TW200931751A - Island protective relaying system of grid-connected induction generators and detection method for island effect thereof - Google Patents
Island protective relaying system of grid-connected induction generators and detection method for island effect thereof Download PDFInfo
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200931751 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 甘本種併網型感應發電機之孤島賴電驛系統 及？孤島效應之檢測方法’尤其是_種週期 抗 電感性負載並聯至本地負載上，藉以偵測是否發= 應之併網型祕發電機之孤島保護電縣統及其孤島效應 之檢測方法。 * 【先前技術】 口由於石化能源日漸減少，石油價格不斷提高，每桶原 Ο 油單價已超過美元，且環保議題逐漸受到重視，在2005 年「京都議定書」實施後，全國二氧化碳的總排放量將受 到管制。因此，裝置容量超過500MW之大型集中式熱力發 電機組的增設曰益困難，小型分散式發電系統勢必成為電 源開發的新途徑，分散式發電技術的開發已成為電力工程 中極為重要的課題。 分散式發電系統兩大類：第一類為以變流器為基礎 (Inverter Based)的分散式發電系統，如太陽能發電、 燃料電池、風力發電等，發電系統所產生的電力都須經過 © 變流器轉換為交流電，分散式發電系統與市電系統並聯的 同步運轉必須依賴控制變流器的導通週期與相位角達成。 第二類為以交流發電機為基礎（ACGenerator Based)的 分散式發電系統，如小型水力發電、汽電共生發電、風力 發電等’發電系統的交流發電機（同步發電機或感應發電 機）直接與市電系統並聯，發電機與市電系統的同步運轉 必須依賴控制發電機的原動機轉速達成。本申請案的研究 對象為第二類中以感應發電機為基礎的分散式發電系統， 這類發電系統的原動機通常是小型水力渦輪機、汽電共生 5 200931751 蒸汽渦輪機或風力渦輪機。 當分散式發電系統市電並聯運轉時，相關的工業標準 規範中規定了在分散式發電系統侧必須設置的保護裝置， 包含(1)過載保護：例如過電流保護電驛（〇ver Current Relay ’ CO)、小電力過電流保護電驛（Low Energy 〇ver Current Relay，LCO)，（2)電壓保護：例如過電壓保護電 驛（Over Voltage Relay，0V)、欠電壓保護電驛（Under Voltage Relay，UV) ’（3)頻率保護：例如過頻率保護電驛 (Over Frequency Relay，0F)及欠頻率保護電驛（Under ❹Frequency Relay，UF)等。這六種電驛可提供電力系統基 本的保護功能’一旦分散式發電系統的輸出電流、電壓、 頻率超過正常的範圍時，即由保護電驛檢測出故障而與市 電解聯。 ' 分散式發電系統之保護除了要考慮上述六項基本項目 外’尚需考慮孤島現象（IslandingPhenomenon)的檢測。 所謂孤島現象係指當分散式發電系統與市電系統並聯供電 時’若市電系統發生故障’分散式發電系統沒有即時檢知 並切離市電系統，而呈現由分散式發電系統獨立供電的現 響象。此時分散式發電系統與其供電的負載，形成一個電力 系統的子系統，這個子系統由於與整個電力系統隔離，完 王獨立傳輸與供電，形同一座「孤島」。事實上，所有的分 散式發電系統，諸如：風力發電系統，太陽能發電、燃料 電池發電或是並聯在市電系統的自備發電設備或儲能系統 都有發生孤島現象的可能。 一旦孤島現象發生時，常會導致一些不良的後果發 f °例如：（丨）、當市電系統故障後，電力系統維修人員必 須在斷電的情況下做市電的修復，但由於孤島現象，此時 200931751 分散式發電系統還在持續運作，因此分散式發電系統所形 成的子系統仍在供電，將使得電力系統維修人員的人身安 全受到威脅。（2)、在孤島現象發生時，由於分散式發電系 統失去了市電系統的電壓作為同步的參考訊號，所以分散 式發電機的輸出電壓，電流及頻率會發生飄移而使系統頻 率產生不穩定的現象，若不及時切離負載，在此情況下會 使得一些對頻率較敏感的負載受到損害。（3 )、在市電系統 修復後’市電與分散式發電系統重新並聯的瞬間，由於分 散式發電系統的頻率並未與市電同步，由於兩系統的電壓 相位差，將可能產生極大的突波電流，而對相關電器設備 造成損害。當並聯到市電系統的分散式發電系統日益增加 之際，發生孤島現象的機率相對增加，因此，孤島現象的 檢測與保護更顯得重要。 島現象的檢财其必要性，因此在相關的工業 ί將—些基本的孤島現象檢測裝置，列為分 將孤島現200931751 IX. Description of the invention: [Technical field to which the invention belongs] The isolated island electric system of the gantry type grid-connected induction generator and The detection method of the islanding effect, especially the _ kinds of cycle anti-inductive load is connected in parallel to the local load, in order to detect whether or not the isolated island-connected power generation system and its islanding effect detection method. * [Prior Art] Due to the decreasing petrochemical energy and the rising oil prices, the unit price of raw oil per barrel has exceeded US dollars, and environmental protection issues have gradually received attention. After the implementation of the Kyoto Protocol in 2005, the total carbon dioxide emissions in the country. Will be regulated. Therefore, the large-scale centralized thermal power generating units with a capacity of more than 500 MW are difficult to add, and small-scale distributed power generation systems are bound to become a new way of power development. The development of distributed power generation technology has become an extremely important issue in power engineering. Decentralized power generation systems are two types: the first type is the inverter-based decentralized power generation system, such as solar power, fuel cells, wind power, etc., and the power generated by the power generation system must pass through the converter. The converter is converted to alternating current, and the synchronous operation of the distributed power generation system in parallel with the mains system must depend on the conduction period and phase angle of the control converter. The second type is an AC generator based distributed power generation system, such as small hydropower, cogeneration, wind power, etc., the alternator (synchronous generator or induction generator) of the power generation system is directly In parallel with the mains system, the synchronous operation of the generator and the mains system must be achieved by controlling the prime mover speed of the generator. The research object of this application is a distributed generator system based on induction generators in the second category. The prime movers of such power generation systems are usually small hydro turbines, steam and electricity symbiosis 5 200931751 steam turbines or wind turbines. When the distributed power generation system is operated in parallel, the relevant industry standard specification specifies the protection devices that must be installed on the side of the distributed power generation system, including (1) overload protection: for example, overcurrent protection power (驿ver Current Relay 'CO ), Low Energy 〇ver Current Relay (LCO), (2) Voltage protection: for example, Over Voltage Relay (0V), Under Voltage Relay (Under Voltage Relay, UV) '(3) Frequency protection: For example, Over Frequency Relay (0F) and Under Frequency Protection Relay (UF). These six types of electric power can provide the basic protection function of the power system. Once the output current, voltage, and frequency of the distributed power generation system exceed the normal range, the protection power supply detects a fault and is connected to the city. In addition to the above six basic items, the protection of decentralized power generation systems requires the detection of islanding phenomenon (Islanding Phenomenon). The so-called island phenomenon refers to the fact that when the distributed power generation system is connected with the mains system in parallel, if the mains system fails, the decentralized power generation system does not immediately detect and cut away from the mains system, but presents the current image that is independently powered by the decentralized power generation system. . At this time, the distributed power generation system and its power supply load form a subsystem of the power system. This subsystem is isolated from the entire power system, and the king transmits and supplies power independently, forming an "island." In fact, all distributed power generation systems, such as wind power systems, solar power, fuel cell power generation, or self-contained power generation equipment or energy storage systems connected in parallel to the mains system, may have an islanding phenomenon. Once the island phenomenon occurs, it often leads to some adverse consequences. For example: (丨), when the mains system fails, the maintenance personnel of the power system must repair the mains in the case of power failure, but due to the island phenomenon, this time 200931751 The decentralized power generation system is still in operation, so the subsystems formed by the distributed power generation system are still being powered, which will threaten the personal safety of the power system maintenance personnel. (2) When the islanding phenomenon occurs, the distributed power generation system loses the voltage of the mains system as a synchronous reference signal, so the output voltage, current and frequency of the distributed generator will drift and the system frequency will be unstable. In this case, if the load is not cut off in time, some loads that are sensitive to frequency will be damaged. (3) At the moment when the mains system is reconnected with the decentralized power generation system after the mains system is repaired, since the frequency of the decentralized power generation system is not synchronized with the mains, due to the voltage phase difference between the two systems, a large surge current may be generated. And causing damage to related electrical equipment. When the decentralized power generation system connected in parallel to the mains system is increasing, the probability of islanding is relatively increased. Therefore, the detection and protection of the island phenomenon is more important. The necessity of detecting the island phenomenon is necessary, so in the relevant industry, some basic islanding phenomenon detection devices will be listed as
製有ίΪΐΐΐί^及分散式發電系統運轉的安全性，研 經濟的孤島保護電驛，已成為研究 =基Ϊ嶋峨===== 究，島保護電釋國内外已有許多相關研 大類，其酬騎動錢晰絲式檢測兩 載端 200931751 由於發生孤島情況時，其電壓、電流、功率、功因及頻率 均不穩定，被動式檢測方法即利用此點效應來判斷是否發 生孤島情況。依參考之電力參數不同，可分成以下八種方 法· (a)、利用傳統保護電驛檢測：在發電機侧裝置過電壓 保護電驛（Over Voltage Relay，0V)、欠電壓保護電釋 (Under Voltage Relay，UV)、過頻率保護電驛（〇ver Frequency Relay，〇F )及欠頻率保護電驛（Under Frequency Relay，UF)等四種保護電驛。這四種電驛可提供系統基本 © 的保護功能，一旦感應發電機的輸出電壓、輸出頻率超過 正常的範圍時’即由保護電驛檢測出故障而與市電解聯， 而這些保護裝置也是相關的IEE1E標準規範中，列為分散式 發電機與市電系統並聯的必備設備。 > ⑹、頻率變化率電驛（Rate of Change of Frequency制 Ϊΐΐΐ ^ 及 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散 分散The compensation for riding and cashing is two-terminal detection. 200931751 The voltage, current, power, power factor and frequency are unstable due to the islanding situation. The passive detection method uses this point effect to determine whether an island is generated. According to the different power parameters of the reference, it can be divided into the following eight methods. (a) Using traditional protection power detection: Over Voltage Relay (0V) on the generator side, Undervoltage protection (Reder) Voltage Relay, UV), 〇ver Frequency Relay (〇F) and Under Frequency Relay (UF). These four types of electric rafts can provide the protection function of the basic system ©. Once the output voltage and output frequency of the induction generator exceed the normal range, the protection is detected by the protection sputum and is connected with the city. These protection devices are also related. In the IEE1E standard specification, it is listed as a necessary equipment for the parallel connection between the distributed generator and the mains system. > (6), Rate of Change of Frequency (Rate of Change of Frequency
Relay，R0C0F) : R0C0F電驛係檢測當市電突然斷電時，負 載端的電壓頻率變化率，當頻率變化率超過某一範圍時， 即表示市電已隔離，發生孤島故障，這是一種廣泛被採用 的孤島檢測電驛。 ' ® (c)、電壓不平衡與電流諧波檢測（Voltage Unbalabce and Current Harmonic Monitoring Method):當市電斷電 時，發電機的輸出電壓可能發生不平衡，電流可能在負載 端產生失真的波形，而此失真的電流波形將含有較大的諧 波成分。因此，可由電壓的不平衡程度與電流的總諧波失 真(Total Harmonic Distortion，THD)判斷是否發生孤島 現象。 (d)、功率變化率量測法（Change of Power Measuring):當市電斷電時，發電機的輸出功率將產生較 8 200931751 並聯運轉時更大的變化，利用數位式功率檢測器可以量測 出功率變化率，當功率變化偏移超過某一範圍時，可由此 判斷發生孤島現象。 (e)、電壓變化與功因變化率量測法（尺你change of Voltage and Power Factor Measuring):當市電斷電 時’發電機的輸出電壓與功率因數將產生較並聯運轉時更 大的變化’利用數位式功率檢測器可以量測出電壓與功率 因數，當電壓與功率因數變化率偏移超過某一範圍時，可 由此判斷發生孤島現象。Relay,R0C0F) : R0C0F electric system detects the voltage frequency change rate of the load terminal when the mains suddenly powers off. When the frequency change rate exceeds a certain range, it means that the mains is isolated and an island fault occurs. This is widely used. The island is detected by eDonkey. ' ® (c), Voltage Unbalabce and Current Harmonic Monitoring Method: When the mains is cut off, the output voltage of the generator may be unbalanced, and the current may generate a distorted waveform at the load end. This distorted current waveform will contain large harmonic components. Therefore, whether or not an island phenomenon occurs can be determined by the degree of voltage imbalance and the total harmonic distortion of the current (THD). (d), Change of Power Measurement: When the mains is cut off, the output power of the generator will produce a larger change than the parallel operation of 8 200931751, which can be measured by the digital power detector. The rate of change of the power output, when the power variation shift exceeds a certain range, can thereby determine that the islanding phenomenon occurs. (e), voltage change and power factor measurement: When the mains is cut off, the generator's output voltage and power factor will produce more changes than parallel operation. 'Using the digital power detector can measure the voltage and power factor. When the voltage and power factor change rate shifts beyond a certain range, the islanding phenomenon can be judged.
⑴、向量突波電驛（Vect〇r Surge Relay，VSR):當 市電斷電時’由於瞬時功率不平衡，發電機的輸出電壓與 電流皆會產生突波。糊數位式向量突波檢測器可以量測 出向量突波值，當向量突波值超過某一範圍時，可由此判 斷發生孤島現象。 (g) 、頻率對負載功率變化率檢測法（Rate the(1), Vect〇 Sur Surge Relay (VSR): When the mains is cut off, due to the instantaneous power imbalance, the generator's output voltage and current will produce a surge. The paste digital vector glitch detector can measure the vector glitch value. When the vector spur value exceeds a certain range, the islanding phenomenon can be judged by this. (g), frequency versus load power rate change method (Rate the
Frequency Change to the Output Power Change) ··當市 電故障時’發電機的輸出頻率對貞載功賴化率，將產生 較並聯運轉時更大的變化，彻數喊麵^可以量測出 -次導數’以鱗數料储，當減超過某一設定值 時，可由此判斷已發生孤島現象。 (h) 、邏輯規則庫檢測法(L〇gical Rule Based t，ction Technique):將市電跳脫’孤島現象發生時發 電機的電壓與電流的變化相關雜，建立為邏輯規則庫， 由程式依規則庫的邏輯檢測流程進行孤島檢測。 發電島:主動式檢測方法則是由分散式 動 個干擾訊號’觀察負載的端電壓是否受 到衫曰，以做為判斷依據，藉由控制發電機輸出電壓改變 200931751 或外加電抗等方式主動擾動系統。當發生孤島情況時，主 動擾動將造成系統的不穩定’即使在系統之發電與負載 功率平衡的狀態下，也可藉由主動擾動達到破壞g衡狀 態，使系統之電壓有明顯的變動，而易於由電驛檢 障。主動式檢測方法主要有下列三種方法： (a)、虛功率誤差輸出法（Reactive Err〇r EXp0rt Detection ’ REED) ··控制同步發電機的激磁電流，使發電 機產生某一特定的虛功率輸出，當發電機與市電並聯時， 此一特定的虛功率輸出可以由市電系統提供平衡的虛功率 © 補償，系統不致發生不穩定現象。當市電中斷時，由於系 統已失去穩定的虛功率補償，此特定的虛功率輸出將導致 系統發生不穩定現象，而由保護電驛檢測出故障。 ⑹、功率控制迴圈正回授法（P〇sitiveFeedback如Frequency change to the Output Power Change) · When the mains fails, the output frequency of the generator will be larger than that of the parallel operation, and the number of shouts can be measured. The derivative 'is stored in scales. When the decrease exceeds a certain set value, it can be judged that the islanding phenomenon has occurred. (h), Ltgical Rule Based t, ction Technique: The correlation between the voltage and current of the generator when the mains trips out of the island is established as a logical rule base. The logic detection process of the rule base performs island detection. Power generation island: The active detection method is to use the decentralized moving interference signal to observe whether the terminal voltage of the load is subjected to the shackles as a basis for judging the active disturbance system by controlling the output voltage of the generator to change the 200931751 or the external reactance. . When an island situation occurs, the active disturbance will cause the system to be unstable. Even in the state where the power generation and load power of the system are balanced, the active disturbance can be used to destroy the g-balance state, so that the voltage of the system changes significantly. Easy to check for obstacles by electric pick. The active detection method mainly has the following three methods: (a), virtual power error output method (Reactive Err〇r EXp0rt Detection 'REED) · · Control the excitation current of the synchronous generator, so that the generator produces a certain virtual power output When the generator is connected in parallel with the mains, this specific virtual power output can be compensated by the mains system to provide balanced virtual power ©, and the system will not be unstable. When the utility power is interrupted, because the system has lost stable virtual power compensation, this specific virtual power output will cause instability in the system, and the protection power will detect the failure. (6), power control loop positive feedback method (P〇sitiveFeedback such as
Power Loop Method):有兩種控制模式，第一種為虛功率 迴圈控制法，控制同步發電機的虛功率迴圈，使迴圈產生 正回授控制，當發電機與市電並聯時，此一特定的正回授 虛功率輸出可以由市電系統提供平衡的虛功率補償，系 不致發生電壓不穩定現象。當市電中斷時，由於系統已失 去穩定的虛功率補償，此特定的正回授虛功率輸出將導致 發電機電壓發生不穩定現象，而由電壓電驛檢測出故障。 第二種為實功率迴圈控制法，控制同步發電機的原動機轉 速、’使發電機產生某一特定的實功率輸出，當發電機與市 電並聯時，此一特定的實功率輸出可以由市電系統提供平 衡的實功率補償，系統頻率不致發生不穩定現象。當市電 中，時，由於系統已失去穩定的實功率補償，此特定的實 功率輸出將導致系統發生頻率不穩定現象，而由頻率電驛 檢測出故障。 200931751 生率誤差輸出法與辨控制_正回授法都需要控 ^ ί採収籠式轉子無法控制激磁·， 因此，並不適用上述兩種方法。 動t目關性檢測法(V〇ltage Fluctuation 盥負由發電機輸出週期性的電壓擾動 動ϊ相關性，計算相關性指標，藉由此指 疋發生孤島現象。由於週期性的電壓擾動不一定 =發電機的激磁電流職性的產生，也可以在負載 ί 、閉(on/of f)的高阻抗負載產生。因此、，本 電機蝴+峨轉侧、削步發 批ϋ貞麟性刊’耻每―種孤島丨聽檢測方法， k法保魏檢測出所有貞載狀況下的孤島現象，因此如 斷ί種檢測方法是非常重要的一般常用的評估 ^法為丨，定母-檢測方法的無法檢測區域(N〇nDetecti加 jie ’臓)，或以無法檢測的穩定操作點來衡量各種檢測 ❹ 法的優劣，亦有以統計方法評估每一檢測方法的檢測 ，性。評储果齡被喊檢耻無法完鶴檢測 巧狀況下的孤A現象，必細合絲式檢測法才能2J 檢測的準確率。 〜π 電驛 因此，有必要設計併網型感應發電機之孤島保護 系統及其孤島效應檢測方法’以克服上述缺陷。 【發明内容】 ▲本發明的目的在於提供一種併網型感應發電機之孤 保護，㈣統及其孤纽狀制方法，其⑽核心採用 數位仏號處理器，系統為全數位化處理，可大幅簡化控制 11 200931751 電路、降低成太 系統:=r靠度===路，因此本 提高分散式發之檢測方法，可以有效地 有效檢測孤島現象， 電系統的，，具有相的女全。對錢式發 Ο Ο 驟降、開關突波、負載驟增等現象，所造 孤1 ί Ί目的在於提供—種併_感應發電機之 動式及其孤島效應之檢測方法，其可結合被 檢蚀ίϊ測法’更可以有效減少檢測系統的無法 具有靈敏而且準確的孤島檢測能力，提 ^型錄核應發電機的運轉可靠度，並能維護人員的 心上述目的，本發明之併網型感應發電機之孤 从鱼電Γ系統’其包括··—電壓細電路，祕至一本 拉载’用以偵測電壓參數之變化；一零點交越侧電路， 至該本地負載’用以偵測該本地負載端電壓之零交越 ==數位峨處理n ’输侧電路及該零點 =越偵測電路’可接㈣參數及零交越點，並據以送 =控制訊號控雜述之第-關及第二開關之開啟或關 閉；-第-開關，其-端耦接至—分散式感應發電機，另 一端則耦接至該本地負載，可接受該控制訊號之控制而開 啟或關閉；-第二開關’其—端輕接至該第—開關之第二 12 200931751 端，另一端則耦接至後述之高阻抗負载，可接受該控制訊 號之螯制而開啟或關閉；一高阻抗負载，耦接至該第二開 關^一端，以及一第二開關’其一端輕接至該第一開關 端，另—端則祕至-市電發電機；俾藉由該數位 *負 性地並聯至該本 $ π ί 目的i本發明之—種_观應發電機 气 包括下列步驟:使用-零點交越 〇 魯 電系統之電壓零交越點;使用-週期性 性地送出-祕抗負载至該市電系統上；偵測該 ί電i ；計算頻率變化率；若頻率變化率大 sr二=以=發= 【實施方式】 频實_之_說明如後。 島保以=之==併網型感紐電機之孤 三開關70所組合而成。 间阻抗負载60,以及-第 13 200931751 其中，該電壓偵測電路1〇耦接至一本地負載8〇，用 ^電壓令數之變化;該電壓偵測電路10例如但不限於 i ΐ ί r運算放大器(gpa)及被動元件所組成，其為習知技 術且非本案重點，故在此不擬贅述。 、該零點交越偵測電路20係耦接至該本地負載8〇，用 =偵測該本地負載8〇端電壓之零交越點；該零點交越偵測 ^路20例如但不限於為由運算放大器（〇pA)、邏輯閘及被 =兀件所組成，其為習知技術且非本案重點，故在此不擬 賢述。Power Loop Method): There are two control modes. The first one is the virtual power loop control method, which controls the virtual power loop of the synchronous generator to make the loop generate positive feedback control. When the generator is connected in parallel with the mains, this A specific positive feedback virtual power output can be compensated by the commercial power system to provide balanced virtual power compensation without causing voltage instability. When the utility power is interrupted, because the system has lost stable virtual power compensation, this specific positive feedback virtual power output will cause the generator voltage to be unstable, and the voltage power supply will detect the fault. The second is the real power loop control method, which controls the prime mover speed of the synchronous generator, 'to make the generator produce a specific real power output. When the generator is connected in parallel with the mains, this specific real power output can be from the mains. The system provides balanced real power compensation and the system frequency does not become unstable. In the mains, when the system has lost stable real power compensation, this specific real power output will cause the system to be unstable, and the frequency will detect the fault. 200931751 Rate error output method and discriminating control _ positive feedback method needs to be controlled. ίThe cage rotor cannot control the excitation. Therefore, the above two methods are not applicable. The dynamic detection method (V〇ltage Fluctuation) is responsible for the correlation of the periodic voltage disturbances generated by the generator, and calculates the correlation index, whereby the islanding phenomenon occurs. Because the periodic voltage disturbance is not necessarily = Generator's excitation current generation can also be generated in the load ί, closed (on / of f) high-impedance load. Therefore, the motor butterfly + 峨 turn side, step by step issued a batch of Kirin 'Shame every kind of isolated island hearing detection method, k method Bao Wei detected all the island phenomenon under the load condition, so if the detection method is very important, the commonly used evaluation method is 丨, 定母-detection The undetectable area of the method (N〇nDetecti plus jie '臓), or the unsatisfactory stable operating point to measure the pros and cons of various detection methods, also statistical methods to assess the detection of each test method, the nature of the test Shouting shame can not complete the solitary A phenomenon under the condition of crane detection, the accuracy of 2J detection must be finely combined with the wire detection method. ~π Electric 驿 Therefore, it is necessary to design an islanding protection system for grid-connected induction generators and solitary Effect detection method 'to overcome the above defects. 】 SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION ▲ The object of the present invention is to provide a grid-connected induction generator for orphan protection, (four) system and its orphan-shaped method, (10) core using digital nickname processor The system is fully digitized, which can greatly simplify the control of the 2009 31751 circuit and reduce the Chengdu system: =r dependency === road. Therefore, the improved detection method of the distributed detection can effectively detect the island phenomenon, the electrical system. The phenomenon of the female full of the phase. The sudden drop of the power, the sudden change of the switch, the sudden increase of the load, etc., the purpose of the solitary 1 ί Ί 在于 在于 在于 在于 在于 在于 在于 _ 感应 感应 感应 感应 感应 感应 感应The detection method of the effect, which can be combined with the etched ϊ ϊ method, can effectively reduce the insensitive and accurate island detection capability of the detection system, improve the operational reliability of the generator, and maintain the personnel's In view of the above objects, the isolated grid-type electric induction system of the grid-connected induction generator of the present invention includes a voltage circuit, and a load-carrying function to detect changes in voltage parameters. a zero-crossing side circuit, to the local load 'to detect the local load terminal voltage zero crossing == digits 峨 processing n 'transmission side circuit and the zero point = the more detection circuit' can be connected (four) parameters and Zero crossing point, and according to the control = signal control, the first-off and the second switch are turned on or off; - the first switch, the - terminal is coupled to the - distributed induction generator, the other end is coupled Connected to the local load, the control signal can be controlled to be turned on or off; the second switch is connected to the second 12 200931751 end of the first switch, and the other end is coupled to the high impedance described later. The load can be turned on or off by the chelation of the control signal; a high-impedance load coupled to one end of the second switch, and a second switch having one end connected to the first switch end, and the other end Then the secret to the mains generator; 俾 by the digit * negatively connected in parallel to the $ π ί purpose i of the invention - the kind of generator gas includes the following steps: use - zero crossing the Lulu system Voltage zero crossing point; use - periodically send - secret load to the On the mains system; detect the ί electric i; calculate the frequency change rate; if the frequency change rate is large sr two = to = send = [implementation] frequency _ _ as explained later. The island is made up of ======================================== Inter-impedance load 60, and - 13th 200931751, wherein the voltage detecting circuit 1 is coupled to a local load 8〇, using a voltage change; the voltage detecting circuit 10 is, for example but not limited to, i ΐ ί It consists of an operational amplifier (gpa) and a passive component, which are conventional technologies and are not the focus of this case, so they are not described here. The zero-crossing detection circuit 20 is coupled to the local load 8〇, and uses = to detect a zero crossing point of the local load 8 terminal voltage; the zero crossing detection circuit 20 is, for example but not limited to, It consists of an operational amplifier (〇pA), a logic gate, and a component. It is a well-known technique and is not the focus of this case. Therefore, it is not intended to be described here.
該數位訊號處理器（DSP)30為本案之核心，其係耦接 至該電壓偵測電路1〇及該零點交越偵測電路2〇，可接收 該電壓參數及零交越點，並據以送出控制訊號控制該第一 開關40及第二開關50之開啟或關閉。 該數位訊號處理器30係採用C語言撰寫内部之軟體控 =程^，該軟體控制程式進一步包括：一週期性開關信號 輸出副程式31、一 A/D資料輸入取樣及均方根值計算副程 式32、一頻率變化率計算副程式33、一相關因數計算副程 式34及一孤島現象判斷副程式35等，其詳情請參照下 之說明。 其中’該週期性開關信號輸出副程式31可將零點交越 ，測電路20檢出負載80端電壓的交越零點，經過數位信 號處理器30的外部中斷接腳輸入，經該週期性開關信號輸 出副程式計算後，將產生每三週期閉合，每三週期開啟的 週期性開關信號，由數位信號處理器30的多功能輸出入腳 輸出。 該A/D資料輸入取樣及均方根值計算副程式32可將該 零點交越偵測電路20檢出之輸入信號經A/D轉換為數位信 200931751 號以供該數位信號處理器30處理。 取類比龍錄，再做A/D轉換，^財式取樣讀 入主程式，進行負載8〇端電_均=^料定期輸 關因數計算副程式輸入。ί万根值的计算，提供相 該頻率變化率計算副程式33將 _ 所產生的週期性方波信號經由乂 t貞測電路20 寬度之週期數計算鮮變化率 ❹ 供孤島現象_雌式評估。母_喊仃—次’以提 該相關因數計算副程式34將均方根 產生的端電壓均方根值計算差分值^所 狀態信號函數的差分值。根據視窗寬 ，母週_執行―次’以提供孤島現象 一該孤島現象判斷副程式35先依據該頻率變化率計算 副，式33輸人的鮮變化率進行孤島現象觸，當頻率變 ί率值大於設定門檻值時’該第三開關70將立即跳 快速倾的目的。#鮮率的制健近於 权疋門檻值時，將由該相關因數計算副程式34進行複測， 將相關因數計算副程式34輸入的相細數進行孤島現象 判斷二當相關因數之值超過所設定正常運轉臨界值時，依 程式判斷執行市電解聯，並送出控制信號至該第三開關70 切斷與市電系統100之並聯。 該第一開關40之一端耦接至一分散式感應發電機 卯，另一端則耦接至該本地負載80 ;該第一開關可由該孤 15 200931751 島現象判斷副程式所控制，當該孤島現象判斷副程式判斷 發生孤島現象時’即將該第一開關4〇開啟，以便將一分散 式感應發電機90與一市電系統1〇〇隔離。 該苐一開關50之一端麵接至該第一開關4〇之第二 、，另一端則搞接至該尚阻抗負載60，可接受該控制訊號 之控制而開啟或關閉；該第二開關5〇可由該週期性開關信 號輸出副程式所控制，其可週期性地控制該第二開關5〇 ^ 開啟及關閉，以便將該高阻抗負載60週期性地並聯至該市 電系統100上，以進行孤島效應之偵測。 該高阻抗負載60係耦接至該第二開關5〇之第二端， 其例如但不限於為一尚阻抗電感性負載，當市電系統1〇〇 與刀散式感應發電機90皆正常工作時’該高阻抗負載6〇 並不會對市電系統1〇〇造成影響，然而當市電系統、1〇〇發 生故障而分散式感應發電機9〇正常工作時，該高阻抗負載 60即會對为散式感應發電機9〇造成影響，據以檢測是' 發生孤島效應。 該第三開關70之一端耦接至該第一開關4〇之第二 端，另一端則耦接至該市電系統100，其可為一系統保護 電釋。 本發明之控制模式為正常情況下第一開關4〇與第三 開關7〇晴導通的，當市電系統廳發生故障時ϋ現 ^檢測系統將可檢知，並切離第三開關7〇解聯以維護市電 100與人員的安全。當感應發電機9〇發生故障時，該 第二開關70將被切離，以避免感應發電機9〇 統100的正常供電。The digital signal processor (DSP) 30 is the core of the present invention, and is coupled to the voltage detecting circuit 1 and the zero-crossing detecting circuit 2, and can receive the voltage parameter and the zero-crossing point, and according to The first switch 40 and the second switch 50 are controlled to be turned on or off by sending a control signal. The digital signal processor 30 writes an internal software control program in C language. The software control program further includes: a periodic switch signal output subroutine 31, an A/D data input sample, and a rms calculation. The program 32, a frequency change rate calculation subroutine 33, a correlation factor calculation subroutine 34, and an island phenomenon determination subroutine 35, etc., please refer to the following description for details. Wherein the periodic switch signal output subroutine 31 can cross the zero point, and the measuring circuit 20 detects the crossover zero of the voltage of the load terminal 80, and inputs the external interrupt pin through the digital signal processor 30, and the periodic switch signal After the output subroutine is calculated, a periodic switching signal that is turned on every three cycles and turned on every three cycles is outputted by the multi-function output pin of the digital signal processor 30. The A/D data input sampling and rms calculation subroutine 32 can convert the input signal detected by the zero crossing detection circuit 20 to A/D number 200931751 for processing by the digital signal processor 30. . Take the analogy of the dragon record, then do the A/D conversion, and the financial sample is read into the main program, and the load is 8 电. The calculation of the ί 根 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值 值. The parent _ shouting 次 次 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 According to the window width, the mother-week_execution-times to provide the island phenomenon. The island phenomenon judgment sub-routine 35 first calculates the sub-dependency according to the frequency change rate, and the 33-character input rate of change is used for the islanding phenomenon, when the frequency is changed. When the value is greater than the set threshold value, the third switch 70 will immediately jump for the purpose of rapid tilting. When the fresh rate is close to the weight threshold, the correlation factor calculation subroutine 34 will perform the retest, and the phase factor input by the correlation factor calculation subroutine 34 will be determined by the islanding phenomenon. When the normal operation threshold is set, the city electrolysis is judged by the program, and a control signal is sent to the third switch 70 to cut off the parallel connection with the mains system 100. One end of the first switch 40 is coupled to a distributed induction generator 卯, and the other end is coupled to the local load 80; the first switch can be controlled by the sub-program of the island phenomenon 200931751, when the island phenomenon When it is judged that the subroutine judges that the islanding phenomenon occurs, the first switch 4 is turned on to isolate a distributed induction generator 90 from a mains system. One end of the first switch 50 is connected to the second end of the first switch 4〇, and the other end is connected to the still-impedance load 60, which can be turned on or off by the control of the control signal; the second switch 5 〇 can be controlled by the periodic switch signal output subroutine, which can periodically control the second switch 5〇 to be turned on and off to periodically connect the high impedance load 60 to the mains system 100 for performing Detection of the island effect. The high-impedance load 60 is coupled to the second end of the second switch 5, which is, for example but not limited to, an inductive load, and the utility system 1 and the knife-scattering induction generator 90 are all working normally. When the high-impedance load 6〇 does not affect the mains system, when the mains system fails, and the distributed induction generator 9 is working normally, the high-impedance load 60 will For the effect of the bulk induction generator 9〇, it is detected that it is an islanding effect. One end of the third switch 70 is coupled to the second end of the first switch 4A, and the other end is coupled to the mains system 100, which can be a system to protect the electric release. The control mode of the present invention is that the first switch 4〇 and the third switch 7 are turned on and off under normal conditions, and when the mains system hall fails, the detection system will be detectable and cut off from the third switch 7 To maintain the safety of the city's electricity 100 and personnel. When the induction generator 9 fails, the second switch 70 will be cut away to avoid normal power supply to the induction generator 9 system 100.
^下，請一併參照圖2〜圖7說明本發明之 發電機之孤島保護電職統之動作原理^如_示，H 200931751 Ρ[為負載消耗的實功率，實功率平衡情況下，可’: 當分散式感應發電機90孤島運轉時，市電系統丨〇〇單線 如圖3所示，第三開關70開啟，市電系統100供應的實 Ο φ 功率Pu消失，實功率不再平衡的情況下，實功率失配 (Mismatch) ΔΡ可表示如下： (2) 感應發電機孤島運轉時’該分散式感應發電機9〇與本地負 載80形成單機運轉的電力系統，系統的頻率變化可以用搖 擺方程式(Swing Equation)模擬，搖擺方程式可表示如下： 2H άω κτ> ——x——=ΑΡ % dt^ Next, please refer to FIG. 2 to FIG. 7 together to explain the operation principle of the island protection electric service system of the generator of the present invention. ^, _, H 200931751 Ρ [for real power consumption of the load, real power balance, ': When the distributed induction generator 90 is operated by an island, the main line of the mains system is shown in Figure 3. The third switch 70 is turned on, and the real φ power Pu supplied by the mains system 100 disappears, and the real power is no longer balanced. Under, the real power mismatch (Mismatch) ΔΡ can be expressed as follows: (2) When the induction generator is operating in an island, the distributed induction generator 9〇 and the local load 80 form a single-machine power system, and the frequency variation of the system can be swayed. In the Swing Equation simulation, the sway equation can be expressed as follows: 2H άω κτ> ——x——=ΑΡ % dt
-pL (3) 其中’ H為發電機的慣性常數(Inertia Constant)，ω〇為 發電機同步角速度，ω為發電機角速度。 由（3)式可推導出： 其中ω=2 7Γί，f為系統頻率，cot^Tzrfo’fo為系統同步頻率， (4)式可進一步推導出頻率變化率：-pL (3) where 'H is the inertia constant of the generator (Inertia Constant), ω〇 is the generator synchronous angular velocity, and ω is the generator angular velocity. It can be deduced from (3): where ω=2 7Γί, f is the system frequency, cot^Tzrfo’fo is the system synchronization frequency, and (4) can further derive the frequency change rate:
At dt 2H (5) 17 200931751 轉化率正比讀辨失似p，亦即當發 因^ 控制耘式進仃孤島效應偵測指標的計算，以 原理與週期性電壓振幅號注 ❹ 原理是基於市電系統⑽的電 fit應ϋ機90的一次阻抗。因此，當市電並聯時，由 3雷出,的電源測等效阻抗較大。若能有效評 估電源測等效阻抗，自然能檢_孤島現象。 * 單的間接估測法將被採用在「相關因數法」 内’其原理如下：市電並聯運轉時，如圖，Eu 電壓，Zu為市電系統100的電源阻抗 電巧90端開路電壓’么為感應發電機90 、—人杬，負載阻抗則以Zl表示。於市電並聯運轉情 下，可將負載80端電壓Vu表示如下： 得信况At dt 2H (5) 17 200931751 The conversion rate is proportional to the read-disappearing p, that is, when the control is based on the calculation of the islanding effect detection index, the principle and the periodic voltage amplitude number are based on the principle. The electrical fit of system (10) should be the primary impedance of downtime 90. Therefore, when the commercial power is connected in parallel, the equivalent impedance of the power supply measured by 3 lightning is large. If the equivalent impedance of the power supply can be effectively evaluated, it can naturally detect the islanding phenomenon. * The single indirect estimation method will be adopted in the "correlation factor method". The principle is as follows: When the utility power is operated in parallel, as shown in the figure, the Eu voltage, Zu is the power supply impedance of the mains system 100, and the open circuit voltage is 90. The induction generator 90, the human 杬, the load impedance is represented by Zl. In the case of parallel operation of the mains, the load terminal voltage Vu can be expressed as follows:
Vli -)x- 'u+ZrVli -)x- 'u+Zr
ZgEu ZuEg (6) 阻抗以切市衫_電源阻抗 18 200931751 ⑺ -次阻抗，負載Γο ’匕為，發電機9〇的 下，可將貞^gm=：；z；^；；於絲運轉運轉情況 ❹ ⑻ZgEu ZuEg (6) Impedance to cut the shirt _ power impedance 18 200931751 (7) - secondary impedance, load Γ ο '匕, under the generator 9 ,, can be 贞 ^ gm =:; z; ^;; Situation ❹ (8)
的靈制端祕1 _80阻抗ASpiritual Secret 1 _80 Impedance A
AA
EuX- z (^L+zuy (9) 孤島運轉時的負載端魏^對負載阻抗△的靈敏度& 不如下： 可表 φ 52 _ L2EuX- z (^L+zuy (9) Sensitivity of the load end Wei^ to the load impedance △ during operation of the island is not as follows: Can be expressed as φ 52 _ L2
£gX z g (zL+zuy (10) 由於分散式感應發電機90的一次阻抗Zg遠大於市電系統 100的電源阻抗Zu ’因此Vu對負載阻抗Zl的靈敏度&遠小 於I對負載阻抗Zl的靈敏度S2，亦即市電並聯運轉時負載 阻抗Zl的改變對負載80端電壓Vli將不會造成明顯的影 響’但孤島運轉時負載80阻抗Zl的改變則會造成負載80 端電壓VL2將的明顯變化。所以相關因數法就是主動改變負 载80 p且抗後檢測負載80端電壓是否隨之變化，即可間接 檢測出孤島現象。 200931751 但是’當市電系統100發生電壓驟降、開關突波或負 載切換等現象時，也可能發生負載80端電壓的變化，而使 檢孤島發生誤判斷。為了改善此缺點，相關因數法利用 第二開關50週期性將一個電感性的高阻抗負載6〇，週期 性的並聯於負載80阻抗^上。當市電並聯運轉時，由於市 電系，100的電源阻抗Zu極小，而加入的電感性負載6〇 的阻抗值很大’因此負载8〇端電壓Vu將不致產生明顯週 期性的電壓振幅擾動。如圖6所示為市電並聯運轉時負載 y端，壓與週期性開關信號波形圖，CH2為週期性開關信 號波形、’ CH3為負載端電壓波形，觀察負載端電壓的波形 可發現並沒有明顯週期性的電壓振幅擾動。而當孤島運轉 時，由於感應發電機9〇的一次阻抗zg較大，因此負載 ，電壓L將產生明顯週期性的電壓振幅擾動^如圖7所示 ^島運轉時負載80端電壓與週期性晒信號波形圖， 為週期性開關信號波形，CH3為負載端電壓波形，觀察 負载端電壓的波形可發現明顯週期性的電壓振幅擾動。 ❹ 丄觀察圖7可發現負载8〇端電壓振幅的變化與週期性開 ，信號有明顯的相關性，當第二開關5Q閉合㈣時 =端電壓振幅變小·’當第二開關5〇開啟(〇ff)時，負載8〇 =J振幅變大。因此’將負載8〇端電壓振 化^ 生第二_ 5()的朗域_蝴性⑼㈣咐㈤、， ^關因數标’則可關相咖數作為 與否的指標。相關因數的計算公式說明如下：I島現象 該第二開關50係經由零點交越偵測電路w 8〇端電壓的交越零點，經過該數位訊號處理· 3〇 : * ，式計算後，將產生每三週_合，每三開啟& 性開關健給該第二_ 5Q。先定· j週_開關= 20 200931751 (j) ’ S (j)只有兩種數值：當第二開關50閉 當第二_ 5g開啟時s+i。則第 ]迅期的差分s (j)可定義如下： (11) 以電壓均方根值為VL薦(j)，則差分“ (j) ❹ Δ VL,ms ϋ) = VLRMS (j) - VLrms (7· _ 3) (12) 相關因數可由下式求得：£gX zg (zL+zuy (10) Since the primary impedance Zg of the distributed induction generator 90 is much larger than the power supply impedance Zu of the mains system 100, the sensitivity of Vu to the load impedance Z1 is much smaller than the sensitivity of the I to the load impedance Z1. S2, that is, the change of the load impedance Z1 when the commercial power is operated in parallel will not have a significant influence on the voltage Vli of the load 80. However, the change of the impedance Z1 of the load 80 during the operation of the island will cause a significant change in the voltage VL2 of the load 80. Therefore, the correlation factor method is to actively change the load 80 p and detect whether the voltage of the terminal 80 of the load changes accordingly, so that the island phenomenon can be detected indirectly. 200931751 However, when the mains system 100 experiences a voltage dip, switching surge or load switching, etc. In the case of a phenomenon, a change in the voltage at the end of the load 80 may occur, and the detection island may be misjudged. To improve this disadvantage, the correlation factor method periodically uses an electric switch 6 in an inductive high-impedance load by the second switch 50, periodically. Parallel to the impedance of the load 80. When the commercial power is operated in parallel, due to the mains system, the power supply impedance Zu of 100 is extremely small, and the impedance of the added inductive load is 6〇. The value is very large' Therefore, the load 8 terminal voltage Vu will not cause significant periodic voltage amplitude disturbance. As shown in Fig. 6, the load y terminal, the voltage and periodic switch signal waveform diagram, and the CH2 periodic switch are shown when the utility power is connected in parallel. The signal waveform, 'CH3 is the load terminal voltage waveform, and the waveform of the load terminal voltage can be observed without significant periodic voltage amplitude disturbance. When the island is running, the primary impedance zg of the induction generator 9〇 is large, so the load The voltage L will produce a significant periodic voltage amplitude disturbance. ^ As shown in Fig. 7, the voltage of the load terminal 80 and the periodic sun signal waveform are shown as the periodic switching signal waveform, and CH3 is the load terminal voltage waveform. The waveform of the terminal voltage can be found to have a significant periodic voltage amplitude disturbance. ❹ 丄 Observe Fig. 7 to find that the amplitude and amplitude of the load voltage at the end of the load are cyclically open, and the signal has a significant correlation when the second switch 5Q is closed (four) = The terminal voltage amplitude becomes small. 'When the second switch 5 〇 is turned on (〇 ff), the load 8 〇 = J amplitude becomes larger. Therefore, 'the load 8 〇 terminal voltage is vibrated and the second _ 5 () The domain_following (9) (four) 咐 (five), and the ^off factor s' can be used as an indicator of whether or not the number of avatars is used. The calculation formula of the correlation factor is as follows: I island phenomenon The second switch 50 is passed through the zero crossing detection circuit. w 8 terminal voltage crossing zero point, after the digital signal processing · 3〇: *, after the formula is calculated, will be generated every three weeks, every three open & switch to the second _ 5Q. · j weeks_switch = 20 200931751 (j) 'S (j) has only two values: when the second switch 50 is closed when the second _ 5g is turned on, s+i. Then the difference s (j) of the first fast can be The definition is as follows: (11) With the voltage rms value VL recommended (j), the difference "(j) ❹ Δ VL, ms ϋ) = VLRMS (j) - VLrms (7· _ 3) (12) Correlation factor It can be obtained by the following formula:
k+Nk+N
Fk=jf Z^Vl,rms(J)xASU) 甘…认 k 〇3) 其中’ Fk為相關因數’ ν為計算視窗寬度之週期數。 在市電並聯運轉情況下，分散式感應發電機9〇與市電 ，統100端處於並聯狀態，該第二開關5〇之週期性開關信 號產生之擾動造成負載80端電壓大小變化受到市電系統 ❹1〇〇電壓牵制，電壓量變動程度極小，第二開關50之週期 性開關信號產生之擾動訊號的干擾並不顯著，在此情況 下，Δνω^(：ί)與AS (j)之間變化相關性較低，相關因數 也較小。 反之，當市電系統100端有故障事件發生促使第三開 關70跳脫與分散式感應發電機90解聯，而形成孤島運轉 時。負載80的電能供給完全由分散式感應發電機90供給， 所以該第二開關50之週期性開關信號產生之擾動訊號，立 即明顯的反應於負載80端電壓上，電壓擾動變化的程度相 21 200931751 對於市，並聯時大，而與AS (」·）之間變化相關 性也較高’所以此時相關因數也比正常運轉時大。 藉由比較相關因數Fk之大小可辨識分散式感應發電機 90處於何種運轉狀態。當j?k大於所設定運轉臨界值時，即 表示感應發電機處於孤島運轉狀態；反之，則分散式感應 發電機90仍與市電系統1〇〇並聯。 · 請參照圖8，其繪示本發明之一種併網型感應發電機 之孤島效應檢測方法之流程示意圖。如圖所示，本發明之 併網型感應發電機之孤島效應檢測方法，其包括下列步 © 驟·使用一零點交越債測電路2(M貞測一市電系統之電壓零 交越點（步驟1);使用一第二開關50週期性地送出一高阻 抗負載60至該市電系統1〇〇上(步驟2);偵測該市電系統 100之終端電壓（步驟3);計算頻率變化率（步驟4);若頻 率變化率大於一第一臨界值，則將一第三開關7〇立即跳 脫，以使一分散式感應發電機90與該市電系統100隔離(步 驟5)，若頻率變化率小於該第一臨界值，則繼續判斷該頻 率變化率是否大於一第二臨界值(步驟6);若頻率變化率 大於該第二臨界值，則進行相關因數之計算(步驟7);判 © 斷該相關因數是否大於一第三臨界值（步驟8);以及若是 則將該第三開關70立即跳脫’以使該分散式感應發電機 90與該市電系統1〇〇隔離(步驟9)。 於步驟1中，使用一零點交越偵測電路2〇偵測一市電 系統之電壓零交越點；其中，該零點交越偵測電路2〇係由 運算放大器、邏輯閘及被動元件所組成。 於步驟2中，使用一第二開關50週期性地送出一高阻 抗負載60至該市電系統1〇〇上；其中，該第二開關5〇可 以母二週期閉合，每三週期開啟的週期性並接至該市電系 22 200931751 統100上 化率頻率變化率；其中，該計算頻率變 數位訊號處理器3°中之-捕捉器=(圖 算頻率3^週期的辭值，絲據視紋度之週期數計 -第ΐ=57Λ，严頻率變化率大於-第—臨界值，則將 該1卩跳脫，以使—分散式感應發電機90與 〇 ⑩ 整該第一臨界值可視需要而調 而該第二開關70則為一系統保護電驛。 反枯Ϊ步驟6〜9中’ #醉變化率的檢測值接近於設定臨 時，將由相關因數法進行複測，將相關因數計算副程 數進行孤島現象判斷。當相關因數之值超 咖°又^^運轉臨界值時，依程式判斷執行市電系統100 ’並送出控制信號至該第三開關70切斷與市電石夕統 100之並聯。 ，％ :以丄經由本發明之併網型感應發電機之孤島保護電 Ϊΐϊί其孤島效應檢測方法之實施，其控制核心採用數 5唬處理器，系統為全數位化處理，可大幅簡化控制電 路、降低成本，而且由於沒有複雜的控制電路，因此本發 明的，定性，可靠度都較其他傳統系統為高，此外，其可 以有效地提咼分散式發電系統進行市電並聯的運轉安全 性，並且能有效檢測孤島現象，維護人員與設備的安全等 優點，因此，確可改善習知併網型感應發電機之孤島保護 電驛系統及其方法之缺點。 本案所揭示者，乃較佳實施例之一種，舉凡局部之變 更或修飾1¾ 於本案之技鄉想*為鮮翻技藝之人所 23 200931751 易於推知者，倶不脫本案之專利權範嘴。 綜上所陳’本案無論就目的、手段與功效，在在顯示 其迥異於習知之技術特徵，且其首先發明合於實用，亦在 在符合發明之專利要件，懇請責審查委員明察，並祈早 曰賜予專利，俾嘉惠社會，實感德便。 【圖式之簡單說明】 圖1為-不意圖’其繪示本發明之併網型感應發電機 之孤島保護電驊系統之方塊示意圖。Fk=jf Z^Vl, rms(J)xASU) 甘... recognize k 〇3) where 'Fk is the correlation factor' ν is the number of periods in which the window width is calculated. In the case of parallel operation of the mains, the distributed induction generator 9〇 is in parallel with the mains, the 100 end of the system, and the disturbance caused by the periodic switch signal of the second switch 5 causes the voltage level change of the load 80 to be affected by the mains system. The voltage is limited, the degree of voltage variation is extremely small, and the disturbance of the disturbance signal generated by the periodic switching signal of the second switch 50 is not significant. In this case, the correlation between Δνω^(:ί) and AS (j) is changed. Lower, the correlation factor is also smaller. Conversely, when a fault event occurs at the mains system 100, the trip of the third switch 70 is caused to disengage from the distributed induction generator 90, and an islanding operation is formed. The power supply of the load 80 is completely supplied by the distributed induction generator 90, so the disturbance signal generated by the periodic switching signal of the second switch 50 immediately reacts significantly to the voltage of the load terminal 80, and the degree of voltage disturbance changes. 21 200931751 For the city, the parallel connection is large, and the correlation with AS ("·) is also higher. Therefore, the correlation factor is also larger than that during normal operation. By comparing the magnitude of the correlation factor Fk, it can be identified which operating state the distributed induction generator 90 is in. When j?k is greater than the set operating threshold, it means that the induction generator is in island operation; otherwise, the distributed induction generator 90 is still connected in parallel with the mains system. Please refer to FIG. 8 , which is a flow chart showing a method for detecting an islanding effect of a grid-connected induction generator according to the present invention. As shown in the figure, the method for detecting the islanding effect of the grid-connected induction generator of the present invention comprises the following steps: using a zero-crossing debt measuring circuit 2 (M贞1) measuring the voltage zero crossing point of a utility system (Step 1); using a second switch 50 to periodically send a high-impedance load 60 to the mains system 1 (step 2); detecting the terminal voltage of the mains system 100 (step 3); calculating the frequency change Rate (step 4); if the frequency change rate is greater than a first threshold, the third switch 7〇 is immediately tripped to isolate a distributed induction generator 90 from the mains system 100 (step 5), if If the frequency change rate is less than the first threshold, it is further determined whether the frequency change rate is greater than a second threshold (step 6); if the frequency change rate is greater than the second threshold, the correlation factor is calculated (step 7) Whether the correlation factor is greater than a third threshold (step 8); and if so, the third switch 70 is immediately tripped 'to isolate the distributed induction generator 90 from the mains system 1 ( Step 9). In step 1, a zero crossing detection circuit 2 is used. 〇 detecting a voltage zero crossing point of a mains system; wherein the zero crossing detection circuit 2 is composed of an operational amplifier, a logic gate and a passive component. In step 2, a second switch 50 is used to periodically A high-impedance load 60 is sent to the mains system 1〇〇; wherein the second switch 5〇 can be closed in two cycles, and the periodicity of every three cycles is connected to the mains system 22 200931751 system 100 upper rate Frequency change rate; wherein, the calculation frequency variable bit signal processor 3 ° - capture device = (the calculation frequency 3 ^ period of the word value, the number of cycles according to the line of the line - ΐ = 57 Λ, strict frequency If the rate of change is greater than the -th threshold, the 1卩 is tripped so that the first threshold value of the distributed induction generator 90 and the 〇10 is adjusted as needed, and the second switch 70 is a system protection. In the anti-wilting step 6~9, the detection value of the #intoxication rate is close to the setting temporary, and will be re-tested by the correlation factor method, and the correlation factor will be used to calculate the number of sub-paths for the islanding phenomenon. When the value of the correlation factor is exceeded When the coffee and the ^^ operation threshold, according to the process It is judged that the mains system 100' is executed and the control signal is sent to the third switch 70 to cut off the parallel connection with the city electric stone system 100. %: 孤 保护 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 丄 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其 其The implementation of the detection method, the control core uses a number of 5 唬 processor, the system is fully digitized, which can greatly simplify the control circuit, reduce the cost, and because there is no complicated control circuit, the invention has qualitative and reliable performance. Other traditional systems are high. In addition, it can effectively improve the operational safety of the distributed power generation system for parallel connection of utility power, and can effectively detect the island phenomenon and maintain the safety of personnel and equipment. Therefore, it can improve the conventional knowledge. The disadvantages of the island-protected power system and its method of the grid type induction generator. The disclosure of the present invention is one of the preferred embodiments, and any part of the change or modification of the technology in the case is considered to be a person who is a fresh skill. 23 200931751 It is easy to infer, and does not deviate from the patent right of the case. In summary, the case, regardless of its purpose, means and efficacy, is showing its technical characteristics that are different from the conventional ones, and its first invention is practical and practical, and it is also in compliance with the patent requirements of the invention, and the reviewing committee is inspected and prayed. I was granted a patent in the early days, and I was very happy with the society. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an islanding protection system of a grid-connected induction generator of the present invention.
圖2為-示意圖’其繪示本發明之分散式感應發電機 與市電系統並聯運轉之實功率潮流示意圖。 圖3為-不意圖’其緣示本發明之分散式感應發電機 孤島運轉時之實功率潮流示意圖。 圖4為-示意圖’其繪示本發明之分散式感紐 與市電系統並聯運轉之示意圖。 圖5為-不意圖’其繪不本發明之分散式感紐電機 與市電系統孤島運轉之示意圖。 圖6為-示意圖’其繪示本發明為市電系統並聯運轉 時負載端電壓與第二開關之週期性開關信號之波形示意 圖。 圖7為-示意圖’其繪示本發明為孤島運轉時負載端 電壓與第二開關之週期性開關信號波形示意圖。 圖8為一示意圖’其繪示本發明之一種併網型感應發 電機之孤島效應檢測方法之流程示意圖。 【主要元件符號說明】 ' 電壓偵測電路10 零點交越偵測電路20 數位訊號處理器30 週期性開關信號輸出副程式31 24 200931751 A/D資料輸入取樣及均方根值計算副程式32 頻率變化率計算副程式33 相關因數計算副程式34 孤島現象判斷副程式35 第一開關40 高阻抗負載60 本地負載80 市電系統100 ❹ 第二開關50 第三開關70 分散式感應發電機90 25Fig. 2 is a schematic view showing a real power flow diagram of a distributed induction generator of the present invention operating in parallel with a mains system. Fig. 3 is a schematic view showing the actual power flow when the distributed induction generator of the present invention is operated in an island operation. Fig. 4 is a schematic view showing the schematic operation of the distributed sense of the present invention in parallel with the mains system. Fig. 5 is a schematic view showing the operation of the distributed sense motor of the present invention and the islanding operation of the commercial power system. Fig. 6 is a schematic view showing the waveform of the load terminal voltage and the periodic switching signal of the second switch when the mains system is operated in parallel. Fig. 7 is a schematic view showing the waveform of the load terminal voltage and the periodic switching signal of the second switch when the island is in operation. Fig. 8 is a schematic view showing the flow of the islanding effect detecting method of the grid-connected induction motor of the present invention. [Main component symbol description] 'Voltage detection circuit 10 Zero crossover detection circuit 20 Digital signal processor 30 Periodic switch signal output subprogram 31 24 200931751 A/D data input sampling and rms calculation subroutine 32 frequency Rate of change calculation subroutine 33 Correlation factor calculation subroutine 34 Islanding judgment subroutine 35 First switch 40 High impedance load 60 Local load 80 Mains system 100 ❹ Second switch 50 Third switch 70 Distributed induction generator 90 25
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2008
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| TWI418827B (en) * | 2010-01-20 | 2013-12-11 | Univ Nat Kaohsiung Applied Sci | Isolation operation detection method of electric current control type electric current converter |
| TWI423552B (en) * | 2010-09-03 | 2014-01-11 | ||
| TWI456857B (en) * | 2010-10-14 | 2014-10-11 | Atomic Energy Council | Supply network having sophisticated energy management |
| TWI500938B (en) * | 2010-12-02 | 2015-09-21 | Inst Information Industry | Electricity feature identification device and method thereof |
| TWI467881B (en) * | 2011-10-27 | 2015-01-01 | Atomic Energy Council | Energy storage system in microgrid for mode transfer |
| TWI418807B (en) * | 2011-12-30 | 2013-12-11 | Univ Nat Cheng Kung | Micro-vibration islanding detection method for distributed energy resource systems in microgrid |
| CN102830307A (en) * | 2012-08-17 | 2012-12-19 | 西安交通大学 | Virtual inductance based positive feedback island detection method |
| TWI565194B (en) * | 2015-11-06 | 2017-01-01 | 聖約翰科技大學 | Fault detecting device and fault detecting method of grid-connected power generation system |
| TWI755807B (en) * | 2020-08-05 | 2022-02-21 | 行政院原子能委員會核能研究所 | Apparatus of integrating grid with parallel power-generating solid oxide fuel cell |
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