PL2888106T3 - Szyba zespolona o elektrycznie przełączalnych właściwościach optycznych - Google Patents

Szyba zespolona o elektrycznie przełączalnych właściwościach optycznych

Info

Publication number
PL2888106T3
PL2888106T3 PL13733278T PL13733278T PL2888106T3 PL 2888106 T3 PL2888106 T3 PL 2888106T3 PL 13733278 T PL13733278 T PL 13733278T PL 13733278 T PL13733278 T PL 13733278T PL 2888106 T3 PL2888106 T3 PL 2888106T3
Authority
PL
Poland
Prior art keywords
optical properties
electrically switchable
switchable optical
compound glazing
glazing
Prior art date
Application number
PL13733278T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Julius MENNIG
Franz PENNERS
Original Assignee
Saint-Gobain Glass France
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Saint-Gobain Glass France filed Critical Saint-Gobain Glass France
Publication of PL2888106T3 publication Critical patent/PL2888106T3/pl

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10009—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets
    • B32B17/10036—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the number, the constitution or treatment of glass sheets comprising two outer glass sheets
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/17—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-absorption elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169
    • G02F1/172—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on variable-absorption elements not provided for in groups G02F1/015 - G02F1/169 based on a suspension of orientable dipolar particles, e.g. suspended particles displays
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/1022—Metallic coatings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10174—Coatings of a metallic or dielectric material on a constituent layer of glass or polymer
    • B32B17/1022—Metallic coatings
    • B32B17/10229—Metallic layers sandwiched by dielectric layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10504—Liquid crystal layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10165—Functional features of the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10431—Specific parts for the modulation of light incorporated into the laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/10467—Variable transmission
    • B32B17/10495—Variable transmission optoelectronic, i.e. optical valve
    • B32B17/10532—Suspended particle layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B17/00—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres
    • B32B17/06—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material
    • B32B17/10—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin
    • B32B17/10005—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing
    • B32B17/1055—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer
    • B32B17/10788—Layered products essentially comprising sheet glass, or glass, slag, or like fibres comprising glass as the main or only constituent of a layer, next to another layer of a specific material of synthetic resin laminated safety glass or glazing characterized by the resin layer, i.e. interlayer containing ethylene vinylacetate
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/12—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by using adhesives
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
    • B32B37/14—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers
    • B32B37/16—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with all layers existing as coherent layers before laminating
    • B32B37/18—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the properties of the layers with all layers existing as coherent layers before laminating involving the assembly of discrete sheets or panels only
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/20—Filters
    • G02B5/208—Filters for use with infrared or ultraviolet radiation, e.g. for separating visible light from infrared and/or ultraviolet radiation
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/40—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular optical properties
    • B32B2307/412—Transparent
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/71—Resistive to light or to UV
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
    • B32B2315/08—Glass
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2398/00—Unspecified macromolecular compounds
    • B32B2398/20—Thermoplastics

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Toxicology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Joining Of Glass To Other Materials (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Surface Treatment Of Glass (AREA)
PL13733278T 2012-08-21 2013-06-28 Szyba zespolona o elektrycznie przełączalnych właściwościach optycznych PL2888106T3 (pl)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP12181122 2012-08-21
EP13733278.9A EP2888106B1 (de) 2012-08-21 2013-06-28 Verbundscheibe mit elektrisch schaltbaren optischen eigenschaften
PCT/EP2013/063629 WO2014029536A1 (de) 2012-08-21 2013-06-28 Verbundscheibe mit elektrisch schaltbaren optischen eigenschaften

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
PL2888106T3 true PL2888106T3 (pl) 2022-01-24

Family

ID=47115216

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
PL13733278T PL2888106T3 (pl) 2012-08-21 2013-06-28 Szyba zespolona o elektrycznie przełączalnych właściwościach optycznych

Country Status (13)

Country Link
US (1) US10082716B2 (pl)
EP (1) EP2888106B1 (pl)
JP (1) JP6157623B2 (pl)
KR (1) KR20150043428A (pl)
CN (1) CN104582956B (pl)
BR (1) BR112015002977B1 (pl)
CA (1) CA2881175C (pl)
EA (1) EA028935B1 (pl)
ES (1) ES2898321T3 (pl)
HU (1) HUE057123T2 (pl)
MX (1) MX2015002193A (pl)
PL (1) PL2888106T3 (pl)
WO (1) WO2014029536A1 (pl)

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FR3063928B1 (fr) * 2017-03-14 2021-09-03 Saint Gobain Verre feuillete colore
PL3610323T3 (pl) * 2017-04-12 2021-04-19 Saint-Gobain Glass France Szyba wielowarstwowa z elementem funkcjonalnym o właściwościach optycznych sterowalnych elektrycznie
KR102380909B1 (ko) * 2017-07-27 2022-03-31 쌩-고벵 글래스 프랑스 코로나 효과(Corona Effect)를 줄이는 정의된 액적 크기 분포를 갖는 PDLC 필름이 구비된 차량 창유리
MX2020003501A (es) * 2017-10-04 2020-07-22 Saint Gobain Cristal compuesto que tiene propiedades opticas controlables electricamente.
US11673374B2 (en) 2017-11-06 2023-06-13 Saint-Gobain Glass France Laminated pane with functional element having electrically controllable optical properties
MA50981A (fr) * 2017-12-05 2021-03-17 Saint Gobain Vitre composite avec revêtement de protection solaire et revêtement réfléchissant les rayons calorifiques
EP3727844A1 (de) * 2017-12-20 2020-10-28 Saint-Gobain Glass France Verbundscheibe
FR3077229A1 (fr) 2018-01-31 2019-08-02 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage feuillete a dispositif electrocommandable et fabrication
FR3077219B1 (fr) 2018-01-31 2020-06-26 Saint-Gobain Glass France Vitrage feuillete a dispositif electrocommandable et fabrication
MA52408A (fr) * 2018-02-28 2021-06-02 Saint Gobain Procédé de fabrication d'une vitre feuilletée comprenant un élément fonctionnel doté de propriétés optiques pouvant être commandées électriquement
WO2019189010A1 (ja) * 2018-03-27 2019-10-03 積水化学工業株式会社 調光体及び調光窓ガラス
JP7157829B2 (ja) * 2018-06-28 2022-10-20 サン－ゴバン グラス フランス 電気的に切替可能な光学特性及び改善された電気的接触を有する複層フィルム
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EP3860843A4 (en) 2018-10-04 2021-11-24 Central Glass Company, Limited MULTIFUNCTIONAL SWITCHABLE FILM AND THIS CONSTRUCTION
US20210387513A1 (en) * 2018-10-04 2021-12-16 Central Glass Company, Limited Antireflective switchable glass construction
DE102018129376A1 (de) 2018-11-22 2019-12-12 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Verbundscheibe mit einem integrierten schaltbaren Element
RU2695045C1 (ru) * 2019-01-07 2019-07-18 Сергей Анатольевич Давыденко Автомобильное стекло с изменяющейся прозрачностью
PE20211555A1 (es) * 2019-01-28 2021-08-16 Saint Gobain Metodo para el control de una pluralidad de elementos de conmutacion de transmision controlados de manera electrica asignados de un primer conjunto en el techo corredizo de un vehiculo y para el control del techo corredizo por medio de tal metodo
DE102019102025A1 (de) * 2019-01-28 2020-07-30 Webasto SE Fahrzeugscheibe mit Lichtstreuschicht
WO2020156773A1 (de) 2019-01-30 2020-08-06 Saint-Gobain Glass France Verbundscheibe mit elektrisch steuerbaren optischen eigenschaften und verbundscheibenanordnung
CN111845287A (zh) * 2019-04-26 2020-10-30 永德利硅橡胶科技(深圳)有限公司 新型玻璃防护膜及车载保护膜***
CN113508031B (zh) * 2020-02-07 2023-06-27 法国圣戈班玻璃厂 具有复合玻璃板和功能元件的连接装置
WO2021156485A1 (de) * 2020-02-07 2021-08-12 Saint-Gobain Glass France Anschlussanordnung mit einem flexiblen flachkabel
KR102277700B1 (ko) * 2020-02-12 2021-07-14 엘지전자 주식회사 디스플레이 디바이스
DE202021004037U1 (de) 2020-04-29 2022-06-21 Saint-Gobain Glass France Fahrzeugscheibe mit einer elektrolumineszenten Vorrichtung und einem optischen Bandsperrfilter
WO2024125861A1 (de) 2022-12-12 2024-06-20 Saint-Gobain Glass France Verglasungselement mit elektrischem funktionselement
DE202023103995U1 (de) 2023-07-17 2023-07-24 Saint-Gobain SEKURIT Deutschland GmbH Verbundscheibe mit elektrischem Funktionselement

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US10082716B2 (en) 2018-09-25
HUE057123T2 (hu) 2022-04-28
EA201590418A1 (ru) 2015-06-30
EP2888106A1 (de) 2015-07-01
JP6157623B2 (ja) 2017-07-05
KR20150043428A (ko) 2015-04-22
BR112015002977A2 (pt) 2018-06-12
EA028935B1 (ru) 2018-01-31
CN104582956A (zh) 2015-04-29
CA2881175A1 (en) 2014-02-27
ES2898321T3 (es) 2022-03-07
US20150331296A1 (en) 2015-11-19
CN104582956B (zh) 2018-12-28
JP2015529183A (ja) 2015-10-05
CA2881175C (en) 2019-06-25
BR112015002977B1 (pt) 2020-11-10
WO2014029536A1 (de) 2014-02-27
EP2888106B1 (de) 2021-10-27

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