TW200531859A - An adaptive electric car - Google Patents

Abstract

An adaptive electric car or other vehicle with potentially better performance - power, efficiency, range - than a gasoline vehicle, at a competitive cost. The motor control system can dynamically adapt to the vehicle's operating conditions (starting, accelerating, turning, braking, cruising at high speeds) and other inputs and parameters. That consistently provides better performance. Isolating the vehicle's motor or generator electromagnetic circuits allows effective control of more independent parameters. That gives great freedom to optimize. Adaptive motors and generators for an electric vehicle are cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful, and more efficient than conventional designs. An electric vehicle with in-wheel adaptive motors delivers high power with low unsprung mass and high torque and power-density. Total energy management of the vehicles entire electrical system allows for large-scale optimization. An adaptive architecture improves performance of a wide variety of vehicles, particularly those that need optimal efficiency over a range of operating conditions.

Description

200531859 九、發明說明： 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係關於電動車及其他電動車輛。 【先前技術】 1 9 10年代’汽油車開始佔領全球汽車市場，如今仍控制 著市場。以汽油來提供動力的汽車，儘管其有悠久的歷史 並付到普遍接受，但也存在缺點。汽油車產生污染，噪音 大，而由於其依賴於礦物燃料，因此其燃料來源受到限制。 以汽油來提供動力的汽車還具有許多需要潤滑及經常維護 ㈣動零件。該等零件常常會磨損而該等汽車經常拋錯。 最重要的係'，汽油車由於熱動力引擎之固有限制而效率低。 理論上’電動車大大優於汽油車。純電動車無廢氣，而 混合式車則極少。電動車較安靜。其使用的電可有各種來 源。其具有的移動零件較少且需要的維護很少。基於相同 的原，，它們不會經常㈣苗且更可靠。最重要的係，其效 率較高，比汽油車效率高許多倍。 、> 電動車儘管有其優點，但是還存在缺點。與汽油車相比，200531859 IX. Description of the invention: [Technical field to which the invention belongs] The present invention relates to electric vehicles and other electric vehicles. [Previous technology] In the 1910's, gasoline vehicles began to occupy the global automotive market, and they still control the market today. Although gasoline-powered cars have a long history and are generally accepted, they also have disadvantages. Gasoline vehicles are polluting and noisy, and because they rely on fossil fuels, their fuel sources are limited. Gasoline-powered cars also have many moving parts that require lubrication and frequent maintenance. The parts often wear out and the cars are often thrown wrong. The most important system is that gasoline vehicles are inefficient due to the inherent limitations of thermodynamic engines. Theoretically, electric vehicles are much better than gasoline vehicles. Pure electric vehicles are exhaust-free, while hybrids are rare. Electric cars are quieter. It can use a variety of sources. It has fewer moving parts and requires less maintenance. Based on the same principle, they do not sap frequently and are more reliable. The most important system is more efficient, many times more efficient than gasoline vehicles. ≫ Although electric vehicles have their advantages, they also have disadvantages. Compared with gasoline cars,

其運作在往較差，較重（主I *車乂重(主要係由於電池）’空間較小(同樣 係由於電池），邁士并去。亡 ^ 最大作有限而且成本更高。混合式電動車 了在疋知度上克服該等缺點中 行程及較差性能。作是，…？刀例如有限最大 里及成本之問題變得更糟。 垔 〜由車直主宰客車及輕型卡車市場 其在美國市場的年鎖售額為6 〜面估計 π U干4吳7G。1999年，汽車 98I9l.doc 200531859 及輕型卡車的全球銷售突破5600萬輛車。若調適型電動車 可在„亥市場中競爭，而且獲得甚至很少的份額，便將會有 很大的經濟回報。 」本上如9在道路上行馱的每輛車都是由汽油或柴油 引擎來提供動力。歷m電動車相比’汽油車提供的 動力更高、更方便且最大行程更長而價格更便宜。如今之 情況依然如此。 丄Aw由車居於主宰地位有其複雜原因。但是，主要原因可 I在於電與&油相比所具有的性質。儲存的電並不容易移 動。儲存的汽油卻容易移動。 正如汽油壟斷產峰：t + 生/舌動動力之應用一樣，電壟斷固定動 力。電動馬達如同現代社會的m __旦馬達需要 活動m其總疋變成汽油引擎。（除地鐵外，還有某些火車、 公共汽車及有㈣車’對於該等車_，在所需路程中有持 續的電力供應可用。） 為什麼我們將汽油弓丨擎用 易攜帶。汽油具有很高的能 一般的鉛酸電池以很低的能 存電力。 於幾乎所有車輛？因為汽油容 量密度，每千克約45,300 Btu。 量密度（每千克約125 Btu)來儲 該Η油至少在理给μ & 〇上此輸送相當於電池能量360倍之倉 量，實際上給予汽油車 "，、乂的旎罝。而一般能在四至五4 鐘内對汽油車的油箱推〜+ 進仃充填。電池之充電一般需要至d 四至五小時。汽油作反 源之優點避然不同。 1895年，芝加哥先 个 元’乾報主辦了美國首屆正式的汽車賽 9819l.doc 200531859 即50央里耐久性測試。六輛賽車中僅二輛跑完全程。優勝 賽車之動力,驅動引擎係使用_罕知的、危險而不穩定 油精煉副產品：汽油。 ’、 $後100夕年中，已證明汽油引擎係人類至今發明出的動 力取強、可靠、相對較便宜且可調適的推進動力源。汽油 引擎、·.二過不斷修改成能適應對減少廢氣而增加燃料經濟性 之更大挑戰。 、為達到聯邦和州的規定，汽車製造商已將汽油引擎修改 成燃燒更清潔的無鉛汽油；安裝了觸媒轉換器及成孰的排 氣控制系統；開發出更好的變速器、燃料注入系統及多汽 門引擎以改善燃料輸送及燃燒；創造出更多的空氣動力式 樣以減少遲滯；並使用輕型材料，例如鋁及塑料。 在〜由生產中使用鋁係一很好的範例。出於對燃料效率 之要求，在 >飞車製造中使用更多的銘以製造更輕的汽車。 198〇年’ 占-般中型汽車重量之約3%(約75扑咖年， 達到約5 %。對未來汽車之子g，目丨— 丁木水rL早之預/則扣不，鋁之使用將上升到介 ，車輛總重量的10%與鳩本體、汽缸蓋及外 殼部分或完全由鋁合金製成。 由於汽車製作中使用越來越多的輕金屬組件，因此已採 取步驟使用先進材料以使得該等重量較輕的組件能經受嚴 峻條件之考驗。在高應力之處經常可採用高性能陶竟來加 固重量輕的組件。 對於金屬與陶莞合成物（金屬基體合成物、MMC或陶€基 體合成物、置），使用具有陶h化粒子之—金屬基板以 98I9l.doc 200531859 作力口攸而，可將該金屬之較輕重量與陶瓷對較高磨擦 (摩擦與磨損）、機械、化學及熱應力條件之阻力相結合/ 與此革新改進之悠久歷史相比，電動車在幾乎整個世紀 都無競爭力。至1920年，電動車基本上已在市場上銷聲匿 跡。如今，福特管理人員的評論反映出大多數汽車製造商 2 Ιέ帛官我們可能將會看到—些替代方案，但福特相 k内燃引擎在可預見的未來仍將繼續是主要元素。」 能量密度之汽油給汽油車帶來燃燒的能量。人們已能 貝侍起較大的引擎及強動力變速器，這已變成很平常的一 件事，。更輕的材料、更先進的設計及先進的冷卻、燃料注 入及潤㈣統已使得大馬力引擎變得實用而可靠。儘管大 引擎確實使用大量汽油，但即使對於高動力引擎，燃料之 經濟性也已獲得改善。 當汽車以巡行速度行駛於平坦的公路上時，引擎 理以下三件事： -克服傳動系統之滾動阻力。 •克服空氣阻力。 _動力驅動附件，如交流發電機、空調及動力轉向幫浦。 由於具有適當的傳動裝置，因此該汽車之引擎可能需要 產生不超過10或2〇馬力來載送此負载。 汽車為何具有100或200馬力的引擎之原因係欲使如人較 大的重型汽車從固定停止狀態加速，以及用於穿越及爬 坡。在許多情況下，可能僅10/的“士 牙题及爬 靶僅1/0的驅動時間使用最大馬力。 _者將Μ意到在f要動力時動力不可収情況。 98191.doc 200531859 一般的四門轎車可能具有 之-引擎。其很少時間需要完整比方，。馬力 穿越機動動作或在攸陡坡時才需要。 八^僅在快逮 皆係以其完整輸出中的很小分率來操：。彳分時間該引擎 ^旦該轎車以高速公路速度行駛，則讓其保持運動可能 撕或之很小的馬力。事實上， 可能很少(如果曾有的話)要求採用㈣擎之完整動力: 出。人們真正f要的係偶爾採用 動力輪 ^ ^ ^ Α υυ馬力，可硓有時需要100 馬力，而大部分時間需要約30或40馬力。 在天氣較冷或較熱期間汽車之功率需求可能也會辦加， 因為供熱及除霜或空調將增加動力需求。例如，空調一般 在壓縮機運行時沒取該引擎動力之25%或更多。諸如音塑 系統、则播放器、動力窗、受熱座椅之類的娛樂組件I 及其他设備之操作也需要動力。 消費者想要的所有娛樂組件以及爬坡、固定停止加速、 穿越加速、載送重負載之貨物以及小艇及拖車牽引皆會產 生大的功率需求。我們期望如今的汽油引擎滿足該等動力 需求。而其確實做到了。 許多人相信較長的最大行程係汽油車優於電動車之最大 優點。:般的駕驶者將會對-需要補給燃料之前能行敗250 英里之最大行程感到滿意。現代的汽油車輕而易舉便能滿 足此點。大？數汽車將攜帶汽油箱行驶300至_英里。現 在某些汽車之最大行程還遠超過上述最大行程數。例如， 2004款Toyota Pnus確保能以一個汽油箱行駛平均66〇英里 98191.doc -10- 200531859 之最大行程。 :王世界大夕數地方均能適地提供汽油燃料補給設 施且燃料補給只需花幾分鐘，因此，最大行程對於汽油 車而σ並非一問題。正如電動車的擁護者指出，許多通勤 車往返車程為50英里或更少。對於幾乎所有駕駛者，重新 充電之前有遠低於100英里之最大行程便足夠。 但從心理上說’距離限制很重要。甚至在汽油仍然很罕 的最早時期，許多斤車車主便想讓汽車能夠「旅行」，即 便其極少將汽車用於此目的。甚至如今，大多數運動用車 的購買者儘管從未駕車越野，但其為了讓汽車能實現他們 的上述幻想仍付出不菲的價錢。 *卜大夕數/飞車車主想要的娛樂組件-空氣調節器、動 力窗及其他電性附件_紅蚩叙+ 千粍血動力。甚至晚上使用頭燈一般也 將會對最大行程有一定影響。若使用汽油車，則可能幾乎 看不到該等最大行程之限制因素之影響。 若使用先前技術之電動車，該影響常會很嚴重，有時合 ㈣汽車已經有限的最大行程受到限制而減少25%甚或更 多。由於缺少重新充電設施且重新充電時間报長，因此， =車的電池已用完而還缺少幾英里的電量’則為到家而 ^延長電動車最大行程之駕駛者不—定擁有很好 釋。 =本對消費者有嚴重影響。而汽車推進動力系統之 2厫重影響成本。汽油車及電動車的許多零件將相同， h對於相似的混合式車。可是’在此汽油與電之間能量 98191.doc 200531859 密度之差異再次發揮重要作用。此差異影響電動車之重 量、内部空間、動力以及最重要的係影響到成本。作為— 運動能源，汽油在最大行程或成本方面均無可匹敵。 汽油車製造起來比電動車更便宜。問題在於電源。—位 汽車業管理人員指出：「不難發現，我們能製造出和我們現 在的汽車一樣便宜或者甚至可能稍許更便宜之電動車，但 是很難知道，我如何能採納一電池而且讓它在成本上能與 5 0美元的油箱競爭。成本之底線在於電池。」 除昂貴的電池外，先前技術之電動車還需要其他昂貴的 設備及選項以保持重量較輕、減少空氣阻力並增加最大行 程。而如今，僅12家大汽車製造商擁有全球汽車市場的^ 部分。該等汽車製造商大量鎖f相同的汽車，由此，規模 經濟有助於降低成本。此舉使得汽油車明顯比電動車便 宜。對於汽油車，燃料成本可能也較低。看看汽油車轉換 成電動駕駛之一般生產，便能看出燃料成本經濟學。汽油 引擎、汽油箱及相關組件為—電動馬達及錯酸電池所替 代。下面係一些有趣的統計資料： •:換後的汽車之最大行程約為每次添加燃料能行敬 英里。 -重新充電時間為6至8小時。 -對該等電池進行重新充滿電需要約12千瓦小時 -電池重約1，1〇〇磅。 -電池可持續使用三至四年，或約20,000英里。 若電費為每千瓦小時8分錢’則重新充滿電要花丨美元， 98191.doc •12- 200531859 而该電費為每英里2分錢。若汽油費為每加紅5〇美元，而 π車可用每加命行駛3〇英里，則該汽油費為每英里五分錢。 :還必須考慮電池替換之費用(汽油箱不需要替換)。電 ，曰換將約為2，_美元。該等電池將持續約2q，刪英里， 因此电池成本將約為每英里1 〇分錄。田^ 因此’可比的燃料成 i為’电為12分錢，與之相比的汽油為5分錢。 Ϊ然’在某些歐洲國家今 豕/lw由彳貝格比吴國高得多。在該 /汽油費可能可與電費相比’甚至超過電費。而 作比較。 冑費㈣於美國。此情況使得難以 、由油不能持久。但是美國及大多數其他國家的汽 不3數十年來保持相對穩定。當然，取自幫浦的汽油費 不此反映在該等國家獾士 獲仔几油之所有經濟費用。補貼、稅 :、至波斯灣地區的軍事行㈣用， 度上應視為汽油費用之部分。 甚至於在2003年，一々π人…、丄 美國估計為平均90美八：零售價格(稅收更少)在 ，、刀。該價格包括：石油勘探、鑽探、 m '由t運輸、精煉、汽油的運輸及零售商利潤。購 、的仏錢甚至更責。由於-加侖汽油中包含能量， 因此，此—價格難以匹敵。 回到1905年，冬日本卢M m — 田在杲國開始能購得汽油車，但並不容 易&侍A油。煤油則 ., 、H 、易獲仔。可在雜貨店和小攤上購得 某油。A油係石油精煉 對無價值的副產品，有時候只 疋倒掉或燒掉。此情況报快有了變化。 98191.doc -13· 200531859 如今，全世界幾乎任何地方都容易買到汽油。為了確保 石油的穩定供應還起動了戰爭。石油勘探、採掘技術、運 輸大量原油之超大型油輪、從石油精煉出汽油以及分配及 銷售汽油之基礎設施皆已成為無數投資之焦點。 如今，電池及重新充電技術及基礎設施遠遠落後於汽油 之該等相關方面。在機場的停車位、政府辦公地點及一些 大型公司所在地已經放置了電動車之重新充電點。常常無 人使用該等重新充電點。對於在家裏進行重新充電，可能 可使用家用車庫之電插座。但是，在美國，看看汽油車之 基礎設施便使電動車之重新充電基礎設施相形見絀。 出於政府壓力’汽車製造商已大大減少了汽油車之廢氣 排放。藉由採取一些措施’使得汽油車之清潔程度比其在 20世紀60年代高出90%。2001年，環保組織所評估的13種 「最具環保性」汽車及卡車中有1〇種係採用汽車引擎來提 供動力1動及替代燃料車㈣據了過去優勝者的寶座。 汽車製造商還提高了燃料效率。在2〇世紀6〇年代中期， 汽車平均每加余行驶14英里（mpg)，而1998年的型號在聯邦 政府要求下達到平均27.5 mpg。依據一環保組織，自⑼世 紀60年代以來燃料節約的翻倍已節省了百千萬噸會對空氣 造成污染的物質。 但是道路上的汽車及車輛行駛里程自2〇世紀6〇年代以來 亦有顯著增加。燃燒汽油的車輛仍然係造成空氣品質問題 之一大因素。必須繼續對汽油引擎及其他主要的汽車組件 進行改革以進一步減少廢氣。汽車製造商正在為此而努力。 98I91.doc •14- 200531859 〜丨 ㈡几虹5丨拏之I Ζ-LEV」版 汽車。Ho-聲稱引擎幾乎無污染，而二氧化碳及氧化氮之 廢氣降至很嚴格的加州標準之1〇%。「在某些濃霧區域，如 洛杉機’Z-LEV排放的廢氣可能比周圍空氣更清潔，」一 位Honda代表說。 二少在美國，消費者已顯示出非常偏愛具有現代汽油引 擎π車之動力最大订程、娱樂組件及空間的汽車。運動 用車，儘管其售價高昂而不太節約燃料，在美國仍然非常 旺銷。，等運動用車廣受歡迎係因為其係較大的動力強又 舒適之汽車。 燃料（無論係汽油或電）節約較多的較小而較便宜之汽車 皆很暢銷。但是，汽車制、生贫子Λ 文且飞皁 飞皁1以商需要滿足消費者之需求增長。 基本運輸並非市場上 @ 在購貝的東西。對於發達國家的消 =二車所提供的狀態、豪華程度及舒適係關鍵的賣點。 組件。空Sir:係消f者為舒適而需要的額外娛樂 ° 9響系統已變成基本需要而非選擇。 =市場上的-些新料輛現在提供「環繞音響」、「娱樂 或：二：DVD影院播放器、基於⑽的導航系統以及支擇 或/口療疼痛德昔夕# # 牙 及、:該等組件佔據空間並用盡動力以 w ^不如在汽油車中可獲得的東西。 ^要的係’汽油車已在諸如風格、方便、寬敞、 敢大订矛王、辦斜酱田Ώ 土 政桿準。n 車輛f用等m肖費者設定了- —以〜由車歷經—個世紀的 大行程受限且心… 其市场。最 如市組件極少的汽車昂貴、較小、 98I9l.doc 200531859 慢又笨重， 係僅能吸引 其證明瞭—件事··「 一小部分消費大眾 環保」意識及保護自然資源 之賣點。 當我們使用術語「汽油車 ^ ^, Λ 」寸，更廣義的術語「内燃引 擎車輛」可月b更貼切。 机 ^ . 由於a又什上的某些差異，該等車輛 可依罪不同類型的姆艇而 ’、’、 订敬。各種辛烷汽油、柴油燃料、 酒精、天然氣及其他其鸽旦贴土，丨 此里燃枓。但是，燃料必定係*** 性液體或氣體。該等燃料之數目受到限制。 數年來已有所改進。當然，新_代柴油引擎已顯示，在 某些情況下該等可靠的高效引擎能替代汽油引擎。 現代重型道路車_、船舶、多數長途機車、大型可搞式 動力發電機及多數農用及採礦車柄巾絕大多數均採用柴油 引擎。此係由於柴油引擎之燃料效率比動力強度可比的汽 油引擎之燃料效率更高並已證明極為可信且可靠。 但是，柴油引擎在客車中還不算普遍。柴油引擎較重而 且噪音較大。其所具有之性能特徵使得其加速更慢而且比 汽油車輛更昂貴。但是，在歐洲，許多國家的稅率使得柴 油燃料比汽油更便宜，因此柴油車輛很普遍。 更新的設計使得汽油與柴油車輛之間在上面所提到領域 中的差異明顯縮小。此設計之一範例可能十分有趣，一級 方程式的賽車手Jenson Button因為以230 km/h(約140 mph) 之速度駕駛一以柴油提供動力的BMW房車而被扣。有些人 認為在柴油車之製造中此類速度係不可能的。 可是’如今，汽油車之使用期及可靠性皆已受到壓制。 汽油引擎在技術上並不停頓。但是改進之步履艱難，成本 98191.doc -16 - 200531859 —门而'4皿較小。為向駕駛者及乘客提供新功能及便利， 每年必須開發昂貴而複雜的新技術，以減少污染並增加英 里里程。 Λ ▲由於以下圍繞汽油車之大量社會及技術條件制約-機械 效率低下，石油短缺'石油供應來自外國之弱點、汽油費 用及虱體夬里里程不如人意，因& ’關於區域空氣品質、 對溫室氣體廢氣的限制以及可能尚不為人所知的_新技術 給汽油車帶來的競爭，人們所擔心的此類問題將不 地增加。 汽油引擎現在為幾十億人提供便宜、可靠的運輸。 :油引擎還帶有較大的缺點。它們聲音很大。城市或㈣區 的任何人整曰會聽到下列車輛中的汽油引擎所產生的。桑音 二車、卡車、公共汽車、小型摩托車、除草機及吹落葉機。 尤，、在擁擠的城市街道或繁忙的州際公路上，可 耳欲聾的汽油引擎之η喿音 良 =，汽油引擎還报髒。甚至具有複雜廢氣控制 現代車在其觸媒轉換器變熱之前還會 該等控制系統之引擎便係可怕的，有 摩托車行駛一天，其上面的二衝 據報…、型 A + A 由引擎排放到空氨中 的未燃燒之碳氫化合物量便多如現代汽油車在 里行程中排放到空氣中的碳氮化合物量。中國、印度尸= 亞、馬來西亞、泰國及印度的城市已看到盆： 塵，此係由於道路上有大量的二輪 八二乳k侍有煙 +、，m 铷铷動兩用車在行馱。 在吳國’加州有一很好範例能說明該問題。在加 98191.doc 200531859 車耗盡該州二氧化碳之90%、其氧化氮之77%及其活性有機 氣體之5 5 %。 某些日子，南加州之臭氧層級可能係聯邦限制規定的三 倍。近年來’加州的空氣已變清潔，此係由於該州之嚴格 規定鼓勵汽車製造商在其汽車中建立特別的控制污染之 「加州版本」汽車® 美國不斷有關於該等汽車廢氣之爭議。有些人聲稱該問 題在很大程度上已消除。其他人聲稱該問題仍很嚴重。但 二方面皆贊同某些事項。首先，錢確實有損空氣品質。 全世界大多數城市中最大的空氣污染源係汽車排放。其 _人，至少在美國，為減少廢氣而在技術上能採取的便宜而 簡便的措施大都已實行。 第三’在全世界許多地方廢氣正在增加，尤其係在其廣 域眾正熱衷於汽車並正獲益於工業發展之發展中國家。 事實上’發達國家人口及車輛銷售之增長已開始減弱。即 便如此’全世界車輛數目之增加_該數目在195〇年與2〇〇〇年 之間增加十倍’ 一直與全世界總人口的快速增長匹配而且 超過了總人口增長之速度。 此外，關於電動車若可行並得到廣泛接受將會大大增加 大城市的空氣污染之爭論極少。即使最先進而昂貴的磨氣 系統也不能與靠内燃機來為汽車提供動力的 之零污染匹配。 刀糸統 對於這路上行駛的數十億汽泉 飞皁、卡車、小型摩牦車，我 們需要利用其功效。沒辦法消降 屬除所有該等車輛對我們環續 98191.doc -18- 200531859 的影響。但是，若我們能消除大部分噪音、灰塵以及Μ 率，我們就應該做到。此舉可使得將來的後代從我們手上 繼承的世界品質大不相同。 汽油車之效率低下。事實上’據估計’視條件而定，車 用汽油中實際上僅7%至18%的能量使汽車運動。―加〜气 油中僅12·6%的能量係用在車輪上，而由於引擎摩擦及ϋ 知失而造成62%的能量損失。在汽車停止及在城市中行駛 時，最需要的係加速，行駛其次，接下來則係空氣動力拖 复。在公路上，順序則相反：增速隨行車速度而加大之空 氣動力拖曳需要最多的能量（約1〇.9%)。 工 有諷刺意味的係，當今美國通常的燃料經濟比其Μ年前 的狀況更糟。每年所有客用及輕型卡車的銷售平均數從 1987年的每加侖25.9英里下跌到2001年的每加侖24英里。 原因何在？ 2003年美國市場上最熱門的車輕係運動用車 (SUV)，其占新車銷售總額的40%。該等燃料效率低下的重 型車降低了燃料整體效率而增加了廢氣。 文明並不直接威脅到能量（甚或僅石油）之耗盡。但是， 我們正在耗盡環境。即，我們的環境越來越沒能力做到： —方面吸收能量影響，另一方面能承擔難以容忍的破壞。 我們對石油的依賴使得必須承擔舊式燃料帶來的環境、經 濟及政治責任，因為該等舊式燃料要經過採掘、運輸、燃 燒而且係戰爭爭奪的對象。 自從1901年在德州貝蒙特幸運地發現儲量巨大的石油以 來’以汽油來提供動力之車輛發展得到推動。上述石油大 98191.doc -19- 200531859 每現正逢石油產品需求嚴重下降之時（因為氣與電取代煤 ’由用於照明），而以汽油來提供動力之車輕在諸多的汽車中 仍然係一新鮮事物(認為係一可能有危險之車輛)。 j後’汽㈣為-富含能量、便攜燃料之優點很快便使 仔a油車受到歡迎。以汽油來提供動力之車輛現在消耗全 世界一半的石油並占其溫室氣體廢氣之四分之一。在美 _ 2 ’當新車登記職增加且tit駕車者每年駕駛的英里數 白在增加之時，燃料經濟卻變得蕭條。 中國在第三世界國家使用私人汽車走向現代化之浪潮中 處於領袖地位。某些人制，在接下來的5時中，將有· 多萬中國駕駛者開始駕敬以汽油提供動力之汽車。此一數 字與許多印度及其他國家中正嘗試現代化其他方面的取多 人口一起’將對全世界的石油資源構成巨大的塵力。即， 如此多的汽車將不會產生^氣污染方面的問題。 1 *儘s此一情況在汽油特別便宜之-週期中看起來 比車乂可ί圣’但古老的燃料時代真的可能要結束了。許多人 預測^求y能很快會開始超過供應。由於少數中東國家集 中了 i取大儲量之石油，而可能使得該問題激化（最近波 斯灣地區的戰爭即該問題之集中反映）。一些專家還稱，該 問題之存在比其出現更糟糕’因為許多國家的石油儲量已 由於政冶及經濟原因而被有系統地誇大。 車而要例行維邊，採取從改變石油及石油過遽器至 :換正時皮帶之類的措施。修理係經常性的而且往往很昂 貝。一般的汽油車車主—年要光顧幾次機械或其他服務設 98191.doc •20- 200531859 把修理一般要花—天 # X i，f ^ 的T間，而經排程的維護一般要 化不到一整天的時間。 奴罟 汽油車在其使用期期 下方面： 、、韦需要做的維護及修理包括以 引擎燃料感測器 引擎感測器 空乳感測順及其他需要替換/修理之 •引擎改裝；燃料注入系統修理 •換油及油沖洗；濾油器替換 •空氣濾清器替換 號則不太普遍） •消音器替換’·排氣系統修理（對於新型 •散熱器充填及沖洗，·散熱器泄漏 •燃料泵替換 引擎盖塾圈替換 •水泵替換 •變速器沖洗及修理 .煞車墊替換；煞車系統修理 •正時及其他皮帶替換 •軟管替換 •煙霧測試 每隔 15,000、3〇,〇〇〇及 6〇 〇〇〇英 1便進仃㈣程的維護 油引擎已變得十分複雜。僅 便可遝况！ _ P 士 . T而要的不同流體 、-' χ串.動力轉向流體、煞車流體 '變速n 1拏机體、A油、散熱器冷卻劑。過去1〇〇 研玄Κ π 木匕進仃大量 及5又叶以開起動力更強、更有效 〇木更少的汽油引 9819l.d, 200531859 擎。 任何汽車皆必須具有一主體、底盤、 構及其他「使用者介面」、車 早相轉向機 —^ 」早輪及輪胎、以及車門及鱼处 a油車還具有以下系統 ]及車齒。 促仏便几車運動必須 冷卻系、统：散熱器、軟管、風声w 動力. 早人Β風扇、風扇皮帶、恃、哭 燃料系統：汽油箱、汽介哭十 —恤：态。 線。 心或燃料注射器、過遽器、油 空氣進氣系統··空氣濾清器(可 器、冷熱器自動調節機）。 k， 引擎：引擎本體、活塞、活塞環、汽缸、汽缸蓋、墊圈 機軸、連接棒。 塾圈、 汽門機構系統：汽門、凸輪轴、正時皮帶。 潤滑系，統：油盤、油栗、滤油器。 電氣系統：電池、交流發電機、電壓調整器。 點火系、統：分電盤、點火導線、火花塞、線圈、正 帶。 又 起動系統：電起動馬達、起動器螺線管。 :變速器及傳動系、统：變速箱及離合器裝配件或自動變迷 器、萬向接頭、驅動軸、差速器。 排氣系統：歧管、消音器、排氣管。 廢氣控制系統觸媒轉換器、PCV汽門、感測器、電腦。 >飞油引擎從極具揮發性而能量極高的燃料：汽油之有控 制的***而產生動力。將汽油中的能量變成車輪的旋轉動 力係—複雜、效率低的過程。該等***所產生的壓力對引 98191.doc 200531859 ，本體及料活塞造成很大的機械應力 量:成熱量而非旋轉動力。事實上，引擎燃燒=: 能達到4,50(TF(2,5()(rc)。 ^汽油引擎㈣壓力及溫度極高而使得則擎本體必 須又大又重。除包含極高壓 77 7卜W本體必彡貞具有供冷 "之區域。冷卻該等汽缸周圍之區域特別重要。該 排氣汽門周圍的區域尤其係關 ’ 芸肉非沾磁 发寺π門周圍的汽缸 瓜内非、4所需之幾乎所有空間皆填充有冷卻劑。 -，夠強的結構以獲得該等極高壓力、抵抗高溫 還：、，、該等汽紅及為冷卻劑提供内孔，引擎本體係若干 又大又重的鋼塊。體積重量亦提供減少引擎本地產生的澡 音及振動所需之剛性。 卞 已嘗試使用！呂合金、金屬基體合成物、心基體合成物 及諸如碳化矽之類的陶:是以製作所有或部分引擎本體而取 得了-定的成功。在有所改進的基礎上仍可繼續進行改 進。但是’内部燃燒之物理學及化學特性使得汽油引擎所 需的尺寸、重量及材料強度受到嚴格的限制。 假定電作為汽車驅動力之優點_效率、可靠性、簡單性、 電動馬達之安靜及清潔-具有整個電動傳動系統之電動車 將成為需要。 個世紀以來電動車之優點已為人所知。如同1年『科 學美國』所觀察的一樣，r電動汽車.·...·最大的優點係安 靜、無異味、構建簡單、便於控制且速度範圍相當大」。 文此觀點鼓勵，100年後，一名評論員於1996年再次在『科 9819i.doc -23- 200531859 學美國』中招· $1丨r 似乎電動區動技術必定將代替内燃引擎_ 可能不會I 、 a 、—致或完全地代替-但卻係不可避免的。問 3、系何日守以何種形式以及如何來實行該轉變。」 电動車將不會完全解決舊式燃料所產生的污染問題。早 期的燃料雷、、ψ Φ β β 此a 車罪该寻燃料可很好地行駛。並聯的車以及 某一串如此合式車將燃燒該等燃料，但其燃燒效率較高。 二“豕指出，即使「無廢氣」的以電池提供動力之車 ==賴於由常常燃燒油或碳的公用事業公司下屬電廠產 {疋電動車在空氣污染方面則大為不同。電池電動車將 不產生任何廢氣。至少 > 會產生於几車。在交通擁堵或等 力：產吐色尾燈時，甚至許多混合式的電動車亦不使用動 廢氣’不像汽油車在其持續行駛期間浪費燃料並 產生廢氣而可能會讓該等 b動弹的人喘不過氣 來僅該差異便讓洛杉磯及1他美國女说t ，、他吴国大城市及國際性城市 擁擠的尚速公路受益匪淺。 儘管電池電動車動力之產 冑纟源，但將動力產 生粟中於大電廢而非隹+ 线而非集中於小小的汽油W擎便減少空氣污 染而增加燃料效率。而且， 古 孔5 ,_ 係仗—尚耷的堆疊或煙向 而非行人附近散發出央。+认 戚毛出耒此外，電動車的還有令一優點， 即可彳疋更有利環境中，例如潮汐、i g At " J m ^ 太％能、風及水雷勤 技術產生此能量。 U勤力 :_某二人^ 4 ’電動車從加W燃燒舊式燃料的带 力網獲得其動力，要相當 电 田於㈣型汽油車之揮發性有機 98191.doc 24- 200531859 :合物產量’則要有10。輛電動車，要相當於—般新型汽油 =化巧量:則要有5輛電動車，而要相當於—般新级 〜之氧化碳產量，則要有1〇〇輛電動車。 甚至亚如及串聯混合式電動車亦改善廢氣控制。在一電 動車_聯組態中，該引整i 、_ τ f 5丨擎了此與性能需要脫離幹係。此情 况表示可至少以五個方法來減少廢氣： 1.以-=的最佳速度來操作以使得每_能量輪入翠元 之排氣管排氣最小化。 2·可避免引擎瞬變。引擎瞬變被認為產生相當大比例之 廢氣。 3::?預定的引擎操作點而對該等觸媒及排氣處理系 ··.乍取佳設計，從而提供可能的最佳性能。 4. 可預期引擎起動不會影塑皇 不"4車_乍。此舉允許直接使 用觸媒預熱器以減少冷起動影響。 5. :=態不會產生相關廢氣。該引擎僅需要在其輸出 月匕徒（、有用的功時進行操作。 該等增益係在引擎較小以及 全電動模式之優點以外。—而使用完 :動車引起噪音污染之減少可能甚至更 零件的運動皆不如㈣車輪快 在< 益噪立m 〈冤動車中，該車可實際上 …木曰地運動。即使在速度及動 ^ h 勒力J曰加時，亦將僅聽到道 .輪月口之噪音以及該車主體之某些撓曲。 對於許多初次駕駛電動車者 的容鉻R 印象取深的係其簡單 的女靜性。若電動車欲獲 τ運路父通中臝得較大比 98191.doc -25- 200531859 例’則安靜可能係震耳欲聾的。我們擔心空氣污染，但噪 音污染也已成為現代社會之_大問題。電動車對解決該問 題可能極有幫助。 電動馬達之效率有可能會比汽油車更高。美國政府估 什’弋油中僅約20%的化學能量在汽油車的車輪處轉換成 有用的功，而75%及更多來自電池之能量則到達電池電動 車之車輪。Its operation is worse and heavier (main I * car weight (mainly because of the battery) 'space is small (also because of the battery), Mai Shi goes. The maximum work is limited and the cost is higher. Hybrid electric Cars have overcome the shortcomings of these shortcomings in terms of visibility and poor performance. As a result, the problem of knifes such as limited maximum and cost becomes worse. The market ’s annual lock-up sales are 6 to approximately π U dry 4 Wu 7G. In 1999, the global sales of automobiles 98I9l.doc 200531859 and light trucks exceeded 56 million vehicles. If adaptable electric vehicles can compete in the Hai market And, if you get even a small share, you will have a great economic return. "Every car that is running on the road is powered by a gasoline or diesel engine. Compared to electric vehicles Gasoline cars provide higher power, more convenience, longer maximum trips and cheaper prices. This is still the case today. There are complex reasons why Aw dominates the car. However, the main reason is that electricity and & oil Compared to There are some properties. The stored electricity is not easy to move. The stored gasoline is easy to move. Just as the gasoline monopoly production peak: t + production / tongue power, the electricity monopolizes fixed power. The electric motor is like m__ in modern society. Once the motor needs to move, its total capacity will become a gasoline engine. (In addition to the subway, there are certain trains, buses, and buses. For these cars, there is a continuous power supply available during the required distance.) Why We use the petrol bow engine to carry it easily. Gasoline has very high energy. General lead-acid batteries have low energy storage capacity. For almost all vehicles? Because of the density of gasoline capacity, about 45,300 Btu per kilogram. Mass density (per kilogram) (Approximately 125 Btu) to store the emu oil, at least for μ & 〇 This transfer is equivalent to 360 times the battery energy, in fact, it is given to gasoline vehicles ", 乂 乂. Generally, it can be between four and five. Push the gasoline tank of the gasoline vehicle within 4 minutes to fill it. The battery generally takes four to five hours to recharge. The advantages of gasoline as an anti-source are different. In 1895, Chicago's first yuan 'dry newspaper sponsored The first official car race in the United States is 9819l.doc 200531859, which is a 50-mile endurance test. Only two of the six cars have run the full range. The power of the winning car, the drive engine uses _ rare, dangerous and unstable oil refining byproduct : Gasoline. In the middle of the next 100 years, it has been proved that the gasoline engine is a powerful, reliable, relatively inexpensive and adaptable propulsion power source invented by humans so far. The gasoline engine has been continuously modified to Adapt to the greater challenge of reducing fuel emissions and increasing fuel economy. To meet federal and state regulations, automakers have modified gasoline engines to burn cleaner unleaded petrol; installed catalyst converters and reduced emissions Air control systems; development of better transmissions, fuel injection systems and multi-valve engines to improve fuel delivery and combustion; creation of more aerodynamic patterns to reduce hysteresis; and use of lightweight materials such as aluminum and plastic A good example of the use of aluminum in production by ~. Due to fuel efficiency requirements, more inscriptions are used in > flying car manufacturing to make lighter cars. In 1980, it accounted for about 3% of the weight of a medium-sized car (about 75 years of coffee, reaching about 5%. For the future son of the automobile g, head 丨-Dingshui rL early prediction / deduction, the use of aluminum will rise At the introduction, 10% of the total weight of the vehicle and the dove body, cylinder head and housing are partially or completely made of aluminum alloy. As more and more light metal components are used in automobile manufacturing, steps have been taken to use advanced materials to Lighter weight components can withstand severe conditions. High-performance ceramics can often be used to strengthen light weight components in places with high stress. For metal and ceramic composites (metal matrix composite, MMC or ceramic matrix synthesis) Material, set), the use of ceramic particles-metal substrate with 98I9l.doc 200531859 working force, the metal's lighter weight and ceramics have higher friction (friction and wear), mechanical, chemical and Combining resistance to thermal stress conditions / Compared to this long history of innovation and improvement, electric vehicles have been uncompetitive for almost a century. By 1920, electric vehicles had basically disappeared from the market. Today, Fu Managers' comments reflect that most automakers will probably see some alternatives, but the Ford-phase internal combustion engine will continue to be the main element for the foreseeable future. "Energy density of gasoline gives Gasoline cars bring the energy of combustion. People have been able to serve larger engines and powerful transmissions, which has become commonplace. Lighter materials, more advanced design and advanced cooling, fuel injection It has made high-horsepower engines practical and reliable. Although large engines do use a lot of gasoline, the fuel economy has been improved even for high-powered engines. When cars are traveling on flat roads at cruising speed At the time, the engine manages the following three things:-Overcoming the rolling resistance of the transmission system. • Overcoming air resistance. _ Power-driven accessories such as alternators, air conditioners and power steering pumps. Due to the proper transmission, The engine may need to produce no more than 10 or 20 horsepower to carry this load. The reason why a car has a 100 or 200 horsepower engine It is intended to accelerate a large heavy vehicle from a fixed stop state, as well as for crossing and climbing. In many cases, it is possible to use only 10% of the “Shi Ya” and climbing target only 1/0 of the driving time to use the maximum horsepower _ The person will notice that the power is unrecoverable when f requires power. 98191.doc 200531859 A general four-door car may have an engine. It requires a complete analogy in very little time. The horsepower crosses the maneuver or when it is on a steep slope It is only required. ^^ Only in the fast catch are operated with a small fraction of its full output: 彳 the engine ^ the time of the car ^ once the car is driving at the speed of the highway, so that it may keep tearing or very moving Low horsepower. In fact, it may rarely (if ever) require the full power of the engine: out. People really need the power wheel occasionally ^ ^ ^ Α υυ horsepower, but sometimes requires 100 Horsepower, and most of the time requires about 30 or 40 horsepower. The car's power demand may also increase during colder or hotter days, as heating and defrosting or air conditioning will increase power demand. For example, air conditioners generally do not take 25% or more of the engine power when the compressor is running. Entertainment components such as sound-plastic systems, players, power windows, heated seats, and other equipment also require power to operate. All entertainment components that consumers want, as well as climbing, fixed stop acceleration, cross acceleration, carrying heavy loads, and towing of boats and trailers, will generate large power demands. We expect today's gasoline engines to meet these power needs. And it did. Many people believe that the longest maximum trip is the biggest advantage of gasoline vehicles over electric vehicles. : The average driver will be satisfied with the maximum range of 250 miles that can be lost before refueling is required. Modern gasoline cars can easily do just that. Big? Several cars will travel 300 to _ miles with petrol tanks. At present, the maximum travel distance of some cars is far beyond the above-mentioned maximum travel distance. For example, the 2004 Toyota Pnus guarantees an average 66 km range with a single gasoline tank. 98191.doc -10- 200531859 maximum range. : Wang Shijie Daxi can provide gasoline fuel replenishment facilities in appropriate places and the fuel replenishment takes only a few minutes. Therefore, the maximum travel is not a problem for gasoline vehicles. As proponents of electric vehicles point out, many commuters travel 50 miles or less. For almost all drivers, a maximum range of far less than 100 miles is sufficient before recharging. But psychologically, the distance limit is important. Even in the earliest days when gasoline was still scarce, many truck owners wanted cars to "travel," even though they rarely used cars for this purpose. Even today, most buyers of sports cars, even though they have never driven off-road, still pay a lot for the cars to fulfill their illusions. * Bu Daxi number / enterprise entertainment components-air conditioner, power window and other electrical accessories Even the use of headlights at night will generally have an impact on maximum travel. If you use a gasoline vehicle, you may hardly see the effects of these maximum travel restrictions. If the electric vehicle of the prior art is used, the impact will often be severe, and sometimes the combined vehicle's already limited maximum travel is limited and reduced by 25% or more. Due to the lack of recharging facilities and the long recharging time, = the car's battery is exhausted and there is still a few miles of power ’for home, ^ the driver who prolongs the maximum travel of an electric car may not have a good explanation. = This has a serious impact on consumers. The two major impacts of automotive propulsion systems are cost. Many parts of gasoline and electric vehicles will be the same, h for similar hybrid vehicles. But here again, the difference in energy between gasoline and electricity 98191.doc 200531859 density plays an important role again. This difference affects the weight, interior space, power, and most importantly, the cost of electric vehicles. As a sporting energy, gasoline is unmatched in terms of maximum travel or cost. Gasoline cars are cheaper to manufacture than electric cars. The problem is power. — An automotive industry executive pointed out: "It's not hard to find that we can make an electric car that is as cheap or maybe even slightly cheaper as our current car, but it is difficult to know how I can adopt a battery and keep it at cost It can compete with a $ 50 fuel tank. The bottom line is the battery. "In addition to expensive batteries, prior-art electric vehicles also require other expensive equipment and options to keep the weight low, reduce air resistance, and increase maximum travel. Today, only 12 major car manufacturers have a ^ portion of the global automotive market. Many of these automakers lock the same cars, so economies of scale help reduce costs. This makes gasoline cars significantly less expensive than electric cars. For gasoline vehicles, fuel costs may also be lower. Looking at the general production of gasoline vehicles converted to electric driving, one can see the economics of fuel costs. Gasoline engines, fuel tanks and related components are replaced by electric motors and acid batteries. Here are some interesting statistics: • The maximum travel distance of the car after the change is about one mile per fuel charge. -Recharging time is 6 to 8 hours. -It takes about 12 kWh to recharge these batteries.-The battery weighs about 1,100 pounds. -The battery can last for three to four years, or about 20,000 miles. If the electricity cost is 8 cents per kilowatt-hour ’, recharging will cost US $ 98191.doc • 12- 200531859 and the electricity cost is 2 cents per mile. If the petrol fee is $ 50 per red and the π car can travel 30 miles per extra life, the petrol fee is five cents per mile. : You must also consider the cost of battery replacement (the fuel tank does not need to be replaced). Electricity, said the exchange will be about 2, $. These batteries will last approximately 2q, with miles removed, so the battery cost will be approximately 10 entries per mile. Tian ^ Therefore, the 'comparable fuel i' is 12 cents for electricity and 5 cents for gasoline. Ϊ 然 ’In some European countries today 豕 / lw is much higher than Wu Guo. The / gasoline fee may be comparable to the electricity bill 'or even exceed the electricity bill. And for comparison. Fees are spent in the United States. This situation makes it difficult, and the oil cannot last. But the United States and most other countries have remained relatively stable for decades. Of course, the gasoline costs taken from Pumps are not reflected in all the economic costs of getting a few dollars of fuel for the soldiers in those countries. Subsidies, taxes: Military expenditures to the Persian Gulf region should be considered part of the cost of gasoline. Even in 2003, 々π people ..., 丄 The United States estimated it to be an average of 90 US $ 8: retail prices (less taxes), and knives. The price includes: oil exploration, drilling, m 'transportation, refining, gasoline transportation and retailer profits. Buying and saving money is even more responsible. Because -gallons of gasoline contain energy, this price is hard to match. Back in 1905, winter Japanese Lu M m — Tian began to buy gasoline cars in Laos, but it was not easy to & The kerosene is.,, H, easy to obtain. Oil can be purchased at grocery stores and stalls. A oil-based petroleum refining For valueless by-products, sometimes it is only dumped or burned. This situation is about to change. 98191.doc -13 · 200531859 Today, petrol is easily available in almost any part of the world. War was also started to ensure a stable supply of oil. Petroleum exploration, extraction technology, very large tankers transporting large amounts of crude oil, gasoline refining from petroleum, and infrastructure for distributing and selling gasoline have all become the focus of countless investments. Today, battery and recharging technologies and infrastructure lag far behind these related aspects of gasoline. Recharging points for electric vehicles have been placed in parking spaces at airports, government offices and some large company locations. Often no one uses these recharge points. For recharging at home, an electrical outlet in a home garage may be available. However, in the United States, looking at the infrastructure of gasoline vehicles dwarfs the recharging infrastructure of electric vehicles. Due to government pressure, car manufacturers have significantly reduced emissions from gasoline vehicles. By taking some measures, 'the cleanliness of gasoline vehicles is 90% higher than it was in the 1960s. In 2001, 10 of the 13 “most environmentally friendly” cars and trucks evaluated by environmental groups used car engines to power 1-motion and alternative-fuel vehicles, according to the throne of past winners. Automakers have also improved fuel efficiency. In the mid-1960s, cars averaged 14 miles (mpg) per additional mark, while the 1998 model reached an average of 27.5 mpg under federal requirements. According to an environmental protection organization, doubling fuel savings since the 1960s has saved 10 million tons of substances that can cause air pollution. However, the mileage of cars and vehicles on the road has also increased significantly since the 1960s. Gasoline-burning vehicles remain a major contributor to air quality issues. Reforms in gasoline engines and other major automotive components must continue to reduce emissions. Car manufacturers are working to that end. 98I91.doc • 14- 200531859 ~ 丨 ㈡jihong 5 丨 I Z-LEV "version of the car. Ho- claims that the engine is almost pollution-free, while the emissions of carbon dioxide and nitrogen oxides are reduced to 10% of very strict California standards. "In some dense fog areas, such as Los Angeles' Z-LEV exhaust may be cleaner than the surrounding air," said a Honda representative. Second, in the United States, consumers have shown a preference for cars with the most powerful booking, entertainment components and space of modern gasoline engine π cars. Sports cars, despite their high prices and low fuel economy, are still very popular in the United States. , And other sports cars are popular because they are larger, more powerful and comfortable cars. Smaller and cheaper cars that save more fuel (whether gasoline or electricity) are selling well. However, the automobile industry, the poor and the poor, and the flying soap Flying soap 1 need to meet the growing demand of consumers. Basic shipping is not something on the market @ 在 购 贝. For developed countries, the state, luxury and comfort offered by the second car are key selling points. Components. Empty Sir: This is the extra entertainment that consumers need for comfort. The 9-sound system has become a basic need rather than an option. = Some new materials on the market now offer "surround sound", "entertainment or: two: DVD theater player, ⑽-based navigation system and alternative or / oral pain pain dexix ## 牙 及 、: 此And other components take up space and use up power to w ^ not as good as what can be obtained in gasoline vehicles. ^ The main system 'gasoline vehicles have been in style, convenient, spacious, dare to order the spear king, do oblique sauce field Pole accuracy. N The vehicle f is set by the waiter and waiter—by ~ the car has gone through—the century ’s large travel is constrained and mindful… its market. The car with the fewest components in the market is expensive, small, 98I9l.doc 200531859 Slow and cumbersome, only attracting it proves-thing ... "a small part of consumers consume environmental protection" awareness and the selling point of protecting natural resources. When we use the term "gasoline car ^ ^, Λ" inch, the broader term "internal combustion engine vehicle" can be more appropriate. Machine ^. Due to certain differences between a and these types of vehicles, these vehicles can be ordered according to different types of m boat. All kinds of octane gasoline, diesel fuel, alcohol, natural gas and other pigeons are stuck here. However, the fuel must be an explosive liquid or gas. The number of these fuels is limited. Improvements have been made over the years. Of course, new generation diesel engines have shown that in some cases these reliable and efficient engines can replace gasoline engines. Modern heavy-duty road vehicles_, ships, most long-distance locomotives, large portable power generators, and most agricultural and mining handlebars use diesel engines. This is because diesel engines are more fuel efficient than gasoline engines with comparable power intensities and have proven extremely reliable and reliable. However, diesel engines are not yet common in passenger cars. Diesel engines are heavy and noisy. Its performance characteristics make it slower and more expensive than gasoline vehicles. However, in Europe, tax rates in many countries make diesel fuel cheaper than gasoline, so diesel vehicles are common. The updated design has significantly reduced the differences between gasoline and diesel vehicles in the areas mentioned above. An example of this design can be very interesting, with Formula One driver Jenson Button being detained for driving a diesel-powered BMW RV at 230 km / h (about 140 mph). Some people think that such speed is impossible in the manufacture of diesel cars. But now, the service life and reliability of gasoline vehicles have been suppressed. Gasoline engines are technically non-stop. But the improvement step is difficult, the cost is 98191.doc -16-200531859 — door and the '4 dish is smaller. To provide new features and convenience to drivers and passengers, new and expensive new technologies must be developed each year to reduce pollution and increase mileage. Λ ▲ Because of the following large social and technical conditions surrounding gasoline vehicles-low mechanical efficiency, oil shortages 'weak oil supply from foreign countries, gasoline costs and mileage in lice are not satisfactory, because &' about regional air quality, With the restrictions on greenhouse gas emissions and the potentially unknown _new technology bringing competition to gasoline vehicles, such concerns are increasing. Gas engines now provide cheap and reliable transportation for billions of people. : The oil engine also has a big disadvantage. They are loud. Anyone in a city or city will hear the gasoline engine in the following vehicles all day long. Sang Yin Second car, truck, bus, scooter, weeder and leaf blower. In particular, on a crowded city street or on a busy interstate highway, the sound of a deafening gasoline engine is good, and the gasoline engine is still dirty. Even modern cars with complex exhaust gas control before their catalyst converters get hot. The engines of these control systems are terrible. There is a motorcycle running for a day, and the two rushes on it are reported ..., Type A + A by the engine The amount of unburned hydrocarbons emitted into air ammonia is as much as the amount of carbon and nitrogen compounds emitted into the air by modern gasoline vehicles during their internal journeys. Chinese, Indian corpses = Asian, Malaysian, Thai and Indian cities have seen pots: Dust, this is because there are a large number of two-wheeled bicycles on the road. There are smoke +, and m. . There is a good example of this in Wu Guo 'California. The 98191.doc 200531859 vehicle depleted 90% of the state ’s carbon dioxide, 77% of its nitrogen oxides, and 55% of its active organic gas. On some days, Southern California's ozone level may be three times the federal limit. In recent years, ‘California ’s air has become cleaner. This is because the state ’s strict regulations encourage automakers to create special“ California ”cars in their vehicles that control pollution. The United States is constantly controversial about the emissions of these cars. Some people claim that the problem is largely eliminated. Others claim that the problem is still serious. But both sides agree with certain matters. First, money does harm air quality. The largest source of air pollution in most cities in the world is car emissions. Most people, at least in the United States, have implemented cheap and simple measures that can be technically adopted to reduce exhaust gas. Thirdly, exhaust gas is increasing in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries whose wide area is keen on automobiles and is benefiting from industrial development. In fact, the growth of population and vehicle sales in developed countries has begun to weaken. Even so, 'the increase in the number of vehicles worldwide—the number increased tenfold between 1950 and 2000' has been matched by the rapid growth of the world's total population and has exceeded the rate of total population growth. In addition, there is very little argument that if electric vehicles are feasible and widely accepted, they will significantly increase air pollution in large cities. Even state-of-the-art and expensive grinding systems cannot match the zero pollution of an internal combustion engine that powers a car. Swordsmanship We need to take advantage of the billions of steam spring soaps, trucks, and small motorcycles driving on the road. There is no way to mitigate the impact of all such vehicles on our continued 98191.doc -18- 200531859. But if we can eliminate most of the noise, dust, and M rate, we should do it. This can make the quality of the world inherited from us by future generations very different. Gasoline cars are inefficient. In fact, 'it is estimated' that depending on the conditions, only 7% to 18% of the energy in motor gasoline actually makes the car move. ―Add to gas Only 12.6% of the energy in the oil is used on the wheels, and 62% of the energy is lost due to engine friction and loss of knowledge. When the car is stopped and driving in the city, the most needed is acceleration, followed by driving, followed by aerodynamic drag. On highways, the order is reversed: aerodynamic towing, which increases in speed with the speed of the vehicle, requires the most energy (about 10.9%). Ironically, the usual fuel economy in the United States today is worse than it was M years ago. The average annual sales of all passenger and light trucks fell from 25.9 miles per gallon in 1987 to 24 miles per gallon in 2001. What is the reason? The lightest SUV in the US market in 2003, which accounted for 40% of total new car sales. These fuel inefficient heavy vehicles reduce overall fuel efficiency and increase exhaust gas. Civilization does not directly threaten the depletion of energy (or even just oil). But we are exhausting the environment. That is, our environment is becoming less and less capable of:-absorbing energy on the one hand, and bearing intolerable damage on the other. Our dependence on oil makes it necessary to assume the environmental, economic, and political responsibilities of old fuels, which are subject to extraction, transportation, combustion, and are the subject of war battles. Since 1901 in Baymont, Texas, fortunately discovered that huge reserves of oil have been used, the development of vehicles powered by gasoline has been promoted. The above petroleum is 98191.doc -19- 200531859 When the demand for petroleum products declines severely (because gas and electricity replace coal 'for lighting), gasoline-powered cars are still light in many cars. A new thing (think of a potentially dangerous vehicle). The advantages of the “after” steam car are rich in energy and portable fuels, which quickly made the Tsai oil tanker popular. Gasoline-powered vehicles now consume half of the world's oil and a quarter of their greenhouse gas emissions. In the United States _ 2 ′ As new car registrations increase and the number of miles driven by tit drivers each year increases, the fuel economy becomes sluggish. China is a leader in the wave of modernization of private cars in Third World countries. For some people, in the next 5 o'clock, more than 10,000 Chinese drivers will start driving gasoline-powered cars. This number, together with many other Indians and other countries that are trying to modernize other aspects of gaining populations, will constitute a huge contribution to the world ’s oil resources. That is, so many cars will not cause problems with air pollution. 1 * As far as this situation is concerned, gasoline seems to be cheaper in the cycle-it ’s more holy than cars, but the ancient fuel age may really be over. Many people predict that y will soon begin to exceed supply. This problem may be exacerbated by the fact that a small number of Middle Eastern countries have concentrated on taking large reserves of oil (the recent war in the Persian Gulf region is a concentrated reflection of this problem). Some experts also claim that the problem is worse than it has arisen 'because oil reserves in many countries have been systematically exaggerated for political and economic reasons. Vehicles must routinely maintain their edges, and take measures such as changing oil and oil converters to: changing timing belts. Repairs are frequent and often expensive. General petrol vehicle owner—means to visit machinery or other services several times a year. 98191.doc • 20- 200531859 Repairs generally take—days T # X i, f ^, and scheduled maintenance is generally not necessary. To a whole day. In terms of the service life of the slave car, the maintenance and repairs required by the Weifang gasoline vehicle include: engine fuel sensor, engine sensor, milk sensor, and other replacement / repair required. • Engine modification; fuel injection System repair • oil change and oil flushing; oil filter replacement • air filter replacement numbers are less common) • muffler replacement '• exhaust system repair (for new types • radiator filling and flushing, • radiator leakage • Fuel pump replacement hood ring replacement • Water pump replacement • Transmission flushing and repair. Brake pad replacement; Brake system repair • Timing and other belt replacement • Hose replacement • Smoke test every 15,000, 30, 00, and 6 〇〇〇〇 英 1 The maintenance of the oil engine has become very complicated. Only the situation is OK! _ P 士. T and the different fluids,-'χ series. Power steering fluid, brake fluid' Variable speed n 1 takes the body, A oil, radiator coolant. In the past 100 kenken π π wood dagger into a large number and 5 leaves to drive more powerful, more efficient 〇 wood less gasoline cited 9819l. d, 200531859 engine. Any car must have a main body, chassis, structure and other "user interface", early phase steering gear-^ "early wheels and tires, as well as the door and the fish tank a oil vehicle also has the following systems] and teeth. The movement of several cars must be cooling system, system: radiator, hose, wind sound power. Early man B fan, fan belt, fan, cry fuel system: petrol tank, steam medium cry ten-shirt: state. Line. Heart or fuel injectors, filters, oil-air intake systems, air filters (coilers, auto-regulators for coolers and heaters). K, Engine: engine body, piston, piston ring, cylinder, cylinder head, gasket shaft Connecting rods. Coil ring, valve mechanism system: valve, camshaft, timing belt. Lubrication system, system: oil pan, oil pump, oil filter. Electrical system: battery, alternator, voltage regulator. Ignition system, system: electrical panel, ignition wire, spark plug, coil, positive belt. And starting system: electric starter motor, starter solenoid .: transmission and drive train, system: transmission and clutch assembly or automatic change Fan, Universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Exhaust system: manifold, muffler, exhaust pipe. Exhaust control system catalyst converter, PCV valve, sensor, computer. ≫ Volatile and extremely high-energy fuel: Controlled explosion of gasoline produces power. Turn the energy in gasoline into a rotating powertrain for wheels—a complex, low-efficiency process. The pressure generated by these explosions is inducing 98191. doc 200531859, the body and the material piston cause a large amount of mechanical stress: heat instead of rotating power. In fact, engine combustion =: can reach 4,50 (TF (2,5 () (rc). ^ Gasoline engine㈣ The pressure and temperature are so high that the engine must be large and heavy. In addition to the area containing the extremely high voltage 77 7 WW body must have cooling ". It is particularly important to cool the area around these cylinders. The area around the exhaust valve is particularly closed, and the cylinders around the π gate are almost filled with coolant. -, Strong enough structure to obtain these extremely high pressures and resistance to high temperatures. Also, the steam red and internal bores for the coolant are some large and heavy steel blocks in the engine system. The bulk weight also provides the rigidity needed to reduce the bath sound and vibration locally generated by the engine.卞 Tried to use! Lu alloys, metal matrix composites, heart matrix composites, and ceramics such as silicon carbide: they have achieved a certain success by making all or part of the engine body. Improvements can still be made on the basis of improvements. However, the physical and chemical characteristics of internal combustion have severely limited the size, weight, and material strength required for gasoline engines. It is assumed that the advantages of electricity as the driving force of a car _ efficiency, reliability, simplicity, quietness and cleanness of electric motors-electric vehicles with the entire electric drive system will be needed. The advantages of electric vehicles have been known for centuries. As observed in "Science America" for 1 year, the biggest advantages of r electric vehicles are quietness, no odor, simple construction, easy control, and a wide speed range. " This point of view encourages, 100 years later, a commentator recruited again in "King 9819i.doc -23- 200531859 Learn America" in 1996. $ 1 丨 r It seems that electric zone technology will definitely replace the internal combustion engine_ Maybe not I, a,-replacement or complete replacement-but unavoidable. Q3. In what form and how did He Rishou implement the change. "Electric vehicles will not completely solve the pollution problems caused by old fuels. Early fuel mines, ψ Φ β β This a car should search for fuel well. Parallel cars and a series of such cars will burn these fuels, but their combustion efficiency is higher. Two "Yi pointed out that even a" gas-free "battery-powered car = = depends on being produced by a power plant of a utility company that often burns oil or carbon. {Electric vehicles are very different in terms of air pollution. Battery electric vehicles will not produce any exhaust gas. At least > will spawn in a few cars. In traffic congestion or equal force: even when producing spit-colored taillights, even many hybrid electric vehicles do not use moving exhaust gas. Unlike gasoline vehicles that waste fuel and generate exhaust gas during their continuous driving, they may cause such b to move. People are out of breath and the difference alone has benefited Los Angeles and other American women, and the crowded high-speed highways of the Great Wu City and international cities. In spite of the fact that battery electric vehicles are the source of power, turning the power generation into large electric waste instead of focusing on the + line instead of focusing on small gasoline engines will reduce air pollution and increase fuel efficiency. Moreover, the ancient hole 5, _ is a battle—the stack or smoke of Shang Yan is emitted toward the center rather than near the pedestrian. + Recognize that Qi Mao is out of the market. In addition, the electric vehicle also has an advantage, that is, it can be more favorable in the environment, such as tide, i g At " J m ^ too% energy, wind and mine technology to generate this energy. U Qinli: _some two ^ 4 'Electric vehicles get their power from a power grid that uses W to burn old fuel, which is equivalent to Dian Yu Yu gasoline vehicles' volatile organic 98191.doc 24- 200531859: compound output 'You have 10. An electric vehicle must be equivalent to the same type of petrol = petrol: 5 electric vehicles are required, and the equivalent carbon dioxide production of the new class is 100 electric vehicles. Even Yaru and Tandem Hybrid electric vehicles have improved exhaust control. In an electric train _ joint configuration, the integration i, τ τ f 5 擎 this and the performance need to be disconnected. This situation indicates that the exhaust gas can be reduced in at least five ways: 1. Operate at an optimal speed of-= to minimize exhaust pipe exhaust into the Cuiyuan per energy wheel. 2. Avoid engine transients. Engine transients are considered to produce a significant proportion of exhaust gas. 3 ::? Predetermined engine operating points for these catalysts and exhaust treatment systems ..... are designed to provide the best possible performance. 4. It can be expected that the engine start will not affect the king. This allows direct use of the catalyst preheater to reduce the effects of cold starts. 5.: = state will not produce related exhaust gas. The engine only needs to be operated when it outputs moon daggers (and useful work). These gains are in addition to the advantages of smaller engines and all-electric mode.-And after use: the reduction of noise pollution caused by moving cars may even be more Movement is not as good as the wheels are fast < Yi Noi m 〈In a car in motion, the car can actually ...... Mu Yue ground movement. Even at speed and dynamics, ^ h Leli J, when it is overtime, you will only hear the road noise and some deflections of the car body. For many first-time drivers of electric cars, the chrome R is deeply impressed by its simple femininity. If the electric car wants to get bigger than the naked road of τ Yunlu Tongtong than 98191.doc -25- 200531859 cases ’, then quietness may be deafening. We are worried about air pollution, but noise pollution has become a big issue in modern society. Electric vehicles can be extremely helpful in solving this problem. Electric motors may be more efficient than gasoline vehicles. The US government estimates that only about 20% of the chemical energy in 'emu oil' is converted to useful work at the wheels of gasoline vehicles, while 75% and more of the energy from batteries reaches the wheels of battery electric vehicles.

Honda及Toyota已將上述效率方面的大優點用於其並聯 的A油/電動混合式車，該等車每加侖能行駛4〇至6〇英里， 相比之下，一可比的汽油車行駛2〇至3〇英里。僅有電池的 或串聯混合式電動車在該傳動***内僅具有—或多個電動 馬達，其使得甚至可能獲得更高效率。 除較高的操作效率外，電動車可使用再生制動。再生制 動可能恢復聯邦城市行車型態中所使用能量之約2〇%。 罪電來使車運行提供許多非基於石〉，由的新型能源選項， 包括諸如風力及太陽能之類可更新的資源。的心電動車 優於/飞油車之一明顯優點係有各種能源皆可提供運行電動 車（尤其係混合式車）之能量。 該等能源之範圍從不實際的能源_1894年一發明者建議 使用延伸的橡膠帶中所包含的能量來運行電動車_到實際 亡已用於為電動馬達提供動力或延伸其最大行程之能源_ 二油或天然氣引擎、高架電線、路面中嵌入的感應條、燃 料電池、電池、飛輪、水能儲存庫及太陽能電池。 4夕人預測在今後2G至3G年内燃料電池將替代汽油作為 98l91.doc -26- 200531859 a車用的較佳電源。若 來為該等燃料電池車提^月’’貝1將需要由電動馬達 能與驅動車輛的電動=二該等燃料電池車之成功可 :桶的电動馬達之效率及性能有很大闕係。 的2製&商大多數已投身於製造以燃料電池來提供動力 '…肖有口理數置的燃料電池車輛出售之時間框架， 估计為從1 〇至20年範圍内。 ^車工業的領袖斷言，在2〇至3〇年内，全世界鎖售的新 ^ 2〇%將採用燃料電池來提供動力。此情況將使得 在期年之前將會有4_萬輛燃料電池車隊列在全球道路 上订敬。有些人，包括福特公司的***winiam c. Ford, Jr， 期望在2025年之前燃料電池車超過汽油車成為居主導地位 的交通運輸形式。 福二寺公司***William c· F〇rd，Jr在2〇〇〇年i月國際汽車 展上說：「我相信燃料電池車輛最終將結束内燃引擎百年 的統治而成為居主導地位的個人交通運輸動力源。那將成 為各方面全臝的局面_消費者將獲得一有效的電源，杜會上 的廢氣排放則將為零’而管理者將有另-大業務機會-發展 的機會。, ^無論是希望還輪局，來自卫業、政府及私人投資者的 貧金正流進燃料電池研究、開發及生產領域。甚至美國總 流George Bush也已堅決表示，燃料電池技術已證明其自 己係汽油引擎之一「更具環保性」之替代方案。現在，燃 料電池車輛商品化之國際競爭十分激烈，為了使對於消費 大眾而s買得起且具有吸引力也在技術方面展開了競爭。 9819l.doc -27- 200531859 M現在2GG3年便有—些燃料電池車輪在道路上行駛。 ，上要克服的最大障礙係成本、可靠性及卿 -池由於使用高技術薄膜及翻作為觸媒而十分昂貴。並存 在可靠性及耐用性之問題。其 用盆m 在固疋訏，燃料電池之使 用』亦有限。已證明’燃料電池在—運動平臺(像汽車)上經 過數年的震動及運動便過於腺弱。而且，寒冷的溫度，像 吴國東北部及中西部的冬季溫度，也使得燃料電 大問題。 不汽車製造商認識到為使燃料電池在汽車製造中實際可行 ^要解決的若干問題。現在，許多製造商都說燃料電池車 至> 15年將不會出現在汽車 Μ , _ , „ t Μ仁疋大多數人還相信 错由-或另外的方法將能解決燃料電池之問題。 電動車仍然需要維護及修理。但是對於簡單得多之系 統’以及電動馬達内僅一個移動零件，處理***性姆燒時 的出現的磨損及破裂便得到消除。尤其係， 驅動哭中，錐丨、；产一 I丄 電動馬達 、 高性能的汽油引擎中處理的磨 “摩擦及磨損）、機械、化學 度上得到消除。 及…應力之類問喊可在很大程 藉由當前的資料’很難將電動車之維護需要與汽油車相 L道路上行駛的電動車數目尚不足以作出报好的比較。 已實行的少數研究中有些已指示，與可比的汽油 t 電池電動車可能需要更多的維護及更經常的修 王。此外，修理所需的時間可能多於汽油車所需的時間。 儘管尚不能作任何肯定’但數年來已有許多高動力的電 98l91.doc -28- 200531859 動馬達已用在運動應用中。電動号 古 動馬達在阿速火車、電動公 共汽車、地鐵及其他車輛中使用的經歷已經證明，古亥等+ 動馬達比汽油或其他内燃引擎可靠得多且更易於維護。兒 此外’大的汽車製造商已開始生產其並聯的混合式車。 -汽車製造商報s稱其電動馬達系統不存在耐用性 性或品質問題。在其意見中，此類問題係不可能的，因為 大的體積往往使電子學之應用更佳從而提供了辅助。”、、 依據此經驗，大多數專家預測，除電池替換外，對於動 力機構及電動車之相關系統將不需要例行的維護。此預則 表示不用換油；不需15，_、3M⑻及㈣⑽英里之服務| 以及不用改裝。此外，電動車完全不需要汽油車之複雜的 引擎系統及子系統。一般的汽車車主熟悉的需要替換之大 部分汽車零件在電動車中完全看不到。 、 電動車當然將存在問題且需要修理。正如汽油車一樣， 在某些情況下，事故將會損害推進系統，而在其他情.兄下， 電動車由於故障將停駛並將需要修理。但似乎毫無疑問的 係，消除汽車内的強動力汽油引擎可解決以任何其他方式 不能消除的維護及修理問題。 現代汽油車已發展成很複雜的機械。產生1〇〇至馬力 的汽油引擎及其相關子系統中併入大量研究及設計。轉換 力以使車輪旋轉亦需要成熟的系統。電動車中能消除 該等系統中的大多數系統。 尤其係，後輪驅動的汽油車之傳動系統—般具有一引 離δ器、蜒速器、傳動軸、差速齒輪、半軸及車輪。 98191.doc -29- 200531859 將该引擎輸出（該輪出可能在800與8,000 rpm之速度之間變 化)轉換成零至1500 rpm之速度範圍(一般操作條件下車輪 ==所需)需要此複雜性。傳動系統亦必須容納在 H月間内輪及外輪速度之差異以及所需要的 輸出。 初刀 對於2車，儘f可能僅以—電動馬達來替換該汽油引 舉將會利用電動驅動器之許多特徵。尤且係，從 零速度起動之能力使得可消除對離合器之需要，而可用速 ==得不需要使用傳動齒輪。但是，使用行星濟 輪而允斗馬達以比一給定的道路速度高得多的速度運行， 可能使得供特定應用的整個動力機構之效率明顯增加。 任何汽車皆必須具有一主體、底盤、乘客車廂、轉向機 ”其：：吏用者介面」、車輪及輪胎、以及車 但疋，在電動車中，儘管該電氣系統變得複雜得多，作以 下汽油車系統中的大多數皆非必要： 冷卻系統：散熱器、軟管、風扇、_皮帶、卜 線燃料系統:汽油箱、汽化器或燃料注射器、㈣油 空氣進氣系統：空氣濾清器（ 器、冷熱器自動調節機）。 €的渴輪增屬器、增廢 引擎··引擎本體、活塞、活塞環、汽虹、汽紅苗 機軸、連接棒。 π 墊圈、 汽門機構系統：汽門、凸輪H i H 潤滑系統··油盤、油泵、濾油号。 98191.doc •30- 200531859 點火系統：分I播 刀电盤、點火導線、火花 帶。 化基線圏、正時皮 起動系統：電起動 勖馬達、起動器螺線管。 變速器及傳動系㈣ '死.交速相及離合器 器、萬向接頭、驅動軸、差速器。 牛或自動變速 排氣系統：歧管、消音器、排氣管。 廢氣控制系統：觸媒轉換器、％ 不同的係，由—交泣 彳 感測态、電腦。 有以下系統中的草此七 / 電動車將具 幻呆些或所有系統。 電池 控制器 直流電/交流電轉換器 直流電/交流電轉換器 電動馬達 再生制動交流發電機 混雜的電子元件 機上充電器（可選） 低成本、高強度的永磁材 τ科及有效的冷卻方法之開發已 使得產生適合於車輛推進之低成本、重量輕的電動馬達。 已设計出較小而定價極高的交流電及「無刷直流電」馬達 用於電動推進，而該算動；t 4 — * 旦動力強的馬達使得電動車輛 貫際可行。 無刷直流電 電/交流電轉換器 」馬達，儘管其名稱實際上係具有一直流 之父/瓜电同步機械’但其係作為Toyota及 98l9l.doc 200531859Honda and Toyota have applied the above-mentioned great advantages in efficiency to their parallel A oil / electric hybrid vehicles, which can drive 40 to 60 miles per gallon, compared to a comparable gasoline vehicle. 2 0 to 30 miles. Battery-only or tandem hybrid electric vehicles have only—or multiple electric motors—in this driveline, which makes it even possible to achieve higher efficiency. In addition to high operating efficiency, electric vehicles can use regenerative braking. Regenerative braking may restore approximately 20% of the energy used in federal cities. Sinden Electric offers many non-stone-based vehicles to run, powered by new energy options, including renewable resources such as wind and solar. One of the obvious advantages of Xinxin electric vehicles over / flying gasoline vehicles is that they can provide all kinds of energy to run electric vehicles (especially hybrid vehicles). The range of such energy sources is from unrealistic energy. In 1894, an inventor suggested using the energy contained in the extended rubber band to run an electric vehicle_to the actual energy that has been used to power an electric motor or extend its maximum travel _ Second oil or natural gas engines, overhead wires, inductive bars embedded in the road surface, fuel cells, batteries, flywheels, hydro storages and solar cells. Xi Yanren predicts that in the next 2G to 3G years, fuel cells will replace gasoline as a better power source for vehicles. If you want to raise the fuel cell vehicle for the month, `` Bei 1 '' will need an electric motor to drive the vehicle's electric power = The success of these fuel cell vehicles can be: the efficiency and performance of the electric motor of the barrel is very large 阙system. Most of the 2 systems & vendors have devoted themselves to manufacturing fuel cells to provide power ... ... the time frame for the sale of fuel cell vehicles, which is reasonable, is estimated to range from 10 to 20 years. ^ Leaders of the automotive industry assert that within 20 to 30% of the new ^ 20% of the world's locked-up sales will be powered by fuel cells. This situation will allow 40,000 fuel cell vehicle queues to be respected on global roads by the end of the year. Some, including Ford's chairman winiam c. Ford, Jr, expect fuel cell vehicles to overtake petrol vehicles as the dominant form of transportation by 2025. Fukui Temple Chairman William C. Fórd, Jr said at the International Motor Show in January 2000: "I believe that fuel cell vehicles will eventually end the century of internal combustion engine control and become the dominant personal transportation Power source. That will be a situation of nakedness in all aspects. Consumers will get an effective power supply, and the exhaust emissions at the conference will be zero. And the manager will have another-big business opportunity-development opportunity., ^ Regardless of whether they want to return the round, the poor from the health industry, the government and private investors are flowing into the field of fuel cell research, development and production. Even the United States chief George Bush has firmly stated that fuel cell technology has proven itself to be gasoline One of the "greener" alternatives to the engine. At present, the international competition for the commercialization of fuel cell vehicles is very fierce. In order to make it affordable and attractive to consumers, competition has also begun in technology. 9819l.doc -27- 200531859 M now in 2GG3 years-some fuel cell wheels are driving on the road. The biggest obstacles to be overcome are the cost, reliability and cost of using high-tech films and catalysts as catalysts. There are also problems of reliability and durability. Its use is solid, and the use of fuel cells is also limited. It has been proven that after several years of vibration and movement on a motion platform (like a car), the fuel cell is too weak. Moreover, cold temperatures, such as winter temperatures in the northeast and central and western parts of Wu Kingdom, have also caused major problems with fuel power. Automobile manufacturers recognize several issues to be addressed in order to make fuel cells practical in automobile manufacturing. Now, many manufacturers have said that fuel cell vehicles will not appear in cars M, ^, „t Μren 疋 15 years. Most people also believe that the wrong reason-or another method will solve the problem of fuel cells. Electric The car still needs maintenance and repair. But for a much simpler system and only one moving part in the electric motor, the wear and tear that occurred during the processing of the explosive muffler was eliminated. Especially, the driving cry, the cone 丨,; Production of electric motors, friction and wear in high-performance gasoline engines, mechanical and chemical elimination. And ... stress and other questions can go a long way. With the current information, it is difficult to compare the maintenance needs of electric vehicles with gasoline vehicles. The number of electric vehicles on the road is not enough to make a good comparison. Some of the few studies that have been conducted have indicated that comparable gasoline t-battery electric vehicles may require more maintenance and more frequent repairs. In addition, repairs may take more time than gasoline vehicles. Although we ca n’t say anything for sure, many high-power electric motors have been used in sports applications for several years. Electric motors The ancient motors have been used in Azov trains, electric buses, subways and other vehicles. It has been proven that the electric motors such as the Guhai + are much more reliable and easier to maintain than gasoline or other internal combustion engines. In addition, 'big car manufacturers have started to produce their parallel hybrid cars. -The automaker reports that its electric motor system has no durability or quality issues. In their opinion, such problems were not possible because the large size often assisted in the better application of electronics. According to this experience, most experts predict that apart from battery replacement, routine maintenance will not be required for powertrains and related systems of electric vehicles. This forecast means that no oil change is required; 15, _, 3M, and ㈣⑽miles of service | and no modification. In addition, electric vehicles do not need the complex engine systems and subsystems of gasoline vehicles at all. Most automobile parts that are familiar to ordinary car owners and need to be replaced are completely invisible in electric vehicles. Electric vehicles will of course have problems and need to be repaired. Just like gasoline vehicles, in some cases, accidents will damage the propulsion system, and in other cases, brothers, electric vehicles will stop due to failure and will need repairs. But it seems There is no doubt that eliminating the powerful gasoline engine in the car can solve the maintenance and repair problems that cannot be eliminated in any other way. Modern gasoline vehicles have developed into very complex machinery. Gasoline engines that produce 100 to horsepower and their A lot of research and design are incorporated into the relevant subsystems. A mature system is also needed to convert the force to rotate the wheels. This can be eliminated in electric vehicles Most of the systems. In particular, the drive system of a rear-wheel drive gasoline vehicle generally has a delta drive, a snake, a drive shaft, a differential gear, a half shaft, and wheels. 98191.doc -29- 200531859 This complexity is needed to convert the engine output (which can vary between 800 and 8,000 rpm) into a speed range of zero to 1500 rpm (wheels == required under normal operating conditions). The drive system must also The difference between the speed of the inner wheel and the outer wheel during the month and the required output are included. For the first two cars, as far as possible, replacing the gasoline with an electric motor will use many features of the electric drive. Especially, from The ability to start at zero speed makes it possible to eliminate the need for a clutch, while the available speed == does not require the use of transmission gears. However, the use of planetary gears allows the bucket motor to run at a much higher speed than a given road speed, May make the efficiency of the entire power mechanism for a specific application significantly increased. Any car must have a main body, chassis, passenger compartment, steering gear "its: the user interface", the car And tires, and cars, but alas, in electric vehicles, although the electrical system has become much more complicated, it is not necessary for most of the following gasoline vehicle systems: Cooling systems: radiators, hoses, fans, belts, Bu line fuel system: gasoline tank, carburetor or fuel injector, soy air intake system: air filter (air conditioner, auto-regulator of cold and heat). € thirsty wheel multiplier, waste increase engine · Engine body, piston, piston ring, steam rainbow, steam red seedling, shaft, connecting rod. π Washer, valve mechanism system: valve, cam H i H lubrication system · oil pan, oil pump, oil filter number. 98191.doc • 30- 200531859 Ignition system: I-blade knife plate, ignition wire, spark band. Baseline, timing belt Starter system: electric starter, motor, starter solenoid. Transmission and drive train: 'Dead. Cross-phase and clutch, universal joint, drive shaft, differential. Cattle or automatic transmission Exhaust system: manifold, muffler, exhaust pipe. Exhaust gas control system: catalyst converter,% different systems, from-泣 泣 sensor state, computer. There are some of the following systems: The electric / electric vehicle will have some or all of the systems. Battery Controller DC / AC Converter DC / AC Converter Electric Motor Regenerative Braking Alternator Hybrid Electronic Components On-Board Charger (optional) Low-cost, high-strength permanent magnets τ Section and effective cooling method development This has led to the production of low cost, lightweight electric motors suitable for vehicle propulsion. Smaller and more expensive AC and “brushless DC” motors have been designed for electric propulsion, and the calculations are made; t 4 — * Once a powerful motor makes electric vehicles consistently viable. "Brushless DC / AC Converter" Motor, although its name is actually a DC / Fruit Synchronous Machine ', it is used as Toyota and 98l9l.doc 200531859

Honda的並聯混合式汽車之馬達選擇而出現。有些美國汽車 製造商仍然偏愛交流電感應馬達。表丨顯示某些普通的馬達 類型之馬達重量。 ' 重量類型 馬達重量（kg) 線圈電場刷 130 感應 80 開關磁阻 80 1無刷直流電」 45 表1.使用不同機械技術之45 kw馬達之重量Honda's parallel-hybrid motors have emerged as the motor of choice. Some American car manufacturers still prefer AC induction motors. Table 丨 shows the weight of some common motor types. '' Weight Type Motor Weight (kg) Coil Electric Field Brush 130 Inductive 80 Switched Reluctance 80 1 Brushless DC '' 45 Table 1. Weight of a 45 kw motor using different mechanical technologies

性能最佳的汽油引擎之動力與馬達重量比超過電動馬達 之數字。而且，正如汽油引擎需要體積大而重的子系統來 作為其支撐，電動馬達也—樣常常需要體積大而重的電 池而，一者平衡起來，電動馬達將在產生特定數量的 動力所需之整體尺寸及重量方面更優越。The best performance gasoline engine has a power-to-motor weight ratio that exceeds that of electric motors. And, just as gasoline engines need large and heavy subsystems to support them, so do electric motors, which often require large and heavy batteries. One balance is that electric motors are required to produce a certain amount of power. Better overall size and weight.

+右不考慮電池購買及替換成本，則對電池電動車重新充 電之成本將低於重新補給可比數量的汽油之成本。難以進 行比較。但是，與汽油引擎相比，關於電動馬達之效率， 有些人估計以2003年美國的平均電力價格計，具有鉛酸電 池的電動車輛之燃料成本比—般汽油車之燃料成本低 — 研九針對電池電動車使用每千瓦小g狂3英里的數 - -fx現電力成本將比一般汽油車之燃料成本低約 % 1動車效率及電池充電/放電效率之提高可能恰好到 達或超過上面提到的低85%之成本。 9819l.doc -32· 200531859 此==數!池電動車重新充電可能多發生於夜間， 動：、二电力公司仪間有大量電力未充分使用。電 研九#構已報告，美國電力公用事業已有足 =間充電來支援最多2_萬輛電動車，而無須構建新的 電廠。使用此電力將直接引起電價降低、公用事業利潤更 南或此二結果皆會因此而產生。 予當然，μ多電動車皆開始在夜間充電或在離家遠的充 :站充電，則電價可能有適當的改變。加州電力市場由於 延規而出現的混亂顯示出電價對社會及政治變更有多敏 感。但是’假定電動馬達與汽油引擎相比具有更高之效率， 則將持續下去的燃料價格似乎確有些不同。 不難明白’在像T〇y()ta Prius及混合式办祕Ο*之類的 亚聯混合式車中使用電動馬達如何使得燃料成本降低。在 二情況下，每英里之燃料成本已減少約50%。 在汽車之傳動系統中裝—電動馬達在整個世紀中一直係 傳統趨勢：汽車電氣化。1912年，ChadesKet㈣叫及其同 事為汽車設計並構建了全電動的起動、點火及照明系統。 該趨勢具有促進作用。 事貫上’現在估計，新型汽車中電子元件之成本每年增 加9%至16%。在典型的細年，電子元件占中型車輛成本 之19/〇 2005年’其在中型汽車中可能占到25%而在豪華型 汽車中可能占到5〇%。 20世紀90年代末及21世紀初年，1〇丫〇^與1^11心混合式汽 車使得汽油車的電氣化達到了新的水準。大量製造出的汽 9819l.doc •33- 200531859 車首次在該傳動系統中裝有一電動馬達。而T〇y〇ta宣佈其 計劃在2012年之前在其所有汽車之傳動系統中皆裝上-電 動馬達。 f車中越來越多地使用電子元件使得在汽油引擎情況下 在動力機構中使用的整體能量管理策略能得以實行。 全電動汽車允許將所有系統皆整合於一中央控制器下以獲 得最大效率。 已製w出許多直接車輛驅動原型之車輛。在直接車輪驅 動的功能性電動車辅之較早（1994)範例中，有—範例係具有 :直接驅動後輪2Di_Elettdea ’其係—馬達小㈣把車。 垓D卜Elettnca係φ _無缝軸流式永磁體直流電馬達來提供 動力’該馬達在二個永磁體碟片轉子之間夾有一單一的碟 片形定子。該馬達係安裝於該小型摩托車之驅動輪緣内。 另-馬達配置具有附著於該車輛彈簧上主體的—永磁體 碟片馬達之子，而該轉子則附著於彈簧下的驅動輪 轴:Μ己置進-步減少該車輛之非菁載質量，但需要一相 對車乂複雜且動態的控制策略以容納因車輛懸吊裝置移動產 生的不變及可變的轉子與定子不對齊而導致馬達轉矩之波 動。 已有特別設計的馬達用於直接四輪獨立驅動的使用。設 計並最佳化存在永久磁體馬達的若干範例，其用以放置= 電動車輛驅動輪之輪股内。最終，大多數人相信最佳的組 態係將已安裝的傳動馬達或甚至無傳動齒輪的馬達安裝於 電動車之驅動輪内。GM想在其Autonomy概念汽車中使用輪 9819l.doc -34- 200531859 又,’’’、’但已發現現在的中心馬達過重。 右電動車輛欲高效率且有效地操作，則基本的係令整個 車輛系統一直最佳化以確保盡可能有效地使用可用的能 二。可用能量之數量一般比以汽油提供動力之車輛小得 多。但是，若該電動車輛欲與傳統車輛同時在道路系統上 行駛’則性能需要具有可比性。 “在電動車輛之早期，僅控制電動馬達速度及轉矩。此係 =由將電池切換進入或切換脫離以產生粗略的電壓控制並 藉由改變當時普遍使用的直流電馬達之電場及電樞阻抗而 =完成。該等控制技術足以使早期的電動車發展成具有 :辛性。但是，在20世紀頭十年’内部燃燒獲得充分的發 展，於是，使用此推進形式的車輛性能得到相當大的提高 以致電動車不再讓人有任何興趣。 當20世紀60年代，電動車 灯人乂里出現時，仍在使用 早先用以控制直流電馬達之方法 . 炚考20世紀70年代及2〇 動換流器」電路所取代。 4早』方法逐漸為「振 s亥等簡單的控制系統中的 ^ + 夕糸統仍在使用，但是，折 年來已認識到若電動車輛欲充分 JL ., 免揮其苓廢氣之優點，則 “將在性能上更有效地與傳統車— 的’顯然必須對該車輛之各方 $ ’”、貫現此目 ,. 丁以仔細控制。 電動車可藉由使用複雜的軟體 糸纪 w r 逆用—成热的電能管理 :广而以最有效的方式使用較有限的能量。一般的微 处理益控制线利絲自❹】 里屯池、馬達、車輛及 9819l.doc -35- 200531859 ;圍條件Γ串聯輸入。其將此資訊與來自煞車、轉向裝 加速益及各種可用的開關控制器之駕駛者需要的輸入 相結合。 ϋ由使用該車輛之電子模型以及固持於記憶體内 、-电池亚貫行最佳化以獲得能量之最佳使用，從而藉由該 铽控制器而產生輸出以連續地控制馬達轉矩及速度、傳動 :率（在此使用馬達與驅動輪之間可變傳動）、再生制動'外 部照明、供熱、通風及空調。 當該車輛停止並***人_充電站時，該微處理器 该電池彳生充電演算法，並控制該充電器。在最尖端的 系統中’還可能將導航資訊保存於該微處理器之記憶體 内，並由該微處理器處理，以向該駕駛者提供導航指 還可產生關於該車輛與電池狀況之資訊及車輛之駕馱方 法。然後可將此資訊保留於可重新程式化的記憶體内。上 述使駕駛：在電池需要被重新充電之前，能獲得關於剩餘 之路程之賴（若駕駛者繼續以相同方式駕駛）。還可提醒 該駕馱者關於該車輛的任何功能性問題。㈣統還為顯干 速度、已行駛距離、充電狀態、離電池”用完”的英里數 般認為係在百分之二十之電荷狀態）、操作中的充電器以及 内部與外部空氣溫度之駕駛者儀器提供資訊。 十全面之能量管理系統需要控制該車辆内包括：照明、除 霧、除冰及座椅供熱在内的所有輔助系統。基於安全原因= 且為了允許使用標準組件，該㈣統常常以比主電池之電 壓低得多之電壓進行運作。目前該等系統需要12 V，但^ 98191.doc -36- 200531859 越來越多的設計者建議推動該等系統（即使在傳統的汽車 中）改用42 V之電源供應。 低電磨操作亦可用於所有小馬達，且螺線管使用在車輛 各處’用於鎖門、開窗、調整座椅及其他方便功能。但是， 該空調墨縮機將以完全的主電池電壓運作，以避免如果此 一高動力系統以低電壓運作會發生的變換損失。 任何控制系統中的電子控制器與f力f子元件之組態& 複雜性皆受若干因专卩豆φ π σ t i ^ 京“中不只係欲使用的馬達數目）之影 響。一般的電動車設計具有―、二個馬達或者在輪較式馬 =之it況下具有四個馬達。多個馬達有效地排除使用齒輪 替：來作為使效率最佳化之方法，因為此舉過於複雜。 一般地’使用：個驅動馬達需要針對每—馬達而使用分 =動力驅動器電路以及分離的固定比率之行星齒輪。此 可在該車輛拐彎時調整二馬達之間的轉矩以使得該 β内輪上減小而在外輪上增加。由於該車輛可能轉 側而對任—馬達造成動力損失亦係一潛在問題，而且 必須程式化該控制系統考 安全問題。 亏慮此問蟪’因為此係—重大的 影系統複雜性之控制其他因素包括變速箱之使 化，則該變以1用^ 間的能量傳輸最佳 向旌鏟# α 受电千控制。當煞車期間需要反 件之2動馬達或動力再生時，必須控制該電力電子元 對於電動Im 取有希望的直接輪驅動組態之一係四輪獨 98191.doc •37- 200531859 立驅動電動車。在每一輪内併入一馬達，使得該車輛内的 驅動馬達數目增加，從而減少所需功率及每一個別雜動馬 達=質量。四輪獨立驅動車輛需要一能將適當的控制輸送 給每一個別驅動馬達之分佈式控制系統。 儘官對一分佈式控制系統之此需要乍看起來似乎像一缺 點，但應注意，傳統的四輪驅動系統亦需要一相對較複雜 的控制系統來調整該傳動系統之性能。此外，現代的傳統 四輪機構及傳動系統在機械上相當複雜且製造起來十分昂 貴。可使在-電動四輪獨立驅動系統中實施控制需要的複 雜性降低以程式化—微控制器晶片。 將不斷開發出新的專用馬達拓樸。馬達設計與馬達控制 之間的刀界線正變得不太明顯。隨著電腦及電力電子技術 不斷發展，利料的控制選擇之馬達設計變得更加普遍。 將機械電性設計與控制技術混合之此作法將為馬達設計 又 專豕及控制理栺紙家提供新機會，使其能夠共同 努力開’X出更強固而效率更高的電動車輛驅動系統。 本歐’州、美國、加拿大及許多其他國家，政府已 鼓勵進行電動車之研究開發。-些政府為讓消費者購買電 '、他車輔而提供稅收鼓勵。美國石油的力量及製造 商的會議作用不可忽視。但是電動車㈣往往 治 援。 • I種a動馬達在其控制電路經過適當設計之情況下可作 M t ^#作n兄使得大多數電動車中可進行再生 制動。事實上，在1987年M. A.Da_q在巴黎展示的電動 98I91.doc -38- 200531859 房車令首次使用了再生制動。 許多現代電動車亦使用再生制動。允許汽車的車輪機械 地超逮驅動馬達可使該馬達變成發電機。令該馬達/發電機 充分負載可對該等車輪產生一強大的煞車力。 為了更有效率，必須在該車之整個操作範圍施加再生制 動’而機械煞車僅係用作—安全備份。當在該#條件下使 用時’基本的係要避免該馬達之過埶。 同樣重要的係，該電池能夠以最高的需要位準來吸收返 回的能量。此情況對於某些電池類型可能係—問題，在此 情況下’ τ能需I自動切換為動態煞4之設施，在該設施 中忐量係散逸到電阻器而非返回到該電池。 在能量方面’難以藉由再生制動而使得遠多於推進汽車 所用總能量的約10%至15%能量得到恢復。但是，鑒於電動 車中對取大行程之嚴格限制，此情況可能具有相當價值。 許多年來，大的汽車製造商僅重視汽油引擎。然而，藉 由機上電腦、新材料及新理念，用以合併電動與汽油車輛 之技術慢慢開始出現。 該組合在許多方面皆十分理想。電動馬達具有很高的轉 矩，從而幾乎能立即讓汽車滾動起來。當以不變的速度行 敎時（例如，為產生電），汽車引擎之效率更高。若使用電動 力，則可在煞車時產生電動力，⑯而重新捕獲不然便會作 為熱量而損失之能量。 現在，幾乎各汽車製造商皆錢行混合式系統之攻關+ Right without considering battery purchase and replacement costs, the cost of recharging a battery electric vehicle will be lower than the cost of recharging a comparable amount of gasoline. Difficult to compare. However, compared to gasoline engines, some people estimate that the fuel cost ratio of electric vehicles with lead-acid batteries is lower than the average cost of electricity in the United States in 2003. Battery electric vehicles use 3 miles per kilowatt-3x fx The current electricity cost will be about% lower than the fuel cost of ordinary gasoline vehicles. 85% lower cost. 9819l.doc -32 · 200531859 This == number! Recharging of electric vehicles in the pool may occur at night, and there is a large amount of electricity in the instrument room of the Second Power Company. Dian Jiu Jiu # has reported that the U.S. Electric Power Utilities have enough electricity to support up to 20,000 electric vehicles without having to build a new power plant. The use of this electricity will directly lead to lower electricity prices, lower utility profits, or both. For sure, μ electric cars will start charging at night or at a charging station far from home, and the electricity price may change appropriately. The disruption in California's electricity market due to delayed regulation shows how sensitive electricity prices are to social and political changes. But ‘assuming that electric motors are more efficient than gasoline engines, the fuel price that will continue seems to be a little different. It is not difficult to understand how the use of electric motors in hybrid vehicles such as TOY () ta Prius and hybrid secrets 0 * can reduce fuel costs. In both cases, fuel costs per mile have been reduced by approximately 50%. Installed in the drive system of the car-electric motors have been a traditional trend throughout the century: electrification of cars. In 1912, ChadesKet Howl and his colleagues designed and constructed an all-electric start, ignition and lighting system for cars. This trend has a stimulating effect. As always, it is now estimated that the cost of electronic components in new cars increases by 9% to 16% per year. In a typical year, electronic components accounted for 19/0 of the cost of a medium-sized vehicle. In 2005, it could account for 25% of medium-sized vehicles and 50% of luxury vehicles. In the late 1990s and early 21st century, the 10 yah ^ and 1 ^ 11 heart hybrid vehicles made the electrification of gasoline vehicles reach a new level. For the first time, a mass-produced automobile 9819l.doc • 33- 200531859 was equipped with an electric motor in the drive system. Toyota announced that it plans to install electric motors in the drive systems of all its cars by 2012. The increasing use of electronic components in f cars enables the implementation of overall energy management strategies in powertrains in the case of gasoline engines. All-electric vehicles allow all systems to be integrated under a central controller for maximum efficiency. Many prototypes of direct vehicle drive have been made. In the earlier (1994) example of a functional electric vehicle driven by direct wheels, the example has the following: Directly drive the rear wheels 2Di_Elettdea ′, and its system is a motor small handlebar.垓 D. Elettnca is a φ _ seamless axial flow permanent magnet DC motor to provide power. The motor has a single disc-shaped stator sandwiched between two permanent-magnet disc rotors. The motor is installed in a driving rim of the scooter. In addition, the motor configuration has a son of a permanent magnet disc motor attached to the main body of the spring of the vehicle, and the rotor is attached to the drive wheel shaft under the spring: M has been placed-further reducing the non-cyanated mass of the vehicle, but A complex and dynamic control strategy is needed to accommodate the fluctuations of the motor torque caused by the improper and variable rotor and stator misalignment caused by the movement of the vehicle suspension device. Specially designed motors have been used for direct four-wheel independent driving. Several examples of designing and optimizing the existence of permanent magnet motors are used to place = in the wheels of electric vehicle drive wheels. Ultimately, most people believe that the best configuration is to install an installed drive motor or even a motor without drive gear in the drive wheels of an electric vehicle. GM wanted to use wheels 9819l.doc -34- 200531859 in its Autonomy concept car, and it ’s already found that the center motor is too heavy. For right electric vehicles to operate efficiently and effectively, the basic system is to optimize the entire vehicle system to ensure that the available energy is used as efficiently as possible. The amount of available energy is generally much smaller than that of vehicles powered by gasoline. However, if the electric vehicle is to run on a road system at the same time as a conventional vehicle, the performance needs to be comparable. "In the early days of electric vehicles, only the speed and torque of electric motors were controlled. This is = by switching the battery on or off to produce a rough voltage control and by changing the electric field and armature impedance of the DC electric motor commonly used at the time = Completed. These control technologies are sufficient to enable the early development of electric vehicles: sympathetic. However, in the first decade of the 20th century, 'internal combustion has been fully developed, so the performance of vehicles using this propulsion form has been considerably improved. As a result, electric cars no longer have any interest. When electric vehicle lights appeared in the 1960s, the earlier method of controlling DC motors was still being used. Consider the 1970s and 20th inverter "Circuit. The "4 early" method is gradually becoming "^ ^ + in the simple control system such as Zhen Shai is still in use, but it has been recognized over the years that if electric vehicles want to fully JL., Without the advantages of exhaust gas, then "It will be more efficient in performance with traditional cars-the 'obviously must be for all parties to the car'", to achieve this goal. Ding carefully controlled. Electric vehicles can be used by using sophisticated software 糸 纪 wr inverse Utilization-to-thermoelectric power management: Widely and in the most effective way to use relatively limited energy. General micro-processing benefits control line Lisi】 【Litunchi, motors, vehicles and 9819l.doc -35- 200531859; Wai Condition Γ is input in series. It combines this information with the inputs required by the driver from brakes, steering gear acceleration, and various available switch controllers. Ϋ The electronic model of the vehicle is used and held in memory, the battery ABC is optimized to obtain the best use of energy, so as to generate output through the controller to continuously control the motor torque and speed, transmission: rate (in this case, variable transmission between the motor and the driving wheel is used ),regeneration 'External lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning. When the vehicle is stopped and plugged into a charging station, the microprocessor generates a charging algorithm for the battery and controls the charger. In the most sophisticated system' It is also possible to store navigation information in the memory of the microprocessor and process it by the microprocessor to provide the driver with navigation fingers and also generate information about the condition of the vehicle and battery and how to drive the vehicle. This information can then be kept in reprogrammable memory. The above enables driving: getting the reliance on the remaining distance before the battery needs to be recharged (if the driver continues to drive in the same way). Also reminder Any functional problems the driver has with the vehicle. The system also considers the state of charge to be 20% of the charge for dry speed, distance traveled, state of charge, and miles "used" from the battery) The charger in operation and the driver's instruments for internal and external air temperature provide information. Ten comprehensive energy management systems need to control the vehicle including: lighting, defogging, All auxiliary systems, including de-icing and seat heating. For safety reasons = and to allow the use of standard components, the system often operates at a much lower voltage than the main battery. These systems currently require 12 V However, ^ 98191.doc -36- 200531859 More and more designers suggest to promote these systems (even in traditional cars) to a 42 V power supply. Low electric mill operation can also be used for all small motors, and Solenoids are used everywhere in the vehicle to lock doors, open windows, adjust seats, and other convenient functions. However, the air conditioner ink shrink machine will operate at full main battery voltage to avoid if this high power system The conversion loss that will occur in low-voltage operation. The configuration & complexity of electronic controllers and f-force sub-elements in any control system is affected by a number of special factors, not only for the intended use. Number of motors). The general electric vehicle design has ―, two motors, or four motors in the case of a wheeled horse. Multiple motors effectively eliminate the need for gear replacement: as a way to optimize efficiency, as this is too complicated. Generally used: Each driving motor needs to use a motor driven circuit and separate fixed ratio planetary gears for each motor. This can adjust the torque between the two motors when the vehicle turns to make the β inner wheel decrease and increase on the outer wheel. Because the vehicle may turn to another side, the loss of power to the motor is also a potential problem, and the control system must be programmed to consider safety issues. Worrying about this problem, because this is a major factor that controls the complexity of the shadow system. Other factors include the use of the gearbox, so the change is best controlled by the power transmission to the shovel # α. When a two-moving motor or power regeneration is required during braking, the power electronics must be controlled to take one of the promising direct-wheel-drive configurations for electric Im. Four-wheel independent 98191.doc • 37- 200531859 vertical drive electric vehicle . The incorporation of a motor in each wheel increases the number of drive motors in the vehicle, thereby reducing the required power and each individual hybrid motor = mass. Four-wheel independent drive vehicles require a distributed control system that can deliver appropriate control to each individual drive motor. The need for a distributed control system may seem like a deficiency at first, but it should be noted that the traditional four-wheel drive system also requires a relatively complicated control system to adjust the performance of the transmission system. In addition, modern traditional four-wheel mechanisms and transmission systems are mechanically complex and expensive to manufacture. The complexity required to implement control in an electric four-wheel independent drive system can be reduced to program the microcontroller chip. New dedicated motor topologies will be continuously developed. The boundaries between motor design and motor control are becoming less visible. With the continuous development of computer and power electronics technology, the design of motors for the control of materials is becoming more common. This approach of mixing electrical and mechanical design with control technology will provide new opportunities for motor designers to specialize and control management papermakers, enabling them to work together to develop stronger and more efficient electric vehicle drive systems. In the European states, the United States, Canada and many other countries, the government has encouraged research and development of electric vehicles. -Some governments provide tax incentives for consumers to buy electricity and other vehicles. The power of American Petroleum and the role of manufacturers in meetings cannot be ignored. But electric cars are often treated as aid. • A type of a moving motor can be used as M t ^ # under the condition that its control circuit is properly designed, which enables regenerative braking in most electric vehicles. In fact, in 1987, the electric 98I91.doc -38- 200531859 touring car shown by M. A. Da_q in Paris used regenerative braking for the first time. Many modern electric vehicles also use regenerative braking. Allowing the wheels of a car to mechanically overdrive the drive motor can turn the motor into a generator. Sufficient loading of the motor / generator can generate a strong braking force for these wheels. In order to be more efficient, regenerative braking 'must be applied over the entire operating range of the car while the mechanical brake is only used as a safety backup. When used under the # condition, the basic system is to avoid the motor from being overkill. Equally important is that the battery is able to absorb the returned energy at the highest required level. This situation may be a problem for some battery types. In this case, τ can require a facility that automatically switches to dynamic brake 4, where the quantity is dissipated to the resistor instead of returning to the battery. In terms of energy, 'it is difficult to recover about 10% to 15% of the energy far more than the total energy used to propel the car by regenerative braking. However, this situation may be of considerable value in view of the strict restrictions imposed on large distances in electric vehicles. For many years, large car manufacturers focused only on gasoline engines. However, with in-flight computers, new materials, and new ideas, the technology used to merge electric and gasoline vehicles has slowly begun to emerge. This combination is ideal in many ways. The electric motor has a high torque, which makes the car roll almost immediately. When operating at a constant speed (for example, to generate electricity), a car engine is more efficient. If electric power is used, electric power can be generated when braking, and then recaptured otherwise it will be lost as heat. Today, almost every automaker is investing in hybrid systems.

Toyota 及 Honda 以 其並馬卩的混合式汽車T〇y〇ta prius及 98191.doc -39- 200531859Toyota and Honda use their hybrid vehicles Toya prius and 98191.doc -39- 200531859

Honda Insight及隨後的卜丨训開闢出混合式汽車製造之路。 並聯的混合式汽車在該動力機構中組合汽油引擎與電動馬 達。 結果產生由汽油引擎提供動力之車輛，因為，其係驅動 該等車輪或驅動向該電動馬動供電（直接或經由該電池）的 發電機之引擎。但是，該引擎之大小僅如其需要之大小。 其甚至並非-直運行，而且若要求突然加速，則該汽油引 擎與電動馬達共同承擔該負載。 在PHus之類的混合式車輛中，該引擎完全靠汽油運行， 而從不需要***該動力系統之電性部分來充電。沒有束 缚，也無需等待。可以在任何地方任何一般的加氣站充滿 汽油。 然後’對於混合式車（如Prius)的車主與駕驶者以及對於 裒i兄而。真貫的優點在於數字上。Prius内部大得足以達 到EPA中型種類之標準，正如了。帅—樣。其在約w秒鐘内 從0加速到60 mph(約等於四汽缸的T〇y〇ta Camry)，並在每 加侖50英里之半全距中能節約燃料。 此優點使得Toyota Prius成為美國銷售的任何中型車輛中 燃料效率最高的車輛。而且其提供的組合里程率係其最大 競爭者之二倍。此外，Prius已被認證為sulev，或「廢氣 排放極低的超級車輛」。 2004款Toyota 1>如可能有資格成為當今製造出的最成熟 之混合式車。2004年Prius具有一 78馬力的15升、四汽缸汽 油引擎。該引擎係、連接成直接經由—變速器來驅動該等^ 98191.doc -40- 200531859 輪、、，而且，無論何時只要該引擎在運行’則其亦驅動令該 電池保持充電狀態之一發電機。該發電機按需要向該㈣ 馬達或該電池提供電力。 _二响何日可只要Pnus停下來，該汽油引擎便關閉。此舉表 不當處於交通擁塞或受阻於停止信號時不會有不必要的閒 置或燒料浪費。當以一般速度從閒置狀態開始加速以及加 速達到半全距速度時，PHus係由該電動馬達來提供動力， 而由該電池對該電動馬達進行饋送。 提==電池電荷時，該汽油引擎藉由向該電動發電機 “、：：來作出回應，從而對該電池進行重新充電。一旦 南速度並在—般條件下驅動，該引擎以其分離的動 :運仃：此動力之部分到達該發電機，進而供應該電動 馬違，而部分動力則驅動該等車輪。 序::=τ引擎切換為該電動馬達及返回切換之程 、紐約卡通畫描述—汽車銷售員向-對感 /、趣的夫婦解說並聯的混合式車，他這樣說道：「該車靠^ =::汽油提供動力之引擎來運行直至它產生負疚感:、 此日守匕切換到電池動力。」 制成伴拉n i將來自5亥引擎的上述二動力串流之分配控 2保持农有效的均衡。若產生突然加速之需求，例如公 =機動動作或從閒置狀態較快地起動，則該汽油引擎 /、邊電動馬達皆驅動該等車輪。 及其他類型的減速期間’則將該運動車輛之動 此轉換成電能’然後將此電能儲存於該電池内。任何時候 9819 丨.doc -41 - 200531859 皆:直監視該電池之充電狀態，而且任何需要的時候便由 该汽油引擎來向該發電機提供動力以進行必需的充電。 像並聯的混合式車一樣，串聯混合車型亦兼具一汽油引 =-電動馬達。然而，並非在該傳動系統中具有該汽油 引擎，而僅由§亥電動馬達來驅動該等車輪。 热悉的串聯混合車型係柴油電動鐵路機車。該等機車 具有龐大的柴油引擎來驅動為電動馬達提供電力之發電 機，而該荨電動馬達進而驅動該等車輪。該柴油引擎在且 速度範圍内操作，並經由該等電動馬達而完成該 速度之改變。此舉使得動力機構具有很高的燃料效率 而且很可靠。 千 =是一旦火車奔㈣來’則其往往總會以相當固定的 ^::二气車的—般驅動循環中條件之變化使得串聯混 …面鄰某些挑戰。可能基於此原因，串聯 未找到其生產之方法，或者甚至根本不可能生產。 笔動馬達之另一優點存甘女处丄 接…^ 幾乎任何引擎速度來 如供動力。儘管必須使内燃引 來獲得最大動力，―電動轉速至^的rpm速度 接、心較低的速度來提供 Γ此舉使得電動車1 兩具有很強的從停止狀 引擎所不可比擬的性Γ 等及其他特徵提供汽油 電動車存在的問題 日士交通運輪業的未來。」與1899年提出此表述 此表述仍然正確。電動車天然的係清潔、安 98I9I.doc -42- 200531859 Γ ’而^重要的係、效率高。但是，為什麼電動車之希望 從未獲彳于Λ現呢？為什麼 油引擎來提供動力呢？ 一上4千母輛車皆採用汽 市場已證明，出於時間因素以及此外由於電動車不能以 目问或更低的成本來提供相同或更好的性能，因此電動車 車°因此’上述情況使得非常 茜要一種能與汽油車競爭甚至優於汽油車之電動力。 1，有限的最大行程 —。夕數專家相彳s ’電動車之主要缺點在於其有限的最大 2程°甚至在20世紀早期’汽車購f者便因為主要欲獲得 =國「旅行」的能力而將汽油車之選擇列於電動車之上。 =家相信’汽車購買者將堅持在重新充電之前的最大 取夕應為”,勺250央里。當前電池技術由於未克服電池成 尺寸及重置之障礙，因此還未能接近該最大行程。 ，於電不易儲存或運輸，因此電動車輛所面鄰的大問題 糸=大行程（―單次充電能行駛的里程）與重新充電時間。由 於冷天或熱天、陡坡及其他車輛動力要求（例如，除霜及* 氣調節器）而使得最大行程複雜化。電池最大行程在從小於 央里(錯酸）至約英里（録氯電池、辞空氣電池、鐘離 子電池）範圍内變化。 产重新充電時間之變化範圍亦較廣。重新充滿電可能要花 攸:至六小時，然後某些技術能在15分鐘的短時間裏獲得 田大的重新充電(鎳基)'總而言之，在大多數專家看來， 、也电動車仍然不普遍而一直主要係佔有利基市場，因為 9819l.doc -43- 200531859 3亥等最大行程及重新充電問題尚未解決。 基於此原因，並聯的混合式及燃料單元車輛_其不存在最 大订私問題.受到汽車製造商及政客們的青睞。僅採用電池 之電動車似乎幾乎已被大汽車製造商以及任何人（除忠誠 的但很小的電動車逑一族）所放棄。 2·伤量重、體積大、昂貴的電池及汽車Honda Insight and subsequent training opened the way for hybrid car manufacturing. A parallel hybrid vehicle combines a gasoline engine and an electric motor in this powertrain. The result is a vehicle powered by a gasoline engine, because it is an engine that drives the wheels or a generator that powers the electric horse (directly or via the battery). However, the engine is only as large as it needs to be. It is not even straight-forward, and if sudden acceleration is required, the gasoline engine shares the load with the electric motor. In hybrid vehicles such as PHus, the engine runs entirely on gasoline, and never needs to be plugged into the electrical part of the power system to charge. No bondage, no waiting. It can be filled with petrol at any general filling station anywhere. Then ‘for owners and drivers of hybrid vehicles (such as Prius) and for 裒 i brothers. The virtue of truthfulness lies in the numbers. The Prius is large enough to meet the EPA's mid-size standards, just as it is. Handsome-like. It accelerates from 0 to 60 mph (approximately equal to the Toyota Camry of a four-cylinder) in about w seconds, and saves fuel at half a full distance of 50 miles per gallon. This advantage makes the Toyota Prius the most fuel-efficient of any medium-sized vehicle sold in the United States. And the combined mileage offered by it is twice that of its biggest competitor. In addition, Prius has been certified as a sulev, or “super vehicle with extremely low exhaust emissions”. The 2004 Toyota 1 > may qualify as the most mature hybrid car manufactured today. The 2004 Prius had a 78-horsepower 15-liter, four-cylinder gasoline engine. The engine is connected to drive the wheels directly through a transmission. 98191.doc -40- 200531859 wheels, and, whenever the engine is running, it also drives a generator that keeps the battery charged. . The generator provides power to the ㈣ motor or the battery as needed. _ Erxiang Heri As long as Punus stops, the gasoline engine shuts down. The meter will not be unnecessarily idle or wasted when improperly in traffic congestion or blocked by a stop signal. When the acceleration is started at an ordinary speed from an idle state and the acceleration reaches a half-full-range speed, the PHus is powered by the electric motor, and the electric motor is fed by the battery. When the battery charge is raised, the gasoline engine recharges the battery by responding to the motor generator ", ::. Once the south speed is driven under normal conditions, the engine is separated by its Movement: Operation: Part of this power reaches the generator, which in turn supplies the electric horse, and part of the power drives the wheels. Sequence: = τ The engine is switched to the electric motor and the process of returning to the switch, New York cartoon Description—The car salesman Xiang-yue / Fun couple explained the parallel hybrid car, he said: "The car runs on a ^ = :: gasoline-powered engine until it feels guilty :, The dagger switches to battery power. "The companion companion will keep the distribution control 2 of the above-mentioned two power streams from the 5Hai engine to maintain an agriculturally effective balance. If there is a demand for sudden acceleration, such as a maneuver or a quick start from an idle state, the gasoline engine / side electric motor both drive the wheels. And other types of deceleration periods 'then convert the movement of the moving vehicle into electrical energy' and then store this electrical energy in the battery. At any time 9819 丨 .doc -41-200531859: directly monitor the battery's charging status, and whenever necessary, the gasoline engine will provide power to the generator to perform the necessary charging. Like a parallel hybrid vehicle, a serial hybrid vehicle also has a gasoline engine =-electric motor. However, instead of having the petrol engine in the transmission system, the wheels are driven only by the electric motor of § HAI. The well-known series hybrid models are diesel-electric railway locomotives. These locomotives have huge diesel engines to drive generators that provide power to electric motors, and the electric motors in turn drive the wheels. The diesel engine is operated in a range of speeds, and the speed change is done via the electric motors. This makes the powertrain highly fuel efficient and reliable. Thousands = once the train ran, it would always be quite fixed ^ :: two-gas car-the change in the conditions of the general driving cycle makes the series mixed ... adjacent to some challenges. It may be for this reason that Tandem has not found a method for its production, or it may not even be possible at all. Another advantage of the brush motor is that it can be connected ... ^ Almost any engine speed is like power. Although the internal combustion must be induced to obtain the maximum power, the electric speed to rpm and the lower speed to provide Γ This makes the electric vehicle 1 have a strong incomparability from the stop-like engine Γ, etc. And other features that provide problems with gasoline-electric vehicles. The future of Japan ’s transportation and shipping industry. With the formulation made in 1899, this formulation is still correct. The natural system of electric vehicles is clean and safe 98I9I.doc -42- 200531859 Γ and important systems are highly efficient. But why has the hope of electric vehicles never been realized? Why does an oil engine provide power? One thousand or four mother vehicles are used in the automotive market. It has been proven that, due to time and because electric vehicles cannot provide the same or better performance at a visual or lower cost, electric vehicles have therefore It makes Qianxi want an electric power that can compete with or even better than gasoline cars. 1. Limited maximum travel —. Evening experts say that the main disadvantage of electric vehicles is that they have a limited maximum of 2 trips. Even in the early 20th century, car buyers listed gasoline vehicle choices because they mainly wanted to obtain the ability to travel in the country. Above the electric car. Jia believes that 'the purchaser of a car will insist that the maximum value before recharging is 250 ri. The current battery technology has not approached the maximum travel because the obstacles to battery size and resetting have not been overcome. It is not easy to store or transport electricity, so the big problems facing electric vehicles are 大 = large travel (―miles that can be driven on a single charge) and recharge time. Due to cold or hot weather, steep slopes and other vehicle power requirements ( For example, defrosting and * air regulators) complicate the maximum travel. The maximum travel of the battery ranges from less than 0.5 miles (acid acid) to about miles (chlorine batteries, air batteries, clock ion batteries). The recharging time also varies widely. Recharging can take up to six hours, and then some technologies can get Tianda's recharging (nickel-based) in 15 minutes. In short, in most According to experts, electric vehicles are still not common and have been mainly in the niche market, because the maximum travel and recharging problems such as 9819l.doc -43- 200531859 3 Hai have not yet been resolved. For this reason, parallel hybrid and fuel cell vehicles do not have the biggest problem of private booking. They are favored by automakers and politicians. Battery-only electric vehicles seem to have been almost adopted by large automakers and anyone else (except Loyal but very small electric car family) 2. Heavy injuries, large, expensive batteries and cars

I先’任何電動車中的薄弱環境係電池。電池有六個顯 著問題’必須使該等問題彼此相對平衡。對於用於電動車 之一般的鉛酸電池包，該等問題適用，其係： 重量（一般的鉛酸電池包重L000磅或更重） 體積（某些汽車具有多達50個電池，每 6"χ8"χ6") 電池尺寸皆為 有限的今罝（對於僅約5〇英 您舨蚨大仃程，常小到12 至1 5千瓦小時之電容量） 充電緩慢（一般四至十小時） 有限的過度放電/重新充雷滅/ 里坷兄電循％使用期（3〇〇至5〇〇 使用期短（一般為三至四年） 昂貴（最便宜的一類係錯酸電池包，約2,_美元） 電池技術之成本差異在相♦ 甘子曰田大転度上，使得對 昂貴的技術具有更長的使用期 、 〇 便用期錢而重新充電時間更快之 二能就較高的預付費作出取捨。例如，在以上範例中， 可-使用更昂貴的鎳氫電池來取代該等船酸電 之最大行程將翻倍而該等φ ' μ /飞車 W電池之使用期將 亦將高出10至15倍。 成本 9819I.doc •44- 200531859 由於高級電池（後趙_ „ (像鎳風及鋰離子電池）獲得改進而且使用 更廣’因此該等電池之卢故收 电也之仏格將下降。但是，一般地，用於 車輛之所有電池技術仍然遠比如今的内燃引擎昂責，而且 對：在大市場上競爭的電動車而言仍係一大缺點。 藉由一比較，可顯示該真正問題。二加侖的汽油重約15 磅，成本約$3·00,而且僅需要約半分鐘便能吸進油箱M，_ 碎錯酸電池盘該箄-如a * ,丄μ — 同况油寺效，而l，〇〇〇石旁錯酸電池之 成本為$2,000且要花四至十小時來重新充電。 電池重量及H積往往給電動車設計帶來报大問題。重量 能任何車輛之性能皆有相當大的影響。此情況給以電池2 唯一動力源之電動車帶來一特定問題。 對於一般的小型電動車，要獲得100 km的最小可接受之 最大行程，目前需要__上之錯酸電池，約2帆二 氫（NiMH)電池或約丨2G kg之㈣子⑹離 該電池-開始便充滿電且在旅程結束前放電至 (「SOC」）20%之最低特定位準。 一般的電動車設計具有電池及其相關電馬達及控 制器。所有電池車都表明，該等電池、馬達及控制器之重 量約為傳統汽車中等效的内燃引擎、傳動“及燃料的二 倍之多。該等組件之重量及成本與僅採用電池的電動車之 最大行程限制相結合，使得僅採用電池的電動車在過去數 十年以及20世紀早期注定難逃商業厄運。 此外’此額外重量產生-複合效果。必須使用較強且因 此較重的結構組件來支樓集中的電池重量並提供足夠的撞 98191.doc -45- 200531859 擊保T。作為粒略的經驗法則，對於額外的每一公 統重菫，必須添加至少0·3 k ^ —去蚊触L g 〇構重此情況使得車輛 增加約2 G %並引起性能之對應損失。 當使用高級電池時，此增量減 認相同的有限最Jw , 但是僅限於承 t係不… 酸來提供動力之車輛而 &的）之情況。若利用該等高級電池之最佳能量 岔又以使用更多的電池並增 驅動之重量缺I 取大作，則不會消除電動 成=:的電動車-使用輕型材料、改進的動力結構以及 之車輛。… U與其汽油引擎等效物相比 -匕舉不能移除由於電池相對 量密度而料大行㈣成的嚴格限制。 有較低此 Ζί的!!體積給電動車設計帶來另—大問題。一汽油 相。3之此置相當於一鉛酸電池的每千 100多倍。汽油包含 *用特疋Μ之 密度之2〇多倍。因ΓΓ 每公升體積有用能量 因此，電池之重量與體積 統汽車之油箱。 肩通边大於傳 :務上，此情形意味著許多電動車 而僅能载送二人。高纽當'“甘 “所而之空間 般地，掛… 在某種程度上改善此狀況。- ;目同的儲存能量，鎳氫電池目 錯酸電池需要的體積小40% =體積比 小60%以上。㈣；φ 比键離子電池需要的體積 鋰離子電池之另一優點係， 性的箱構造而將其形成為不同形狀。 …使用徺 針對最小重I β Μ 1 及體積之設計往往使車辅設計之成本顯著 98l9l.doc •46· 200531859 增加。例如’ Honda Insight具有高級鋁組件與abs合成物以 使得主體重量比一可比的鋼主體減輕4〇%。同樣，H〇nda聲 稱，已藉由使用引擎本體與連接棒之專門構造以及將鋁、 鎂及塑膠用於引擎組件而使得所使用的内燃引擎之重量減 輕 3 0%。 此高級設計大大增加了成本。該等目前生產混合式車（特 別係Honda及Toyota)之製造商必須為其混合式車輛之真正 成本提供超過5 0 %的津貼以使得成本降至普通大眾將願意 租賃或購買之水準。 3 ·低動力 電動車之一缺點係缺乏用於從一停止狀態開始加速以及 用於穿越之動力。由於重量、電池動力產生率之問題及其 ，問題，而將許多電池電動車限制為^至如秒鐘内速度為 每小時零至六十英里。此速度已慢得足以使許多消費者失 去對電動車之興趣。 4 ·條件變化產生低效率 可將電動馬達設計成在一有限的速度範圍内很有效地操 作。在此範圍外，其报快會失效。因此，儘管電動馬達在 里α條件下可能具有高於8〇%之效率，而在一般變動的驅First, the weak environment in any electric vehicle is a battery. There are six significant problems with batteries' that must be balanced against each other. For general lead-acid battery packs used in electric vehicles, these questions apply: Weight (typical lead-acid battery packs weigh L000 pounds or more) Volume (some cars have up to 50 batteries, each 6 " χ8 " χ6 ") The battery sizes are all limited today (for a long journey of only about 50 Angstroms, usually as small as 12 to 15 kWh of capacity) Charging slowly (usually four to ten hours) Limited Over-discharge / Recharge thunder / Li Li brother electric cycle% use period (300 to 5,000 short use period (generally three to four years) expensive (the cheapest type is an acid battery pack, about 2 , _USD) The difference in the cost of battery technology is relative to the amount of battery technology, which makes longer use of expensive technology, so it can be recharged faster and the recharge time can be higher. Prepayment is a trade-off. For example, in the above example, the more expensive nickel-metal hydride batteries can be used to replace the maximum trips of the acid batteries of these ships will be doubled and the lifetime of these φ 'μ / Flying W batteries will also be It will be 10 to 15 times higher. Cost 9819I.doc • 44- 200531859 As advanced batteries (such as nickel wind and lithium-ion batteries) have been improved and used more widely, the quality of these batteries will also decline. However, in general, all Battery technology is still far more responsible than today's internal combustion engines, and it is still a major disadvantage for electric vehicles competing in large markets. A comparison shows the real problem. Two gallons of gasoline weigh about 15 pounds The cost is about $ 3.00, and it only takes about half a minute to suck into the fuel tank M, _ broken acid battery trays 箄-such as a *, 丄 μ — the same as the oil temple effect, and 1,00 〇 beside the stone The cost of a staggered acid battery is $ 2,000 and it takes four to ten hours to recharge. Battery weight and H product often cause major problems for electric vehicle design. Weight can have a considerable impact on the performance of any vehicle. This situation gives Battery 2 The only source of power for electric vehicles poses a specific problem. For a typical small electric vehicle, to obtain a minimum acceptable maximum travel distance of 100 km, currently an acid battery is needed, about 2 sails of dihydro (NiMH ) Battery or about 2G kg Fully charged from the beginning of the battery and discharged to the lowest specified level ("SOC") of 20% before the end of the journey. A typical electric vehicle design has a battery and its associated electric motor and controller. All battery vehicles indicate that, These batteries, motors, and controllers weigh twice as much as the equivalent internal combustion engines, transmissions, and fuels in conventional automobiles. The weight and cost of these components are combined with the maximum travel limits of electric vehicles using only batteries This makes battery-only electric vehicles doomed to escape commercial doom in the past few decades and the early 20th century. In addition, 'this extra weight produces a composite effect. Stronger and therefore heavier structural components must be used to support concentrated batteries Weight and provide enough hit 98191.doc -45- 200531859 to hit T. As a rule of thumb, for each additional system weight, you must add at least 0.3 k ^-mosquito-repellent contact L g 〇 This weight increases the vehicle by about 2 G% and causes a corresponding loss in performance. When using advanced batteries, this increase subtracts the same finite minimum Jw, but only in the case of vehicles that do not… acid to power the vehicle). If the best energy fork of these advanced batteries is used to increase the weight of the drive and increase the weight of the drive, I will make a masterpiece, the electric vehicle will not be eliminated =: electric vehicles-using lightweight materials, improved power structure and vehicle. … U compared to its gasoline engine equivalent-a dagger cannot remove the severe restrictions that are expected to occur due to the relative bulk density of the battery. There is a lower this! The volume brings another big problem to the design of electric vehicles. One gasoline phase. This position is equivalent to more than 100 times per thousand of a lead-acid battery. Gasoline contains more than 20 times the density of used special TM. Because ΓΓ has useful energy per liter volume, the weight and volume of the battery are the fuel tanks of automobiles. The shoulder pass is bigger than the pass: In fact, this situation means that many electric vehicles can only carry two people. The space where Gao Niudang's "Gan" is, in general, hangs ... This situation is improved to some extent. -; For the same stored energy, nickel-metal hydride batteries need 40% less volume = more than 60% less volume. Φ; φ than the volume required for bond-ion batteries Another advantage of lithium-ion batteries is that they are formed into different shapes due to the flexible box structure. … Using 徺 Designs for minimum weight I β Μ 1 and volume often make the cost of auxiliary design significantly increase 98l9l.doc • 46 · 200531859. For example, ‘Honda Insight’ has advanced aluminum components and abs composites to reduce the weight of the body by 40% compared to a comparable steel body. Similarly, Honda claims that the weight of the internal combustion engine used has been reduced by 30% through the special construction of the engine body and connecting rods and the use of aluminum, magnesium, and plastic for engine components. This advanced design adds significant cost. Those manufacturers who currently produce hybrid vehicles (especially Honda and Toyota) must provide a subsidy of more than 50% of the true cost of their hybrid vehicles to bring the cost down to a level where the general public would be willing to lease or purchase. 3 · Low power One disadvantage of electric vehicles is the lack of power for accelerating from a stopped state and for crossing. Due to the problems of weight, battery power generation rate, and problems, many battery electric vehicles are limited to a speed of zero to sixty miles per hour in seconds. This speed has been slow enough to deprive many consumers of their interest in electric vehicles. 4 · Low efficiency due to changing conditions The electric motor can be designed to operate efficiently within a limited speed range. Outside this range, its report will fail. Therefore, although the electric motor may have an efficiency higher than 80% under the condition of α,

循環中電動馬達之效率可能降至小於$ 〇 % C 各類電動馬達之間的該等效率差異可能报大。由於折衷 難^避免，因此為汽車製作一實用的電動推進系統之一嘗 式（第5,549,172號美國專利案;)走向極端而在該汽車内使用 —馬達。 9819l.d〇c •47· 200531859 3亥發明認識収有任何現存的馬達在汽車操作條件之整 個範圍内具有报好的性能。因此，該發明設法藉由將一極 ^的低速馬達與-極有效的高逮料組合而使整體系統 彳月匕升級。，明顯的優點係需要二個完整的分離電動馬達。 5 ·輪車又式馬達存在之問題 設計者相信輪數或「輪數式」馬達為電動車提 ==構。將一電動馬達放在該車輪内使得能直接驅 何動力機構。其還減少該電動馬達所佔據 直，μ 一疋將一重型馬達放在-輪内增加彈性簧下質 里，此舉可能係汽車操控之一關鍵因素。 、、 ::驅動輪系統由無需任何***齒輪或懸吊 驅動輪之一馬達驅動器。因此，該馬達驅動Ϊ 關係。 冑幻妾的-對-之對應 此配置使得該傳動系統明顯簡化，但 吊特徵。在-傳統的驅動系統(電或内燃)中==懸 的非餐载質量#'該等輪及該傳動系統之_八 地’直接輪驅動系統中的驅動馬達係 ：。-般 質量。 輛之。卩分非簧載 大多數電動馬達及所有内燃^擎皆過重而不能 之主體移除以及併入該等驅動輪之—或多^ 〇λ輛 電動馬達適用於-直接輪驅動系統，其二。為使- 低的質量及-較高的轉矩對質量比。此外^古有一相對較 達必須具有與處於一驅動輪附近或在 ^輪驅動馬 勒輪内的位置一 98191.doc -48- 200531859 致之實體尺寸。 汽車輪過重料對w騎駛產生若切p該車輛之 弹貪下重量越高，則該懸吊彈簧在車輛拐f或發生 情況下將麼縮及延伸的力量越大。此料起該懸吊裝置之 過度運動，而使得乘坐不較使得拐彎心太能緊握抓 手。此外’較高的彈簧下重量需要剛性避震器來控制過度 的辦簧運動’此舉亦能起到實現剛性、苛刻乘坐之作用。 此問題似乎不-定係A問題。但是，會產生實質上的影 響且難以克服該等影響。基於此原因，通用汽車已質疑， 輪轂馬達在其Aut〇nomy概念汽車中是否將可行。 6· Φ聯混合式車存在之問題 將-汽油引擎用作一電源以產生電力用於完全電動的傳 動系統’能解決電池電動車所面臨的最大行程問題。但是 串聯，合式車使得汽油引擎及電動馬達之優點皆變弱，而 且使仔IW之產生此二者的某些缺點。例如，汽油/電動混合 式汽車仍將造成污染°此情形使得汽油/電動混合式汽車對 於僅電動的區域而言並不合格。 串聯混合式車輛需要該汽車機載之一汽油引擎與一電動 馬達’從而會增加重量、佔據空間，而且最重要的係增加 成本在α車内有一汽油引擎，即便僅係用於產生電力， 亦而要固疋a午多以油引擎子系統。可能該等二系統之任何 、白不會允&午没叶成與二者之優點皆匹配或設計成使整 個車輛像僅具有一系統的車輛一樣便宜。 串耳“匕°式車之另—問題係該重量。該汽車必須載送該 9819 丨.doc •49- 200531859 電動馬達、該發電機、該汽油引擎及該等電池之重量。由 於需要的電池並不像電池電動車中需要的一樣多，因此節 省了一些重量。但是，-完整尺寸的電動馬達加上一 1〇千 瓦的發電機可能重達數百磅。 電力公用設施不喜歡串聯混合性，因為串聯混合性不從 該電網汲取動力而因此不會帶來任何新的業務。任何石油 公司皆不會對每加舍汽油能跑80英里甚至更多之汽車感到 興奮。最後，工程師常常發現混合式車在概念上有趣但實 際上過於複雜。 7 ·並聯混合式車存在之問題 /聯混合式汽車需要複雜的控制系統及控制演算法。該 汽油引擎必須隨駆動條件之變化而高效率地與一或多個電 動馬達匹配。除在㈣的汽車中f要二分離系統外_一汽油 引擎及-或多個電動馬達必須讓該等二分離系統一起運 作。 將一汽油引擎與電動馬達整合於-單一的引擎單下產生 複雜的設計問題。正如一工程師對並聯的混合式車所注意 到的’「其聽起來簡單。嘗試構建一個。並不像人們所想的 那樣容易。」 此外’當有二個推進系統時，該車將會較昂貴。體積的 增加並不使價格大大降低。但是’製造並聯混合式車之價 格很高。比許多人想的要高得多。目前（2003年）市場上The efficiency of electric motors in the cycle may be reduced to less than $ 0% C. These efficiency differences between various types of electric motors may be significant. As compromises are difficult to avoid, one of the ways to make a practical electric propulsion system for a car (U.S. Patent No. 5,549,172;) goes to extremes and uses motors in the car. 9819l.doc • 47 · 200531859 The invention recognizes that the existence of any existing motor has good performance over the entire range of automotive operating conditions. Therefore, the invention seeks to upgrade the overall system by combining a one-pole low-speed motor with a highly effective high-capacity material. The obvious advantage is that two complete separate electric motors are required. 5 · Problems with wheel motors The designer believes that the wheel number or "wheel number" motor is an electric vehicle. Placing an electric motor inside the wheel enables direct drive of the powertrain. It also reduces the electric motor's occupation of straight, μ puts a heavy-duty motor inside the wheel to increase the elastic sprung mass, which may be a key factor in car handling. The drive wheel system is driven by a motor without any need to insert gears or suspend the drive wheel. Therefore, this motor drives the relationship. This configuration makes the drive system significantly simplified, but with hanging features. In-the traditional drive system (electric or internal combustion) == suspended non-meal-carrying mass # 'the wheels and the drive system of the drive system's eight-place' direct-wheel drive system :. -Like quality. Cars. Split unloaded Most electric motors and all internal combustion engines are too heavy to be removed and incorporated into these drive wheels—or more ^ 〇λ electric motors are suitable for-direct wheel drive systems, the second. To make-low mass and-high torque-to-mass ratio. In addition, there must be a relative size that is close to a driving wheel or in a position of a driving wheel of a wheel. 98191.doc -48- 200531859 If the weight of the car wheel is too heavy for riding, the higher the weight of the vehicle's bullet, the greater the force that the suspension spring will shrink and extend when the vehicle turns f or occurs. This material results from the excessive movement of the suspension device, so that the ride is not so good that the turning center can hold the gripper too tightly. In addition, “higher spring weight requires rigid shock absorbers to control excessive spring movement”. This can also achieve rigid and harsh riding. This problem does not seem to be-A problem. However, there are substantial effects and it is difficult to overcome them. For this reason, GM has questioned whether in-wheel motors will be feasible in its Autonomy concept car. 6. · Problems with Φ-hybrid hybrid vehicles-The use of a gasoline engine as a power source to generate electricity for a fully electric transmission system 'can solve the maximum travel problem faced by battery electric vehicles. However, tandem and hybrid vehicles weaken the advantages of gasoline engines and electric motors, and cause some disadvantages of both of them. For example, gasoline / electric hybrid vehicles will still cause pollution. This situation makes gasoline / electric hybrid vehicles unacceptable for electric-only areas. Tandem hybrid vehicles require a gasoline engine and an electric motor onboard the vehicle, which will increase weight and take up space, and the most important part is the increased cost. There is a gasoline engine in the alpha car, even if it is only used to generate electricity It is necessary to fix the oil engine subsystem at noon. It is possible that any of these two systems will not allow & Wu Meiyecheng to match the advantages of both or be designed to make the entire vehicle as cheap as a vehicle with only one system. Another problem with the “ear” dagger car is the weight. The car must carry the 9819 丨 .doc • 49- 200531859 weight of the electric motor, the generator, the gasoline engine and the batteries. Due to the battery required Not as much as needed in battery electric vehicles, thus saving some weight. However,-a full-sized electric motor plus a 10 kW generator may weigh hundreds of pounds. Electric utilities don't like serial hybridity , Because serial hybridity does not draw power from the grid and therefore does not bring any new business. No oil company will be excited about cars that can run 80 miles or more per gallon of gasoline. In the end, engineers often find that Hybrid vehicles are conceptually interesting but they are actually too complicated. 7 · Problems with parallel hybrid vehicles / Hybrid vehicles require complex control systems and control algorithms. The gasoline engine must be efficient as the dynamic conditions change. Matches one or more electric motors. Except in the car, f requires two separate systems_a gasoline engine and / or multiple electric motors must allow these Separate systems work together. Integrating a gasoline engine with an electric motor—a single engine order creates complex design issues. As an engineer noticed about a parallel hybrid vehicle, “It sounds simple. Try building one. It's not as easy as people think. "Also 'when there are two propulsion systems, the car will be more expensive. The increase in volume does not significantly reduce the price. But the price of 'parallel hybrid cars is very high. Much higher than many thought. Currently (2003) on the market

Honda及Toyota製造出的、、日人』土 ， 衣、出的此合式車係以約相當於其真正生 產成本一半的價格在銷售。 98l91.doc -50- 200531859 :二：此情況不太可能改觀。即便對於數量生產， 格上競爭，或者=二 與傳统的汽油車在價 池的電動車而使得”車變用成本高級電池之僅採用電 侍该寺車變侍可用之情況下亦如此。 合式車之目的—般係使用燃㈣耗最小化，伸 疋於在僅使用電力來滿足零廢氣要求時需要提供 車輛之主要問4係提供二個推進 發現難以弄清如何才能克服此問題[’而且有些人 宜=r’混合式車具有吸引力。技術上講，可將 ”視為沒有人μ養的棄兒。製造料還需要 :的=車有複雜的感情。―一皆已二 達到輔助電力所及之程度。事實上，Τ。肖佈 2年之前在其所有汽車之傳㈣統中皆裝上一 電動馬達。另—古；5V τ^ν. ί 面，DaimlerChrysler的高級管理人 ^取核費時間的混合式車，聲言其新柴油引擎在最大行 程及廢氣控制二方面皆具有優越的潛力。 取後’亚聯混合式車仍不能使在對於多數駕駛者而古很 、曰遍的短途行車時獲得特別高的燃料㈣。某 對於料及郊區駕敬者，所有行程中⑽％皆小-於3英/ 但疋，在駕駛的頭五分鐘期間，並聯混合式車的姆料效 率因其控制廢氣之方式而受到冷起動之影響。（冷起動亦使 得廢氣控制之有效性降低，造成在該系統預熱之前釋放出 许多污染物。） 98191.doc 200531859 將此情形轉換成數字，經美國環保署認證，2〇〇4款This hybrid car manufactured by Honda and Toyota is sold at a price equivalent to about half of its real production cost. 98l91.doc -50- 200531859: Two: This situation is unlikely to change. Even for mass production, competition on the grid, or = two and traditional gasoline cars in the price pool of electric vehicles, so that "cars use the cost of advanced batteries, only use the electric car, the temple car can be used." The purpose of the car is to minimize the use of fuel gas. The main question is that the vehicle needs to be provided when only electricity is used to meet the requirements of zero exhaust. The 4 series provides two propulsion. It is difficult to figure out how to overcome this problem. Some people should consider r 'hybrid vehicles attractive. Technically, "can be regarded as an abandoned child that no one has." Manufacturing materials also need: == The car has complex feelings. ―Everything has been reached to the extent that auxiliary power can reach. In fact, T. Shaw installed electric motors in all of his autobiographical systems 2 years ago. Another — ancient; 5V τ ^ ν. Ί face, the senior manager of DaimlerChrysler ^ take the nuclear time-consuming hybrid vehicle, claiming that its new diesel engine has superior potential in both the maximum range and exhaust gas control. After taking off, the 'Asian Union Hybrid' still cannot achieve a particularly high fuel consumption during short-distance driving, which is very popular for most drivers. For those who are interested in driving in the suburbs, ⑽% in all trips is small-at 3 British / but /, during the first five minutes of driving, the efficiency of the parallel hybrid car is subject to cold start due to its way of controlling exhaust gas. influences. (Cold start also reduces the effectiveness of exhaust gas control, causing many pollutants to be released before the system warms up.) 98191.doc 200531859 Converts this situation into a number, certified by the US Environmental Protection Agency, 2004

PriUS在公路行車時燃料效率為每加侖51英里，而在城市行 車時則為每加命60英里。由於經常性的短途駕驶，因此使 用該汽車之-般城市或郊區駕駛者常常會變得少得多。 測4使用者發現，其在組合的城市/公路駕敬中平均僅 、力每加w 42英里。在其五英里的往返通勤車程中，其平均 僅為每加余31英里。 8. 危險電壓及電流 -般的設計者為使得必須藉由電力電子元件來切換的電 流數量減少以及減少該等動力㈣中的電科所致之損失 而嘗試使用一較高的電池车铋雷厭 私也糸統電壓。但是，安全方面的考 慮在往限制所使用的電壓。大炙叙+ & 土丄 ^ 大夕數皂動車中使用的電壓範 圍介於200 V與350 V之間，儘管p古人请^ 说吕巳有人建s義對於專門的車 輛使用500 V以上的電壓。 ^定言之’安全不僅係與該車輛之撞擊性能相關，而且 還與保護操作者及服務人員免香 一 貝免又電池、馬達及控制系統中 所使用的尚電壓傷害（2〇〇至3 々山 V)有關。嘗試滿足對電動車 之鬲動力要求迫使Hobs〇n在高 摆 门冤壓或兩電流之間作出選 擇。一运項操控起來皆不容易。 9. 所需要的複雜控制 要獲得該車輛推進馬達之充 刀知作並使之與二個完全雷 動的混合式車輛之有效操作協調，便 控制。該等控制必須能夠適 t 0’電子 J遇應耗圍廣泛的操作條件。 同時，其必須使可能彳艮複雜 系統的效率及節約措施 98191.d0l •52- 200531859 最佳化。特定言之，馬達控制及再生制動完全取決於作為 一整合系統而一起操作的電子控制器以及該等電力電子一 件。 電動車輛必須係設計成滿足對最大效率及安全之專門需 要。由於可儲存於電池内的能量與儲存於一汽油箱内的能 量相比數量相對較少，因此效率尤其重要。有些人已嘗試 藉由使用高壓輪胎並針對最小空氣阻力來設計該車輛主體 而使得重量最小化、減小滚動阻力，從而獲得較高的效率。 對用於此控制的軟體之依賴性增強產生一些問題。每一 電腦使用者皆知道，軟體遠比硬體更可能發生故障，而在 驅動狀態（例如，下坡急轉彎）下重新啟動幾乎係不可行的。 於是’汽車之軟體模組亦必須彼此連通並協調。此舉可能 亦會產生安全及可靠性之問題。 美國林林總總的規章制度、知名的汽車製造商及好爭論 的消費者令人眼花繚亂。此情況使得難以引入尚未得到時 間仏驗的複雜控制方案。電動車取決於電子元件。但其不 像屯腦。電腦程式中的錯誤造成麻煩。電動車煞車系統中 的錯誤則可能致人死亡。此情形增加了風險。 針對最小重量及體積之設計往往使車輛設計之成本顯著 增加。例如’ Honda Insight具有高級鋁組件與ABS合成物以 使得主體重量比一可比的鋼主體減輕4〇%。同樣，11〇11心聲 稱，已藉由使用引擎本體與連接棒之專門構造以及將鋁、 鎂及塑膠用於引擎組件而使得所使用的内燃引擎之重量減 輕 3 0%。 98191.doc -53- 200531859 此先進設計大大增加了成本。該等目前生產混合型車（特 別係Honda及Toyota)之製造商必須為其混合型車輛之真正 成本提供@過50。/。的津貝占以使得成纟降至普通a眾將願意 租賃或購買之水準。 此津貼價格已起到作用，其有助於確保美國大眾（以及歐 洲自2_年以來而日本自1998年以來）手中有相當多數量 的混合式車輛。大多數車主看起來對該等車之性能报滿意。 但是’該等混合式車之生產成本尚未降低到讓汽車製造 商獲利之水準（對每一車輛上有效地採用二個推進系統之 -重要挑戰）。在未大大降低該成本之前，難以明白如何能 鎖售大量的混合式車輛以及如何實現使用該等車對環境之 益處。 高不下。隨 ’汽油車亦 之成本降低 ’十年内電 力的汽車競 對於電池電動車，電池之高成本使得價格居 著其生產加速，電動車之價格可能下降。當然 然。有-專家相信’大規模生產可能使電動車 至大大低於當前水準之一半。某些分析家相信 動車將在沒有㈣之情況下與以汽油來提供動 爭0 ‘管此可能係真實情況，㈣動車之價格仍然居“ 可⑨價格^下降便開料了電動車市場。而市場不庚 :佔：格便降不下來。該情形將使得電動車受限於 所佔據的利基市場， 在1 9世紀90年代，電動車順利 ^ _取侍成功。在1_年的知 展不的電動汽車比任何以蒸汽或汽油來提供 98l9l.d< -54- 200531859 動力的車輛都要多。至191〇 含 汽車，其中至少有一輛係電動車的豕庭常常擁有數辆 而！=別對於女性提供行駛的自由，因為其操控容易 而且不會因手動起動器-早期煤氣機車中的曲柄而引起的 頻繁到擦指節、或者甚至斷臂。廣告中讚美該等斑馬車及 汽油，味及噪音相比清潔而安靜的馬達。 *但是，至1920年消費者們已疏遠了電動車。與最 貫際上不受限制的便宜而 ^ 乎太昂貴、動力不足，而且最重要二=:電動車似 格限制。 要的係其取大行程受到嚴 車=程C，、狹窄、緩慢又笨重的㈣ 小部二肖費：：」，識及對自然資源之保護係僅能吸引- 作“數；、。之賣點°同樣’將汽油車轉換成電動車已 乍為-數小公司和嗜好者之家庭式工業 等轉換並未有任何跡囊_ A ，、仁疋，该 能有任何收穫。象场-微小部分汽車市場以外還 較冷及較熱的氣候中(尤其係在較 有很夕棘手的問題。美國東北 加拿大部分地區的寒冷夂天，耗垂大地區以及 作管對於一 、天耗胤大錯電動電池動力。 成的問題有解決方法，但該等解決方法皆 且或白不容易。例如，GM僅在 賃_:此二州冬天的溫度極少會降至零僅租 電池::二’基!二施來處置電動車。只要電動車依靠對 電’，，、稀何％，家庭與電動車停車的地方須有 98191.doc -55- 200531859 =的：電設施可用便並非—樁小事。該可用性可能決定 肩費大伞如何能有效地使用電動車。 a若將燃料電池用作該電動車_電源，則可克服該充電問 4 °然後，僅需要在該車輛上儲存氫或碳氫化合物以對节 燃㈣池進行饋送，而且不需要外部充電。混合式電動車 亦糟由載送其自己的由其熱5ί擎來操作之内部充電器而旁 通該充電問題，儘管此作法要以付出相當高的成本為代價。PriUS has a fuel efficiency of 51 miles per gallon when driving on the road and 60 miles per gallon when driving on the city. Because of frequent short-distance driving, the average urban or suburban driver using the car often becomes much less. Test 4 users found that in the combined city / road driving respect, they averaged only 42 miles per force. Of its five-mile round-trip commute, it averaged just 31 miles per plus. 8. Dangerous voltages and currents-In order to reduce the amount of current that must be switched by power electronic components and reduce the losses caused by the electronics in these power units, try a higher battery car bismuth mine Disgust is not the same as voltage. However, safety considerations are limiting the voltage used. Da Zhi Xie + & 丄 丄 ^ The voltage range used in the Daxishu soap car is between 200 V and 350 V, although the ancients asked, ^ said that Lu Ye has built some special vehicles for 500 V or more. Voltage. ^ The word 'safety' is not only related to the impact performance of the vehicle, but also to protect the operator and service personnel from incense and battery damage (200 to 3 Sheshan V) related. Attempting to meet the power requirements of electric vehicles has forced Hobson to choose between a high swing door pressure or two currents. It is not easy to control a transport item. 9. Complex controls required To obtain sufficient knowledge of the vehicle's propulsion motor and to coordinate it with the effective operation of two fully lightning hybrid vehicles, control is required. Such controls must be able to adapt to the wide range of operating conditions that t 0 ′ electron J encounters. At the same time, it must optimize the efficiency and savings measures of potentially complex systems 98191.d0l • 52- 200531859. In particular, motor control and regenerative braking depend entirely on the electronic controller and the power electronics that operate together as an integrated system. Electric vehicles must be designed to meet specific needs for maximum efficiency and safety. Since the amount of energy that can be stored in a battery is relatively small compared to the energy stored in a gasoline tank, efficiency is particularly important. Some people have tried to achieve higher efficiency by minimizing weight and reducing rolling resistance by using high-pressure tires and designing the vehicle body for minimum air resistance. There are problems with the increased dependency on the software used for this control. Every computer user knows that software is far more likely to fail than hardware, and restarting in a driving state (for example, a sharp downhill turn) is almost impossible. Therefore, the software modules of the automobile must also communicate and coordinate with each other. This may also cause safety and reliability issues. The dazzling array of regulations, well-known car manufacturers, and contentious consumers in the United States is dazzling. This situation makes it difficult to introduce complex control schemes that have not been time tested. Electric vehicles depend on electronic components. But it's not like Tunao. Errors in computer programs are causing trouble. Errors in the electric vehicle's braking system can cause death. This situation increases the risk. Designs for minimum weight and volume often increase the cost of vehicle design significantly. For example, ‘Honda Insight’ has advanced aluminum components and ABS composites to reduce the weight of the body by 40% compared to a comparable steel body. Similarly, 1101 stated that it had reduced the weight of the internal combustion engine by 30% by using the special structure of the engine body and connecting rods and using aluminum, magnesium, and plastic for engine components. 98191.doc -53- 200531859 This advanced design significantly increases costs. Those manufacturers currently producing hybrid vehicles (particularly Honda and Toyota) must provide @over 50 for the true cost of their hybrid vehicles. /. Jinbei accounted for Cheng Cheng to the level that ordinary people would be willing to lease or buy. This subsidy price has worked to help ensure that a significant number of hybrid vehicles are in the hands of the American Volkswagen (and Europe since 2_ and Japan since 1998). Most car owners appear satisfied with the performance of these cars. However, the production cost of these hybrid vehicles has not been reduced to a level that is profitable for automakers (effective use of two propulsion systems per vehicle-an important challenge). It is difficult to understand how to lock up a large number of hybrid vehicles and realize the environmental benefits of using such vehicles without significantly reducing this cost. High. With the cost reduction of ‘gasoline cars’ in the past ten years, for battery electric vehicles, the high cost of batteries has caused prices to accelerate their production, and the price of electric vehicles may fall. Of course. Yes-experts believe that 'massive production may make electric cars much lower than half of the current level. Some analysts believe that motor vehicles will compete with gasoline to provide them without any problems. Although this may be the real situation, the price of motor vehicles is still at the "lower price level" and the electric vehicle market is expected. The market is not grateful: Occupation: the grid will not come down. This situation will make electric vehicles limited to the niche market they occupy. In the 1990s, electric vehicles went smoothly. There are more electric cars than any other vehicle that provides 98l9l.d < -54-200531859 power by steam or gasoline. Up to 1910 including cars, at least one of which is an electric car is often owned by several courts! = Don't provide women with freedom to drive, because it is easy to control and does not frequently rub the knuckles or even break the arm caused by the manual starter-the crank in the early gas locomotive. Zebra carriages and gasoline are praised in the advertisement , Taste and noise compared to clean and quiet motors. * However, by 1920 consumers have alienated electric cars. It is too expensive, underpowered, and most importantly the most unrestricted cheap. =: Electricity Restrictions on moving cars. The main reason is that it takes a big trip and is subject to strict cars = Cheng C. It is narrow, slow, and heavy. The second part of the fee is: ", the protection of natural resources can only attract-for" The selling point of the number is the same. 'The conversion of gasoline vehicles to electric vehicles has already turned into a few small companies and home industries of hobbyists. There is no trace of this. . Field-the small part of the car market is still colder and hotter (especially in the more difficult problems. The cold in parts of Northeast Canada and the United States can cause large areas and problems. The day consumes a lot of wrong electric battery power. There are solutions to the problems, but these solutions are not easy. For example, GM only rents in this state: winter temperatures in this two states will rarely drop to zero. Only renting batteries :: Second 'base! Ershilai disposes of electric vehicles. As long as electric vehicles rely on electricity', there must be 98191.doc -55- 200531859 in places where households and electric vehicles are parked =: Electric facilities are available No — a trivial matter. This availability may determine the shoulders How can a large umbrella effectively use an electric vehicle. A If a fuel cell is used as the electric vehicle's power source, the charging problem can be overcome 4 ° Then, only hydrogen or hydrocarbons need to be stored on the vehicle to save fuel The pool is fed and does not require external charging. Hybrid electric vehicles also bypass the charging problem by carrying their own internal chargers, which are operated by their thermal engine, although this method has to pay a considerable cost For the price.

由於電動車尚未攫取較大的市場份額，因此不存在任何 強大的基礎設計來進行對維護及修理進行處置。目前， Toyota及Honda混合式電動車的許多問題需要將汽車帶到 公司經銷商處才能獲得服務或得到修理。 某些現有的基礎設施，例如服務站及機構，無疑將開始 處置電動車，正如其現在處置汽油車一樣。但是，在道路 上=大量的電動車行駛之前，電動車車主將可能對電動車 與汽油車相比缺乏基礎設施支援而感到失望。Since electric vehicles have not captured a large market share, there is no strong basic design for handling maintenance and repairs. Currently, many problems with Toyota and Honda hybrid electric vehicles require taking the car to a company dealer to get service or get repaired. Certain existing infrastructure, such as service stations and institutions, will undoubtedly begin to dispose of electric vehicles, just as they do now with gasoline vehicles. However, until on the road = a large number of electric vehicles, electric vehicle owners may be disappointed with the lack of infrastructure support for electric vehicles compared to gasoline vehicles.

電動車提出了—些安全及環境方面受到關注的問題。例 如’某些類型的電池中包含的高毒性物質（例如絡酸、鐘及 硫化鈉)可能產生問題。該等材料需要極細緻的處置，其可 能在重新充電期間排放出危險的蒸汽，並可能在有毒素材 料之再循環期間或在因汽車事故而跌落時造成損害。 安全問題係關於在發生事故情況下電引起的火災。哕 等火災可能由於燃燒電池而產生的致命濃煙而難以撲滅二 當然，汽油車也會起火’但早期指示情況係混合式車的火 災安全問題可能更為嚴重。 9819l.doc -56- 200531859 八對軟體之依賴性增加也產生更多安全問題。而電動及混 合車的使用性測試參加者發現，尤其係因為電池及充電， 2使得車_發生故障之可能性增加。儘管大多數專家認為 電動車比汽油車更安全且更可靠，但迄今為止的經驗並未 證實此點。 有*些專家認為電動車之製造及維護成本將會高於汽油 車。製造成本開始將會較高，因為電動車之製造技術並不 2在採用新技術條件下-樣先進n某些人認為生產 電=車之勞動力成本-般將直接或間接地高於生產汽油車 所需之勞動力成本，即使在獲得經驗之情況下。 上儘管電動車之-些維護及修理成本將比汽油車之該等維 ，及修理成本更少’但大電池包之維護及替換可能改變該 等成本。儘管可找到該電池問題之某些解決方式，但最後 卻發現電池成本將超過考慮到的因維護減少而節省的任何 成本。 再生制動可能產生大量的電動力。當汽車從6〇_減速 到停止時’可能產生2卿之多的電。標準電池不能處置 此水準之快速重新充電。 不能在較短的時間週期内將該電量儲存於該電池内。在 許多情況下’僅約5%來自緊急煞車的電可能係儲存於該電 池内。其餘的電則必須以某些其他方式來處置，該等處置 方式需要詩該汽車之另—系統並導致電能之浪費。 在大多數情況下’還必須提供傳統的機械煞車。此舉考 慮到該馬達/發電機低速運行並不能產生足夠的能量來有 98191.doc -57· 200531859 效地令π車煞車之情況。或者當汽車需要保持其在一山坡 上的位置時。 人們可能會認為再生制動能車將會允許使用更輕、成本 更低的機械煞車。不幸的係，此觀點不一定係實際情況。 該等機械煞車必須能夠在該電動推動系統發生故障或在上 面提到之情況下停止該汽車。 主；許夕电丨生推進系統之再生制動可能較複雜且較昂 貝某二清况下此重新捕獲的能量可能报小。該情況使得 -些設計者得出再生制動不具有實施價值之結論。 【發明内容】 本發明係關於一種具有一或多個電動馬達或者發電機之 調適型電動車。較佳的係，至少一馬達或發電機係由二或 更夕电磁電路組成之一調適型電動機器，該等電磁電路係 充分隔離成實質上消除該等電路之間的電磁及電性干擾。、 ::性的係，該電動車可能具有連接至一電動發電機並 敬成具有—或多個電動馬達的一申聯組態之一内燃引 【貫施方式】 本毛明提供-種具有特別的動力、效率及最大行程而價 ^低得合理之調適型電動車或其他電動料。調適型電動 車能精由使其控制系統動態地適應使用者輪人、機械 條件及機械操作參數的變化來提供最佳性能。 " J適型電動車可採取許多形式。此說明書使用的術w 動車」廣義上包括在該傳動系統中具有一電動馬達：心 9819i.doc •58· 200531859 汽車。上述汽車包括電池電動汽車、燃料電池汽車、串捫 混合式汽車、並聯混合式汽車以及可能包括其他類型汽車: 而且該術語「電動車」甚至可能在更廣義上使用，因為 該術語不僅包括汽車，還包括使用一電動馬達來產生其部 分或全部推進動力之任何車輛。其可能係腳踏車、小型摩 托車、汽車、卡車、公共汽車、火車、小艇、船舶、飛機， 甚至宇宙飛船。 更明確5之’稱為「串聯」系統之電動車—般具有直接 安裝於-汽油引擎之一發電機。將來自該引擎之所有動力 皆直接轉換成電能·用於在輪軸或輪端驅動牵引馬達。在— 串聯系統t，在㈣擎與料驅動輪之間無機械驅動路徑。 「並聯」系統保持傳統的機械傳動系統之架構 了藉由電性轉矩而加大引擎今力之& + , 刀大5丨拏馬力之旎力。並聯系統提供串 聯系統中找不到的操作冗餘。該傳統動力能在一電性動力 故障之情況下繼續操作。 ▲ ^離„周適型電動車之馬達和/或發電機電磁電路允許有 ::控制更多獨立參數。此舉使得能最佳化自由度並為電 動車提供比傳統設計更便宜、更小、更輕、動力更強且更 有^的調適型馬達及發電機。總體上’調適型電動車提供 (與汽油車相比)可能更佳的性能_動力、效率、最大行程。 j有調適型輪較式馬達之調適型電動車以較低的非菁載 貝里與較高的轉矩密度輸送較高的功率。該馬達控制系統 可此適應該車_之操作條件（例如，起動、加速、轉彎、敦 車、高速巡行），從而一直提供較高的效率。 98191.doc -59- 200531859 車正個電14'系統之總能量管理允許實行大規模的最佳 一^周適型的架構提高各種車輛之性能，尤其係該等處於 列操作條件而需要獲得最佳效率之車輛。 動^發^㈣”動車提供—電料，財提供特別的 =、效率及及最大行程而其成本具有競爭力。調適型電 2 =有在轉《度及效率方面優於現有電動馬達之一電 2適應範圍廣泛之操作條件，從而其能提供最佳性能 1在：旦疋，可能最重要的係，調適型電動車首次提供 ^在性能與成本二方面與汽油車競爭之-電動車。’、 動馬達來為車純供動力產生真正的問題。操作 需要效率。對電、、也L 有較高的轉矩。巡行 八路卜^ 制使得最大行程受到限制。在 A 穿越需要較高轉矩之高速度叢發。 電= = =_時效率最高。在許多情況下， 留下極小空來操作’而效率提高方面則 ^ r , —疋，其係假定在一很小的操作速度範圍 =作。電動車不適合於該假定。現有電 = 調、成本來滿足電動車之性能要求。 口、，動車可能具有二個特徵能使得在摔 產生高性能及Μ《” "隹知作條件Ιέ圍 現有電動馬逵；7甘先’調適型馬達技術允許明顯比 、（U以可變速度操作者）更高之效率。 :磁電路之調適型控制允許獲得最佳的性能及 諸如電動車之類操作條件變化多端之應用十，調適 98191.doc •60- 200531859 型電動馬達之整體效率可能比先前技術馬達之整體效率言 出50%之多。 w 其次，具有一中央控制器之一調適型電動車可 妯 能Γ官理」策略以使得整個汽車之所有馬達及系統上的效 率取大化。例如，若電池之充電狀態變低，則中央控制器 能偵測到此狀況並切換成一能量保留模式。在該模式中： 該控制器可能限制附件之使用並限制該汽車之電動馬達提 供之動力。此舉將使得效率增加。 由於具有該等特冑，因&一調適型t動馬達有可能在處 於一操作條件範圍時提供特別的效率。此整個特徵使得最 向平均效率在整個轉矩/速度頻譜上得到最佳化。 由於一給定的電池組及所採用的電池技術，使提供動力 給汽車之較高效率電動馬達延長該汽車之最大行程—此為 一大優點。無論在城市或公路上，一般驅動循環達到 以上之動力機構之效率達到90%之目標可實現。 調適型電動馬達及發電機可使用一分佈式架構。此舉允 迕馬達在低電壓（50伏特或更低）下操作時輸送較高的動 力此外，5亥馬達每一相位中的峰值電流可能係限於1〇〇 amp或更少。 即使在该等低電壓及每—相位之低電流下，一組調適型 四輪獨立驅動馬達亦能產生68 kW之動力及2600 Nm之峰 值轉矩，而轉矩密度為217 Nm/kg。現有的馬達技術皆不 月色與之相比。 分佈式的馬達架構由於其低電壓而增強人身安全。在電 98191.doc 200531859 動車中’該等馬達能輸送50伏特或更小之高電力，從而# 使在事故中亦將不會造成致命的震動。現有的電動車—』 卞~'般 在危險得多的電壓（一般從250伏特至500伏特）下操作。 具有分佈式架構之馬達亦藉由提供額外的容錯而增強安 全性。在一緊急情況下’馬達即使在一或多個電磁電路發 生故障之情況下亦能連續操作。 在使用電池或燃料電池之情況下（例如在電動車中），在 較低的系統電壓下操作之馬達允許該電池或燃料電池具有 更少的單元。該較低電壓及分佈式的電流使熱量更容易處 置，因為該熱量在其不太集中時能更容易散逸。而且，藉 由每一相位中的較低電流而產生較少的熱量。 分佈式架構由於允許使用較便宜的電力電子元件，因此 使成本降低。其亦允許以重量輕料線、_及連接器來 製作更小、更輕的馬達。此外’使其可使用成本較低的電 池及燃料電池技術、簡化電池及燃料電池管理及更廣泛的 封裝選項。 具有調適型架構之發電機提供類似於調適型電動馬達之 優點。由於電壓可保持較低以及電流分佈於該發電機的整 個獨立相&，因此，能獲得與採用馬達之情況下一樣的同 類優點。 調適型馬達技術使得在市場上可購得最高轉矩密度。表！ 將-組調適型四輪獨立驅動馬達與用在電動車中的四個其 他馬達相比，從而顯示轉矩密度之差異。 98i91.doc -62- 200531859 機械特徵 調適型馬達設計 馬達1 馬達2 馬達3 馬達4 峰值電力 (kW) 68(4個馬達中每 一馬達中為17 kW) 56 100 150 122(4個馬達中 每一馬達中為 30.5 kW) 峰值轉矩 (Nm) 2600 1069 550 2750 1800 峰值電壓 (伏特） 42 500 300 220 220 有效質量 (kg) 120 2000 86 220 116 轉矩密度 (Nm/kg) 21.7 0.5 6.4 12 15.5 備 註 無刷直流電(四輪 獨立驅動馬達） 刷式 直流電 無刷 交流電 無刷 父流電 無刷交流電（四 輪獨立驅動馬 達） 表1 :將四個1 7kW調適型馬達（總共提供68 kW)之性能 與四個其他傳統馬達相比。 該調適型馬達架構使可用重量及體積之轉矩率最大化。 其南級的磁材料及設計在消除重量之同時保持動力。 高轉矩可能係調適型電動馬達之另一與眾不同之特徵。 傳統的電動馬達不能主動地對轉矩進行很好的管理或於設 計層級對該轉矩產生影響。此係因為針對一特定應用而選 擇一特定類型的傳統馬達在相當大的程度上決定可用轉矩 之輪廓。 相比之下，調適型馬達可能一般不僅具有極高的轉矩， 而且具有高啟動之轉矩。其亦可能允許採用特別的演算法 以在必要情況下增加轉矩，而且一般會主動地管理在該馬 達操作條件的整個範圍内之轉矩。 在操作條件的廣泛範圍内之最佳性能形成最適合於電動 98191.doc -63- 200531859 車之調適型電動馬達及發電機，電動車可能係、對電動馬達 ，未最嚴格之應用。特定言之，調適型馬達以較低的速度 提^較高的轉矩而允許直接驅動而不f要齒輪或變速器。 =為止’幾乎所有電動車與並聯及串聯混合式車皆具有 :變速器、齒@、差動器或類似系統。調適型電動馬達可 能使得不需要所有該等組件。 調適型電料之-範例具有調適型吨獨絲動馬達與 中央控制器。每一馬達皆具有其自己的獨立控制器、電 力電子元件及電池，如圖1所示。 厂在調適型電動車之每一輪内包括調適型馬達提供允許 真正」四輪驅動之一車輛架構。其還提供任何其他電動 車所無法比擬的機動動作可撓性及牽引控制。而且，若需 要還可能單獨在軟體中完成此整體操作。 日士藉由此架構’可獨立地控制每—輪轂式馬達。控制係瞬 蚪的。對每一輪之此獨立且瞬時的牽引控制提供「真正的」 •輪驅動，因為可與任何其他輪不相關地旋轉或停止每— 輪不同的輪甚至能同時以不同的方向旋轉，有些操作在 α ’/由車中幾乎係不可能的。 5亥調適型車之瞬時且獨立 動推進功能。此控制轉換成 明顯優點。首先，調適型輪 來產生高轉矩。 之控制致動許多功能而不僅致 某些勝過汽油及傳統電動車之 轂式馬達能以零及更低的速度 其次’調適型輪轂式馬達既能使車輪加速亦能使之減 。第三，對於加速及減速，調適型馬達之轉矩產生很快 9819l.doc -64- 200531859 又精確。調適型馬達提供快速的頻率回應及較低的慣性。 第四，以與左輪中產生的轉矩相反之方向產生右輪中的 轉矩允許直接的偏航力矩㈣。除僅向肢向料還可向 右及向左，即可在二個方向上運動。 ' 必州"、yju /j; 早奢 上的驅動或煞車轉矩存在 你观汗不確疋。由於一汽油引擎应 車輪之間具有一變速器、罢動 差動裔及其他驅動線組件，t 難以決定施加於該輪上之實 ^ 彻上之只際轉矩。煞車亦難以決Electric vehicles raise concerns about safety and the environment. For example, 'Some types of batteries contain highly toxic substances (such as complex acids, bells, and sodium sulfide) that can cause problems. These materials require extremely detailed disposal, which may emit dangerous vapors during recharging, and may cause damage during the recycling of toxic materials or when they are dropped by a car accident. Safety concerns are about fires caused by electricity in the event of an accident. Fires such as 哕 may be difficult to extinguish due to deadly smoke from burning batteries. II. Of course, gasoline vehicles will also catch fire ', but the early indications are that hybrid vehicles may have more serious fire safety issues. 9819l.doc -56- 200531859 Eight increased dependence on software also creates more security issues. Participants of the usability test of electric and hybrid vehicles found that, especially because of the battery and charging, 2 increased the possibility of vehicle failure. Although most experts consider electric vehicles to be safer and more reliable than gasoline vehicles, experience to date has not confirmed this. Some experts believe that the cost of manufacturing and maintaining electric vehicles will be higher than that of gasoline vehicles. The manufacturing cost will start to be higher, because the manufacturing technology of electric vehicles is not 2 under the condition of adopting new technologies-some advanced n some people think that the cost of producing electric cars = the labor cost of cars-will generally be higher than that of gasoline cars Required labor costs, even with experience gained. Although some maintenance and repair costs of electric vehicles will be lower than those of gasoline vehicles, and repair costs', maintenance and replacement of large battery packs may change these costs. Although some solutions to this battery problem could be found, it turned out that the cost of the battery would exceed any cost savings from reduced maintenance. Regenerative braking may generate a large amount of electric power. When the car decelerates from 60 ° to stop, it can generate as much as 2 electricity. Standard batteries cannot handle this level of fast recharging. This power cannot be stored in the battery for a short period of time. In many cases' only about 5% of the electricity from the emergency brake may be stored in the battery. The rest of the electricity must be disposed of in some other way, which requires the other system of the car and causes waste of electrical energy. In most cases, conventional mechanical brakes must also be provided. This takes into account the fact that the motor / generator running at low speed does not produce enough energy to have 98191.doc -57 · 200531859 effectively braking the π car. Or when the car needs to maintain its position on a hillside. One might think that regenerative braking vehicles will allow the use of lighter and lower cost mechanical brakes. Unfortunately, this view may not necessarily be the case. The mechanical brakes must be able to stop the car if the electric propulsion system fails or in the circumstances mentioned above. Master; Xu Xidian's regenerative braking of the propulsion system may be more complex and more expensive. In this case, the recaptured energy may be small. This situation led some designers to conclude that regenerative braking is not of practical value. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an adaptive electric vehicle having one or more electric motors or generators. Preferably, at least one motor or generator is an adaptive electric machine composed of two or more electromagnetic circuits, and the electromagnetic circuits are sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate electromagnetic and electrical interference between the circuits. , :: Sexual system, the electric vehicle may have an internal combustion engine that is connected to a motor generator and has one or more electric motors in a configuration [implementation method] This Maoming provides-a kind of Special power, efficiency, and maximum travel at a reasonable price. The adaptive electric vehicle can provide the best performance by dynamically adapting its control system to changes in the user's wheels, mechanical conditions, and mechanical operating parameters. " J-size electric vehicles can take many forms. The term "wagon used in this manual" broadly includes cars with an electric motor in the drive train: the heart 9819i.doc • 58 · 200531859. These vehicles include battery electric vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, string hybrid vehicles, parallel hybrid vehicles, and may include other types of vehicles: and the term "electric vehicle" may even be used in a broader sense because the term includes not only automobiles, It also includes any vehicle that uses an electric motor to generate some or all of its propulsion power. It could be a bicycle, small motorcycle, car, truck, bus, train, dinghy, ship, airplane, or even a spaceship. More specifically, an electric vehicle called a "tandem" system is generally provided with a generator directly mounted on a gasoline engine. All power from this engine is converted directly into electricity. It is used to drive the traction motor at the axle or wheel end. In-series system t, there is no mechanical drive path between the engine and the material driving wheel. The "parallel" system maintains the structure of the traditional mechanical transmission system. The electric torque is used to increase the engine's current strength & Parallel systems provide operational redundancy not found in tandem systems. This conventional power can continue to operate in the event of an electrical power failure. ▲ ^ The magnetic circuit of the motor and / or generator of the Zhoushi electric vehicle allows :: to control more independent parameters. This makes it possible to optimize the degree of freedom and provide electric vehicles cheaper and smaller than traditional designs , Lighter, more powerful and more adaptable motors and generators. In general, 'adapted electric vehicles provide (compared to gasoline vehicles) with potentially better performance_power, efficiency, maximum travel. The adaptive electric vehicle with a wheel-type motor can deliver higher power with lower non-cyanated berry and higher torque density. The motor control system can adapt to the operating conditions of the vehicle (for example, starting, Acceleration, turning, car dwelling, high-speed cruising), so as to always provide high efficiency. 98191.doc -59- 200531859 The total energy management of the vehicle's 14 'system allows the implementation of large-scale optimal The structure improves the performance of various vehicles, especially those vehicles that are in the operating conditions and need to obtain the best efficiency. Motor vehicles ^ ㈣ ㈣ "motor vehicles provide-electricity, finance and special offers, efficiency and maximum travel and its cost competitive. Adaptable electric 2 = There is a degree of efficiency and efficiency that is better than one of the existing electric motors. Electric 2 is suitable for a wide range of operating conditions, so that it can provide the best performance. 1 In: once, probably the most important system, adaptive Electric vehicles are offered for the first time ^ competing with gasoline vehicles in terms of performance and cost-electric vehicles. ‘, Moving the motor to purely power the car creates real problems. Operation requires efficiency. It has a higher torque for electricity, and also L. The patrol route has restricted the maximum travel. High speed bursts with high torque are required to cross A. Efficiency is highest when electricity = = = _. In many cases, very little space is left for operation, and efficiency is improved ^ r,-疋, which is assumed to be in a small operating speed range. Electric vehicles are not suitable for this assumption. Existing electricity = adjustment and cost to meet the performance requirements of electric vehicles. The motor vehicle may have two characteristics to make it possible to produce high-performance and high-performance motors in the fall. "The operating conditions are known. The current electric stables; 7 Ganxian 'adaptive motor technology allows a significant ratio, (U to variable Speed operator) Higher efficiency .: The adaptive control of the magnetic circuit allows to obtain the best performance and applications with various operating conditions such as electric vehicles. 10, adjust the overall efficiency of 98191.doc • 60- 200531859 electric motors May be more than 50% of the overall efficiency of the prior art motors. W Secondly, an adaptive electric vehicle with a central controller may not be able to manage the official strategy to make the efficiency of all motors and systems of the entire car Dahua. For example, if the state of charge of the battery becomes low, the central controller can detect this condition and switch to an energy retention mode. In this mode: The controller may limit the use of accessories and limit the power provided by the car's electric motor. This will increase efficiency. With these features, an & adaptive t-motor has the potential to provide special efficiencies when in a range of operating conditions. This overall feature optimizes the maximum average efficiency across the entire torque / speed spectrum. Because of a given battery pack and the battery technology used, the higher-efficiency electric motor that powers the car extends the maximum travel of the car—a big advantage. Whether in the city or on the road, the goal of achieving a 90% efficiency of the power mechanism in general driving cycle can be achieved. The adaptive electric motor and generator can use a distributed architecture. This allows the 迕 motor to deliver higher power when operating at low voltages (50 volts or lower). In addition, the peak current in each phase of the 5H motor may be limited to 100 amps or less. Even at these low voltages and low currents per phase, a set of adaptive four-wheel independent drive motors can generate 68 kW of power and a peak torque of 2600 Nm with a torque density of 217 Nm / kg. None of the existing motor technologies are comparable. The distributed motor architecture enhances personal safety due to its low voltage. In the electric 98191.doc 200531859 motor vehicle, these motors can deliver high voltages of 50 volts or less, so that # will not cause fatal vibrations in the accident. Existing electric vehicles— "卞 ~" generally operate at much more dangerous voltages (typically from 250 volts to 500 volts). Motors with a distributed architecture also enhance security by providing additional fault tolerance. In an emergency, the motor can continue to operate even if one or more electromagnetic circuits fail. In the case of a battery or fuel cell (such as in an electric vehicle), a motor operating at a lower system voltage allows the battery or fuel cell to have fewer cells. This lower voltage and distributed current make it easier to dissipate heat because it can dissipate more easily when it is less concentrated. Moreover, less heat is generated by the lower current in each phase. Distributed architecture reduces costs by allowing the use of cheaper power electronic components. It also allows for smaller and lighter motors with lighter weight wires and connectors. In addition, it enables lower cost battery and fuel cell technology, simplified battery and fuel cell management, and a wider range of packaging options. A generator with an adaptive architecture provides similar advantages to an adaptive electric motor. Since the voltage can be kept low and the current is distributed across the entire independent phase & of the generator, the same advantages as in the case of the motor can be obtained. Adaptive motor technology makes the highest torque density available on the market. table! Comparing the -group adaptive four-wheel independent drive motor with the four other motors used in electric vehicles shows the difference in torque density. 98i91.doc -62- 200531859 Mechanical characteristics Adapted motor design Motor 1 Motor 2 Motor 3 Motor 4 Peak power (kW) 68 (17 kW in each of 4 motors) 56 100 150 122 (4 in each of 4 motors) 30.5 kW in one motor) Peak torque (Nm) 2600 1069 550 2750 1800 Peak voltage (volts) 42 500 300 220 220 Effective mass (kg) 120 2000 86 220 116 Torque density (Nm / kg) 21.7 0.5 6.4 12 15.5 Remarks Brushless DC (Four-wheel independent drive motor) Brush-type DC brushless AC brushless parent brushless brushless AC (four-wheel independent drive motor) Table 1: Four 1 7kW adaptive motors (total 68 kW) The performance is compared with four other conventional motors. This adaptive motor architecture maximizes the torque rate of available weight and volume. Its south-grade magnetic materials and design keep power while eliminating weight. High torque may be another distinctive feature of adaptive electric motors. Traditional electric motors cannot actively manage the torque well or have an impact on the torque at the design level. This is because the choice of a particular type of conventional motor for a particular application determines the profile of available torque to a considerable extent. In contrast, an adaptive motor may generally not only have extremely high torque, but also high starting torque. It may also allow the use of special algorithms to increase torque if necessary, and will generally actively manage torque over the entire range of motor operating conditions. The best performance in a wide range of operating conditions results in an adaptive electric motor and generator that are most suitable for electric vehicles 98191.doc -63- 200531859. Electric vehicles may be electric motors that are not the most stringent applications. In particular, adaptive motors provide higher torque at lower speeds and allow direct drive without the need for gears or transmissions. = So far ’Almost all electric vehicles and parallel and series hybrid vehicles have: transmission, gear @, differential or similar systems. An adaptive electric motor may eliminate all of these components. The example of the adaptable electric material has an adaptable ton single wire motor and a central controller. Each motor has its own independent controller, power electronics and battery, as shown in Figure 1. The factory includes an adaptive motor in each wheel of the adaptive electric vehicle to provide a vehicle architecture that allows true “four-wheel drive”. It also provides maneuverability and traction control unmatched by any other electric vehicle. Moreover, it is possible to do this overall in software alone if required. With this architecture, Risotto can independently control each in-wheel motor. The control system is instantaneous. Provides “real” for this independent and instantaneous traction control of each wheel • Wheel drive, as each wheel can be rotated or stopped independently of any other wheel. Different wheels can even rotate in different directions at the same time, some operations α '/ is almost impossible in the car. The instantaneous and independent propulsion function of the 5H compliant car. This control translates into significant advantages. First, adapt the profile wheels to produce high torque. The control activates many functions and not only causes certain hub motors that outperform gasoline and traditional electric vehicles to be capable of zero and lower speeds. Secondly, 'adaptable hub motors can both accelerate and reduce wheels. Third, for acceleration and deceleration, the torque of the adaptive motor is very fast. 9819l.doc -64- 200531859 and accurate. The adaptive motor provides fast frequency response and low inertia. Fourth, generating the torque in the right wheel in a direction opposite to the torque generated in the left wheel allows a direct yaw moment ㈣. In addition to only the limbs and materials, you can move to the right and left, and you can move in two directions. 'Bizhou ", yju / j; There are driving or braking torques on Zaoshi. You do n’t know the sweat. Because a gasoline engine has a transmission, a differential, and other driveline components between the wheels, it is difficult to determine the actual torque applied to the wheel. The brakes are also indeterminate

施加的轉矩》 疋貫際 -T-十时炫帀！J使得Applied Torque "疋 Kanji -T-Shishi Hyun 帀! J makes

Ba ㈤干且即時地決定輪胪盥玫I 間的驅動及煞車力量。tI與路面 ，丄 舉對道路狀況估計及里仙成 相當大的幫助。 7次其他應用 其提高若干功能之性能 •反鎖煞車 下面列出其中一些功能 •直接牽引控制 •偏航轉矩/穩定性管理 .橫向穩定性 •煞車墊使用期 .回熱效率 •轉向效率 •車輪速度資訊 *推力性能 停止距離 .轉矩轉向/分離轉矩煞車 9819I.doc -65- 200531859 •電力消耗 .道路條件估計 輪車又式馬達驅動的電動車輛具有緊贫、古 動線簡單之俱科门 # ' 向操作效率及驅 Κ閑早之優點，因此已對其進行 對重量比狎古* ^ 此研究需要動力 及需要人兮γ — 的了用空間有限以 及而要7科黃下重量保持得盡可能低 _ "匕亚非—新理念 用輪。 物〇2年便使 為開發適合轂輪式之馬達已花費 仫—加 化買了相當大的功夫，但苴 係-艱巨的任務。此係由於製造报小 ：，、 馬達需lie I . 回轉矩、尚動力之 而要之成本。在該馬達與該I 雨 皁輪之間使用傳動裝置之 :二車：了複雜性。有些製造商’像GM在其A— 已放棄將輪較式馬達用於汽車，因為其擔心 忒寺馬達總將會太重。 汽車車輪中的重量很重要。路面對該等車輪之作用對車 ，之操作有至關重要的影響，因為該懸吊系統並不隔離該 Γ*!輪與路面。為保持輪胎與該道路之接觸，必須藉由該 等彈黃來克服道路上的凸塊所產生之力量。 彈簧上的力量產生於該卞i 、又車之重里。汽車越輕，則由其 重量產生的可用壓縮力越小。該情形使得由該凸塊引起的 :等車輪之垂直運動更谷易，從而克服該汽車質量之慣性 卫使其像輪子樣良好地運動。上述使乘客乘坐時類疑不 平。 § β亥寻車輪中的重量（非承載質量）相對於該汽車其餘部 98191.doc -66 - 200531859 为的重1 (承載質量）是較高時，該等輪胎在轉彎或穿越凸塊 枯，將不能保持很好的抓地力。此外，乘客將感覺到道路 上的凸塊。當該汽車在該等彈簧上的重量大時，出現理想 的組合，並藉由使該等車輪内的非承載質量小，而使慣性 最小化。上述高速率使得該等輪胎穩固地接觸該道路，而 其亦使得乘坐更舒適。 具有高杻力密度之調適型馬達，每公斤重量能提供的扭 力比現有馬達所能提供的更高。此情形使得可能使用調適 型電動馬達作為輪轂式馬達、或"輪穀馬達"，而不會增加 太多的非承載質量。調適型電動馬達之小巧亦使其非^ 輪殺式馬達可能產生若干其他特定問題。由馬達之教^ 熱(由於提供有效冷卻之難度，使得此情形更糟糕 月“糸-問題。此暴露位置之馬達可能易受損害。決定^ 否=所有四料輪巾使用馬料，成本亦係_大問題: ^著所有該等問題，調適型電動馬達之彳生At #Ba decides the driving and braking power of the wheel rim I immediately and instantly. tI and the road surface, for example, have helped the road condition estimation and Li Xiancheng considerably. 7 other applications to improve the performance of several functions • Anti-lock brakes Some of the functions are listed below • Direct traction control • Yaw torque / stability management. Lateral stability • Brake pad lifetime. Heat recovery efficiency • Turning efficiency • Wheel speed Information * Thrust Performance Stop Distance. Torque Steering / Disengagement Torque Brake 9819I.doc -65- 200531859 • Electricity Consumption. Estimation of road conditions. Wheeled motor-driven electric vehicles have tight leaning and simple moving lines. # 'To the efficiency of operation and the advantages of driving early, so it has been compared to the weight ratio. ^ This study requires power and people. Γ — The space is limited and the weight of 7 sections of yellow is maintained. As low as possible " Dagger Asia and Africa-the new concept with wheels. In 2002, it took a lot of time to develop a motor suitable for a hub-and-wheel type motor—Canada bought a considerable amount of effort, but it was a difficult task. This is because the manufacturing report is small, the motor needs lie I. Return torque, the cost of the power. The use of a transmission between the motor and the I soap wheel: two cars: complexity. Some manufacturers ’like GM in their A—have abandoned the use of wheeled motors for cars because they worry that the temples will always be too heavy. Weight in car wheels is important. The action of the road on these wheels has a crucial impact on the operation of the vehicle, because the suspension system does not isolate the Γ *! Wheels from the road. In order to keep the tires in contact with the road, the forces generated by the bumps on the road must be overcome by such bounces. The force on the spring is generated by the weight of the car. The lighter the car, the less compressive force available from its weight. This situation makes it easier to wait for the vertical movement of the wheel caused by the bump, thereby overcoming the mass inertia of the car and making it move like a wheel. The above makes the passengers doubtful when riding. § The weight (unloaded mass) of β Hai Xun wheels is higher than the weight of the rest of the car 98191.doc -66-200531859 1 (loaded mass), when these tires are turning or passing through the bumps, Will not maintain good grip. In addition, passengers will feel bumps on the road. When the weight of the car on the springs is large, an ideal combination appears, and the inertia is minimized by making the unloaded mass in the wheels small. The above high speed makes the tires firmly contact the road, and it also makes riding more comfortable. An adaptive motor with a high force density can provide more torque per kilogram of weight than existing motors. This situation makes it possible to use an adapted electric motor as a hub-type motor, or " Ring Valley Motor " without adding too much unloaded mass. The small size of the adaptable electric motor also makes it a non-wheel-kill motor that can cause several other specific problems. Heat by the motor ^ Heat (This situation is made worse by the difficulty of providing effective cooling. Moon- 糸 -problem. The motor at this exposed location may be vulnerable. Decide ^ No = all four roller towels use horse materials, and the cost is also Department _ Big Question: ^ With all these problems, the development of adaptive electric motors At #

遠。A 1逆疋性旎優於現有J 此情料允許調適㈣動車^輪轂式馬達 八載質量或其他因素使得輪轂式馬 中不i^ 心1呎隹凋適型電動4far. A 1 Reverse performance is better than existing J This material allows to adapt the car ^ wheel-type motor 八 eight-load quality or other factors make the wheel-type horse 中 center 1 foot 隹 electric motor 4

點中受：馬達組態亦可能從調適型電動車的許H 電動車—直因其與汽油車相比較差的 有限的動力月畀士 > i^ 犯（尤其係由灰 動力及取大仃程）而受到批評。儘 汽油車更佳Μ叙Λ — 电動車已具有tt 平更佳的動力仃進效率，但往往 高昂的賺f仃出代價-該電動岸 p的購貝知格。需要一種電動車， ，、此與該汽油車之戴 9819l.doc -67- 200531859 力、最大行程及價格相比，且具有電動車效率。 調適型電動車有潛力勝過汽油車而不損失電動車之優 點。圖1顯示一申列混合式調適型電動車之一範例。 “該汽車有1〇秒内從零至⑽mph之性能潛力、每加命ι〇〇 英里之汽油里程以及!，_英里之最大行程，甚至該汽車之 購買價格亦可與汽油車競爭。此性能及價格可能足以打破 社會習慣定勢，而首次使得電動車對於大多數消費者而言 成為一可行而且可能較佳的車輛。 混合式調適型1動車料最大㈣有限之長期存在的問 題。可實現調適型電動車之效率及總能量管理而最大行程 T會文限制。在―串聯混合式車中，以不變速度作為交流 =電機，運行（此情況下效率為最高而污染最小）的小型汽 ^ 丁几王饋送亚使得各填滿狀態之間 的取大仃程達到5〇〇英里。 更精致的電動車型可能將 能用作-燃料電池。結果將會;器或可 池電動車使用的驅動電池 電 電池數量。並聯混合型車比電、也2…程不再取決於 容易維護。 “Μ池電動車更便宜、更輕且更 電動馬達優於汽油料之—大優點係可控制性。汽 擎之動力機構皆不能實 ？ί 四分之-圈。該水準甚輪之精細運動’比如旋轉 旋轉進行控制係—樁平準之電動馬達 電動馬達之可控制性 电勒皁π來優於汽油車之—重要 98191.doc -68- 200531859 t點。由電料的動力機構之架構決定，電動馬達能提供 问級運動控制、提供安全及改進的操控。亦可將電動馬達 控制成更有效地操作。 周適里電動車將§亥控制帶到t高的水準，其提供對一系 ^參數之動態控制。調適型電動車能藉由使其控制系統動 心地適應使用者輸入、機械操作條件及機械操作參數的變 化來提供最佳性能。 、隔離該調適型馬達之電磁電路允許有效控制比在現有馬 達中更獨立的馬達參數。此舉使得能更加自由地實行最佳 化。該等結果係比傳統設計更便宜、更小、更輕、動力更 強且更有效的調適型馬達及發電機。 為提高能量效率’調適型馬達控制系統可幾乎瞬時地適 應調適型電動車之操作條件’包括起動、加速、轉彎、煞 車及高速巡行。為提高運動控制，調適型電動車之馬達控 制益及中央控制器能直接並幾乎瞬時地使該等車輪之運動 適應道路狀況或駕駛者輸入之變化。 立調適型控制器還能改進調適型電動馬達之操作以減少噪 音、振動及刺耳的尖叫（rNVH」）、消除或減少聽得到的 °呆音、控制負載峰值以及提供故障安全操作。此外，調適 控制可用來對馬達操作因磨損及破裂而發生之變化作出= 仏，並減少轉矩漣波及其他低劣的馬達特徵。 调適型控制器之基於軟體的性質允許汽車設計者享有非 常大的自由。設計者可為其汽車完全定製一獨特的「差動 感覺」並依據其自己的智慧產權而開發多個功能。 98l9l.doc •69- 200531859 軟祖碼貫現該差動’而該差動過去常常需要複數個軟體 組態。此情形使得開發之快達到前所未有的程度，而且轉 向％間短，從而允許對變化中的市場條件作出更快回應而 無需替換軟體。此優點使得產品開發及製造中能快速開發 出即時控制程式並具有強大的成本效率。 事貝上，調適型電動馬達控制技術可能影響整個設計概 念、汽車之一般方法及技術。調適型控制系統使得能對該 汽車進行完全電動及電子控制。Accepted by the point: the motor configuration may also be from the H electric motor of the adaptive electric vehicle-due to its limited power compared with gasoline vehicles仃 程) and was criticized. Better gasoline vehicles Ms Λ — electric vehicles already have better power efficiency, but they often have a high price to pay for them—the purchase of this electric bank. There is a need for an electric vehicle, which compares with the power, maximum travel and price of the gasoline vehicle wearing 9819l.doc -67- 200531859, and has electric vehicle efficiency. Adaptive electric vehicles have the potential to outperform gasoline vehicles without losing their advantages. Figure 1 shows an example of a hybrid electric vehicle. "The car has a performance potential from zero to ⑽mph in 10 seconds, a petrol mileage per mile and a maximum range of!, _ Miles. Even the purchase price of this car can compete with gasoline cars. This performance And the price may be enough to break the social habits, and for the first time, electric vehicles have become a feasible and possibly better vehicle for most consumers. The hybrid adaptive type 1 has a long-standing problem with the largest and most limited materials. It can be achieved The efficiency and total energy management of the adaptive electric vehicle is limited by the maximum travel T. In the ―series hybrid vehicle, the constant speed is used as the AC = motor, and the small automobile running (in this case, the highest efficiency and the least pollution) ^ Ding Jiwang feeds Asia to achieve a distance of 5,000 miles between filling states. More elaborate electric models may be able to be used as fuel cells. The result will be: The number of electric batteries for the drive battery. Parallel hybrid cars are no longer dependent on ease of maintenance than electricity and also 2…. "M pool electric cars are cheaper, lighter and more electric motors are better than gasoline The big advantage is controllability. No engine power mechanism can be implemented? ί Quarter-circle. This level of fine movement of the wheel ’, such as rotation and rotation for control system-the electric motor of the pile level controllability of the electric motor is better than that of the gasoline car-important 98191.doc -68- 200531859 t point. Determined by the structure of Dianli's power mechanism, electric motors can provide interrogational motion control, provide safety and improved control. The electric motor can also be controlled for more efficient operation. Zhou Shili's electric vehicle brings §Hai control to a high level, which provides dynamic control of a series of parameters. Adaptive electric vehicles provide optimal performance by adapting their control system to user input, changes in mechanical operating conditions, and mechanical operating parameters. The electromagnetic circuit that isolates this adaptive motor allows effective control of motor parameters that are more independent than in existing motors. This allows for greater freedom to implement optimization. These results are cheaper, smaller, lighter, more powerful and more efficient adaptive motors and generators than traditional designs. To improve energy efficiency, the adaptive motor control system can adapt the operating conditions of the adaptive electric vehicle almost instantaneously, including starting, accelerating, turning, braking and high-speed cruising. To improve motion control, the motor control benefits and central controller of the adaptive electric vehicle can directly and almost instantly adapt the movement of these wheels to changes in road conditions or driver input. The standalone adaptive controller also improves the operation of the adaptive electric motor to reduce noise, vibration, and harsh screaming (rNVH "), eliminate or reduce audible dullness, control load peaks, and provide fail-safe operation. In addition, adaptation control can be used to make changes to the motor operation due to wear and tear = 仏, and reduce torque ripple and other poor motor characteristics. The software-based nature of adaptive controllers allows car designers a great deal of freedom. Designers can completely customize a unique "differential feel" for their cars and develop multiple functions based on their own intellectual property rights. 98l9l.doc • 69- 200531859 The soft ancestral code realizes the differential ’, and the differential used to require multiple software configurations. This situation has led to an unprecedented level of development and a short turn to%, allowing faster response to changing market conditions without the need to replace software. This advantage enables rapid development of real-time control programs in product development and manufacturing and is highly cost-effective. In fact, the adaptive electric motor control technology may affect the entire design concept, the general method and technology of the car. The adaptive control system enables full electric and electronic control of the car.

所有馬達控制皆可實施於軟體中，因此不用替換任何軟 體而可藉由載入新型或升級的軟體來修改基本的控制演算 法右而要，則可遠程（例如透過網際網路）實行此舉。此外， 在某些情況下可遠程實行故障偵測及修理。All motor controls can be implemented in software, so without replacing any software, the basic control algorithms can be modified by loading new or upgraded software. If necessary, this can be done remotely (eg via the Internet) . In addition, fault detection and repair can be performed remotely in some cases.

藉由汽車的#中電子控制系統及其推進系、统，报容易想 ，到無窮無盡的固；t設備設計機會。該等機會包括集中^ ，控制、路線程式化、巡行控制、汽車自動導航、事故防 =、發現丢失及被偷車輛、提供服務之能力、對汽車進行 電子或隨行的無線修理及升級、汽車之未來軟體升級等。 整個汽車之調適型電子控制提供機會能使用每一車輪的 旋轉動力機構之控制，從而控制該汽車底 ： 構。「，線驅動」及其他電子控制方案取代機械連結= 案允终控制系統延伸於整個調適型電動車。 調適型電動車使得可使用「插播」組件。必須圍繞一整 個推進系統來構建汽油車’而將該強動力汽油弓丨擎 心。調適型電動車，如圖1所示之範例，可能破解成連接的 98l91.doc •70- 200531859 但更獨立之組件。 ，在此程度上，汽油車類似於主機電腦，而調適型電動車 類似於一分佈式網路。正如主機電腦一樣，汽油車之所有 組件皆必須係由汽車製造商裝配而—起運作之自有組件。 正如分佈式網路，調適型電動車使得可组合來自若干 不同製造商而皆係依據一般標準製作而成之設備。 可想像出，藉由如圖！所示之調適型電動車，汽車經銷商 可將來自若干製造商之組件與汽車組裝在—起以滿足客; 之訂單需求。車輪及其馬達可能係、由-製造商製造，汽油 引擎/發電機/油箱模組由另一製造商製造，「使用者介面」 將轉向煞、車及加速控制組合在由一第三製造商製造之— 才木縱桿中，該底盤由一第四製造商製造，以此類推。 、，為使得此類「插播」纟配件可行而需要若干標準。汽車 業公會現在進行標準之發佈及開發。標準—直係提高可靠 性而降低成本及縮短上市時間之—方法，而汽車工業正在 建立新的、大體實際的標準，即使該等標準與其歷史舊制 背道而驰。 、現在僅就介面事宜便已有二或三個公會。有—公會係關 於控制器區域網路（CAN)，此係在歐洲得到廣泛接受而正在 逐漸為美國市場所接受之車内網絡。但是，公共汽車則不 確疋’因為其延時沒有保證。因&，汽車製造商正在轉向 時::觸動協定(TTP)^exRay。事實上，二者皆係時間觸 動木構，其中依據優先權排定而於良好定義之時間實施動 作彳欠而致動器、馬達及所有其他網路節點依據其同步時 9Sl91.doc 71 200531859 脈而具有一共用的時間參考。 其他公會已提出諸如0SE則擎控制單元軟體的即時執 行者之t文縮寫）、媒體導向系統傳輸（m〇st)及 (ISO 1423 0)之類的公共汽車設計方案、協定及軟體環境。 許多汽車公司遵循該公會發佈的該等規格，但某些公司 冰加了自有元件。一單一的汽車可能同時使用許多規格。 例如’ BMW 745!將大部分公車用於資訊娛樂傳輸；用於各 種控制應用之各種高速、低速及容錯CAN公共汽車；以及 BMW擁有的ByteFUght高速公共汽車（其發展成⑽一）， 其係用以控制安全氣袋及其他系統以確保汽車乘駕者之安 〇 另一公會，美國汽車研究委員會（密歇根州索斯菲爾德） 正在幫助製造商使諸如連接器、控制面板燈泡、點煙器插 座（現在主要用作電源插座）之類的零件標準化。而且，還在 朝電子煞車中的標準化實施方向進行努力。進一步，以下 標準減少在發生問題情況下製造商的責任風險。 致2由使得可（而且確係較佳）將調適型電動車的所有零件 ，合於基於軟體之-般控制下，此架構使得可#「插播」 衣配件用於汽車。此舉有潛力為汽車卫業帶來巨大而積極 示〇等「插播」裝配件之可能性外，如上面之論述，汽 :車主還應升'級其汽4 ’可僅藉由一次升級一&數個模組 來升級^無需替換整車。在此，此舉同樣類似於該個人 電腦。 98191.doc -72- 200531859 ^如可能在—個人電腦中升級硬碟，可能在—調適 =内升級該等車輪馬達。與汽油車或無輪較式馬達之電 =’升級可能需要對軟體作某些改變，但此改變將 此舉亦可允許替換該汽車主體而不用替換該底盤 =國，除可收集的型號外，十年或更長車齡的汽車市場 很小。 若調《㈣車降低上述車齡汽車之維護成 級其汽車。由於調適型電動2::二直想每隔數年便升 叮士 ㈣車具有「插播」可能性，因此 I有效地進行該升級，僅需替換該汽車之部分而獲得一「新 單」且成本及浪費少得多。 曰=的電動車能使用複雜的軟體而採用—成熟的電子能 二=。總能量管理系統能以盡可能有效的方式來使 的經常有限之能量。某些汽油㈣統（像電 孰的人）之#作方式極其相同。但是’電動車能使用成 二=要此演算法在汽油車中不可使用’該等汽油車 之，飞油引擎要比電動馬達難控制得多。With the car's electronic control system and its propulsion system, it is easy to think of it, and it is endlessly solid; the opportunity for equipment design. These opportunities include centralization, control, route stylization, cruise control, auto-navigation, accident prevention, detection of lost and stolen vehicles, ability to provide services, electronic or accompanying wireless repair and upgrade of cars, automotive Future software upgrades, etc. The adaptive electronic control of the entire car provides the opportunity to use the control of the rotating power mechanism of each wheel, thereby controlling the bottom of the car. ", Wire drive" and other electronic control solutions replace mechanical connections = the case allows the final control system to extend to the entire adaptive electric vehicle. Adaptable electric vehicles allow the use of "plug-in" components. It is necessary to build a gasoline vehicle around an entire propulsion system, and to build this powerful gasoline engine. The adaptive electric vehicle, as shown in the example shown in Figure 1, may be broken into a connected 98l91.doc • 70-200531859 but more independent components. To this extent, gasoline vehicles are similar to host computers, while adaptive electric vehicles are similar to a distributed network. Just like the mainframe computer, all components of a gasoline vehicle must be assembled by the car manufacturer—their own components that operate. Just like a distributed network, adaptive electric vehicles make it possible to combine equipment from several different manufacturers, all made according to general standards. Imagine that, as shown in the picture! As shown for the adapted electric vehicle, a car dealer can assemble components from several manufacturers with the car to meet the customer's order requirements. The wheels and their motors may be manufactured by a manufacturer, and the gasoline engine / generator / tank module is manufactured by another manufacturer. The "user interface" combines steering brakes, car and acceleration control by a third manufacturer. Manufactured—In the Caimu longitudinal bar, the chassis is manufactured by a fourth manufacturer, and so on. In order to make such "plug-in" accessories feasible, several standards are required. The Automotive Industry Association is now publishing and developing standards. Standards—the straightforward way to improve reliability, reduce costs, and shorten time to market—while the auto industry is establishing new, generally practical standards, even if they run counter to its historical legacy. 2. There are now two or three guilds on interface issues. Yes—The guild is about the controller area network (CAN), which is the in-vehicle network that is widely accepted in Europe and is gradually being accepted by the US market. However, buses are not sure because their delays are not guaranteed. Because of & automakers are turning to :: TTP ^ exRay. In fact, both are time-triggered wooden structures, in which actuators, motors, and all other network nodes are synchronized according to their priority when performing actions at a well-defined time. 9Sl91.doc 71 200531859 pulse There is a common time reference. Other guilds have proposed bus design schemes, protocols, and software environments such as the real-time performer of the 0SE control unit software, media-oriented system transmission (m0st), and (ISO 1423 0). Many car companies follow these specifications issued by the association, but some companies add their own components. A single car may use many specifications at the same time. For example, 'BMW 745! Uses most buses for infotainment transmission; various high-speed, low-speed, and fault-tolerant CAN buses for various control applications; and the ByteFUght high-speed bus owned by BMW (which was developed into one), which is used for To control airbags and other systems to ensure the safety of car riders. Another guild, the American Automotive Research Council (Southfield, MI) is helping manufacturers make things like connectors, control panel bulbs, cigarette lighter sockets ( Nowadays, it is mainly used as a power socket). Furthermore, efforts are being made towards standardization in electronic braking. Further, the following criteria reduce the manufacturer's liability risk in the event of a problem. The Zhi 2 makes it possible (and indeed better) to adapt all the parts of the adapted electric vehicle under software-based control. This architecture makes it possible to "plug in" clothing accessories for automobiles. This has the potential to bring huge and positive indications to the auto health industry, such as the possibility of "plug-in" assembly. As discussed above, the auto: car owners should also upgrade the level of their auto 4's. & Several modules to upgrade ^ No need to replace the entire vehicle. Here too, the move is similar to that of a personal computer. 98191.doc -72- 200531859 ^ If it is possible to upgrade the hard disk in a personal computer, it is possible to upgrade these wheel motors within the adaptation. Electricity with petrol cars or wheelless motors = 'Upgrades may require certain changes to the software, but this change will also allow the car body to be replaced without replacing the chassis = country, except for collectible models The market for cars ten years or older is small. If you adjust the car to reduce the maintenance of the above-aged cars, the car will be upgraded. Since the adaptable electric 2 :: Erzhi wants to have a “plug-in” possibility every few years, the upgrade is effective. I only need to replace part of the car to get a “new order” and Much less cost and waste. The electric vehicle that can be used = can use sophisticated software-mature electronic energy II =. The total energy management system can make the often limited energy available in the most efficient way possible. Some gasoline systems (like electric car people) work in exactly the same way. But ‘electric vehicles can be used as two = if this algorithm is not available in gasoline vehicles’, for such gasoline vehicles, flying fuel engines are much more difficult to control than electric motors.

一般的微處理器控制系統利用來自感測器測量電池、馬 料及周圍條件之―系列輸人。其將此資訊與來自L ί要;;Γ置、加速器及各種可用的開關控制器之駕驶者 而要的輸入相結合。 然後’該控制系統產生適當的輸出以連續控制馬達轉矩 及速度、傳動比率（其中使用馬達與驅動輪之間的可變傳 98191.doc -73· 200531859 =)、再生制動、外部照明、供熱、通風 其遥控制電池重新充電及其他任務。 在…’ 藉由調適型電動車，盥 ,^ ^ /、甚至係衣佳的現有系統相比，由 中央控制器實施的總能量 . 里控制包括諸多更多的參數，祐田 此為最佳化提供諸多 、 ^文夕的機會。藉由調適型電 有效而獨立地控制每—^ ^咼違中的母一電磁電路。处 量傳輸皆最佳化。使能量轉換最小化。 此 々-關鍵目標係增加控制該汽車操作之變數數目，但 採取的方法使得每—變數皆對機械操作起到相當的作用。 藉由傳統電動車中的馬達，快速成增加變數數目使得回報 變小，因為改變該變數開始產生很小（若有）的可預測 效果。 而 相比之下’藉由調適型電動車中的調適型電動馬達，可 使得每—電磁電路皆為獨立且消除料電路之間的干擾。 此舉允許逐個相位地對該馬達操作予以精確控制。其亦增 加了可有意義地加以控制之變數數目。㈣，該等參數^ 制電池及其他系統可能擴展。 達到擁有大量變數（每一變數皆具有實質上的效果）之此 關鍵目的後，可實現調適型電動車之許多優點。可達到標 準控制目的（例如，提供所需速度或轉矩），且然後實質上及 根本上擴展該等標準控制目的。 儘管仍有取捨，但現在亦可獲得各種性能目的。該等目 的包括：使車輛最大行程最大化、使該馬達之效率隨著操 作速度之改變而最大化、減少馬達產生的聲音及機械/電磁 9819l.doc -74- 200531859 雜π細短電池重新充電時間、管理轉矩漣波、以及使得 電源之電流需求降低最佳化。 藉由緊密整合調適型電動車之所有系統，總能量管理策 ，能盡可能有效地產生峰m此舉使得動力、效率及 最大行程提高而不需花費昂貴的新硬體。 右電動車症以合理的價格匹配或超過汽油車之性能，則 其將可能在商業上獲得成功。電動力皆不能做到此點。自 ㈣紀初葉發明電動車以來，沒有人能夠創造足夠小、足 夠亮、足夠便宜、動力足夠強從而能可靠且有效地推進汽 車之一馬達架構。 =^車的早#，汽油車與電動車均相當簡單。電動車在 ^ 優於早期的汽油車。但是，至1912年，汽油車開 。成為市場的主宰。其主宰地位至今從未削弱過而且一直 未受到挑戰。 但是’-新的電動車架構_小、輕、經濟且動力強-可能 =池技術、燃料電池和/或混合式系統之進展相結合而使 付=動推進在商業上變成現實。如今存在的技術將道路上 4亍驳·的以燃料電池I # 挺七、動力之π車變成由電動馬達來提 力’並使之具有能與汽油車娘美之性能。 盔的係、’此—汽車之購買及維護十分昂貴。技術上若 ’、 此燃料電池/電動馬達技術便不能提供汽油引擎之 可行的替代物。 =Μ吏用如今可用的技術可以競爭性的成本來製造調 ^動車。調適型電動車，例如圖1所示之範例，利用調 98191.doc -75- 200531859 適型馬達及發電機技術來提供可與現有的最佳汽油 (並可能超過）之動力、效率方畀 ψ 油車競爭。 车及取大作。而且其價格可與汽 可藉由將組件插在一起來裝配用於調適型電動車之推進 糸統。在某些方面，調適型電動車，像電腦—樣， 型f例中可能係許多電子元件。沒有沈重的鋼鐵，·不需要 鏽τ工廠。可在全國任何地方裝配其零件。 取代中央生產工廠的係’可能有地方性一線基地，其對 =市按t波動的反應要快得多並實際運用「即時」的製造 在學^進零件，無庫存堆積。在電子技術發展如此之快 的i卞件下’此方法可能要方便的多；其對於製造商的生 可能係至關重要的。 十 、不僅能更容易地裝配調適型電動車，而且調適型 :也：傳統的電動馬達更易於裝配。在調適型電動馬達 —,每電磁電路皆係作為一獨立模組而存在。可在穿配 :製，並測試該等模組。每一模組可能分別纏繞有其銅導 :。精由逐個模組地進行製造、測試、繞組及裝配，可保 Ϊ寻低成本。 該調適型電動鱼 首： 動皁之馬達糸統之低成本係源於各種因素。 :先’該架構之可撓性允許採用可縮放的—般組件。每— 磁私路可能係-分離組件而非-單-的定子裝配件。 此舉使得鑄件、鍛件及金屬粉末之製造簡化 低。此外，兮£、本 牛 宜的組件統電壓-小於50伏特-允許使用更便 例如，MOSFET而非IGBT，並能更容易地進行 9819l.d〇( -76 - 200531859 製造，因為導線之規格更小。 可將調適型電動馬達之拓朴設計成使得鐵通量路徑長度 最小化。此舉使得核心損失（遲滯效應及渦流損失）減少。永 磁體内無任何與該永磁體產生的磁通量相關之渦流損失。 因此在該轉子中使用永磁體亦有助於減少與鐵通量路徑 相關之損失。此外，由於永磁體產生磁通量，因此永磁體 轉子馬達之轉矩對重里比向於其鐵轉子配對物之轉矩對重 量比。 在調適型馬達中，通量並不在該定子的電磁電路之間流 動，因此能將傳統定子路徑中使用的多數鐵一起消除。該 調適型馬達架構亦提供電磁電路之通量路徑隔離，從而顯 著地減少線圈至線圏之感應電感及相關損失。 此通里路挂隔離結構亦允許控制策略之選擇擁有报大的 自由。由於此類馬達重量輕而效率高而使其成為電動車輛 之理想選擇。 隨著汽油車之發展，汽油車已變得十分複雜。由於 引擎已變得更大且動力更強’因此引擎子系統之數目：尺 寸，重量皆有増長。對於汽油引擎’需要其他車辆系統， 如變速器。 對於調適型電動車之更簡單架構（如圖i所示^⑴q 反向執灯此程序。調適型純電動或串聯混 變速器、驅動轴、萬向接頭及分動箱。因此節省大= 及成本。 ，人里重里 在圖1所不的串聯混合式調適型 电勤車中仍將需要其他 98191.doc -77- 200531859 系統。该寺系統包括電池、發電機、汽油w擎、激車、排 氣及其他系統。但是該等系統（除可能具有的電池外）皆可簡 化並縮小尺寸。從而減輕重量、減少成本及複雜性。 肩適^動車可實行多個功能而不需要汽油車所需的額 二：。例如，可能使像反鎖煞車、㈣控制、動力轉向 ^王輪驅動之類的系統複雜化或使之成為冗餘。潛在地可 此將該動力機構巾的移動料減少為少數轴承。 除^及成本節省外’調適型電動車可藉由對車輛系統 =除、縮小尺寸以及「重新封裝」來節省空間。消除 =〜㈣馬達及傳動系統（包括變速器、差動器、萬向節 :::區動轴)能使電池及該汽油?丨擎/發電機模組之定位擁 有更多的空間。 ^節省以及將系統（除該等輪數式馬達外）定位於該車 =中任何地方之能力使得能靈活地定位重要的質量以改盖 =分佈。此舉亦使得可改善撞擊區域設計，並使得定位 及仃李能擁有額外的靈活性，而且有能力提供更舒適 且見敞的内部空間（例如藉由降低車底）。 特定言之，對於調適型電動車之輪轂式馬達，本來在傳 :的汽油車中為消音器、傳動軸及加固框架所佔據的空間 二出。使用該空間來容置部分輔助組件_電池、中央控制写 ^為該汽車提供動力必需的其他物件-顯著增加該汽車内 的可用區域。 1 該框架結構可能常常起到作為電池及其他組件的儲存容 益之雙重功能而滅輕主體重量。若最重的組件及該等電池 98191.doc -78- 200531859 位於車底下面’則重心會降低而使得該汽車穩定。重心可 比傳統車中的重心低2/3。 衫可縮]，、他系統之尺寸。「藉由導線」技術以能放在車内 &乎4何地方之電子控制系統來替代傳統的包括加速器、 煞車及甚至轉向裝置之機械連結。此有效技術可望在汽車 設計中開闢有價值的因定 貝值的U疋二間，此類固定空間一度由固 的硬體所佔據。A general microprocessor-controlled system uses a series of input from sensors to measure batteries, horses, and surrounding conditions. It combines this information with the inputs required by the driver of the actuator, accelerator, and various available switch controllers. Then 'the control system produces appropriate outputs to continuously control the motor torque and speed, the transmission ratio (where variable transmission between the motor and the drive wheel is used 98191.doc -73 · 200531859 =), regenerative braking, external lighting, power supply Heat and ventilate its remote control batteries for recharging and other tasks. In ... 'By adapting the electric vehicle, ^ ^ / and even the existing system of Yijia, the total energy implemented by the central controller. The control includes many more parameters, and Yutian is the best Provides many opportunities. By adapting the type of electricity, the mother-electromagnetic circuit in violation of each-^ ^ 咼 violation is effectively and independently controlled. The throughput is optimized. Minimize energy conversion. This key goal is to increase the number of variables that control the operation of the car, but the method is adopted so that each variable has a considerable effect on the mechanical operation. With a motor in a traditional electric vehicle, increasing the number of variables quickly reduces the return because changing that variable starts to produce a small (if any) predictable effect. In contrast, by using the adaptive electric motor in the adaptive electric vehicle, each electromagnetic circuit can be independent and the interference between the electric circuits can be eliminated. This allows precise control of the motor operation phase by phase. It also increases the number of variables that can be controlled meaningfully. Alas, these parameters ^ battery and other systems may be expanded. With the key objective of having a large number of variables, each of which has a substantial effect, many of the advantages of an adaptive electric vehicle can be realized. Standard control purposes can be achieved (for example, to provide the required speed or torque), and then these standard control purposes can be substantially and fundamentally extended. Although there are still trade-offs, various performance goals are now available. These objectives include: maximizing the maximum travel of the vehicle, maximizing the efficiency of the motor as the operating speed changes, reducing the sound produced by the motor, and mechanical / electromagnetic 9819l.doc -74- 200531859 recharging the short and thin batteries Optimize time, manage torque ripple, and reduce current demand from the power supply. By tightly integrating all the systems of the adaptive electric vehicle and the total energy management strategy, the peak m can be generated as efficiently as possible. This improves the power, efficiency and maximum travel without costly new hardware. The right electric vehicle syndrome will match or exceed the performance of a gasoline vehicle at a reasonable price, and it will likely be commercially successful. Neither can electric power do this. Since the invention of electric vehicles in the early 19th century, no one has been able to create a motor architecture that is small enough, bright enough, cheap enough, and powerful enough to reliably and effectively advance one of the automobile's motor architectures. = ^ 车 的 早 #, both gasoline and electric vehicles are quite simple. Electric vehicles are superior to early gasoline vehicles in ^. However, by 1912, gasoline cars were driven. Become the master of the market. Its dominance has never been weakened and has not been challenged. But ’-new electric vehicle architecture_small, light, economical, and powerful—may be combined with advances in pool technology, fuel cells, and / or hybrid systems to make commercial advancement a reality. Existing technologies have transformed the fuel-efficient I # cars on the road into electric cars to boost their power ’and make them more beautiful than gasoline cars. The helmet system, ‘this — cars are very expensive to purchase and maintain. Technically, this fuel cell / electric motor technology cannot provide a viable alternative to gasoline engines.吏 Officials can use today's available technology to make the car at a competitive cost. Adaptive electric vehicles, such as the example shown in Figure 1, use tune 98191.doc -75- 200531859 adaptive motor and generator technology to provide power and efficiency that are compatible with the best gasoline available (and may exceed). Oil truck competition. Car and take masterpiece. And its price can be compared with that of the gasoline engine by inserting the components together to assemble the propulsion system of the adaptive electric vehicle. In some respects, an adaptive electric vehicle, like a computer, may have many electronic components in it. No heavy steel, no need for rust tau factory. Its parts can be assembled anywhere in the country. The department that replaces the central production plant may have a local front-line base, which responds much faster to fluctuations in the city according to t and actually uses "just-in-time" manufacturing. Learning parts and no inventory accumulation. With the rapid development of electronic technology, this method may be much more convenient; it is critical to the life of the manufacturer. 10. Not only can it be easier to assemble the adaptable electric vehicle, but also the adaptable type: also: the traditional electric motor is easier to assemble. In the adaptive electric motor, each electromagnetic circuit exists as a separate module. Can be equipped with: and test these modules. Each module may be wound with its own copper guide :. Precision manufacturing, testing, winding, and assembly on a module-by-module basis ensure low cost. The adaptable electric fish head: The low cost of the motor system of moving soap stems from various factors. : First, the flexibility of this architecture allows the use of scalable, general components. Each-magnetic circuit may be a-separate component rather than a-single-stator assembly. This simplifies the manufacture of castings, forgings and metal powders. In addition, the current system voltage of the components-less than 50 volts-allows for the use of more convenient, for example, MOSFETs instead of IGBTs, and it can be easier to manufacture 9819l.d〇 (-76-200531859) because the wire specifications are more The topology of the adaptive electric motor can be designed to minimize the iron flux path length. This reduces the core loss (hysteresis effect and eddy current loss). There is no eddy current in the permanent magnet that is related to the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet Loss. Therefore, the use of permanent magnets in the rotor also helps reduce the losses associated with the iron flux path. In addition, because the permanent magnets generate magnetic flux, the torque-to-weight ratio of the permanent magnet rotor motor is greater than that of its iron rotor counterparts. Torque to weight ratio. In an adaptive motor, the flux does not flow between the electromagnetic circuits of the stator, so most of the iron used in the traditional stator path can be eliminated together. The adaptive motor architecture also provides access to the electromagnetic circuit Measurement path isolation, thereby significantly reducing the coil-to-line inductance inductance and related losses. This Tongli road hanging isolation structure also allows control strategies The choice of choice has great freedom. Due to the light weight and high efficiency of this type of motor, it is an ideal choice for electric vehicles. With the development of gasoline vehicles, gasoline vehicles have become very complex. Since the engines have become larger and More powerful 'therefore the number of engine subsystems: size, weight are longer. For gasoline engines, other vehicle systems such as transmissions are required. For simpler architectures of adaptive electric vehicles (as shown in Figure i) Hold this program. The adaptive pure electric or tandem hybrid transmission, drive shaft, universal joint and transfer case. So the big savings and costs. The tandem hybrid electric train that is not in Figure 1 China will still need other 98191.doc -77- 200531859 systems. The temple system includes batteries, generators, gasoline engines, motors, exhausts, and other systems. However, these systems (except for possible batteries) are all available Simplify and reduce the size. This reduces weight, cost and complexity. Shoulder ^ Motor vehicles can perform multiple functions without the amount needed for petrol vehicles. For example, it may make the lock like Systems such as braking, steering control, and power steering are complicated or made redundant. Potentially, this can reduce the moving material of the power mechanism to a small number of bearings. In addition to cost savings Electric vehicles can save space by eliminating vehicle systems, reducing their size, and "repackaging". Elimination = ~ ㈣Motors and transmission systems (including transmissions, differentials, universal joints ::: zone moving shafts) can enable The battery and the gasoline? 丨 Engine / generator module has more space for positioning. ^ The ability to save and position the system (except for these wheel-type motors) anywhere in the car enables flexible positioning The important quality is to change the cover = distribution. This also makes it possible to improve the design of the impact area and to provide additional flexibility in positioning and positioning, as well as the ability to provide a more comfortable and open interior space (for example bottom). In particular, for the hub-type motor of the adaptive electric vehicle, the space occupied by the muffler, the transmission shaft, and the reinforced frame in the gasoline vehicle was originally two. Use this space to house some auxiliary components_batteries, central control writing ^ other things necessary to power the car-significantly increase the usable area inside the car. 1 The frame structure may often serve the dual function of the storage benefit of batteries and other components while reducing the weight of the main body. If the heaviest component and these batteries 98191.doc -78- 200531859 are located under the car ', the center of gravity will be lowered and the car will be stable. The center of gravity can be 2/3 lower than that in a conventional car. The shirt can be shrunk], the size of his system. "Through the wire" technology replaces traditional mechanical connections including accelerators, brakes and even steering with electronic control systems that can be placed inside the car. This effective technology is expected to open up valuable indeterminable U-units in automotive design. Such fixed spaces were once occupied by solid hardware.

j造出重量更輕、空間更多、動力更強、_ 效率更南、最大行程更長、㈣㈣更強、更可靠、性 更佳而具有競爭力之成本之汽車。調適型電動車首次可 有競爭力的價格提供比汽油車更佳之性能 j電池電動車中，該等電池及其他子系統之重量及尺 起重量增加之「惡性循環」。必須使用較強且 重的結構組件來去#鱼& μ & 牙集中的電池重量並提供足夠的撞擊4 心作輕略H时法，料額外 : 量，必須添加至少〇.3 kg之結構重量。 彳子系統]j Create cars with lighter weight, more space, more power, more efficient souther, longer maximum travel, stronger, more reliable, better performance and more competitive cost. For the first time, an adaptive electric vehicle can provide better performance than a gasoline vehicle at a competitive price. In a battery electric vehicle, the “vicious cycle” of increasing the weight and lifting weight of these batteries and other subsystems. Must use strong and heavy structural components to #fish & μ & teeth concentrated battery weight and provide sufficient impact 4 heart for light H method, material extra: amount, must add at least 0.3 kg of structure weight.彳 Subsystem]

如圖1所示範例之調適型電動力，能減 (可完全消除某些系統，例如該變速器及差 … 等組件之重量。此兴d 、 數目及ί| 使用更輕的結構,且：：減輕之「惡性循環」，而允許 統被移除的每—公斤；：略經驗方法反向，而對於子系 電動馬二 移除最多〇.3kg結構重量。 •、也明在泎多工業應用中皆很可靠。為 、故障偵挪而進仃的工作中—般大多數係舒對工輩由馬 的大型固定馬達。電動車提 〃使用 業馬達所面對的環 98191.doc -79- 200531859 同之工作環境。在即將來臨的混合式電 電池電動及純電動車輛時代中，以電動馬達為背 = 故障偵測領域將得到甚大關注。 ，馬達 調適型電動馬達提供卓越的故障偵測及故障 藉由調適型馬達中獨立的電磁電路，該 =乍> 控制器可價測及隔離低至電磁電路層級之故障及中央 在大多數情況下，在需要時，該電動機械可能 j其總電磁電路容量3G%之容#來操作。因此，例如二 -調適型馬達中的一電磁電路停止操作， ： 测到此情況。 ^制益月匕偵 於是，該中央控制器便擁有若干調適 该電磁電路，並擴展許休甘。 /、了取下 其可能取下整個广達=電磁電路之轉矩負载。或者’ 負載。 、’擴展横跨其他調適型馬達之轉矩 進=一情況下，該汽車之駕駛者可「跛行回家」直至r 進仃修理。在某4b楂 」且主月匕 該容錯使得調^之影響甚至不值得注意。 減少駕駛者因調適==專統的電動馬達更可靠，並 況出現之可能性。車拒、絕運動而陷於進退兩難的情 當調適型電動車具有獨立的輪轂式馬達時 車輛具有針對故障、事故或 ：車或-他 之額外保護。即使—或〜 車輛之情況下)襲擊 車或其他車辆亦 =〜達變成不可用，調適型電動 摘。 作出補償並繼續行馱，即使性能受 9819l.d〇c •80- 200531859 周適土 ％動車使得再生制動更有效。調適型電動馬達之 貝使其易於控制，而其架構使得其成為高效率的發電機 及馬達。 同樣用於凋適型馬達之調適型控制系統能處置複雜的 控制方案。在對於斷路器或其他簡單的控制系統而言實施 :生制動可能較複雜之情況下，調適型控制系統之成熟性 質使得再生制動之挑戰性大為減小。 最後，再生制動可能產生大量的電力。當汽車從6〇 _ 減速到停止時，可能產生2讀之多的電。標準電池不能處 置此水準之快速重新充電。 具有該適當電池之一調適型電動車能處置由再生制動產 生的最多70%之能量。與許多料車輛相比可將此點與急 煞車後僅能儲存約5%的電力而消耗掉其餘電力。 當調適，電動車每一輪具有一電池包時，如圖⑽示之範 :，必須藉由每一電池來產生之電流減小。流進及流出該 電池之較低電流意味著電池使用期更長。 調適型電動車可以其他方式提高電池性能。例如，當該 重新充電的電流入四個分離的電池包而非將所有電注二 電池包時，再生制動更有效。 調適型電動車之高動力、高電 獲得更佳的電池性能。此點包括成本較亦使^ 池技術、簡化電池及燃料電池管 ，乏/及燃料電 4± 丄 及更廣泛的封裝選項。 4寸疋έ之，本發明之低電壓馬達 提供更高的性能。首先，為數更小J使传—動力電池能 為數更上的串聯電池提供更好的 98191.doc 200531859 電池平衡及更強固的性能。其次，更簡單的熱量管理及電 塵控制降低周邊成本、重量及能量損失。 第二，抓用低成本化學組成之電池變成可能（以鉛酸或鎳 氫取代鋰離子)而安全因數更高。第四，低系統電壓減少電 力電子元件中的電池衰退及損失。 在項具體貫施例中，調適型電動車將可能包括以下項 目中的一或多項··一調適型電動馬達或發電機、一調適型 電動機器（馬達或發電機）控制系統、總能量管理和/或調適 型電池技術。 圖1顯示本發明之一項說明性具體實施例之一方塊圖，其 中顯示一汽油/電動混合式車輛具有調適型四輪獨立驅動 之電動馬達。此一組態使得能直接且順利的轉變為全電動 的傳動系統，該全電動傳動系統勝過現有的汽油車、混合 式或僅採用電池的汽車，且其係以有競爭力的成本實現此 點。 亦可能採用許多其他具體實施例。僅採用電池之汽車、 燃料電池車、藉由僅一調適型馬達來驅動一或多個車輪之 Λ車-查係調適型電動車之可能的具體實施例。 此汽油/電動串聯混合式範例中的調適型電動車具有以 下主要系統.調適型馬達、電池、中央控制器、調適型發 電機、汽油引擎及油箱。本文中所使用的術語「調適型馬 ,“及調適型發電機」係具有二或更多電磁電路之調適 型電動機器，該等二或更多電磁電路係充分隔離成實質上 消除該等電路之間的電磁及電性干擾。 98191.doc 200531859 1.調適型四輪獨立驅動馬達 首先係該等調遶刑 门週^•四輪獨立驅動馬達。此範例具有四輪 獨：驅動馬達’但調適型電動車之其他範例可能具有二個 輪权式馬達、—或四個輪旁馬達或與該等輪分離之一或多 個馬達。較佳的係，該等馬達將係直接驅動，但在需要更 多峰值轉矩時，可使用告仏 使用齒輪，特定言之係固定比率之齒輪。 即使在一輪轂式馬達中 j便用订星齒輪，從而以較小的 馬達獲得峰值更高之轉矩。 敉j的 在此範例中，卷—.去β > …達係額定為每一電磁電路17 kW峰值 電力、260〇Nm峰值鳇拓 /η Λ7·< ^ 轉矩、42 ¥系統電壓及小於30 A之峰值 电 >瓜。每一馬達皆且右 ’、kg的有效質量。較佳的係該等 四輪獨立驅動馬達中的每— 分ϋ @庄 馬達白具有相同的組態。從而 允斗4專馬達成為標準化且可互換。 圖6顯示用在—調適 達之—β Μ電動車中之-分佈式的調適型馬 範例之一方塊概念圖。 ^ r α ^ 如此圖所不’該馬達之每一 相位」或電磁電路之操 箄比一 料白與其他相位不相關。所有該 寺相位皆受該控制器之控制。 在此圖6中，每一相位皆 能旦Μ & „ ，、有一獨立的電源信號產生器及 方式 件白組合成產生機械動力.以此 性干擾。 、扁除該等電路之間的電磁及電 圖1所示的調適型電動車 每电動車之車巳例不具有針對每一馬達的 相位之一分離電源。 池。丄 在4圖式中，母一馬達僅有一電 ^ 而且，如下面之句ΗΒ — ，母組電力電子元件（信號產生器） 98i9l.doc -83- 200531859 皆為三個相位提供動力。 點變弱， —相位。 相—, 此，每一相位儘管右 但母一相位之獨立性仍 吕有 於傳統 a.電磁學 τ的母 調適型電動馬達中 圍繞該定子的轉 圖2顯示在此範例之 子之一般組態。 1.轉子 =例二該轉子具有二皮帶’每一皮帶皆由18個永 =組成’該等二皮帶係沿一背環而並排配置。而且，該 亚不使U㈣’而可能具有纏繞的電磁極以增加磁 通置和/或幫助磁場高速度變弱。 =等每個皆由18個永磁體組成之二皮帶具有沿空氣間隙 :寺距間隔且黏附於一非磁性的圓形背板之磁體。每一皮 帶中磁體之磁極性自北向南圍繞該皮帶而交變。該等皮帶 係沿該背板並排置放。每一 得一皮帶中的北極係置於另 皮帶的磁體之磁極性之偏移使 一皮帶中的南極旁邊，反之亦 母環的磁體之磁極性成功地交變。可藉由添加一有磁 渗透性的元件（未顯示）來增強由該轉子的永磁體產生之磁 通量’該磁滲透性元件係安裝於該轉子永磁體之背部。 轉子磁體之數目僅係針對此範例。可以改變該數目。例 如’間隔較大距離之為數更少的磁體可能產生不同的轉矩 和/或速度特徵。 對欲使用哪—永磁體之選擇一般表示以較佳的性能換取 較低的成本。在此範例中，該等永磁體係一般的Bhmax或 9Sl9l.doc -84- 200531859 238至398 kJ/m 3 (3〇至5〇 MG〇e)之間系列能量產品之 NdFeB(敛、鐵、硼）永磁體。 使圓形區段中的磁體成形為具有正方形斷面及錐形邊緣 可能有助於使不必要的磁通量之交又干擾最小化。可令該 等磁體放射狀磁化以為該轉子之每_分割區段提供垂直於 該背板平面之強磁偶極。 該背板可由銘或其他非磁性的渗透性材料形成。該背板 可能形成該電動機械外殼之部分，側壁係附著於該外殼部 分。 2.定子 在此範例中，該定子具有15個電磁對子，每一對子皆係 圍繞一圓形中心電路環而縱向配置。每一電磁對子皆係一。 形電磁核心’而該「U」形狀之二豎直支架纏繞有銅導線以 充當電磁極。#由電力電子元件來切換該等^子繞組以形 成迫使該轉子旋轉之交變電磁場。 士在此馬達中可使用該等電磁核心之複雜的三維形狀以提 南性能。為更容易形成該等形狀，與層壓的電性鋼材相反， 可由軟磁口成物（「SMC」）粉末合金或合金燒結的粉末材料 (「SPM」）來製造該等電磁核心。。 。亥等SMC及SPM合金出現於新型各向同性粉末基體。使 用一樹脂黏接劑或氧化層使該粉末基體中的每一顆粒與其 他顆粒絕緣。此舉使得產生與最佳的高仙材相比極高的 私阻率（1Q0G比40至50 whm em)。其在相應頻率及磁通量 爸度下還具有很低的渦流電流損失。 98191.doc 200531859 该等SMC及SPM合金允許針對每— ^ ^ ^ 寺疋的馬達設計而指 疋嚴格的幾何形狀約束及所需電磁 ^ ^ ^ A 寺城。使用該等複雜的 一，.隹开> 狀可旎明顯地減輕該定子之翁曰 該等定子。 之重I，並使得容易製造 在此範例中，調適型馬達之每— 艰冤路或「相位」皆 /、，、他電磁電路中的每一電路夯 斤兩 电塔兄刀隔離成實質上消除該 寻电路之間的電性及電磁干擾。 ϋ平'1迠增加可以改變及 控制的獨立機械參數之數目。從 J 此舉可加大該電動ΜThe adaptive electric power of the example shown in Fig. 1 can reduce the weight of some systems, such as the transmission and differential components. This solution d, number and ί | use a lighter structure, and: Reduction of the "vicious cycle", and allowing per kilograms of the system to be removed: a little empirical method reversed, and for the child electric horse II to remove a maximum of 0.3kg structural weight. All of them are very reliable. In the work for fault detection and repair-generally most of the large fixed motors Shu Shumao to the workers. The electric motors used by the motor industry ring 98191.doc -79- 200531859 The same working environment. In the coming era of hybrid electric battery electric and pure electric vehicles, using electric motors as the back = fault detection will receive much attention. Motor-adaptable electric motors provide excellent fault detection and The fault is controlled by an independent electromagnetic circuit in the adaptive motor. The controller can measure and isolate faults and central faults down to the level of the electromagnetic circuit. In most cases, when necessary, the electric machine may Electromagnetic circuit capacity 3G% 的 容 # to operate. Therefore, for example, an electromagnetic circuit in a two-adaptive motor stops operating: This situation is detected. ^ Control Yiyue Diao then, the central controller has a number of Electromagnetic circuit, and extended Xu Xiugan. / 、 Removed it may take off the entire Quanta = torque load of the electromagnetic circuit. Or 'load.', 'Extended torque input across other adaptive motors = one case , The driver of the car can "walk home" until r is repaired. In a certain 4b hawk "and the fault tolerance of the main moon makes the effect of tuning ^ even less noticeable. Reduces the driver's adjustment due to == special electric The motor is more reliable, and the possibility of the situation appears. The car is in a dilemma when it refuses to move. When the adaptive electric vehicle has an independent hub motor, the vehicle has additional protection against malfunctions, accidents, or: —Or ~ In the case of a vehicle) Assault vehicle or other vehicles are also ~~ Da becomes unavailable, adaptable electric pick-up. Make compensation and continue to perform, even if the performance is affected by 9819l.d〇c • 80- 200531859 Zhou Shitu% Motor makes the regenerative braking more effective. The adaptive electric motor makes it easy to control, and its architecture makes it a highly efficient generator and motor. The same adaptive control system for adaptive motors can handle complex control schemes. For circuit breakers or other simple control systems, the maturity of adaptive control systems makes the challenge of regenerative braking much less complex when the braking may be complicated. Finally, regenerative braking can generate a lot of electricity. When the car decelerates from 60 to _, it may generate as much as 2 readings. Standard batteries cannot be recharged at this level. An adapted electric vehicle having one of the appropriate batteries can handle up to 70% of the energy generated by regenerative braking. Compared with many vehicles, this point can only store about 5% of the electric power and consume the remaining electric power after braking. When adapted, each wheel of an electric vehicle has a battery pack, as shown in the example shown in the figure: the current that must be generated by each battery is reduced. The lower current flowing into and out of the battery means longer battery life. Adaptive electric vehicles can improve battery performance in other ways. For example, regenerative braking is more effective when this recharged current flows into four separate battery packs instead of all two battery packs. The high power and high power of the adaptable electric vehicle achieve better battery performance. This includes cost comparisons with battery technology, simplified battery and fuel cell tubes, exhaustion and / or fuel cell 4 ± 丄, and a wider range of packaging options. In the case of 4 inches, the low voltage motor of the present invention provides higher performance. First of all, a smaller number enables the transmission-power battery to provide better 98191.doc 200531859 cell balancing and stronger performance for the higher series batteries. Second, simpler thermal management and dust control reduce peripheral cost, weight, and energy losses. Second, it becomes possible to use low-cost chemistry batteries (replace lithium ions with lead-acid or nickel-hydrogen) with higher safety factors. Fourth, low system voltage reduces battery decay and loss in power electronics. In the specific embodiment, the adaptive electric vehicle may include one or more of the following items: an adaptive electric motor or generator, an adaptive electric machine (motor or generator) control system, and total energy management And / or adaptive battery technology. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of an illustrative embodiment of the present invention in which a gasoline / electric hybrid vehicle has an adaptive four-wheel independent drive electric motor. This configuration enables a direct and smooth transition to an all-electric drivetrain, which outperforms existing petrol, hybrid or battery-only cars and achieves this at a competitive cost point. Many other specific embodiments are possible. A vehicle using only a battery, a fuel cell vehicle, and a vehicle that uses only one adaptive motor to drive one or more wheels-a specific embodiment of an adaptive electric vehicle. The adaptive electric vehicle in this gasoline / electric tandem hybrid example has the following main systems: an adaptive motor, a battery, a central controller, an adaptive generator, a gasoline engine, and a fuel tank. The term "adaptive horse," and "adaptive generator" as used herein is an adaptive electric machine having two or more electromagnetic circuits that are sufficiently isolated to substantially eliminate such circuits Electromagnetic and electrical interference. 98191.doc 200531859 1. Adaptable four-wheel independent drive motor First of all, it is the type of adjustable-circle trainer ^ • four-wheel independent drive motor. This example has four wheels alone: a drive motor 'but other examples of adaptive electric vehicles may have two wheeled motors—or four wheel-side motors or one or more motors separate from those wheels. Preferably, these motors will be directly driven, but when more peak torque is required, use gears, specifically fixed gears. Even in a hub-type motor, the star gear is used to obtain higher peak torque with a smaller motor. In this example of 敉 j, the volume —. Go to β >… is rated at 17 kW peak power per electromagnetic circuit, 260 Nm peak peak extension / η Λ7 · < ^ torque, 42 ¥ system voltage and Peak electricity less than 30 A > melons. Each motor has an effective mass to the right and kg. Each of the four-wheeled independent drive motors is better. @ 庄 motor white has the same configuration. As a result, the Yundou 4 special motor became standardized and interchangeable. Figure 6 shows a block conceptual diagram of an example of a distributed adaptive horse used in the -adapted-to-βM electric vehicle. ^ r α ^ As shown in the figure, 'each phase of the motor' or electromagnetic circuit operation ratio is not related to other phases. All the temple phases are controlled by the controller. In this Fig. 6, each phase can be M & „, there is an independent power signal generator and the way to combine to produce mechanical power. This kind of interference.. Eliminate the electromagnetic between these circuits. The example of each electric vehicle of the adaptive electric vehicle shown in Figure 1 does not have a separate power supply for one of the phases of each motor. The battery. In the four diagrams, the mother-motor only has one electricity ^ And, as follows The above sentence ΗΒ —, the parent group of power electronic components (signal generator) 98i9l.doc -83- 200531859 all provide power for the three phases. The point becomes weaker, —phase. Phase —, so each phase is right but the mother The independence of one phase is still present in the traditional a. Electromagnetic τ mother-adaptive electric motor. The rotation around the stator is shown in Figure 2. The general configuration of the child in this example is shown in Figure 2. 1. Rotor = Example 2. The rotor has two belts 'Each belt is composed of 18 Yong =' The two belts are arranged side by side along a back loop. Moreover, Gaia does not make U㈣ 'and may have winding electromagnetic poles to increase magnetic flux placement and / or help magnetic fields Weakness at high speeds. = Waiting for each by 1 Two of the eight permanent magnet belts have magnets spaced along the air gap: spaced apart from each other and adhered to a nonmagnetic circular back plate. The magnetic polarity of the magnets in each belt alternates from north to south around the belt. The belts are placed side by side along the backing plate. The north pole of each belt is placed on the other belt, and the magnetic polarity of the other belt is offset by the south pole of one belt, and vice versa. Alternating. The magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet of the rotor can be enhanced by adding a magnetically permeable element (not shown). The magnetically permeable element is installed on the back of the permanent magnet of the rotor. The number of rotor magnets is only This is for this example. The number can be changed. For example, 'a few magnets with a larger distance may produce different torque and / or speed characteristics. Which one you want to use — the choice of permanent magnets generally means better performance In exchange for a lower cost. In this example, these permanent magnet systems generally have a Bhmax or 9Sl9l.doc -84- 200531859 of 238 to 398 kJ / m 3 (30 to 50 MG〇e) in a series of energy products. NdFeB (convergence, , Boron) permanent magnets. Forming the magnets in the circular section to have a square cross-section and a tapered edge may help to minimize unnecessary magnetic flux intersections and interference. Radial magnetization of these magnets can be thought of as Each segment of the rotor provides a strong magnetic dipole that is perpendicular to the plane of the backplane. The backplane may be formed from an inscription or other non-magnetic, permeable material. The backplane may form part of the electromechanical housing with the side walls attached In the case part. 2. Stator In this example, the stator has 15 electromagnetic pairs, each pair is longitudinally arranged around a circular central circuit ring. Each electromagnetic pair is one. The 'U'-shaped vertical support is wound with copper wires to serve as an electromagnetic pole. #The electrical windings are switched by the power electronic components to form an alternating electromagnetic field that forces the rotor to rotate. In this motor, the complex three-dimensional shape of these electromagnetic cores can be used to improve performance. In order to more easily form these shapes, as opposed to laminated electrical steels, these electromagnetic cores can be manufactured from soft magnetic mouthpiece ("SMC") powder alloys or alloy sintered powder materials ("SPM"). . . Hai and other SMC and SPM alloys appeared in a new type of isotropic powder matrix. Each particle in the powder matrix is insulated from other particles using a resin adhesive or an oxide layer. This results in an extremely high privacy ratio (1Q0G to 40 to 50 whm em) compared to the best high fairy wood. It also has very low eddy current loss at the corresponding frequency and magnetic flux density. 98191.doc 200531859 These SMC and SPM alloys allow for the design of motors per ^ ^ ^ 疋 疋 strict geometric shape constraints and the required electromagnetic ^ ^ ^ A 城城. The use of these complex one, "open" conditions can significantly alleviate the stator's Weng said the stator. Weight I and make it easy to manufacture In this example, each of the adaptable motors—difficult roads or “phases” are all Electrical and electromagnetic interference between the seek circuits. "Ping'1" increases the number of independent mechanical parameters that can be changed and controlled. From J this will increase the electric M

械對控制及最佳化之有效回應。 此外’每-電磁電路皆與其他電磁電路中的每一電路名 結構上和/或電磁分離，其可從該馬達控制器接收一分㈣ 控：信號。從而控制每—組電磁電路中的電磁流動而與真 他每i中的電磁流動不相關。其可能允許控制每一電賴 電路或相位而與其他每一相位不相關。 ‘Effective response to control and optimization. In addition, the 'E-Electromagnetic Circuit' is structurally and / or electromagnetically separated from each circuit name in other electromagnetic circuits, and it can receive a minute control signal from the motor controller. Thereby, the electromagnetic flow in each group of electromagnetic circuits is controlled and has nothing to do with the electromagnetic flow in each other. It may allow control of each electrical circuit or phase independently of each other. ‘

乍為獨立的電磁電路，可獨立地驅動該馬達之每一「相 4」仁疋，為了使該系統之複雜性最小化，並減少所需電 電子元件之數目，將此範例中馬達的15個相位分成五 組’母組三個「相位」。圖4顯示此情形。 b.電力電子元件 此項技術中熟知 電。圖5顯示用於— 分電路圖。充當— 中的母一定子繞組 器 IRFIZ48N-ND)可 ’電子開關向此範例中的馬達繞組加 個別定子繞組的開關組及驅動器之—部 開關組之四個MOSFET連接一橋接電路 。—MOSFET之Η型橋接（例如國際整流 用作一電子開關組。 9819l.doc -86 - 200531859 ，MOSFET橋接電路可使得用於向該等定子繞組加電之電 [及电:成形。此舉可藉由脈衝寬度調變（此項技術中熟知 之技術）來疋成。一數位信號處理器（DSp)或其他微處理 益產生该控制信號以驅動該等MOSFE丁。 小用於脈衝寬度調變之橋接電路可能係—完全或一半橋接 私路。儘官在此顯示的係一四m〇sfet開關組，但可使用 各種已$ @私子切換元件中任—元件以向該等定子繞組提 供適當方向上的驅動電流。At first, it is an independent electromagnetic circuit that can independently drive each "phase 4" of the motor. In order to minimize the complexity of the system and reduce the number of electrical and electronic components required, 15 The phases are divided into five groups, the parent group and three "phases". Figure 4 shows this situation. b. Power electronic components Electricity is well known in the art. Figure 5 shows the circuit diagram used for this. Acting as the mother-in-child winding device in the IRFIZ48N-ND), the switch group and driver of the individual stator windings can be added to the motor winding in this example by one of the four MOSFETs in the switch group connected to a bridge circuit. — MOSFET-type bridging (such as international rectification used as an electronic switch group. 9819l.doc -86-200531859), MOSFET bridge circuit can make electricity [and electricity: forming.] For such stator windings. This can be It is generated by pulse width modulation (a technique well known in the art). A digital signal processor (DSp) or other micro-processing gains the control signal to drive the MOSFEs. It is used for pulse width modulation. The bridge circuit may be-fully or half-bridged private circuit. The one shown here is a fourteen msfet switch group, but various types of components can be used to provide these stator windings. Drive current in proper direction.

一-靶例(圖4所示)具有五組電力電子元件，每一組皆驅動 三個分離的定子繞組。詩此15健子磁極的馬達之電力 電子兀件組之數目亦可為15組，或係15的因數之任何數 目。五組給出欲最佳化的最獨立參數’但亦可能係最昂貴 的。 、且電力電子凡件（如圖4所示）可能係成本及複雜性 之—方面與最佳化的能力之另-方面之間-很好的折衷。 。 來自°亥控制器之一控制信號控制該M0SFET閘 極驅動器，該刪FET閘極㈣H進而驅動該娜服開關 ^该Μ 0 S F Ε τ開關組在該適當方向上經該^子繞、组傳送 來自该電源之驅動電流。 丁用於每組疋子繞組之切換電路。該馬達控制器使 度調變來改變經由每一定子繞組而傳送之電流及 及二二因I错由改變經由該定子繞組而傳送之電流 ^數里與該電流之方向來驅動該馬達。 亦可增加電力電子組之數目以減少需要由每一開關組來 98191.doc -87- 200531859 處置的電流數量。例如，若使用1 5組而非五組電力電子元 件’則需要由每一組來處置的電流數量下降三分之二。 c·馬達控制器 該馬達控制器控制從該電源傳送給該等定子繞組的電流 數ΐ及方向。其係依據來自電流感測器、一轉子位置感測 器及速度近似器之輸入而藉由控制該等閘極驅動器來實 行此控制。The one-target example (shown in Figure 4) has five groups of power electronic components, each of which drives three separate stator windings. The number of power electronic components of a motor with 15 magnetic poles can also be 15 groups, or any number that is a factor of 15. The five sets give the most independent parameters to be optimized 'but may also be the most expensive. Moreover, the power electronics components (as shown in Figure 4) may be a good compromise between cost and complexity-aspects and the ability to optimize-another aspect. . A control signal from one of the controllers controls the M0SFET gate driver, and the deleted FET gate ㈣H in turn drives the nano switch ^ the M 0 SF Ε τ switch group is transmitted in the proper direction through the sub windings and groups Drive current from the power supply. D is used for the switching circuit of each group of rafter windings. The motor controller adjusts the degree to change the current transmitted through each of the stator windings and changes the direction of the current transmitted through the stator windings and the direction of the current due to I error to drive the motor. It is also possible to increase the number of power electronics groups to reduce the amount of current that needs to be handled by each switch group 98191.doc -87- 200531859. For example, if 15 sets of power electronic components are used instead of five sets, the amount of current that needs to be handled by each set is reduced by two thirds. c. Motor controller The motor controller controls the number and direction of the currents transmitted from the power source to the stator windings. It does this by controlling the gate drivers based on inputs from a current sensor, a rotor position sensor, and a speed approximator.

圖8顯示一馬達控制器之一範例。在此範例中，該控制器 係德州儀器數位信號處理器TMS32〇LF24〇7ApG。該控制器 亦需要記憶體以儲存電流驅動輪廓、其他資料及程式。在 此範例中，該驅動器具有四個記憶體。 為提高性能，該馬達控制器可令該馬達之轉矩/速度/效率 特彳政動L地適應該馬達之特徵。隨著參數-驅動輸入、針對 母一馬達系統之感測器輸入、以及針對該車輛之感測器輸 入-改嫒，可令該馬達之操作改變成適應該等變化。 σ將大夕數調適型控制系統最佳化成使以下項目獲得平 衡： ' •功能需求 .性能品質 •糸統致率 •系統安全 •容錯 ^適型電動馬達之分佈式架構允許電路獨立性，同時使 ㈣、“和、電力需求、組件複雜性及軟體複雜性獲得 98191.doc -88- 200531859 平衡。依據該等使用者輸入及環境、馬達或系統條件，可 將該等控制優先權調適成使性能最佳化。 例如，右汽車從停滯起動而需要高轉矩來以低速度爬 坡’則將該馬達控制器調適成可提供此功能。若該汽車需- 要尚轉矩來以每小時70英里之速度在高速公路上穿越，則 該馬達控制器可提供此功能。 一作為另-範例，該馬達控制器可使用一正弦波形輪麼來 經由其更高效率的操作來延長電池使用期。但是，在大多 數情況下，電源之額定值係針對一最大電流放電率。若該· 馬達控制器接收需要最大電流汲取之一控制輸入，則該馬 、3出在-亥正弦波形輪靡之情況下可能限於相對較低的轉 矩0 J該馬達控制器決定該馬達需要產生比該正弦波形輪廓 月匕提供者更多之轉矩，則該控制器可切換為一方波輪廓。 該方波輪廓將產生比該方波形輪廓更多之轉矩而不超過該 =源供應之最大較值。但是’該電力損失將增加約㈣，FIG. 8 shows an example of a motor controller. In this example, the controller is the Texas Instruments digital signal processor TMS32LF2407ApG. The controller also needs memory to store current-driven contours, other data, and programs. In this example, the drive has four memories. In order to improve performance, the motor controller can adapt the torque / speed / efficiency of the motor to the characteristics of the motor. With the parameter-drive input, the sensor input for the parent-motor system, and the sensor input-modification for the vehicle, the operation of the motor can be changed to accommodate these changes. σ optimizes the Daxi number adaptive control system to achieve the balance of the following items: '• Functional requirements. Performance quality • System uniformity rate • System safety • Fault tolerance ^ The distributed architecture of the adaptive electric motor allows circuit independence, and at the same time Achieve a balance of 98191.doc -88- 200531859 with the balance of power, power requirements, component complexity and software complexity. Based on these user inputs and environmental, motor or system conditions, these control priorities can be adapted to make Performance is optimized. For example, the right car starts from stalling and needs high torque to climb at low speeds', then adapt the motor controller to provide this function. If the car needs-still torque to run at an hour The motor controller can provide this function at a speed of 70 miles on the highway. As another example, can the motor controller use a sine wave wheel to extend battery life through its more efficient operation? However, in most cases, the power supply rating is for a maximum current discharge rate. If the motor controller receives one of the maximum current draws required to control the output Input, then the horse and 3 out may be limited to a relatively low torque in the case of a sine wave waveform. The motor controller determines that the motor needs to generate more turns than the sine wave profile moon dagger provider. Moment, the controller can switch to a square wave profile. The square wave profile will generate more torque than the square wave profile without exceeding the maximum value of the source supply. But 'the power loss will increase by about ㈣ ,

攸而大大降低效率D 在違馬達控制H中可實施各種*同演算法以獲得最佳结 2例如’調適型電動馬達之—馬達控制器可使用—相位 7方案來應對由反電動勢(卿)高速度積聚產生之問題。 一般地，該馬達控制^藉由對應於㈣者輸人、機械操 作條件及機械操作參數來動態地選擇—控制方案而使該調 f型电動馬達之性能最佳化。為實行此舉’馬達控制器可 此使用各種控制演算法，包括上面說明的轉矩/效率最佳化 98191.doc •89- 200531859 及相位提前演曾、、么 . ，捉n法。能想到至少三類演算法。 百先係性能導向演算法。在此，計 以給定速度及轉矩使性能最佳化 工1]的參數來 最佳化及相位提前演算法屬於此類別。斤4的轉矩/效率 凸==法可能包括設計成抑制振動或應對可能由路面 上，演算法可用於至少在 事- ㈣非菁載質量之影響。 度上抵消該汽車車輪 =由傳統的輪較式系統之情況相比， =統之此基於軟體的動態抑制可能產生較佳的道路= 單使乘駕更舒適。其在安全及舒適方面可提供優於 -、、、達之傳統電動車、甚至優於汽油車之優點。 其次係以圍繞故障而進行的工作為導向之演算法。在 此依據特疋的故障資訊來重新計算可控制的參數，從而 了保持-給定的速度轉矩輪靡。亦可使其他所需性能特徵 隶佳化至可能的程度。 —例如’該中央控制器可圍繞故障而運作。調適型馬達之 每一「相位」或「電磁電路」皆可為獨立。在該情況下， 該中央控制器或馬達控制器可對變得不能操作之一相位作 出補償。該馬達將進行操作’但轉矩漣波增加、接頭增加 而轉矩減小。 曰僅該容錯便可能係、優於其他馬達設計之—大優點。但 是’猎由適當的演算法，該控制器甚至可對該等故障作出 補饧減少轉矩漣波及接頭而增加來自其他相位的轉矩作 98191.doc -90- 200531859 用以維持該轉矩。 第三係針對處理製造容限及磨損而調整的演算法。該等 演算法係其於一前提條件，即該馬達之每一部分儘管係依 據規格而製造，但亦可與該規格有一定偏離。該等演算法 -可月b針對此類偏離以及由磨損造成的偏離而進行校正。 由於該等演算法必須承受特定的馬達性能，因此其可能 取佳的係實施於該馬達控制器中而非該中央控制器中。但 是’其確可實施於此二處中任一處。 ，該馬達控制器在其執行再生制動時，還必須能夠控制作· 為發電機之馬達。此範例中的輪轂式馬達之調適型架構有 助於再生制動。 d·控制及感測器輪入 在此祀例中，對該馬達控制器之控制輸入來自一中央控 制器。在其他範例中，該控制輸入可能來自使用者輸二 :他來源。依據該控制及感測器輸入，該馬達控制器產生 一電流輪廓以驅動該等定子繞組。 =例中的每一馬達皆需要具有其獨立的絕對角度位置 :、[此點可能係依據若干技術（例如光學、電感、電容 或磁性）中的任一技術。 二實行針對每一馬達系統之其他感測。如圖7所示，可 志“夕固參數，例如車輪滑動、電池战、 加 力電子元件溫度、馬達溫度、車鈐 / 、/皿度、也 =之，權到達該馬達控制器或該中央控制器。 丁針對該車輛之❹彳。料參數可能包括車辆速 98191.doc -91 - 200531859 外部空氣溫度以及三維定位（例 度、加速、内部空氣溫度 如偏航偵測）。 駕驶者輸入可能白杯$ _ 括…車、轉向、加速及切換控制。藉 由此对例中的調適母〗雷余（& ,, 生兒動車，獲取駕駛者輸入之「使用者 介面」可能係'電子連接而非機械連接。從而使得可採用各 中使用者；I面裝置_滑鼠、控制桿或者甚至語音命令·以取代 傳統的轉向輪、煞車及加速器。 e.冷卻 若欲從—電動馬達汲取最大電力，則需要提供該定子及 轉，上的繞組之冷卻，還有其他可能併入該馬達設計的易 受才貝零件（例如永磁體彳夕、人，、 / [體）之冷部。視該馬達類型、尺寸及負載 循王哀而定，可雜由光备4、 , > 、’二乳或—液態冷卻劑系統來提供此冷卻。 對於一電動車馬達，可兹山# a 藉由空氣、油或水來進行冷卻。 空氣強製冷卻係大多數低# ι、去士 * ^ &仏馬達中使用的方法。若欲使空 氣冷卻有效，則必須接处 ^ 、徒t、v官以使該冷卻空氣到達散逸多 數熱里之S亥等組件（例如定子繞組）。 疋Vs表不„亥馬達比採用其他方式時的馬達實際大The efficiency can be greatly reduced. D In the motor control H, various * simulation algorithms can be implemented to achieve the best results. Problems caused by high-speed accumulation. Generally, the motor control optimizes the performance of the f-type electric motor by dynamically selecting a control scheme corresponding to the input of the person, the mechanical operating conditions, and the mechanical operating parameters. To do this, the motor controller can use various control algorithms, including the torque / efficiency optimization described above 98191.doc • 89- 200531859 and the phase advance calculation. Think of at least three types of algorithms. Baixian performance-oriented algorithms. Here, the parameters that optimize the performance with a given speed and torque1] optimization and phase advance algorithms belong to this category. The torque / efficiency of the Jin 4 method can include designing to suppress vibration or respond to possible impacts on the road surface, and the algorithm can be used to at least deal with the effects of mass. The degree to which the car wheel is offset = compared to the case of a traditional wheel-by-wheel system, = the overall software-based dynamic suppression may produce a better road = simply make the ride more comfortable. In terms of safety and comfort, it can provide advantages over traditional electric vehicles, even better than gasoline vehicles. Secondly, the algorithm is guided by the work around the fault. In this case, the controllable parameters are recalculated based on the special fault information, so that the hold-to-speed and torque are overrun. Other required performance characteristics can also be optimized to the extent possible. -For example, 'the central controller can operate around a fault. Each "phase" or "electromagnetic circuit" of an adaptive motor can be independent. In this case, the central controller or motor controller can compensate for a phase that becomes inoperable. This motor will operate 'but the torque ripple increases, the joints increase and the torque decreases. That fault tolerance alone may be a big advantage over other motor designs. However, with proper algorithms, the controller can even compensate for these faults by reducing torque ripple and joints and increasing the torque from other phases as 98191.doc -90- 200531859 to maintain the torque. The third is an algorithm adjusted for manufacturing tolerances and wear. These algorithms are based on the premise that although each part of the motor is manufactured according to the specifications, it can also deviate from the specifications. The algorithms can be corrected for such deviations and those caused by wear. Since these algorithms must withstand specific motor performance, their best possible implementation is implemented in the motor controller rather than the central controller. But it can be implemented in either of these two places. When the motor controller is performing regenerative braking, it must also be able to control the motor that is a generator. The adaptive architecture of the in-wheel motor in this example helps regenerative braking. d. Control and sensor turn-on In this example, the control input to the motor controller comes from a central controller. In other examples, the control input may come from user input two: other sources. Based on the control and sensor inputs, the motor controller generates a current profile to drive the stator windings. = Each motor in the example needs to have its own independent absolute angular position: [This point may be based on any one of several technologies (such as optics, inductance, capacitance or magnetism). Second, perform other sensing for each motor system. As shown in FIG. 7, Ke Zhi ’s parameters, such as wheel slip, battery warfare, afterburner electronic component temperature, motor temperature, car 钤 /, // degree, also =, the right to the motor controller or the center Controller. For the purpose of the vehicle. Material parameters may include vehicle speed 98191.doc -91-200531859 outside air temperature and three-dimensional positioning (normal, acceleration, internal air temperature such as yaw detection). Driver input Maybe white cup $ _ includes ... car, steering, acceleration, and switching control. By this way, the adaptor in the example 〖Lei Yu (& ,, child moving car, getting the "user interface" input by the driver may be ' Electronic connection instead of mechanical connection. This makes it possible to use all users; I-face device _ mouse, joystick or even voice commands · to replace traditional steering wheels, brakes and accelerators. E. If cooling is required-electric motor To draw the maximum power, it is necessary to provide cooling of the stator and the windings on the rotor, as well as other susceptible parts (such as permanent magnets, people, and /) that may be incorporated into the motor design. . Depending on the type, size and load of the motor, the cooling can be provided by Guangbi 4,, >, 'Secondary or-liquid coolant system. For an electric vehicle motor, 可 兹 山 # a Cooling is by air, oil or water. Forced air cooling is the method used in most motors. It is necessary to use air cooling if you want to make air cooling effective. In order to make the cooling air reach components such as stator windings that dissipate most of the heat (such as stator windings), 疋 Vs indicates that the helium motor is actually larger than the motor when using other methods

小更大。因此，在改呈、人C °々部、增加馬達尺寸及重量之間需 要一定折衷。此情形使得需以水及油來取代空氣。該等液 體允許藉由更小的㈣來更有效地冷卻並使得馬達重量減 輕、尺寸縮小而特定輪出更高。 對於水馬達之電性活躍零件切勿接觸水，除非使用去 離子水。油及潑濺冷卻不存在此問題。在此，可安全地使 用與該等電性繞組相鄰的導f來冷卻轉子與定子。但是， 98191.doc 200531859 若油進入轉子與定子之間的空氣 某些惡性的緩行。 心“可能造成 油還具有一優點，即可將冷卻功能與該潤 尤其係在具有積體馬達與變速箱之-推進系統中在且^ 水之二情況下，有時需要一散熱器以移除來自該冷= 之熱$。此熱量可為該車輛供熱系統所使用。 2 ·四個電池 在此範例巾，料四輪獨立驅動馬達巾的每— 與其相鄰的其自己之電池。在此範例 ” 來、。P I 电池係用作電源 的係，此電源可能係一電池、燃料電池'發 電機或任何其他電力來源。 理想的係，即使每一馬達的電磁電路之每—「相位，、 將會具有其自己的分離電源。當該等電源彼此之間益電： 連接時，可令該電源來源與該電磁電路之間的線電流 較低。此外，基本上能消除該等電路之間的電性干擾。此 舉提咼了馬達可控制性。 為獲得最佳的電池性能，應如以下專中之說明來訊 計該等電池：第5，·，71則料《(「多奸捲線機; 法」）、第5,439,488號（「用以製作大電池之方法） ^67,9〇7號（「電動車輛設計」）及6,265顧（「單^設計弟 單一麼力容器及電流集電器」）。 該等電池使得電力更快且效率更高地運動進出電池，而 無論該電池之化學組成如何。該等電池由於其能在猛烈加 迷期間輪送較高的電力且在再生制動期間高效率地重新捕 9819l.doc 93- 200531859 獲明顯較多的能量而係混合式車之理想選擇。 、，吃池技術藉由製造職繞組堆疊而非-®柱結構之電 單几k而在-單—設計中輸送高動力及高能量。其電 =電器技錢得電力能穿過該繞組單元之主體而直接從 °π 一 i下單元。傳統的電池使用較小的電流集電器以 使電力在單元之間穿過。 3 ·中央控制器 在此乾例中，該中央控制器對所有調適型電動車系統執 行總能量管理。此舉允許以可能的最有效方法來使用該可 電力，，二由d亥中央控制器及該等馬達控制器，該電動車 在操作期間能動態地適應各種條件。 如圖7所示，該中央控制器利用來自感測器之一系列輸 入。該等感測器輸人包括來自該等四輪獨立驅動馬達之每 個馬達的分離感測器以及針對整個車辆之感測器輸入。該 中央控制器將此資訊與經由該「使用者介面」接收到的駕 駛者輸入組合…般地，該等駕駛者輪人包括煞車、轉向、 加速器及各種開關控制。 然後该中央控制器可依據知識而將該等輸人與儲存資訊 組合。該等知識依據可包含調適及最佳化演算法、儲存的 驅動輪廓、車輛規格及導航資訊。依據此整個資訊，該中 央控制器最佳化以獲得最佳性能。此舉需要向該等輪轂式 馬達中的每-馬達傳送控制信號以連續控制馬達轉矩及速 度。 作為4中央控制器、該等馬達控制器及其他組件之間的 98191.doc •94- 200531859 η面，現有或自有介面皆可用來實現通信控制、輸入/輸出 力此回彳又迴路及其他必要功能。該等介面使得汽車設計 者能進行大量的定製。 見有"面包括該控制器區域網路（CAN)，此係在歐洲得 兴乏接又而正在逐漸為美國製造商所接受之車内網絡。 ^疋i么共汽車則不確定，因為其延時沒有保證。因此， π車製造商正在轉向時間觸動協定（ττ。或吖。事實 上二二者皆係時間觸動架構，其令依據優先權排定而於良 子疋義之知間實施動作’從而致動器、馬達及所有其他網 路節點依據其同步時脈而具有一共用的時間參考。 其他公共汽車設計、協定及軟體環境亦可用。該等公妓 汽車設計、協定及軟體環境包括〇SEK(引擎控制單元軟體 、寺執订者之德文縮寫）、媒體導向系統傳輸（MOST)及 ；Γ80 1423())。—單—的汽車可能同時使用許多規格。 車電子方式執行「差動功能」，而在汽油 咕戈“ 而要冑械差動。該差動功能魚 在该等驅動輪上分割該動力。 " /.,,, 思者-玄寺-¾動條件之轡 化，例如，當汽車曲線繞行時，可向每:變 的電心而以正確的速度及轉矩來推進該輪。 由於具有四輪獨立驅動 度轉拓… 4馬達母—馬達皆能夠容納零速 -勃允坪執行在汽油車或傳統的電動車中不可 二：的許多功能。該馬達系統可執行對 而吕不可能的汽車功能。此舉允許消除某 ^統 小某些車輛系統之尺寸。 —車輛糸，、先或縮 9819l.doc -95- 200531859 例如，可使用該中央控制器來提供改進的反鎖煞車系 統、機構控制及偏航穩定性控制。可以較低的摩擦係數來 仔細地施加對車輪之控制。每一車輪馬達皆有助於煞車、 吸收煞車能量以延長煞車墊使用期並減少該等車輪上的煞 . 車灰塵。 還可執行其他系統功能。可實施「坡道控制」功能。可 使得越野控制更精確。僅藉由電子煞車便可實施一機械輪 鎖功能（如同變速器停車鎖）。 可藉由一.差動輪轂式轉矩來產生低速度轉矩轉向。此舉籲 允許動力轉向輔助，並以較低的車輛速度及較低的摩擦係 數來執行一偏航轉矩功能。 如前面所提到，該中央控制器能將每一個別馬達之轉矩 及速度控制成提供改進的牽引控制。由於每—馬達還具有 其自己的馬達控制器’因此，該分佈式控制系統及直接驅 動功能在加速及煞車時皆能提供獨立的車輪控制。此舉允 斗軟體演算法容易地整合一四輪反鎖煞車係統與直接牵引 和/或穩定性控制功能。 麵 母-輪内的一電動馬達允許在整個零至最大轉矩範圍對 每:輪進行瞬時轉矩分配。車輪亦能以不同方向及瞬時反 ，旋轉。此情形允許採取許多成熟的演算法來提高車輛性 能。 例如’該中央控制器可能具有針對將輪胎從雪地溝竿巾 搖動動作之一演算法。該中央控制器可二 、 ^ °後運動直至其感測到該等車輪滑動時為止，然後將, 98l9l.doc -96- 200531859 以馬達㈣向前直至其㈣到滑動，此時其再次反向 時’以此類推直至該汽車能向前運動而不滑動為止。 該中央控制器還控制且最佳化藉由該汽油引擎/發電機 模組以及藉由再生制動產生的電力。在該中央控制器中摔 作的演异法能為在城市中使用的能量獲得最佳恢復，而提 供最大的再生式服務致動，從而延長最大行程及提高整個 系統效率，。其控制流進及流出該等電池的所有電力，並 監視該電池電流及溫度。 該中央控制器亦能用於實施—「藉由導線來驅動」的轉 向系統。此解除了對—轉向輪與所轉向的輪之間存在—機 械連結之需要。nub，設計者能使用_控制桿、滑鼠或其 他裝置來取代汽車之轉向輪。 在此範例中，導航資訊亦可為該t央控制器所用，以由 其來處理此資訊，從而向該駕駛者提供導航指令。該中央 控制器還為該駕駛者儀器提供資訊，該等資訊顯示速度、 行程、燃料剩餘、電池充電狀態及類似資訊。 該中央控制器將控制外部照明、供熱、通風及空調、除 霧、除冰及座椅加熱。目前該等系統需要i 2 V，但是越來 越多的設計者建議針對該等系統（即使在傳統的汽車中）改 用42 V之電源供應。 4.控制及感測器輸入 圖7顯示該中央控制器如何接收各種輸入、汲取必須的資 訊（駕驶描述、車輛規格及導航資訊），並產生適當的輪出。 如圖7所示’該中央控制器利用來自感測器之一系列輸 98191.doc -97- 200531859 入。該等感測器輸入包括來自 X t U； %獨立驅動馬盒 離感測器以及針對整個車輛之 ‘、達的刀 、J器輸入。該中央控制哭 將此資訊與經由該「使用者介 控弟】m 人 Μ〜/ 」接收到的駕駛者輸入組 合。-叙地’该等駕駛者輸入包括煞 各種開關控制。 Q加速m及 然後’該中央控制器可將該等輸入與儲存的驅 車輛規格及導航資訊組合。依據此整個資訊，參^ 器最佳化以獲得最佳,|_± 。 αΧ 、控15 又付取佳！生月b。此舉需要向該等輪Small is bigger. Therefore, a trade-off must be made between the change, the C crotch, and the increase in motor size and weight. This situation necessitates the replacement of air with water and oil. These liquids allow for more efficient cooling with smaller pumps and make motors lighter in weight, smaller in size and higher in specific wheels. Do not touch water on electrically active parts of the water motor unless deionized water is used. Oil and splash cooling do not have this problem. Here, it is safe to use the guide f adjacent to the electrical windings to cool the rotor and stator. However, 98191.doc 200531859 if the oil enters the air between the rotor and the stator, some vicious slow-moving. Mind "may cause oil also has an advantage, that is, the cooling function and this lubricant can be tied especially to the-propulsion system with integrated motor and gearbox. In the case of water and water, sometimes a radiator is needed to move In addition to the heat from the cold = $. This heat can be used by the vehicle heating system. 2 · Four batteries in this example towel, each of the four-wheel independently driven motor towel — its own battery adjacent to it. Here in this example ". The P I battery is used as a power source, which may be a battery, a fuel cell 'generator, or any other source of electricity. Ideally, even if each of the "phases" of the electromagnetic circuit of each motor will have its own separate power source. When these power sources are mutually beneficial: When connected, the power source and the electromagnetic circuit The line current between them is low. In addition, it can basically eliminate the electrical interference between these circuits. This improves the controllability of the motor. In order to obtain the best battery performance, it should be sent as described in the following section. Counting these batteries: No. 5, 71, "Materials (" Multiple Winding Machine; Law "), No. 5,439,488 (" Methods for Making Large Batteries ") ^ 67,907 (" Electric Vehicle Design "), And 6,265 Gu (" Single design container, single power container and current collector "). These batteries allow electricity to move in and out of the battery faster and more efficiently, regardless of the battery's chemical composition. These batteries are ideal for hybrid vehicles due to their ability to rotate higher power during periods of intense fanfare and efficiently recapture 9819l.doc 93-200531859 during regenerative braking. ， Chichi technology delivers high power and high energy in the -single-design by manufacturing electric stacks instead of -k column structures. Its electricity = electrical technology can get electricity through the main body of the winding unit and directly lower the unit from ° π to i. Traditional batteries use smaller current collectors to allow electricity to pass between the units. 3 · Central controller In this dry example, the central controller performs total energy management for all adaptive electric vehicle systems. This allows the available electricity to be used in the most efficient way possible. With the central controller and the motor controllers, the electric vehicle can dynamically adapt to various conditions during operation. As shown in Figure 7, the central controller uses a series of inputs from the sensors. The sensor inputs include separate sensors from each of the four-wheel independent drive motors and sensor inputs for the entire vehicle. The central controller combines this information with driver input received through the "user interface" ... Generally, these driver wheels include braking, steering, accelerator and various switch controls. The central controller can then combine this input with stored information based on knowledge. This knowledge base may include adaptation and optimization algorithms, stored drive profiles, vehicle specifications, and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the central controller is optimized for best performance. This requires transmitting control signals to each of these in-wheel motors to continuously control motor torque and speed. As 98191.doc between 4 central controllers, such motor controllers and other components, the existing or own interfaces can be used to implement communication control, input / output forces, loopbacks, and other Necessary function. These interfaces allow car designers to do a lot of customization. Seen here is the Controller Area Network (CAN), an in-car network that is gaining popularity in Europe and is gradually being accepted by American manufacturers. ^ 疋 iCom is not sure because its delay is not guaranteed. Therefore, π car manufacturers are turning to time-triggered agreements (ττ. Or acridine. In fact, both are time-triggered architectures, which enable actions to be carried out between the right and the right of the righteous, according to the priority schedule. The motor and all other network nodes have a shared time reference based on their synchronized clocks. Other bus designs, protocols, and software environments are also available. These prostitute car designs, protocols, and software environments include 0SEK (Engine Control Unit Software, German abbreviation for temple subscribers), Media Oriented System Transmission (MOST), and Γ80 1423 ()). —Single—Cars may use many specifications at the same time. The car performs the "differential function" electronically, while in the gasoline goo, "differential is required. The differential function fish divides the power on these drive wheels. &Quot; /. ,,, Thinker-Xuansi -The change of dynamic conditions, for example, when the car curve detours, the wheel can be propelled to the correct speed and torque with each change of the electric core. Because it has four-wheel independent driving degree extension ... 4 motors Both mother and motor are able to accommodate zero speed-Bo Yunping performs many functions that are indispensable in gasoline vehicles or traditional electric vehicles. The motor system can perform the impossible automobile functions. This allows the elimination of some Smaller dimensions of certain vehicle systems. — Vehicle slack, advance or contraction 9819l.doc -95- 200531859 For example, the central controller can be used to provide improved anti-lock braking systems, mechanism control, and yaw stability control. Low friction coefficient to carefully apply wheel control. Each wheel motor helps to brake, absorbs braking energy to extend the life of the brake pads and reduce the brake on these wheels. Car dust. It can also perform other system functions Can be real "Ramp control" feature. Makes off-road control more precise. A mechanical wheel lock function (like a transmission parking lock) can only be implemented with electronic brakes. Low speed torque steering can be produced by a differential hub torque. This action allows power steering assistance and performs a yaw torque function at a lower vehicle speed and a lower friction coefficient. As mentioned earlier, the central controller can control the torque and speed of each individual motor to provide improved traction control. Since each motor also has its own motor controller ’, the distributed control system and direct drive function provide independent wheel control during acceleration and braking. This allows the bucket software algorithm to easily integrate a four-wheel anti-lock brake system with direct traction and / or stability control functions. An electric motor in the noodle-wheel allows instantaneous torque distribution to each wheel over the entire zero to maximum torque range. The wheels can also rotate in different directions and instantaneously. This situation allows many sophisticated algorithms to be used to improve vehicle performance. For example, 'the central controller may have an algorithm for shaking the tire from the snow trench. The central controller can move back and forth until it senses that the wheels are sliding, and then move the 98l9l.doc -96- 200531859 forward with the motor 直至 until it slides, at which point it reverses again. Hours, and so on until the car can move forward without sliding. The central controller also controls and optimizes the power generated by the gasoline engine / generator module and by regenerative braking. The fallback method in this central controller can obtain the best recovery of the energy used in the city, and provide the largest regenerative service actuation, thereby extending the maximum travel and improving the overall system efficiency. It controls all the power flowing into and out of the batteries and monitors the battery current and temperature. The central controller can also be used to implement a steering system "driven by wires". This removes the need for a mechanical connection between the steering wheel and the steered wheel. Nub, the designer can use a joystick, mouse or other device to replace the steering wheel of the car. In this example, the navigation information can also be used by the central controller to process this information to provide navigation instructions to the driver. The central controller also provides information to the driver's instrument, which displays speed, range, fuel remaining, battery charge status, and similar information. The central controller will control external lighting, heating, ventilation and air conditioning, defogging, deicing and seat heating. These systems currently require i 2 V, but more and more designers are recommending switching to a 42 V power supply for these systems, even in traditional cars. 4. Control and sensor inputs Figure 7 shows how the central controller receives various inputs, draws the necessary information (driving description, vehicle specifications and navigation information) and generates the appropriate turnout. As shown in Fig. 7, the central controller uses a series of inputs from a sensor, 98191.doc -97- 200531859. These sensor inputs include inputs from X t U;% independently driven horse box and off sensors, as well as', Da Dao, J device inputs for the entire vehicle. The central control united this information with the driver input received through the "user interface control brother] m person M ~ /". -Shudi ’These driver inputs include various switch controls. Q acceleration m and then 'the central controller can combine these inputs with stored vehicle specifications and navigation information. Based on this entire information, the parameters are optimized to get the best, | _ ±. αχ, control 15 is better! Birth month b. This move requires

的每一馬達傳難難號以連續控制馬達轉矩及速度 例如，在車輪打滑時，該旋轉車輪之速度快速變化。^ -車輪則該車輪快逮旋轉而㈣控制。= =，則該車輪因具有—輪鎖而㈣停止。調適型 月b合易地感測到車輪速度之該等快速變化。 感測車輪速度之該等變化允許該馬達和/或中央 ㈣地且幾乎瞬時地適應該等變化。在加逮幫助移_= 車k ’不允許該車輪旋轉聽控制。同樣， /飞Each of the motors transmits a difficult number to continuously control the motor torque and speed. For example, when the wheel is slipping, the speed of the rotating wheel changes rapidly. ^ -Wheel, the wheel catches the rotation and controls. = =, Then the wheel stops because of having-wheel lock. The adaptive type b easily senses these rapid changes in wheel speed. Sensing these changes in wheel speed allows the motor and / or the center to adapt to the changes in a near and instantaneous manner. In the catch help shift _ = car k ’the wheel is not allowed to listen to the control. Similarly, / fly

在煞車幫停止動該汽車時鎖定。 "午3亥車輪 5.調適型發電機 :此範例中’使該汽車運動之電力來自_汽油引 ”杈組。該發電機較佳的係具有-調適型架構。此架構 终其更有效地操作。調適型電動發電機之基本結構如 面概述的調適型電動馬達之結構。 上 特疋έ之，此範例中的調適型發電機具有「相位 磁電路’該等「相位」&電磁電路係充分隔離成實質= 98191.doc -98- 200531859 除該等電路之間的電磁及電性干擾。同樣，該發電機將具 有十刀類似於馬達控制器之一發電機控制器。 6.汽油引擎 在此範例中，該汽油引擎不提供動力來使該車輛運動。 其僅旋轉該調適錢電機以產生電力。較佳的係，應使用 以一不變速度而有效操作的介於1〇至15馬力之間的輕量汽 油引擎。藉由該中央控制器來開啟及關閉該汽油引擎從而 使付其僅在需要對該等電池充電之時才操作。 7 油箱 在此範例中，使用保存有十加舍汽油之一標準油箱。 關於調適型電動車之此詳細說明提供一範例。還有許多 其他範例。不應將本發明視為限於此範例或任何其他範例。 【圖式簡單說明】 圖1顯示一調適型電動車之一範例之一方塊圖。 圖2顯示一調適型電動車之一馬達之—範例之基本實體 結構。 圖3 員不—调適型電動車之一馬達控制系統之一範例之 一方塊圖。 圖4顯示向一調適型電動車之一馬達内的三組定子繞組 加電之電力電子元件之—範例之—方塊圖。 圖5顯示在一調適型電動車之一馬達内的每一組定子繞 組之切換電路之一範例。 圖6顯示用在—調適型電動車中之分佈式的調適型馬達 之一範例之—方塊圖。 98191.doc 200531859 圖7顯示一調適型電動車之一中央控制器之一範例之一 方塊圖。 圖8顯示一調適型電動車之一調適型馬達之一馬達控制 器之一範例。 【主要元件符號說明】 60 控制器 138 個別定子繞組 140 供應 142 混合功率區塊 145 電流感測器 146 轉子位置及速度感測器 147 使用者介面 148 使用者介面 150 程式RAM 152 程式ROM 154 資料RAM 156 預設記憶體 98191.doc -100-Lock when the brakes stop moving the car. " Wu 3 Hai Wheel 5. Adaptable Generator: In this example, 'the electric power that makes the car move comes from _gasoline'. The generator has a better adaptable architecture. This architecture is more effective in the end. The basic structure of the adaptable electric generator is the structure of the adaptable electric motor outlined above. In particular, the adaptable generator in this example has "phase magnetic circuits" such as "phase" & electromagnetic The circuits are fully isolated into substance = 98191.doc -98- 200531859 except for electromagnetic and electrical interference between these circuits. Similarly, the generator will have a generator controller that is similar to one of the motor controllers. 6. Gasoline Engine In this example, the gasoline engine does not provide power to move the vehicle. It only rotates the adaptation money motor to generate electricity. A better system should use a light gasoline engine between 10 and 15 horsepower that operates efficiently at a constant speed. The central controller is used to turn the gasoline engine on and off so that it can be operated only when the batteries need to be charged. 7 Fuel Tank In this example, a standard fuel tank containing one of ten gallons of gasoline is used. This detailed description of the adaptive electric vehicle provides an example. There are many other examples. The invention should not be viewed as limited to this example or any other example. [Brief Description of the Drawings] FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of an example of an adaptive electric vehicle. Figure 2 shows the basic physical structure of an example of a motor of an adaptive electric vehicle. Figure 3 A block diagram of an example of a motor control system for a member-less electric vehicle. Figure 4 shows a block diagram of an example of a power electronic component that powers three sets of stator windings in a motor of an adaptive electric vehicle. Fig. 5 shows an example of a switching circuit for each stator winding in a motor of an adaptive electric vehicle. Fig. 6 shows a block diagram of an example of a distributed adaptive motor used in an adaptive electric vehicle. 98191.doc 200531859 Figure 7 shows a block diagram of an example of a central controller for an adaptive electric vehicle. Fig. 8 shows an example of a motor controller of an adaptive motor of an adaptive electric vehicle. [Description of main component symbols] 60 controller 138 individual stator winding 140 supply 142 mixed power block 145 current sensor 146 rotor position and speed sensor 147 user interface 148 user interface 150 program RAM 152 program ROM 154 data RAM 156 preset memory 98191.doc -100-

Claims (1)

200531859 申請專利範圍： 1. 一種電動車輛，其包含： 或多個電動馬達和/或發電機， 路達和/或發電機係—包含二或更多電磁電 路之調適型電動機器，該等電 电 ^ ^ 屯兹包路係完全隔離，以大 虹上肩除該等電路之間的電磁及電干擾。 2·如請求項丨之電動車或其他 ^ 擎、蒗+ 7平輛，其具有一内燃引 擎^引擎、或渴輪引擎，該 機，並與該一或該等 J接至電動發電 合式組態。 ％動馬建-起配置成-串聯混 3 ·如請求項丨之電動車或1 、 電動車輛，其具有一燁料雷 池，该燃料電池係與該—或广電 成-串聯混合式組態。 電動馬達-起配置 4·如請求項1之電動車或其他電動 擎、蒸汽引擎或滿輪引擎…㈠ /、具有—内燃引 電動Hi 擎㈣擎係與該—或該等多個 電：馬達一起配置成—並串聯混合式組態。 電動車輪， 多動该車輛之電動車或其他 /、中’至4 _電動馬達之該扭力/速度/效率特 地適應該車輛之變化的扭力 ^可動態 運作條件，以使車輛性能最佳^度、加速、煞車及其他 6_ :請㈣之電動車或其他電動車 擎、療汽弓丨擎或渦輪5丨擎， 有内鴆引 雷叙g^ 擎该W擎係與該一或 電動馬達一起配置成— ♦多個 %或串聯混合式組態。 9819I.doc 200531859 7·如凊求項5之電動車或其他電動車 擎、蒸汽料_輪引擎， ’/、具有—内則 機’並與該1該等多個電動糸連接至-電動發電 合式組態。 馬達—起配置成—串聯混 8. 一種在該車細> =| 動車或其他電動車2具有—輪轂式電動馬達之電 -馬達之車輛，每—馬達=在該車_之每-輪皆具有 力電子元件。 、’白，、有自己的馬達控制器及動 分別為每一電動馬 9.如請求項8之電動車或其他電動車辆 達具有一電池。 其具有： 1〇.如請求項8之電動車或其他電動車輛 分別用於每-電動馬達之電池， 八油引擎、条汽引擎或渴輪引擎/發電機模έ 生對該等電池充電之電力， 赞罨铖杈組，以產 以Γ用者介面，用於從該車輛之該駕駛者獲得輸入， -中央控制器，其控制該等馬達、 11 蒸汽引擎或满輪引擎/發電機模組之運作: 擎、 -種藉由一或多個電動馬達來推進一汽車 方法，該等步驟包括： /、車輛之 地感測一或多個駕敬者輸入、感測器輸入(針對 母—馬達糸統）和/或感剩器輸Μ針對車輛），以及 允許至少-馬達之該扭力/速度/效率 该―或該等多個輸入和/或感測器輸入之變化。 9819i.doc200531859 Scope of patent application: 1. An electric vehicle, comprising: one or more electric motors and / or generators, Ruda and / or generator system-an adaptive electric machine comprising two or more electromagnetic circuits, such electric machines Electricity ^ ^ The Tunzbao road system is completely isolated, and the electromagnetic and electrical interference between these circuits is eliminated on Dahong shoulder. 2. If the electric vehicle or other engine, 蒗 +7 flat vehicle of the request item 丨 has an internal combustion engine, engine, or thirsty wheel engine, the engine is connected to the electric power generation unit with the one or more J state. % Motion built-up configured to-series hybrid 3 · If the electric vehicle or 1 or electric vehicle of the request item 丨 has a thunder tank, the fuel cell is connected with the-or radio and television-series hybrid configuration . Electric motors-starting with configuration 4. If an electric vehicle or other electric engine, steam engine or full-wheel engine as requested in item 1 ... ㈠ / 、 has—internal combustion electric electric engine and the—or these multiple electric: Configured together—and in series hybrid configuration. Electric wheels, electric vehicles that move the vehicle or other /, medium 'to 4 _ the torque / speed / efficiency of the electric motor specifically adapts to the changing torque of the vehicle ^ dynamic operating conditions can be made to optimize the vehicle performance , Acceleration, braking, and other 6_: Please drive the electric vehicle or other electric vehicle engine, steam engine, or turbo 5 engine, there are internal guides and instructions. The engine is combined with the one or electric motor. Configured to — ♦ Multiple% or serial hybrid configurations. 9819I.doc 200531859 7 · If you are looking for an electric vehicle or other electric vehicle engine, steam engine, steam engine, '/, have-internal machine' and connect to the one or more electric vehicles Integrated configuration. Motor-starting configuration-tandem hybrid 8. A vehicle in the vehicle > = | motor vehicle or other electric vehicle 2 having an electric-motor of a wheel-type electric motor, each-motor = in each-wheel of the vehicle_ All have force electronic components. Each of the electric motors has its own motor controller and motor. 9. The electric vehicle or other electric vehicle as claimed in item 8 has a battery. It has: 10. If the electric vehicle or other electric vehicle of claim 8 is used for the battery of each electric motor, the eight-oil engine, the steam engine or the thirsty-wheel engine / generator module charge the batteries. Electricity, praises the group, with a user interface for obtaining input from the driver of the vehicle, a central controller that controls the motors, 11 steam engines or full-wheel engine / generator modules The operation of the group: engine, a method of advancing a car by one or more electric motors, these steps include: /, the place of the vehicle senses one or more driver input, sensor input (for the mother -Motor system) and / or sensor input for the vehicle), and allow at least-the torque / speed / efficiency of the motor-or changes in the multiple inputs and / or sensor inputs. 9819i.doc