f 為複數組。頻道品f指標(CQI)係以各組子 喪貝狀況為基礎被產生給各組,而各子頻道之通信 >數係依據頻道品質指標來調整。 【實施方式】 201004195 此後,以下實施例係參考IEEE802.11系統做解釋。然而, 應注意該實施例並不限於IEEE802.il系統,而可應用至任何 無線通信系統。 假設係為第t傳送天線及第r接收天線間之頻道之長 度w之時域頻道響應向量。係數之平均功率係藉由與t及^ 值無關之來表示。此係g]錯人端輸料統巾之天線陣列尺" 寸通常遠小於第一抵達路徑之傳播距離。 IEEE802.il a/n中’ 20_MHz採樣速率係被使用產 生頻道響應之5G-ns _解析度。正龜功率延遲輪廓可被表 77^ 為· (方程式1) 其中α=5〇/Γ,,針對❿小而以毫微秒表示之Γ係 為路控(叢集)之功率延遲時間常數。 ,、 於延遲展開W加總係數平均功率係產生。參數厂係 視第-路_〇)之傳播_及縣之路徑損失觀而定。為了
=不:路狀平均功率,應知道這些路徑之傳播距離。因為 上述例中之採樣持續期間為 v A $微秒’所以兩物路徑間之 離㈣15公尺。因此,若m表 之傳播路徑,則DW=D1+1 A尺表不 考慮第二路徑對第—辭之⑷,,“.,W·2。通^無損失,僅 弟路搜之功率損失比率,其被定義為 其中Dfree m ώ (方轾式2) 視性(LOS)。否附„#^空間傳播空間。f,則頻道係為可 貝J頻道係為非可視性 α及功率延遲時鳴~藉_^=參數 4 201004195 e
Rloss (方程式3) 假設Dfree= 15m ’則α及Γ值係被顯示於表】 若干典型值。室内Γ平均值約為60ns。 〇 以公尺表示之DO α以毫微秒表示之r 15 1.38 70 45 1.0 50 75 0.64 32 100 0.49 24 表1
假設係為第t傳送天線及第1接收天線間之頻、曾 度P之頻域頻道響應向量。也就是說,包含p子頻首"^"^長 子頻道可絲示為 ^ ° ^ P (方程式4) 其中。第pi及第P2子頻道間之相關係被定義為 (方程式5) 假設為具有零平均之複合高㈣數,且若,則與益 依據方程式1, …、 關 (方程式6) 其與值t及r無關。假設k=pl W>>1 ’則方程式6可被重寫為 a 變數 (方程式7) 7, k表示考慮下奸棘之咐_子縣數。從方程式 5 201004195 (方程式8) 第―圖顯示針對當P = 256時,α若干典型值之 相關。由於參數α降低,被間隔k子載體之 相 係被降低。依齡料1,參數讀小,路彳關 也就是况’麵道餘含更有效多路徑,而 $ 擇性。限制例中,任何k值α 〇,。。另3面=選 道為平缓衰落(非頻率選擇性),則任何仏。m,=頰 第二圖顯示針對當α =0.64時,p之兩值之對 關。由於p降低’相關曲線變成窄線性。例如,P=64及p=256 m頻道必須分職間隔小於4及16子載體。為了使 應以道品質指標測量必須被定義。頻道品質指標 ί子頻:酋二:、為基礎來建構。雖然、表示被間隔k子載體之 之:=顯—道功率之相關。 義為4之相關應被&出。子頻道功率之相關係被定
V 由於, (方程式9) 則 且 (方程式10) 11) (方程式 r佶錢中1?1^52 [〇,’°方程式10及方程式11係與以 r值無關。方裎者 數之實及虛部分(人U之導出卜係假設多路徑係 方程式10及 7 ρ 〇,W_1])具有相同變異且彼此獨立。將 方程式11帶入方程式9產生 6 201004195 (方程式12) 第三圖顯示針對當p=256時,α若干典型值之 第三圖’㈣2處之相關最小值約為〇5。也就是說, ? B S、P/2子載體之兩子頻道統計上可能具有3dB功率差。因 此’不必報告各子頻道m減。第四_示針對當“ = 0.64時’不同子頻道ρ數之對k曲線。當ρ值被降低時, 該曲線係線性收縮。
第五圖係為依據本發明之鏈結適應處理5〇〇流程 圖子頻道係被分割為複數組(步驟502)。第六圖顯示各組子 頻道之頻道品質指標產生。第六财,子紐全部被分割為Q 組,而各組包含具有△ =P/Q之△連續子頻道。不同q值之誕 中之子頻道功率相關係被顯示於表2。 Q值,
組中兩子頻道間之功率統計差 20 0.9 〇.46dB 16 0.8 〇.97dB 8 0.6 2.22dB 頻道品質指標係以各組中頻道品質狀況被產生給各 組(步驟504)。頻道品質狀況可藉由包含但不限於信號雜訊比 (SNR) ’位元錯誤率(BER),封包錯誤率(PER),或類似者之不 201004195 同方法來分析。此後,以下實施例係參考信號雜訊比來解釋。 然而,應了解其他方法可被替代實施。假設標示第t傳送天 線之遞q頻道品質指標(q=〇,l,...,Q-l而,較佳 被計算為 (方程式I3) 其中係為小於或等於X之最大整數,3為應以系統要求 為基礎被決定之整數。信號雜訊比係為計算為 (方程式14) 頻多工符號為基礎來報告頻道品質指標; NR係為接收天線數,而a 2係為各子頻道中之雜訊變異。 頻道品質指標係被回授調整通信參數(步驟5〇6)。因 為頻道品質指標係以組中之子頻道來產生,所以QxNt頻道品 質指標總數被產生於傳送巾貞(封包)中,其中Ντ係為傳送天線 數。因為頻道於幢(封包)區間中很少改變,所以必須以正交分 相鎖迴路組合所引起之共用相位差(CPE),所以頻道響應相位 可能改變。然而’該改變並不影響子頻道之功率。因此,頻道 品質指標可以被估計自録礎之長訓練彳宁列之頻道響應為基 礎柯使職插人正交分頻多玉贱之料音絲計算。該被 ***刖導音調係僅被用來修正共用相位差。
12 8位兀係被要求報告頻道品質指標 •,而因為射頻震盪器及 則若干2xQXNT位元係被要 / 中 ’ Q=16 及 NT=4,2xQx 1質指標。與傳送幀中資料數 8 201004195 合理的。可替代是,頻道品質指標可代表兩個或更 夕拙參數之齡,如編碼縣及_卿之組合。 因為子頻道任何配職計上具有最大獅功率差, 所以依據方程式13所報告之 變設計之改變更有意義。因此,當依據不===== 編碼逮率時’所有子頻道之調變設計均可保 持口疋。此例中’調變設計可依據以下來決定 (方程式15) 被決=下C為應以系統要求被決定之-整數。信號雜訊比係 (方程式16) 擇二道估汁之後’具有相當強功率之路徑可被選 t 功率之路徑後’有效路徑數係被降低為通 常 fM。假設為有效頻道響應’而K為標示M路徑 向里斤有了及κ,各天線之所有子頻道首先可使用方 程式3來計算變及編碼設計接著可被決定最佳化。參考 子載體之錄人多輸出頻道矩陣可被傳送來校準。 右干選擇及標示參考子載體之實施例係如下。一實施 中,網路係配置參考子載體,_路及用戶均知道子載體指 標。於是’參考子載體指標通常不被報告至傳送器。另一實施 例中,接收器可以頻譜中所有子載體及其他因子瞬間頻道轉移 功能為基礎來動態轉參考子。接㈣可轉參考子 才曰才示並將該指標報告至傳送器。 第七圖係為鏈結適應系統700圖示。系統700係包含一頻 201004195 道品質指標產生器702及一鏈結適應器704。頻道品質指標產 生器702係以被接收信號706之頻道品質狀況為基礎經由子頻 道各組來產生頻道品質指標。被頻道品質指標產生器7〇2所產 生之頻道品質指標708係被轉送至鏈結適應器7〇4來產生可調 整通信參數之控制信號710。通信參數可包含但不限於編碼速 率,調變模式,傳送功率位準或類似者。鏈結適應器7⑽可包 含依據輸入頻道品質指標調整通信參數之一查找表。頻道品質 指標產生斋702可位於無線傳送/接收單元(WTRU),基地台或 兩者處。鏈結適絲7〇4可位於無線傳送/接收單元,基地台 或兩者處。 上述貫施例之夕輸入多輸出及正交分頻多工組合之傳送 α器及/或接收料被用於鱗傳送/錄單域絲台中。傳送 ,及/或接收器元件可被實施為單積體電路⑹,多積體電路, 邏輯可知朗梅㈣(LPGA),分離組件或任何這些積體電 路’邏輯可程式閘極陣列及/或分離組件之組合。、 △热,傳輸/接收單TG係包含但不限於使用者設備,行動 口固疋或仃動用戶單元,呼叫器,或可操作於無線環境中之 2其他麵兀件。基地纟係包含但不限於B節點,位址控 制器’存取點或無線環境中之任何其他接介裝置。 雖;、林u之特性及元件被以特定組合制於較佳實施 S想但各雜及元件可不需較佳實_之其他特性及元件而 子早獨使用’或有或無本發明其他特性及糾之各種組合中。 【圖式簡單說明】 弟一圖顯示針對當] 丁田ρ—256時,α若干典型值之對1^相關。 201004195 第二圖顯示針對當α =0.64時,P之兩值之對k相關。 第三圖顯示針對當P = 256時,α若干典型值之對k 相關。 第四圖顯示針對當α = 0.64時,P之兩值之對k相關。 第五圖係為調整通信參數之處理流程圖。 第六圖顯示各組子頻道之產生。 第七圖係為鏈結適應系統圖示。 ( 【主要元件符號說明】 500 鏈結適應處理 700 鏈結適應系統 706 被接受信號 708 頻道品質指標 710 可調整通信參數之控制信號 11
Claims (1)
- 201004195 七、申請專利範圍: h於無線通信中調整一通信鏈結的裝置,該裝置包含: 使用包含複數子載體之-正交分頻多工(〇FDM)波形; 將該等子載體分割成複數子載體組; 以各組之-頻道品質度量為基礎接收各子載體組之—頻道 品質指標(CQI);以及 使用一頻道品質指標回饋指標來調整通信參數。 f ^如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中該頻道品質指標 '是以一信號雜訊比(SNR)為基礎。 τ ^如申請專利範圍冑1項所述的方法,其中該頻道品質指標 是以一位元錯誤率(BER)為基礎。 、 4’如申μ專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中該頻道品質指標 是以一封包錯誤率(PER)為基礎。 τ 5.如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中該頻道品質指標 是以該子載體或該子載體組的一功率為基礎。 卞 ^ 6.如申請專利範圍第丨項所述的方法,其中該頻道品質指標 疋以至少一子載體組之信號雜訊比(SNR)的對數加上一預定整 數來計算。 王 7. 如申凊專利範圍第6項所述的方法,其中該預定整數是以 一系統要求為基礎。 8. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述的方法,其中各子載體或各子 載體組之一編碼速率被設置以根據對應該子載體或該子載體 組的該頻道品質指標而調整。 9. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述的方法,其中至少一子載體組 12 2〇1〇〇4195 ^一調變模式被設置以根據對應該至少一子載體組的该蘋道 品質指標而調整。 , ?如申請專利範圍第i項所述的方法,其中該頻道於貧指標 碼速率與—調變順序的組合為基礎。 勹八種於無線通中用於鏈結適應的存取點(AP),該存·取點 併匕頻道品質指標產生器,用於產生複數子載體之〆雜道口口 (' 貝私標(CQ1),該複數子載體被分割成複數子載體組,其中產 生的該頻道品質指標是以至少一子載體組的一頻道品質度量 為基礎;以及 一鏈結適應器,設置以使用一頻道品質指標回饋指樺來調 整通信鏈結參數。 12.如申請專利範圍第11項所述的存取點,其中該頻遒品質 指標產生器是以一信號雜訊比(s NR)為基礎來產生該頻道品質 指標。 (: 13.如申請專利範圍第11項所述的存取點’其中該頻遒品質 指標產生器是以一位元錯誤率(BER)為基礎來產生該頻道品質 指標。 14.如申請專利範圍第η項所述的存取點,其中該頻道品質 指標產生器是以一封包錯誤率(PER)為基礎來產生該頻遂品質 指標。 15·如申請專利範圍第η項所述的存取點’其中該頻道品質 指標產生器是以至少一子載體狙之一功率為基礎來產主該頻 道品質指標。 13 201004195 16. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述的存取點,其中該頻道品質 指標產生器更被設置為以至少一子載體組之信號雜訊比(SNR) 的對數加上一預定整數來計算該頻道品質指標。 17. 如申請專利範圍第16項所述的存取點,其中該頻道品質 指標產生器是以一系統要求為基礎使用一預定整數。 18. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述的存取點,其中該鏈結適應 器是被設置以根據對應至少一子載體組的該頻道品質指標而 調整該至少一子載體組之一編碼速率。 19. 如申請專利範圍第18項所述的存取點,其中該鏈結適應 器是被設置以根據對應該至少一子載體組的該頻道品質指標 而調整該至少一子載體組之一調變模式。 20. 如申請專利範圍第11項所述的存取點,其中該頻道品質 指標產生器是以一編碼速率與一調變順序的組合為基礎來產 生該頻道品質指標。 / 14
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-
2005
- 2005-05-06 US US11/123,738 patent/US20060034244A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-27 KR KR1020077005403A patent/KR20070059086A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-27 EP EP10152509A patent/EP2187554A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-07-27 JP JP2007525642A patent/JP2008510374A/ja not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-07-27 BR BRPI0515018-3A patent/BRPI0515018A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-07-27 KR KR1020077010443A patent/KR20070067705A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-27 CA CA002576481A patent/CA2576481A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2005-07-27 AU AU2005274162A patent/AU2005274162B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-07-27 MX MX2007001709A patent/MX2007001709A/es active IP Right Grant
- 2005-07-27 EP EP05781896A patent/EP1779571A4/en not_active Ceased
- 2005-07-27 WO PCT/US2005/026670 patent/WO2006020400A2/en active Search and Examination
- 2005-07-28 TW TW094125662A patent/TWI305094B/zh not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2005-07-28 TW TW095104276A patent/TW200705872A/zh unknown
- 2005-07-28 TW TW097128904A patent/TW201004195A/zh unknown
-
2007
- 2007-01-29 IL IL181026A patent/IL181026A0/en unknown
- 2007-03-08 NO NO20071261A patent/NO20071261L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
-
2008
- 2008-11-13 AU AU2008243233A patent/AU2008243233A1/en not_active Abandoned
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
MX2007001709A (es) | 2007-04-16 |
CA2576481A1 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
EP1779571A4 (en) | 2007-12-19 |
KR20070067705A (ko) | 2007-06-28 |
WO2006020400A3 (en) | 2006-12-07 |
WO2006020400A2 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
IL181026A0 (en) | 2007-07-04 |
BRPI0515018A (pt) | 2008-07-01 |
TWI305094B (en) | 2009-01-01 |
NO20071261L (no) | 2007-03-08 |
EP2187554A1 (en) | 2010-05-19 |
AU2008243233A1 (en) | 2008-12-04 |
EP1779571A2 (en) | 2007-05-02 |
JP2008510374A (ja) | 2008-04-03 |
AU2005274162B2 (en) | 2008-08-14 |
US20060034244A1 (en) | 2006-02-16 |
TW200705872A (en) | 2007-02-01 |
KR20070059086A (ko) | 2007-06-11 |
TW200623697A (en) | 2006-07-01 |
AU2005274162A1 (en) | 2006-02-23 |
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