OA21323A

OA21323A - Methods and compositions for the sequestration of carbon dioxide.

Info

Publication number: OA21323A
Application number: OA1202300420
Authority: OA
Inventors: Joe Jones
Original assignee: Carbonfree Chemicals Holdings, Llc
Priority date: 2021-04-14
Filing date: 2022-04-14
Publication date: 2024-04-18

Abstract

The present invention relates to methods for capturing carbon dioxide and permanently sequestering carbon dioxide in the form of Group II metal carbonates. The invention involves production of HC1 by reacting steam with a material that includes a magnesium chloride hydrate. The HC1 that is generated from this process is used to leach Group II mineral salts from a variety of different materials, including minerals and industrial waste materials. The leached Group II mineral salts are used to capture carbon dioxide by forming Group II mineral salt carbonates.

Description

DESCRIPTION

METHODS AND COMPOSITIONS FOR THE SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application daims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Serial No. 63/174,977, filed April 14, 2021, hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] The invention relates generally to the réduction of carbon dioxide in the atmosphère and, more particularly, to the capture and séquestration of carbon dioxide.

BACKGROUND

[0003] Increased global warming due to the presence and production of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, makes the capture and permanent séquestration of carbon dioxide by economical means impérative.

[0004] Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) has the potential to significantly reduce greenhouse gas émissions from industries that rely on combustion processes, such as power génération plants and cernent production facilities. Unfortunately, capturing carbon dioxide via CCS is energy intensive due to thermal energy requirements, as well as the need to compress captured carbon dioxide for subsurface storage. This energy demand can reduce net output from power plants by more than 20%.

[0005] Gas companies use the amine scrubbing process to separate carbon dioxide from methane, and a very similar process can be used to remove carbon dioxide from flue gas. The major problem with the amine scrubbing process is that the régénération of the amine solution and the subséquent compression of carbon dioxide is very energy intensive. As a conséquence, equipping a power plant with amine-based carbon capture leads to a réduction in efficiency as high as 35%.

[0006] An alternative CCS method involves an oxy-combustion process in which coal is bumed in the presence of pure oxygen to produce the combustion products carbon dioxide and water. CO₂ is then captured by condensing the water from the carbon dioxide/water mixture. The pure oxygen used in the oxy-combustion is obtained from an energy intensive air séparation process that involves cryogenically cooling air into liquid form and distilling pure oxygen from nitrogen in the liquid air.

[0007] Given the reliance on fossil fuels, widespread adoption of CCS is impérative for réduction of greenhouse gases and control of global warming. Although some companies are 5 focused on finding alternative CCS processes, a significant amount of research is focused on increasing the efficiency of current carbon dioxide-capture processes.

SUMMARY

[0008] It is an object of the présent invention to provide a method for the absorption and séparation of carbon dioxide that overcomes many of the disadvantages of the prior art. 10 The inventor has identified methods for the production of minerai ion salts that can be used to sequester carbon dioxide in the form of minerai ion carbonate salts. The minerai ion salts can be obtained from different sources, including industrial waste materials and various geological silicate minerais.

[0009] Some embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a method of employing a 15 waste material to sequester carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of reacting a magnésium chloride hydrate-containing material with steam to generate hydrochloric acid and magnésium hydroxide, contacting the magnésium hydroxide with a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide to provide a partially or fully carbonated stream, contacting waste material with the hydrochloric acid and optionally water to leach minerai ion salts from 20 the waste material into a brine or slurry, recovering the minerai ion salts from the brine or slurry, and reacting the minerai ions salts with the partially or fully carbonated stream to sequester carbon dioxide in the form of minerai ion carbonate salts. In some embodiments, the partially or fully carbonated stream comprises Mg(OH)_x(HCO3)_y, where x+y = 2. In some embodiments, the minerai ion carbonate salts comprise precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC).

In some embodiments, the minerai ion carbonate salts further comprise lesser value, mixed carbonates.

[0010] Some embodiments of the disclosure are directed to a method of employing a geological silicate minerai to sequester carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of reacting a magnésium chloride hydrate-containing material with steam 30 to generate hydrochloric acid and magnésium hydroxide, contacting the magnésium hydroxide with a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide to provide a partially or fully carbonated stream, contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid and optionally water to leach minerai ion salts from the geological silicate minerai into a brine or slurry, recovering the minerai ion salts from the brine or slurry, reacting the minerai ions salts with the partially or fully carbonated stream to sequester carbon dioxide in the form of minerai ion carbonate salts. In some embodiments, the partially or fully carbonated stream comprises 5 Mg(OH)_x(HCO3)y, where x+y = 2. In some embodiments, the minerai ion carbonate salts comprise precipitated calcium carbonate. In some embodiments, the minerai ion carbonate salts further comprise lesser value, mixed carbonates.

[0011] In some embodiments, the minerai ion salts comprise at least one Group II métal cation. In some embodiments, the Group II métal cation is a calcium cation. In some 10 embodiments, the Group II métal cation is a magnésium cation. In some embodiments, the waste material is an industrial waste material. In some embodiments, the industrial waste material is selected from the group consisting of masonry, concrète, Steel fumace slag, biomass fuel production slag, and waste coal fly ash.

[0012] In some embodiments, the carbon dioxide is a component of a flue gas stream. 15 In some embodiments, the carbon dioxide is atmospheric carbon dioxide. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the waste material with the hydrochloric acid is performed at ambient température. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the waste material with the hydrochloric acid is performed at greater-than-ambient température. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the waste material with the hydrochloric acid is performed at ambient 20 pressure.

[0013] In some embodiments, the step of contacting the waste material with the hydrochloric acid does not involve mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the waste material with the hydrochloric acid involves mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the 25 waste material with the hydrochloric acid further comprises recirculating liquide to increase contact between the waste material and the hydrochloric acid.

[0014] In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid is performed at ambient température. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the HCl is performed at greater-than-ambient 30 température. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid is performed at ambient pressure. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid is performed at greaterthan-ambient pressure.

[0015] In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid does not involve mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids. In some 5 embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid involves mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids. In some embodiments, the step of contacting the geological silicate minerai with the hydrochloric acid further comprises recirculating liquids to increase contact between the geological silicate minerai and the hydrochloric acid.

[0016] In some embodiments, minerai ion salts présent in brine or slurry are recovered.

In some embodiments, the brine or slurry is transferred to a settling tank. In some embodiments, solids in the brine or slurry are allowed to settle at the bottom of the settling tank. In some embodiments, the brine or slurry is transferred to an évaporation pond. In some embodiments, liquid in the brine or slurry is allowed to evaporate. In some embodiments, 15 solar energy and/or naturally occurring wind are hamessed to increase the rate of évaporation.

In some embodiments, non-renewable energy is not used to increase the rate of évaporation. In some embodiments, no energy is provided to the évaporation pond to increase the rate of évaporation.

[0017] In some embodiments, the minerai ion salts comprise at least one Group II métal 20 cation. In some embodiments, the Group II métal cation is a calcium cation. In some embodiments, the Group II métal cation is a magnésium cation. In some embodiments, the geological silicate minerai is selected from the group consisting of olivine, forsterite, pyrope, spessartine, grossular, andradite, uvarovite, hydrogrossular, norbergite, chondrodite, humite, clinohumite, datolite, titanite, chloritoid, lawsonite, axinite, ilvaite, epidote, zoisite, tanzanite, 25 clinozoisite, allanite, dollaseite, vesuvianite, paopgoite, tourmaline, osumilite, cordierite, sekaninaite, eudialyte, milarite, enstatite, pigeonite, diopside, hedenbergite, augite, proxferroite, wollastonite, pectolite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, tremolite, actinolite, hornblende, glaucophane, arfvedsonite, antigorite, chrysotile, lizardite, talc, illite, montmorillonite, chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, palygorskite, biotite, phlogopite, margarite, 30 glauconite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite, cancrinite, hauyne, lazurite, erionite, chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, scolecite, mordenite, clinoenstatite, and combinations thereof.

Ί

[0018] It is specifically contemplated that any limitation discussed with respect to one embodiment of the invention may apply to any other embodiment of the invention. Furthermore, any composition of the invention may be used in any method of the invention, and any method of the invention may be used to produce or to utilize any composition of the invention.

[0019] Other objects, features and advantagés of the présent invention will become apparent from the following detailed description. It should be understood, however, that the detailed description and the spécifie examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a carbon dioxide séquestration process according to some embodiments of the présent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The présent invention relates to methods for capturing carbon dioxide and permanently sequestering carbon dioxide in the form of métal carbonates. The invention involves production of HCl by reacting steam with a material that includes a magnésium chloride hydrate. The HCl that is generated from this process is used to leach minerai salts from a variety of different materials, including minerais and industrial waste materials. The leached minerai salts are used to capture carbon dioxide by forming carbonates of minerai sait cations.

[0022] Of the numerous minerai salts that are available, Group II salts are generally employed for CO2 capture. The Group II metals calcium and magnésium are relatively abundant throughout the world in various geological minerai deposits and in industrial waste materials. The abundant calcium and magnesium-containing minerais and waste materials provide a relatively inexpensive feedstock for CO2-sequestering Chemicals.

A. Définitions

[0023] As used herein, the terms “carbonates” or “carbonate products” are generally defined as minerai components containing the carbonate group, [CO3]²·. Thus, the terms encompass both carbonate/bicarbonate mixtures and species containing solely the carbonate ion. The terms “bicarbonates” and “bicarbonate products” are generally defined as minerai components containing the bicarbonate group, [HCO3]¹·. Thus, the terms encompass both carbonate/bicarbonate mixtures and species containing solely the bicarbonate ion.

[0024] As used herein “Ca/Mg” signifies either Ca alone, Mg alone or a mixture of 5 both Ca and Mg. The ratio of Ca to Mg may range from 0:100 to 100:0, including, e.g., 1:99, 5:95, 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, 40:60, 50:50, 60:40, 70:30, 80:20, 90:10, 95:5, and 99:1. The symbols “Ca/Mg”, “Mg_xCa(i-_X)” and “Ca_xMg(i-_X)” are synonymous. The phrases “Group II” and “Group 2” are used interchangeably. A hydrate of magnésium chloride refers to any hydrate, including but not limited to hydrates that hâve 2, 4, 6, 8, or 12 équivalents of water 10 per équivalent of magnésium chloride. Based on the context, the abbreviation “MW” either means molecular weight or mégawatts. The abbreviation “PFD” is process flow diagram. The abbreviation “Q” is heat (or heat duty), and heat is a type of energy. This does not include any other types of energy.

[0025] As used herein, the term “séquestration” is used to refer generally to techniques 15 or practices whose partial or whole effect is to remove CO2 from point émissions sources and to store that CO2 in some form so as to prevent its return to the atmosphère. Use of this term does not exclude any form of the described embodiments from being considered séquestration” techniques.

[0026] The use of the word “a” or “an,” when used in conjunction with the term 20 “comprising” in the daims and/or the spécification may mean “one,” but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more,” “at least one,” and “one or more than one.”

[0027] Throughout this application, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inhérent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to détermine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects.

[0028] The terms “comprise,” “hâve” and “include” are open-ended linking verbs. Any forms or tenses of one or more of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that “comprises,” “has” or “includes” one or more steps is not limited to possessing only those one or more steps and also covers other unlisted steps.

[0029] The above définitions supersede any conflicting définition in any of thê reference that is incorporated by reference herein. The fact that certain terms are defined, however, should not be considered as indicative that any term that is undefmed is indefinite.

Rather, ail ternis used are believed to describe the invention in terms such that one of ordinary skill can appreciate the scope and practice the présent invention.

B. Séquestration of CO2 Using Group II Salts Leached From Geological Minerais or Industrial Waste Materials

[0030] FIG. 1 depicts a simplifïed process-flow diagram illustrating general, exemplary embodiments of the apparatuses and methods of the présent disclosure. This diagram is offered for illustrative purposes only, and thus it merely depicts spécifie embodiments of the présent invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the claims in any way.

[0031] Methods for capturing carbon dioxide are disclosed herein. Referring to FIG.

1, the methods involve a first step of reacting steam 10 with a magnésium chloride hydratecontaining material 20 in reactor 25 to generate HCl 30 and Mg(OH)₂ 40. The magnésium chloride hydrate-containing material 20 may comprise magnésium chloride in dihydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, octahydrate, dodecahydrate, or other hydrated form. Décomposition 15 of a magnésium chloride hydrate produces Mg(OH)₂ 40 and HCl 30. This intemally-generated

HCl 30 may be in the form of HCl gas, a solution of HCl in water, or a gaseous solution of HCl in steam.

[0032] The Mg(OH)₂ 40 is contacted with a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide 50 to provide a partially or fully carbonated stream 110. The partially or fully carbonated stream 20 110 comprises the reaction product of Mg(OH)₂ 40 and carbon dioxide 50, Mg(OH)_x(HCO3)_y where x+y = 2.

[0033] The HCl 30 is sent to reactor 35 where it contacts industrial waste material 40 and/or geological silicate minerai 50. Water 80, in liquid or gaseous form can optionally be provided to reactor 35. Contacting of the industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate 25 minerai 70 with HCl 30 can be performed under ambient pressure. Altematively, contacting of the industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 with HCl 30 can be performed under greater-than-ambient pressure. Contacting of the industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 with HCl 30 can be performed under ambient température. Altematively, contacting of the industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 30 70 with HCl 30 can be performed under greater-than-ambient température. The concentration of HCl 30 in reactor 35 can be controlled by adjusting conditions in reactor 25, and/or by adjusting the time and/or rate at which HCl 30 is provided to reactor 35. By controlling HCl concentration in reactor 35, the incorporation of chloride into varions SiO complexes can be controlled or avoided.

[0034] HCl 30 and industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 can be allowed to react in reactor 35 without mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids. HCl 5 30 and industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 in reactor 35 can be subjected to mechanical agitation and/or abrasion of solids. Liquid in reactor 35 can be recirculated to increase contact between industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 and HCl 30.

[0035] Contacting of the industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 10 70 with HCl 30 allows the HCl 30 to react with industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70 and leach minerai ion salts from the waste material into a brine or slurry 90. The brine or slurry 90 is recovered, and this brine or slurry contains minerai ion salts from industrial waste material 60 and/or geological silicate minerai 70. The minerai ion salts présent brine or slurry 90 can be in solution, in solid form, or a combination of solution and undissolved 15 solid.

[0036] The minerai ion salts 100 présent in brine or slurry 90 are recovered. A variety of methods can be employed to aid in recovery of minerai ion salts 100 présent from brine or slurry 90. The brine or slurry 90 can be transferred to a settling tank. Solids within brine or slurry 90 can be allowed to settle at the bottom of the settling tank. Altematively, sand filters 20 can be employed to remove solids from brine or slurry 90. The brine or slurry 90 can be transferred to an évaporation pond where liquid in the brine or slurry 90 is allowed to evaporate. Solar energy and/or naturally-occurring wind can be hamessed to increase the rate of évaporation. In some embodiments, non-renewable energy is not used to increase the rate of évaporation. In some embodiments, no energy is provided to the évaporation pond to increase 25 the rate of évaporation. The brine or slurry 70 can be transferred to an évaporation System.

The évaporation System can be a single, double, or triple-effect évaporation System.

[0037] The minerai ion salts 100 are reacted with Mg(OH)_x(HCO3)y présent in partially or fully carbonated stream 110 to sequester carbon dioxide in the form of minerai ion carbonate salts 120.

C. Examples

[0038] The following examples are included to demonstrate preferred embodiments of the invention. It should be appreciated by those of skill in the art that the techniques disclosed in the examples which follow represent techniques discovered by the inventer to fonction well in the practice of the invention, and thus can be considered to constitute preferred modes for its practice. However, those of skill in the art should, in light of the présent disclosure, appreciate that many changes can be made in the spécifie embodiments which are disclosed 5 and still obtain a like or similar resuit without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

Example 1

Evaluation of Materials for Production of PCC

[0039] Three industrial waste test materials (blast fumace slag, biomass slag, and coal 10 fly ash) were examined for the production of precipitated calcium chloride (PCC, a precipitated minerai ion sait). The studies were performed to evaluate the use of raw-unimproved brines from the three test sources. Various conditions were examined to test the précipitation process over a range of processing conditions. Process control of temperature-of-precipitation, volumetric-variation of precipitating-salt-to-uptake-fluid, and pH control of the uptake-fluid 15 conditions can be used to increase the precipitation-selectivity of calcium salts over magnésium and iron salts contained within the raw test materials.

[0040] The test materials were contacted with hydrochloric acid in recirculating baths to produce brines, and solids were filtered after dissolution. The brines were assayed using SEM/ICP to détermine the Chemical makeup of dissolved salts. The results provided in Table 20 1 below demonstrate that brines with high calcium content can be obtained from hydrochloric acid dissolution of various industrial waste materials. These high calcium brines can be used to produce PCC or can be used directly in carbon dioxide séquestration processes.

Table 1 Sait Solutions Compositions Index

Test Material	Ca (wt. %)	Mg (wt. %)	Fe (wt. %)
Blast furnace slag	88.22	11.47	0.31
Biomass slag	86.99	9.7	3.31
Coal fly ash	62.77	24.69	12.54

Example 2

Dissolution of Waste Material and Capture of CO2

[0041] A sample of MgCh hydrate-containing material was reacted with steam in a décomposition reactor to generate aqueous Mg(OH)2 and HCl gas. A mixture of unreacted 5 steam and gaseous HCl was collected as an aqueous HCl solution. This solution was diluted to a concentration of 15% and the resulting solution was used to dissolve coal fly ash and biomass slag waste materials. The waste dissolution process involved adding each waste material to a solution of HCl in a separate reactor and monitoring the reaction température. Additional water was added to dilute or re-Iiquefy the dissolution reactions. The biomass slag 10 dissolution reaction involved génération of water vapor and loss of water, therefore, water was added to account for the loss of water. Table 2 below depicts températures, volumes, and masses for various waste-dissolution experimental runs.

Table 2 - Waste dissolution run spécifications

	Material	Mass (g)	Volume HCl (mL)	H2O Added (mL)	Max Temp. (°C)
Run 1	Biomass	150	250	80	75
Run 2	Biomass	120	166	50	75
Run 3	Coal	350	50	100	32
Run 4	Biomass	120	120	50	76
Run 5	Biomass	120	130	25	75
Run 6	Coal	487	75	200	35
Run 7	Biomass	240	240	100	78
Run 8	Coal	423	50	75	35

[0042] Once the materials were mixed thoroughly and optionally re-Iiquified with water, the resulting brines and slurries were allowed to sit for 30 minutes to complété any reactions still taking place. During this time, the températures of the brines/slurries started decreasing back to ambient températures and the pH of the slurries were taken using a calibrated pH meter. Aqueous NH4OH was added to low-pH samples (< 3.5) to raise pH to >

6. Once the slurries cooled to ambient température, solids were filtered from the slurries to provide a cake and filtrate liquid. In some aspects, a brine generated from dissolution of a waste material disclosed above can be used directly without filtration.

[0043] A stream of gaseous CO₂ was bubbled through the aqueous Mg(OH)2 solution 5 generated from steam-driven décomposition of MgCh hydrate to provide a carbonated solution comprising Mg(HCO3)2. The carbonated solution was combined with the brines or filtrate liquids produced above to yield products comprising calcium carbonate (solid) and MgCh in solution. The products were filtered to separate the precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) from the MgCh solutions. Inductively-coupled plasma (ICP) analysis was performed on the PCC 10 collected from runs 7 and 8 in Table 2. The cation compositions are depicted in Table 3 below.

Table 3 - Calcium carbonate ICP analysis

Cation	Run 7 (inol/kg)	Run 8 (mol/kg)
Ca	10.227	9.877
Fe	0.0002	0.053
Mg	0.448	0.987
Na	0.08	0.011
Be	0.0004	0.0036
Ba	0.0001	0.0032
Sr	0.008	0.0421
Mn	0.032	0.045

[0044] The results in Table 3 above demonstrate that high-purity calcium carbonate can be obtained by hamessing HCl generated from décomposition of a magnésium chloride 15 hydrate-containing material. The HCl was used to dissolve various waste materials to provide brines or slurries with high calcium content. Magnésium hydroxide generated from décomposition of the magnésium chloride hydrate-containing material was carbonated with carbon dioxide gas, and the resulting carbonated solutions were combined with the wastederived brines or slurries to provide magnésium chloride solutions containing precipitated 20 calcium carbonate. The methods disclosed herein provide novel means by which various waste materials can be recycled and employed as a key component for the environmentally-conscious

I séquestration of gaseous carbon dioxide. The methods can be extended to the use of geological silicate minerais as an alternative to waste materials.

Claims

1. A method of employing a waste material or geological silicate minerai to sequester carbon dioxide, the method comprising:

reacting a magnésium chloride hydrate-containing material with steam to generate HCl and Mg(OH)2;

contacting the Mg(0H)2 with a gas stream comprising carbon dioxide to provide a partially or fully carbonated stream comprising Mg(OH)_x(HCO3)_y where x+y - 2;

contacting waste material or geological silicate minerai with the HCl and optionally water to leach minerai ion salts from the waste material or geological silicate minerai into a brine or slurry;

recovering the minerai ion salts from the brine or slurry; and reacting the minerai ions salts with the partially or fully carbonated stream to sequester carbon dioxide in the form of minerai ion carbonate salts comprising calcium carbonate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the minerai ion salts comprise a calcium cation and/or a magnésium cation.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the waste material is selected from the group consisting of masonry, concrète, Steel fumace slag, bio-mass fuel production slag, and waste coal fly ash.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the geological silicate minerai is selected from the group consisting of olivine, forsterite, pyrope, spessartine, grossular, andradite, uvarovite, hydrogrossular, norbergite, chondrodite, humite, clinohumite, datolite, titanite, chloritoid, lawsonite, axinite, ilvaite, epidote, zoisite, tanzanite, clinozoisite, allanite, dollaseite, vesuvianite, paopgoite, tourmaline, osumilite, cordierite, sekaninaite, eudialyte, milarite, enstatite, pigeonite, diopside, hedenbergite, augite, proxferroite, wollastonite, pectolite, anthophyllite, cummingtonite, tremolite, actinolite, hornblende, glaucophane, arfvedsonite, antigorite, chrysotile, lizardite, talc, illite, montmorillonite, chlorite, vermiculite, sepiolite, palygorskite, biotite, phlogopite, margarite, glauconite, oligoclase, andesine, labradorite, bytownite, anorthite, cancrinite, hauyne, lazurite, erionite, chabazite, heulandite, stilbite, scolecite, mordenite, clinoenstatite, and combinations thereof.

5. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide is atmospheric carbon dioxide or is a component of a flue gas stream.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein the carbon dioxide is atmospheric carbon dioxide.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting the waste material with the HCl is performed at ambient température.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting the waste material with the HCl 10 is performed at ambient pressure.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting the waste material with the HCl does not involve mechanical agitation or abrasion of solids.

15

10. The method of claim 1, wherein the step of contacting the waste material with the HCl further comprises recirculating liquids to increase contact between the waste material and the HCl.

11. The method of claim 1, further comprising transferring the brine or slurry to a settling 20 tank and allowing solids in the brine or slurry to settle at the bottom of the settling tank.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising transferring the brine or slurry to an évaporation pond and allowing liquid in the brine or slurry to evaporate.

25

13. The method of claim 12, wherein solar energy and/or naturally occurring wind are hamessed to increase the rate of évaporation.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein non-renewable energy is not used to increase the rate of évaporation.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein no energy is provided to the évaporation pond to increase the rate of évaporation.