SE194227C1 - - Google Patents

Description

Uppfinnare: C G Flensburg Foreliggande uppfinning avser en anordning for behandling av tryckalster, sasom tidningar, tidskrifter och liknande medelst skarorgan fOr renskarning av kanterna pa tryckalstren, vilka efter tryekning, vikning och haftning framfores efter varandra sasom en forhallandevis sammanhangande bana. Inventor: C G Flensburg The present invention relates to a device for treating printed matter, such as newspapers, magazines and the like by means of cutting means for cleaning the edges of the printed matter, which after printing, folding and gluing are successively formed as a relatively cohesive web.

Tidningar, tidskrifter orh liknande tryckalster kan numera astadkommas i tryckpressar med stor kapacitet. I det fall man viii forbattra utseendet pa sadana tryckalster genom att kantskara dem, samlas tryckalstren buntar vid pressens avgangsande, vilka bun-tar OverfOres till skarapparater, som kraver manuell passning. For att kunna kantskara tryckalstren fran en modern tryckpress maste dad& varje sadan press for kantskarningen betjanas av ett lag arbetare med en skdrmaskin till sitt f8rfogande, vilket Or en omstanlig oth dyrbar proeedur. Newspapers, magazines and similar printed matter can now be produced in large-capacity printing presses. In case the appearance of such printed matter is to be improved by edging them, the printed matter bundles are collected at the outlet of the press, which bundles OverfOres into cutting machines which require manual fitting. In order to be able to cut the printing products from a modern printing press, each such press for the edge cutting must be serviced by a team of workers with a cutting machine at its disposal, which is a cumbersome and expensive procedure.

FOreliggande uppfinning har till uppgift att eliminera 1 det fOregiende angivna olagenhet varvid det som kannetecknar uppfinningen framgar av patentanspraket. Anordningen enligt uppfinningen arbetar sjalystandigt och kontinuerligt och behover i likhet med tryckpressen endast tillsyn fOr kontroll av anordningens gang och arbetets beskaffenhet. The object of the present invention is to eliminate the illegality stated in the foregoing, whereby what characterizes the invention appears from the patent claim. The device according to the invention operates independently and continuously and, like the printing press, only needs supervision for checking the operation of the device and the nature of the work.

Uppfinningen skall beskrivas i det foljande under hanvisning till en pa bifogade ritningar visad lamplig utfOringsform. Fig. 1 visar anordningen i planvy. Fig. 2 visar en sektion efter linjeni fig. 1. Fig. 3 visar en sido- vy sedd i riktningen av en pil III i fig. 1. Fig. 4 och 5 visar i sido-vy resp. sektion detaljer av den i foregaende figurer visade anordningen. The invention will be described in the following with reference to a lamp embodiment shown in the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1 shows the device in plan view. Fig. 2 shows a section along the line in Fig. 1. Fig. 3 shows a side view seen in the direction of an arrow III in Fig. 1. Figs. 4 and 5 show in side view resp. section details of the device shown in the preceding figures.

Den pa. ritningarna visade maskinen for be-handling av tryckalster sasom tidningar, tidskrifter och liknande medelst skarorgan fOr renskarning av kanterna pa tryckalstren är avsedd att kopplas till avgangsdnden till en icke narmare visad tryckpress som trycker, Dupl. kl. 15 e: 1/09 viker och haftar tryckalstren, som lamnar tryckpressen sasom en fOrhallandevis sammanhangande bana. Skarmaskinen f8rbindes sa med tryckpressen, att tryckpressen och skarmaskinen arbetar synkront med varandra. Skarmaskinen har en under drift roterande upptagningscylinder 1, som Or lagrad i maskinens stativ 2 och Or forsedd med gripare 3, av vilka endast en Or visad i fig. 2. Vardera griparen 3 griper salunda ett tryckalster A, som laninar tryckpressen 1 det ogonblick griparen 3 befinner sig i del i fig. 2 visade laget for tryckalstrets A gripande. Vid upptagningscylinderns 1 fortsatta rotation fares griparen 3 och darigenom det av griparen gripna tryckalstret till en transport& 4 med ett antal gripare 5, av vilka ett par an visade i fig. 2, och i det ogonblick griparen 3 pfi. upptagningscylindern 1 befinner sig i narheten av en gripare 5 pa transportoren 4 paverkas griparen 3 sa., att den frig& tryckalstret A 1 samma Egon-Mick som griparen 5 pa transportoren 4 paverkas sa, att sistnamnda gripare 5 griper tryckalstret A, som darigenom medbringas av transportoren 4, som under maskinens drift ror sig i den medelst en pil 6 i fig. 2 angivna riktningen. De av transportoren 4 successivt gripna tryckalstren A, som framfOres efter varandra, kommer att uppvisa en forhallandevis sammanhangande bana, som fran maskinens med upptagningscylindern 1 forsedda ingangsande fores vidare till maskinens med en uppsamlingsanordning 7 forsedda avgangsande pa transportoren 4 och en transport& 8 samt en transport& 9., som Or anordnad i rat vinkel till transportoren 4. TransportOren 1 On ftird Over tre hjul 10, av vilka atminstone det ena pa icke narmare visat satt Or drivhart hopkopplat med den icke narmare visade tryckpressen for transportorens 4 och ddrigenom alsterbanans drivande med en hastighet, som gor det .mojligt far transportoren 4 att g'ripa och vidarefora tryckalstren A i samma 2— 199 227 — takt, som dessa lamnar tryckpressen och gripes och vidarefores av upptagningscylindern 1. Pa. hjulets 10 axel 11, fig. 3, dr fastsatt ett koniskt kugghjul 12, som dr i ingrepp med ett koniskt kugghjul 13 pa ena anden av en axel 14, som är lagrad i stativet 2 och pa sin andra ande liar ett annat koniskt kugghjul som dr i ingrepp med ett koniskt kugghjul sam medelst invandiga vulster i sitt nay in-griper i spar i en axel 17, pa vilken kugghjulet 16 dr anbragt, vilka spar stracker sig axelns 17 langdriktning, varigenom det drivande ingreppet mellan kugghjulet 16 och axeln 17 uppratthalles under det att axeln 17 och en generellt med 18 betecknad vaxellada, i vilken axeln 17 bildar inga.ende axel, dr for- skjutbar i axelns langdriktning i forhallande till kugghjulet 16 av skal, som skall framgã av det ftiljande. The pa. the drawings show the machine for processing printed matter such as newspapers, magazines and the like by means of cutting means for cleaning the edges of the printed matter is intended to be connected to the outlet end of a printing press which is not shown in more detail, Dupl. at 15 e: 1/09 folds and holds the printing articles, which leave the printing press as a relatively coherent web. The cutting machine is connected to the printing press in such a way that the printing press and the cutting machine work synchronously with each other. The cutting machine has an in-rotation rotating pick-up cylinder 1, which Or is mounted in the machine stand 2 and Or provided with grippers 3, of which only one Or is shown in Fig. 2. Each gripper 3 thus grips a printing article A, which lines the printing press 1 at the moment the gripper 3 is located in the part shown in Fig. 2 for the gripping of the printing product A. During the continued rotation of the pick-up cylinder 1, the gripper 3 and thereby the pressure article gripped by the gripper are moved to a transport & 4 with a number of grippers 5, a pair of which are shown in Fig. 2, and at that moment the gripper 3 pfi. the pick-up cylinder 1 is located near a gripper 5 on the conveyor 4, the gripper 3 is actuated so that the release article A 1 is actuated the same Egon-Mick as the gripper 5 on the conveyor 4 so that the latter gripper 5 grips the pressure article A, which is thereby carried by the conveyor 4, which during the operation of the machine moves in the direction indicated by an arrow 6 in Fig. 2. The pressure products A successively gripped by the conveyor 4, which are conveyed one after the other, will have a relatively continuous path, which from the entrance of the machine provided with the receiving cylinder 1 is carried on to the departure of the machine with a collecting device 7 on the conveyor 4 and a conveyor & 9., which Or is arranged at right angles to the conveyor 4. The conveyor 1 On ftird Over three wheels 10, at least one of which is not shown in more detail, is driven by a drive press coupled to the not shown pressure press for the conveyor 4 and thereby the product web driven by a speed, which makes it possible for the conveyor 4 to grip and convey the printing articles A at the same rate at which they leave the printing press and are gripped and passed on by the pick-up cylinder 1. Pa. the shaft 11 of the wheel 10, Fig. 3, there fixed a bevel gear 12, which engages a bevel gear 13 on one end of a shaft 14, which is mounted in the frame 2 and on its other end another conical gear which engages with a bevel gear and by means of internal beads in its nay engages in grooves in a shaft 17, on which the gear 16 is mounted, which grooves extend the longitudinal direction of the shaft 17, whereby the driving engagement between the gear 16 and the shaft 17 is maintained. while the shaft 17 and a gearbox generally designated by 18, in which the shaft 17 forms the incoming shaft, are displaceable in the longitudinal direction of the shaft in relation to the gear 16 of shells, which are to be seen from the bearing.

Vaxelladan 18 bestar av ett hus 19, i vilket axeln 17 och ytterligare ett antal axlar 20, 21, 22 fir lagrade medelst kullager 23. Pd sin i huset 19 inskjutande ande är axeln 17 fksedd med ett kugghjul 24, som ingriper med ett kugghjul 25 pa axeln 20 och ett kugghjul 26 pa axeln 22. Kugghjulet 25 dr i ingrepp med ett kugghjul 27 ph axeln 21. Kugghjulen 24 och 25 ãr inbordes lika stora, medan kugghju- len 26 och 27 dr inbordes lika stora och star-re an forstnamnda kugghjul 24 och 25, sa att ett lampligt utvaxlingsforhallande erhalles mellan vaxelladans ingaende axel 17 och vaxelladans utgaende axlar 21 oeh 22, som pa sina ur vaxellhdan 18 utskjutande andar är utbildade som vevar 28, som bildar barorgan for generellt med 29 betecknade skarorgan. The gearbox 18 consists of a housing 19, in which the shaft 17 and a further number of shafts 20, 21, 22 are mounted by means of ball bearings 23. In its spirit projecting into the housing 19, the shaft 17 is provided with a gear 24, which engages with a gear 25. on the shaft 20 and a gear 26 on the shaft 22. The gear 25 is engaged with a gear 27 on the shaft 21. The gears 24 and 25 are equally large, while the gears 26 and 27 are equally large and larger than the former. gears 24 and 25, so that a suitable gear ratio is obtained between the input shaft 17 of the gearbox and the output shafts 21 and 22 of the gearbox, which on their projections projecting from the gearbox 18 are formed as cranks 28, which form bar members for generally designated 29 designations.

Skarorganen 29 bestar av raka knivar 30, som dr fastsatta i hallare 31, i vilka vevarnas 28 vevtappar 32 ar inf5rda och lagrade me- deist kullager 33. Knivarna 30 kommer harigenom att -vara upphangda i punkter, som ligger excentriskt i farhallande till axlarna 21 och 22 for barorganens drivning och knivarnas 30 lagring i vaxelladan 18. Eftersom resp. hallare 31 och darigenom resp. kniv 30 upp- barande vevar 28 liar samma radie och roterar med samma hastighet, kommer kniven 30 att rtira sig i en cirkulk bana parallellt med sig sjalv. Rkelsebanan for kniven 30 kommer att fora kniven mot och med den invid kniven anordnade transportoren 4, eller transportoren 9, som drives med samma hastighet som kniven 30. The cutting means 29 consist of straight knives 30, which are fixed therein in holders 31, in which the crank pins 32 of the cranks 28 are inserted and stored by means of ball bearings 33. The knives 30 will thereby be suspended at points which lie eccentrically in relation to the shafts 21. and 22 for the drive of the bar members and the storage of the knives 30 in the gearbox 18. Since resp. hallare 31 and thereby resp. knife 30 carrying cranks 28 at the same radius and rotating at the same speed, the knife 30 will rotate in a circular path parallel to itself. The movement path of the knife 30 will lead the knife towards and with the conveyor 4 arranged next to the knife, or the conveyor 9, which is driven at the same speed as the knife 30.

Knivarna 30 dr uppdelade i tva, Over och under resp. transport& 4 och 9 anordnade serier, vilka vardera medelst vaxelladan 18 dr inbardes drivbart hopkopplade pa satt soni beskrivits i det foreghende fOr drivning av knivarna i banor, som sammanfaller och forsiggar i samma riktning under knivarnas 30 ingrepp med de under ingreppsmomentet i samma riktning drivbara tryckaIstren A ph transportoren 4 eller transportoren 9. Fran de i fig. 4 och 5 visade lagena ror sig knivarna resp. serie mot varandra och mot den melIan knivarna belagna transportoren i den me-deist pilar 34 angivna riktningen och gar vid slutet av detta mat varandra forsiggaende rorelseavsnitt i ingrepp med ett av alstren A pa transportoren och renskdr dettas narliggande kant. I det visade exemplet fOres knivarna 30 nagot forbi varandra i avskarningsogonblicket. Under ingreppet med alstret A foljer knivarna 30 transportoren 4 resp. 9 och den uppburna alsterbanan med samma hastighet som denna. Efter ingreppet med ett tryckalster A fores knivarna 30 fran detta, vilket transporteras vidare pa transportoren, och overgar sa smaningom i en rorelse, som Or motsatt transportorens rorelseriktning, for att ater foras i riktning mot alsterbanan i ingrepp med ett alster i denna. Knivarna 30 kommer salunda att Dam sig i slutna banor med en hastighet, som motsvarar alsterbanans hastighet, i vilken bana knivarna, efter att successivt ha forts i ingrepp med alsterbanan, i en forsta punkt foljer alsterbanan till en andra punkt, som i alsterbanans medelst pilen 6 angivna rorelseriktning raknat ligger efter den forsta punkten, i vilken andra punkt knivarna gar ur ingrepp med alsterbanan och Over eller under denna och i motsatt riktning mot dennas medelst pilen 6 angivna rorelseriktning atergar till den forsta punkten for upprepning av arbetsforloppet. The knives 30 dr divided into two, Over and under resp. transport & 4 and 9 arranged series, each of which, by means of the gearbox 18 there, was drivably connected in the manner described above for driving the knives in paths which coincide and pass in the same direction during the engagement of the knives 30 with the pressure drives drivable in the same direction during the engagement moment. A ph conveyor 4 or conveyor 9. From the layers shown in Figs. 4 and 5, the knives resp. series against each other and against the conveyor coated between the knives in the direction indicated by the arrows 34 and, at the end of this food, the moving movement sections engage each other with one of the articles A on the conveyor and clean its adjacent edge. In the example shown, the knives 30 are moved slightly past each other at the moment of cutting. During the engagement with the product A, the knives 30 follow the conveyor 4 resp. 9 and the supported web at the same speed as this. After the engagement with a pressure article A, the knives 30 are moved from this, which is transported further on the conveyor, and gradually transitions in a movement, which is opposite the direction of movement of the conveyor, to be moved again in the direction of the article path in engagement with an article therein. The knives 30 will thus dam themselves in closed paths at a speed corresponding to the speed of the article path, in which path the knives, after successively continuing in engagement with the article path, in a first point follow the article path to a second point, as in the article path by means of the arrow The direction of movement indicated by 6 is after the first point, in which second point the knives disengage from the article web and over or below it and in the opposite direction to the direction of movement indicated by the arrow 6 returns to the first point for repeating the work process.

De vid transportoren 4 anordnade knivserierna Or anordnade pa omse sidor om denna transportor, varvid knivarna 30 i varje serie Or anordnade Over och under transportoren. Medelst dessa vid transportoren 4 anordnade knivserier kan ett tryckalsters motstaende sidokanter, lampligen tryckalstrets kortsidor, renskaras pa samma gang vid passerandet av knivserierna. Efter att ha passerat dessa knivserier, flares tryckalstren A vidare pa transportbren 4 till dennas avgangsande invid transportoren 8, som sasom framgar av fig. 2 med sin mot transportoren 4 och transportoren 9 vanda part skjuter tryckalstret A fran transportoren 4 Over pa transportoren 9 i den medelst en pil 35 angivna riktningen. Transportoren 8 bestar av ett band 36, som Or fort Over tre rullar 37, som ph ldmpligt, icke narmare visat satt Or drivbart hopkopplade med maskinens med tryckpressen hopkopplade drivanordning. The knife series Or arranged at the conveyor 4 are arranged on opposite sides of this conveyor, the knives 30 in each series Or arranged above and below the conveyor. By means of these series of knives arranged at the conveyor 4, the opposite side edges of a printing product, i.e. the short sides of the printing product, can be cleaned at the same time when passing through the series of knives. After passing these series of knives, the printed matter A continues on the conveyor belt 4 to its exit next to the conveyor 8, which as shown in Fig. 2 with its part facing the conveyor 4 and the conveyor 9 pushes the printed matter A from the conveyor 4 over onto the conveyor 9 in the by means of an arrow 35 indicated direction. The conveyor 8 consists of a belt 36, which is fastened over three rollers 37, which, in an exemplary manner, not shown in more detail, are operably connected to the drive device of the machine connected to the printing press.

Efter overforandet pa transportoren 9 vilar tryckalstren A lost pa denna, men Hiles pa riktigt inbordes avstand medelst frail transportoren uppskjutande, icke narmare visade medbringare. Transportken 9 bildar en andra part, som fkloper i rat vinkel mot den av transportken 4 bildade parten. Vid transpartorens 9 ena sida Or en tredje knivserie anordnad for renskarning av de pa transportoren 9 framforda tuckalstrens ena, knivserien narliggande langskant, vilken Or motsatt tryckalstrets rygg. Efter renskarningen — —3 av tryckalstrets langskant fares tryckalstret vidare pa. transportoren 9 till maskinens avgangsande, ddr tryckalstren pa lampligt satt avfores fran transportaren 9 och lampligen overfOres till en ytterligare transportanordning 38 med tva samverkande, over i maskinens stativ 1 lagrade rullar 39 fordo. transportorer 40 och 41, mellan vilkas narliggande parter tryckalstren i en medelst en pit 42 angiven riktning fares till en •medelst en skakanordning 43 vibrerbar lada 44, som jamte transportanordningen 38 bildar den i det foregaende angivna uppsamlingsanordningen 7 vid maskinens avgangsande. After the transfer on the conveyor 9, the printed matter A rests loosely on it, but Hiles is properly boarded at a distance by means of the carrier conveyor, which is not more closely shown. The transport box 9 forms a second part, which falls at a right angle to the part formed by the transport box 4. At one side of the conveyor 9, a third series of knives is arranged for cleaning of the longitudinal edge of one of the tuck articles advancing on the conveyor 9, the knife series adjacent, which is opposite the back of the pressure product. After cleaning - —3 of the longitudinal edge of the printing product, the printing product is passed on. the conveyor 9 to the outlet of the machine, where the printed matter is conveniently discharged from the conveyor 9 and suitably transferred to a further conveyor device 38 with two cooperating rollers 39 stored in the frame of the machine 1. conveyors 40 and 41, between the adjacent parts of which the pressure products are carried in a direction indicated by means of a pit 42 to a barn 44 which can be vibrated by means of a shaker device 43, which together with the transport device 38 forms the collecting device 7 indicated above at the departure of the machine.

For att majliggara installning av knivarna 30 i sidled i forhallande till den pa transportorerna 4 och 9 transporterade tryckalsterbanan ar resp. hus 19 lagrat farskjutbart me-deist en slade 45, som uppbares av gejdrar 46 i maskinens stativ 1, i riktning mot och Iran tryckalsterbanan, fig. 2. Sudden 45 har en invandigt gangad hylsa 47, genom vilken en skruv 48 är f8rd, pa vars ena fria ande en ratt 49 ar anbragt och vars motsatta ande ar vridbart men oforskjutbart lagrad i maskinens stativ 1 pit icke narmare visat siitt. Genom skruvens 48 ingrepp med hylsan 47 forskjutes vid skruvens 48 kringvridning genom manuell paverkan av ratten 49 huset 19 och darigenom knivarna 30 i riktning mot eller fran den pa transportorerna 4 och 9 framfOrda tryckalsterbanan, varigenom knivarna kan installas i forhallande till alsterbanan och den vid knivarnas ingrepp med denna bortskurna kanten justeras. pa grund av axelns 17 forskjutbara ingrepp med kugghjulet 16 ar derma installning mojlig aven under maskinens drift. In order to facilitate installation of the knives 30 laterally in relation to the pressure-generating web transported on the conveyors 4 and 9, respectively. housing 19 is movably mounted by means of a sledge 45, which is supported by guides 46 in the stand 1 of the machine, in the direction of and the Iran printed circuit board, Fig. 2. Sudden 45 has an internally threaded sleeve 47, through which a screw 48 is passed, on one free spirit of which a steering wheel 49 is mounted and the opposite spirit of which is rotatably but non-displaceably mounted in the machine stand 1 pit not further shown. By the engagement of the screw 48 with the sleeve 47, at the rotation of the screw 48, the housing 19 is displaced by manual action of the knob 49 and thereby the knives 30 in the direction of or from the conveyor track 4 conveyed on the conveyors 4 and 9, whereby the knives can be installed in relation to the web. engagement with this cut edge is adjusted. Due to the displaceable engagement of the shaft 17 with the gear 16, this installation is also possible during the operation of the machine.

Sasom sarskilt framgar av fig. 1, dr de pa iimse suer om transportOren 4 anordnade knivserierna medelst var sin axel 14 drivbart forbundna med axeln 11 Over var sin serie koniska kugghjul 12, 13. Koaxiellt med den ena axeln 14 är anordnad en axel 50, som avenledes ar lagrad i maskinens stativ 1 och pa sin ena dude har ett med det koniska kugghjulet 16 ingripande koniskt kugghjul 51 och pa sin motsatta ande har ett cylindriskt kugghjul 52, som Over ett i maskinens stativ lagrat mellanhjul 53 ingriper med ett pa axeln. 17 i skaranordningen vid transportoren 9 forskjutbart men ovridbart anbragt cylindriskt kugghjul 54. As can be seen in particular from Fig. 1, in which the series of knives arranged on certain sides of the conveyor 4 are rotatably connected to the shaft 11 by means of their respective shafts 14. Each has a series of bevel gears 12, 13 coaxially with one shaft. which is otherwise mounted in the machine frame 1 and has on its one dude a conical gear 51 engaging with the conical gear 16 and on its opposite end has a cylindrical gear 52, which over an intermediate wheel 53 mounted in the machine frame engages with one on the shaft. 17 in the cutting device at the conveyor 9 slidably but non-rotatably arranged cylindrical gear 54.

Det medelst de olika skaranordningarna fran tryckalstren bortskurna materialet uppsamlas och vidaretransporteras pa lampligt, icke narmare visat satt. 11fodifikationer ar mojliga inom ramen av uppfinningstanken sadan denna definieras i efterfOljande patentansprak. The material cut away by means of the various cutting devices from the printing articles is collected and further transported in a suitable, not shown manner. Modifications are possible within the scope of the inventive concept as defined in the following patent claims.

Claims (1)

1. Patentan s p r it k: Anordning far att renskara ojamna kanter pa tryckalster sasom tidningar, tidskrifter och liknande, vilka efter tryckning, vikning och haftning kings en transportbana averfores till ett uppsamlingsstalle och bredvid vii-ken transportbana skaranordningen ar anbragt och forsedd med ett par av samverkande knivar, av vilka den ena ar anbragt Over och den andra ar anbragt under banans transportplan och vilka knivar var for sig dr lagrade pa och darigenom drivbart forbundna med parvis anordnade vevar, kannetecknad darav, att saval Overknivens som underkniyens vevpar ar lagrade i ett och samma och darigenom en enhet av de inbardes samverkande knivarna astadkommande hus, vilket i verksamt lage stracker sig Over och under banans transportplan och i vilket hus itr lagrade med varandra ingripande kugghjul for vevarnas drivning, varjamte huset är fOrskjutbart I riktning mot och -Fran transportbanan och har en till kugghjulen ansluten ingaende drivaxel, som ar axiellt forskjutbart hopkopplad med en. stationar drivanordning. Anforda publikationer: Patentskrifter treat Sverige 168 714; USA 2 195 535.1. The patent claims: Device for cleaning uneven edges on printed matter such as newspapers, magazines and the like, which after printing, folding and adhering a conveyor belt are transferred to a collection stall and next to which conveyor belt the cutting device is arranged and provided with a pair of of cooperating knives, one of which is placed over and the other is placed under the transport plane of the track and which knives are separately stored thereon and thereby drivably connected to pairs of arranged cranks, characterized by the fact that both the upper knife and the lower knives' cranks are stored in a and the same and thereby a unit of the interlocking knives providing housing, which in an effective position extends above and below the transport plane of the track and in which housing itr interlocked gears for driving the cranks, and the housing is displaceable in the direction of and -from the transport path and has an input drive shaft connected to the gears, which is axially offset tbart connected with a. stationary drive device. Request publications: Patents treat Sweden 168,714; USA 2 195 535.