OA18393A - Restriction on palette block size in video coding. - Google Patents

Abstract

In an example, method of encoding video data may include receiving a block of video data having a size. The method may include determining the size of the block of video data. The method may include disabling palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data.

Description

[0001] This application claims the benefît of U.S. Provîsional Patent Application No. 62/114,537 filed on February 10,2015, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD [0002] This disclosure relates to encoding and decoding content, and more specifically, encoding and decoding content according to a palette-based coding mode.

BACKGROUND [0003] Digital video capabilities can be incorporated into a wide range of devices, including digital télévisions, digital direct broadcast Systems, wireless broadcast Systems, personal digital assistants (PDAs), laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, e-book readers, digital caméras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming devices, video game consoles, cellular or satellite radio téléphonés, so-called “smart phones,” video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, and the like. Digital video devices implement video compression techniques, such as those described in the standards defined by MPEG-2, MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263,

ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard presently under development, and extensions of such standards. The video devices may transmit, receive, encode, décodé, and/or store digital video information more efficiently by implementing such video compression techniques.

[0004] Video compression techniques perform spatial (intra-picture) prédiction and/or temporal (inter-picture) prédiction to reduce or remove redundancy inhérent in video sequences. For block-based video coding, a video slice (i.e., a video frame or a portion of a video frame) may be partitioned into video blocks. Video blocks in an intra-coded (I) slice of a picture are encoded using spatial prédiction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture. Video blocks in an inter-coded (P or B) slice of a picture may use spatial prédiction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks in the same picture or temporal prédiction with respect to reference samples in other reference pictures. Pictures may be referred to as frames, and reference pictures may be referred to as reference frames.

[0005] Spatial or temporal prédiction results in a prédictive block for a block to be coded. Residual data represents pixel différences between the original block to be coded and the prédictive block. An inter-coded block is encoded according to a motion vector that points to a block of reference samples forming the prédictive block, and the residual data indicates the différence between the coded block and the prédictive block. An intra-coded block is encoded according to an intra-coding mode and the residual data. For further compression, the residual data may be transformed from the pixel domain to a transform domain, resulting in residual coefficients, which then may be quantized. The quantized coefficients, initially arranged in a two-dimensional array, may be scanned in order to produce a one-dimensional vector of coefficients, and entropy coding may be applied to achieve even more compression.

[0006] Content, such as an image, may be encoded and decoded using palette mode. Generally, palette mode is a technique involving use of a palette of color values to represent content. Content may be encoded such that the content is represented by an 15 index map that includes values corresponding to color values in the palette. The index map may be decoded to obtain color values to reconstruct the content.

SUMMARY [0007] Techniques ofthis disclosure relate to palette-based content coding. For example, in palette-based content coding, a content coder (e.g., a content coder such as a video encoder or a video décoder) may form a “palette” as a table of colors for representing the video data of the particular area (e.g., a given block). Palette-based content coding may, for example, be especially useful for coding areas of video data having a relatively small number of colors. Rather than coding actual pixel values (or their residuals), the content coder may code palette indices (e.g., index values) for one or more of the pixels that relate the pixels with entries in the palette representing the colors of the pixels. The techniques described in this disclosure may include techniques for various combinations of one or more of signaling palette-based coding modes, transmitting palettes, deriving palettes, deriving the value of non-transmitted syntax éléments, transmitting palette-based coding maps and other syntax éléments, predicting palette entries, coding runs of palette indices, entropy coding palette information, and various other palette coding techniques.

[0008] In one example, this disclosure describes a method comprising receiving a block of video data having a size; determining the size of the block of video data; and disabling palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data.

[0009] In one example, this disclosure describes a device comprising a memory configured to store the video data; and a video encoder in communication with the memory, the video encoder being configured to: receive a block of video data having a size from the memory; détermine the size of the block of video data; and disable palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of 10 video data.

[0010] In one example, this disclosure describes an apparatus comprising means for receiving a block of video data having a size; means for determining the size of the block of video data; and means for disabling palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data.

[0011] In one example, this disclosure describes a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors to: receive a block of video data having a size; détermine the size of the block of video data; and disable palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data.

[0012] The details of one or more examples of the disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the disclosure will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0013] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video coding system that may utilize the techniques described in this disclosure.

[0014] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder that may perform the techniques described in this disclosure.

[0015] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video décoder that may perform the techniques described in this disclosure.

[0016] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of determining palette entries for palette-based video coding, consistent with techniques of this disclosure.

[0017] FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of determining indices to a palette for a block of pixels, consistent with techniques of this disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of determining maximum copy above run-length, assuming rester scanning order, consistent with techniques of 5 this disclosure.

[0019] FIG. 7 îs a flowchart illustrating an example process for processing video data consistent with techniques for palette-based video coding of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0020] Aspects of this disclosure are directed to techniques for content coding (e.g., video coding) and content data compression (e.g., video data compression). In particular, this disclosure describes techniques for palette-based coding of content data (e.g., video data). In various examples of this disclosure, techniques of this disclosure may be directed to processes of predicting or coding a block in palette mode to improve coding efficiency and/or reduce codée complexlty, as described in greater detail below. For example, the disclosure describes techniques related to restricting the palette block size for palette mode.

[0021] As used herein, instances of the term “content” may be changed to the term “video,” and instances of the term “video” may be changed to the term “content.” This 20 is true regardless of whether the terms “content” or “video” are being used as an adjective, noun, or other part of speech. For example, reference to a “content coder” also includes reference to a “video coder,” and reference to a “video coder” also includes reference to a “content coder.” Similarly, reference to “content” also includes reference to “video,” and reference to “video” also includes reference to “content.” [0022] As used herein, “content” refers to any type of content. For example, “content” may refer to video, screen content, image, any graphical content, any displayable content, or any data corresponding thereto (e.g., video data, screen content data, image data, graphical content data, displayable content data, and the like).

[0023] As used herein, the term “video” may refer to screen content, movable content, a 30 plurality of images that may be presented in a sequence, or any data corresponding thereto (e.g., screen content data, movable content data, video data, image data, and the like).

[0024] As used herein, the term “image” may refer to a single image, one or more images, one or more images amongst a plurality of images corresponding to a video,

one or more images amongst a plurality of images not corresponding to a video, a plurality of images corresponding to a video (e.g., ail of the images corresponding to the video or less than ail of the images corresponding to the video), a sub-part of a single image, a plurality of sub-parts of a single image, a plurality of sub-parts corresponding to a plurality of images, one or more graphies primitives, image data, graphical data, and the like.

[0025] In traditional video coding, images are assumed to be continuous-tone and spatially smooth. Based on these assumptions, various tools hâve been developed such as block-based transforms, filtering, and other coding tools, and such tools hâve shown 10 good performance for natural content videos. However, in applications like remote desktop, collaborative work and wireless display, computer-generated screen content may be the dominant content to be compressed. This type of screen content tends to hâve discrete-tone, sharp lines, and high contrast object boundaries. The assumption of continuous-tone and smoothness may no longer apply, and thus, traditional video coding 15 techniques may be inefficient in compressing content (e.g., screen content).

[0026] In one example of palette-based video coding, a video encoder may encode a block of video data by determining a palette for the block (e.g., coding the palette explicitly, predicting the palette, or a combination thereof), locating an entry in the palette to represent the value of one or more pixels, and encoding both the palette and 20 the block with index values that indicate the entry in the palette used to represent the pixel values of the block. In some examples, the video encoder may signal the palette and/or the index values in an encoded bitstream. In tum, a video décoder may obtain, from an encoded bitstream, a palette for a block, as well as index values for the individual pixels of the block. The video décoder may relate the index values of the 25 pixels to entries of the palette to reconstruct the various pixel values of the block.

[0027] For example, a particular area of video data may be assumed to hâve a relatively small number of colors. A video coder (e.g., a video encoder or video décoder) may code (e.g., encode or décodé) a so-called “palette” to represent the video data of the particular area. The palette may be expressed as an index (e.g., table) of colors or pixel 30 values representing the video data of the particular area (e.g., a given block). The video coder may code the index, which relates one or more pixel values to the appropriate value in the palette. Each pixel may be associated with an entry in the palette that represents the color of the pixel. For example, the palette may include the most dominant pixel values in the given block. In some cases, the most dominant pixel

values may include the one or more pixel values that occur most frequently within the block. Additionally, in some cases, a video coder may apply a threshold value to détermine whether a pixel value is to be included as one of the most dominant pixel values in the block. According to various aspects of palette-based coding, the video coder may code index values indicative of one or more of the pixels values of the current block, instead of coding actual pixel values or their residuals for a current block of video data. In the context of palette-based coding, the index values indicate respective entries in the palette that are used to represent individual pixel values of the current block. The description above is intended to provide a general description of palette-based video coding.

[0028] Palette-based coding, which may be particularly suitable for screen generated content coding or other content where one or more traditional coding tools are inefficient. The techniques for palette-based coding of video data may be used with one or more other coding techniques, such as techniques for inter- or intra-predictive coding.

For example, as described in greater detail below, an encoder or décoder, or combined encoder-decoder (codée), may be configured to perform inter- and intra-predictive coding, as well as palette-based coding.

[0029] In some examples, the palette-based coding techniques may be configured for use with one or more video coding standards. For example, High Efficiency Video

Coding (HEVC) is a new video coding standard being developed by the Joint Collaboration Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) and ISO/IEC Motion Picture Experts Group (MPEG). The finalized HEVC standard document is published as “ITU-T H.265, SERIES H: AUDIO VISUAL AND MULTIMEDIA SYSTEMS Infrastructure of audiovisual services - Coding of moving video - High efficiency video coding,” Télécommunication Standardization Sector of International Télécommunication Union (ITU), April 2013.

[0030] To provide more efficient coding of screen generated content, the JCT-VC is developing an extension to the HEVC standard, referred to as the HEVC Screen Content Coding (SCC) standard. A recent working draft of the HEVC SCC standard, referred to 30 as “HEVC SCC Draft 2” or “WD2,” is described in document JCTVC-S1005, R. Joshi and J. Xu, “HEVC screen content coding draft text 2,” Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T SG 16 WP 3 and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11,19⁰¹ Meeting: Strasbourg, FR, 17-24 October 2014.

[0031] With respect to the HEVC framework, as an example, the palette-based coding techniques may be configured to be used as a coding unit (CU) mode. In other examples, the palette-based coding techniques may be configured to be used as a prédiction unit (PU) mode in the framework of HEVC. Accordingly, ail of the following disclosed processes described in the context of a CU mode may, additionally or altematively, apply to a PU. However, these HEVC-based examples should not be considered a restriction or limitation of the palette-based coding techniques described herein, as such techniques may be applied to work independently or as part of other existing or yet to be developed systems/standards. In these cases, the unit for palette coding can be square blocks, rectangular blocks or even régions of non-rectangular shape.

[0032] In some examples, a palette may be derived for one or more CUs, PUs, or any région of data (e.g., any block of data). For example, a palette may comprise (and may consist of) the most dominant pixel values in the current CU, where a CU is the région 15 of data for this particular example. The size and the éléments of the palette are first transmitted from a video encoder to a video décoder. The size and/or the éléments of the palette, for a current CU being coded, can be directly coded or predictively coded using the size and/or the éléments of the palette in CUs that neighbor the current CU, i.e., the neighboring CUs (e.g., where neighboring CU’s may include a CU above the 20 current CU and/or to the left of the current CU). After that, the pixel values in the CU are encoded based on the palette according to a certain scanning order. For each pixel location in the CU, a flag, e.g., palette_flag, is first transmitted to indicate whether the pixel value is încluded in the palette. For those pixel values that map to an entry in the palette, the palette index associated with that entry is signaled for the given pixel location in the CU. For those pixel values that do not exist in the palette, a spécial index may be assigned to the pixel and the actual pixel value is transmitted for the given pixel location in the CU. These pixels are referred to as “escape pixels.” An escape pixel can be coded using any existing entropy coding method such as fixed length coding, unary coding, etc.

[0033] Samples in a block of video data may be processed (e.g., scanned) using a horizontal rester scanning order or other scanning order. For example, the video encoder may convert a two-dimensional block of palette indices into a one-dimensional array by scanning the palette indices using a horizontal rester scanning order. Likewise, the video décoder may reconstruct a block of palette indices using the horizontal rester

scanning order. Accordingly, this disclosure may refer to a previous sample as a sample that précédés the sample currently being coded in the block in the scanning order. It should be appreciated that scans other than a horizontal rester scan, such as vertical rester scanning order, may also be applicable. The example above, as well as other examples set forth in this disclosure, is intended to provide a general description of palette-based video coding.

[0034] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an example video coding system 10 that may utilize the techniques of this disclosure. As used herein, the term “video coder” refers generically to both video encoders and video decoders. In this disclosure, the 1 o terms “video coding” or “coding” may refer generically to video encoding or video decoding. Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 of video coding system 10 represent examples of devices that may be configured to perform techniques for palette-based video coding in accordance with various examples described in this disclosure. For example, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to selectively code 15 various blocks of video data, such as CUs or PUs in HEVC coding, using either palettebased coding or non-palette based coding. Non-palette based coding modes may refer to various inter-predictive temporal coding modes or intra-predictive spatial coding modes, such as the various coding modes specified by the HEVC standard.

[0035] As shown in FIG. 1, video coding system 10 includes a source device 12 and a 20 destination device 14. Source device 12 generates encoded video data. Accordingly, source device 12 may be referred to as a video encoding device or a video encoding apparatus. Destination device 14 may décodé the encoded video data generated by source device 12. Accordingly, destination device 14 may be referred to as a video decoding device or a video decoding apparatus. Source device 12 and destination 25 device 14 may be examples of video coding devices or video coding apparatuses.

[0036] Source device 12 and destination device 14 may comprise a wide range of devices, including desktop computers, mobile computing devices, notebook (e.g., laptop) computers, tablet computers, set-top boxes, téléphoné handsets such as so-called “smart” phones, télévisions, caméras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, in-car computers, or the like.

[0037] Destination device 14 may receive encoded video data from source device 12 via a channel 16. Channel 16 may comprise one or more media or devices capable of moving the encoded video data from source device 12 to destination device 14. In one example, channel 16 may comprise one or more communication media that enable

source device 12 to transmit encoded video data directly to destination device 14 in realtime. In this example, source device 12 may modulate the encoded video data according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol, and may transmit the modulated video data to destination device 14. The one or more communication media may include wireless and/or wired communication media, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The one or more communication media may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network (e.g., the Internet). The one or more communication media may include routers, switches, base stations, or other equipment that facilitate communication from source device 12 to destination device 14. [0038] In another example, channel 16 may include a storage medium that stores encoded video data generated by source device 12. In this example, destination device 14 may access the storage medium via, for example, disk access or card access. The storage medium may include a variety of local ly-accessed data storage media such as

Blu-ray dises, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, or other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data.

[0039] In a further example, channel 16 may include a file server or another intermediate storage device that stores encoded video data generated by source device 12. In this example, destination device 14 may access encoded video data stored at the file server or other intermediate storage device via streaming or download. The file server may be a type of server capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting the encoded video data to destination device 14. Example file servers include web servers (e.g., for a website), file transfer protocol (FTP) servers, network attached storage (NAS) devices, and local disk drives.

[0040] Destination device 14 may access the encoded video data through a standard data connection, such as an Internet connection. Example types of data connections may include wireless channels (e.g., Wi-Fi connections), wired connections (e.g., DSL, cable modem, etc.), or combinations of both that are suitable for accessing encoded video data stored on a file server. The transmission of encoded video data from the file server may be a streaming transmission, a download transmission, or a combination of both.

[0041] Source device 12 and destination device 14 may be configured to perform palette-based coding consistent with this disclosure. The techniques of this disclosure for palette-based coding, however, are not limited to wireless applications or settings.

The techniques may be applied to video coding in support of a variety of multimedia applications, such as over-the-air télévision broadcasts, cable télévision transmissions, satellite télévision transmissions, streaming video transmissions, e.g., via the Internet, encoding of video data for storage on a data storage medium, decoding of video data stored on a data storage medium, or other applications. In some examples, video coding system 10 may be configured to support one-way or two-way video transmission to support applications such as video streaming, video playback, video broadeasting, and/or video telephony.

[0042] Video coding system 10 illustrated in FIG. 1 is merely an example and the o techniques of this disclosure may apply to video coding settings (e.g., video encoding or video decoding) that do not necessarily include any data communication between the encoding and decoding devices. In other examples, data is retrieved from a local memory, streamed over a network, or the like. A video encoding device may encode and store data to memory, and/or a video decoding device may retrieve and décodé data from memory. In many examples, the encoding and decoding is performed by devices that do not communicate with one another, but simply encode data to memory and/or retrieve and décodé data from memory.

[0043] In the example of FIG. 1, source device 12 includes a video source 18, a video encoder 20, and an output interface 22. In some examples, output interface 22 may include a modulator/demodulator (modem) and/or a transmitter. Video source 18 may include a video capture device, e.g., a video caméra, a video archive containing previously-captured video data, a video feed interface to receive video data from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphies system for generating video data, or a combination of such sources of video data.

[0044] Video encoder 20 may encode video data from video source 18. In some examples, source device 12 directly transmits the encoded video data to destination device 14 via output interface 22. In other examples, the encoded video data may also be stored onto a storage medium or a file server for later access by destination device 14 for decoding and/or playback.

[0045] In the example of FIG. 1, destination device 14 includes an input interface 28, a video décoder 30, and a display device 32. In some examples, input interface 28 includes a receiver and/or a modem. Input interface 28 may receive encoded video data over channel 16. Display device 32 may be integrated with or may be extemal to destination device 14. In general, display device 32 displays decoded video data.

Display device 32 may comprise a variety of display devices, such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.

[0046] This disclosure may generally refer to video encoder 20 “signaling” or “transmitting” certain information to another device, such as video décoder 30. The term “signaling” or “transmitting” may generally refer to the communication of syntax éléments and/or other data used to décodé the compressed video data. Such communication may occur in real- or near-real-time. Altemately, such communication may occur over a span of time, such as might occur when storing syntax éléments to a computer-readable storage medium in an encoded bitstream at the time of encoding, which then may be retrieved by a decoding device at any time after being stored to this medium. Thus, while video décoder 30 may be referred to as “receiving” certain information, the receiving of information does not necessarily occur in real- or nearreal-time and may be retrieved from a medium at some time after storage.

[0047] Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable circuitry, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field-programmable gâte arrays (FPGAs), discrète logic, hardware, or any combinations thereof. If the techniques are implemented partially in software, a device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable storage medium and may execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the techniques of this disclosure. Any of the foregoing (including hardware, software, a combination of hardware and software, etc.) may be consîdered to be one or more processors. Each of video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device.

[0048] In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 operate according to a video compression standard, such as HEVC standard mentioned above, and described in the HEVC standard. In addition to the base HEVC standard, there are ongoing efforts 30 to produce scalable video coding, multiview video coding, and 3D coding extensions for

HEVC. In addition, palette-based coding modes, e.g., as described in this disclosure, may be provided for extension of the HEVC standard. In some examples, the techniques described in this disclosure for palette-based coding may be applied to encoders and decoders configured to operation according to other video coding

standards. Accordingly, application of a palette-based coding mode for coding of coding units (CUs) or prédiction units (PUs) in an HEVC codée is described for purposes of example.

[0049] In HEVC and other video coding standards, a video sequence typically includes a sériés of pictures. Pictures may also be referred to as “frames.” A picture may include three sample arrays, denoted Sl, Scb and Sc_r. Sl is a two-dimensional array (i.e., a block) of luma samples. Scb is a two-dimensional array of Cb chrominance samples. Scr is a two-dimensional array ofCr chrominance samples. Chrominance samples may also be referred to herein as “chroma” samples. In other instances, a picture may be monochrome and may only include an array of luma samples. [0050] To generate an encoded représentation of a picture, video encoder 20 may generate a set of coding tree units (CTUs). Each ofthe CTUs may be a coding tree block of luma samples, two corresponding coding tree blocks of chroma samples, and syntax structures used to code the samples of the coding tree blocks. A coding tree block may be an NxN block of samples. A CTU may also be referred to as a “tree block” or a “largest coding unit” (LCU). The CTUs of HEVC may be broadly analogous to the macroblocks of other standards, such as H.264/AVC. However, a CTU is not necessarily limited to a particular size and may include one or more coding units (CUs). A slice may include an integer number of CTUs ordered consecutively in the rester scan. A coded slice may comprise a slice header and slice data. The slice header of a slice may be a syntax structure that includes syntax éléments that provide information about the slice. The slice data may include coded CTUs of the slice. [0051] This disclosure may use the term “video unit” or “video block” or “block” to refer to one or more sample blocks and syntax structures used to code samples of the one or more blocks of samples. Example types of video units or blocks may include

CTUs, CUs, PUs, transform units (TUs), macroblocks, macroblock partitions, and so on. In the example of HEVC, to generate a coded CTU, video encoder 20 may recursively perform quad-tree partitioning on the coding tree blocks of a CTU to divide the coding tree blocks into coding blocks, hence the name “coding tree units.” A coding block is an NxN block of samples. A CU may be a coding block of luma samples and two corresponding coding blocks of chroma samples of a picture that has a luma sample array, a Cb sample array and a Cr sample array, and syntax structures used to code the samples of the coding blocks. Video encoder 20 may partition a coding block of a CU into one or more prédiction blocks. A prédiction block may be a rectangular (i.e.,

square or non-square) block of samples on which the same prédiction is applied. A prédiction unit (PU) of a CU may be a prédiction block of luma samples, two corresponding prédiction blocks of chroma samples of a picture, and syntax structures used to predict the prédiction block samples. Video encoder 20 may generate prédictive 5 luma, Cb and Cr blocks for luma, Cb and Cr prédiction blocks of each PU of the CU.

[0052] Video encoder 20 may use intra prédiction or inter prédiction to generate the prédictive blocks for a PU. If video encoder 20 uses intra prédiction to generate the prédictive blocks of a PU, video encoder 20 may generate the prédictive blocks of the PU based on decoded samples of the picture associated with the PU.

[0053] If video encoder 20 uses inter prédiction to generate the prédictive blocks of a

PU, video encoder 20 may generate the prédictive blocks ofthe PU based on decoded samples of one or more pictures other than the picture associated with the PU. Video encoder 20 may use uni-prediction or bi-prediction to generate the prédictive blocks of a PU. When video encoder 20 uses uni-prediction to generate the prédictive blocks for a

PU, the PU may hâve a single motion vector (MV). When video encoder 20 uses biprediction to generate the prédictive blocks for a PU, the PU may hâve two MVs.

[0054] After video encoder 20 generates prédictive blocks (e.g., prédictive luma, Cb and Cr blocks) for one or more PUs of a CU, video encoder 20 may generate residual blocks for the CU. Each sample in a residual block of the CU may indicate a différence between a sample in a prédictive block of a PU of the CU and a corresponding sample in a coding block of the CU. For example, video encoder 20 may generate a luma residual block for the CU. Each sample in the CU’s luma residual block indicates a différence between a luma sample in one ofthe CU’s prédictive luma blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU’s original luma coding block. In addition, video encoder 20 may generate a Cb residual block for the CU. Each sample in the CU’s Cb residual block may indicate a différence between a Cb sample in one of the CU’s prédictive Cb blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU’s original Cb coding block.

Video encoder 20 may also generate a Cr residual block for the CU. Each sample in the CU’s Cr residual block may indicate a différence between a Cr sample in one of the

CU’s prédictive Cr blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU’s original Cr coding block.

[0055] Furthermore, video encoder 20 may use quad-tree partitioning to décomposé the residual blocks (e.g., luma, Cb and Cr residual blocks) of a CU into one or more transform blocks (e.g., luma, Cb and Cr transform blocks). A transform block may be a

rectangular block of samples on which the same transform is applied. A transform unit (TU) of a CU may be a transform block of luma samples, two corresponding transform blocks of chroma samples, and syntax structures used to transform the transform block samples. Thus, each TU of a CU may be associated with a luma transform block, a Cb 5 transform block, and a Cr transform block. The luma transform block associated with the TU may be a sub-block ofthe CU’s luma residual block. The Cb transform block may be a sub-block ofthe CU’s Cb residual block. The Cr transform block may be a sub-block of the CU’s Cr residual block.

[0056] Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a transform block to 1 o generate a coefficient block for a TU. A coefficient block may be a two-dimensional array of transform coefficients. A transform coefficient may be a scalar quantity. For example, video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a luma transform block of a TU to generate a luma coefficient block for the TU. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cb transform block of a TU to generate a Cb coefficient block for the TU. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cr transform block of a TU to generate a Cr coefficient block for the TU.

[0057] After generating a coefficient block (e.g., a luma coefficient block, a Cb coefficient block or a Cr coefficient block), video encoder 20 may quantize the coefficient block. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing further compression. After video encoder 20 quantizes a coefficient block, video encoder 20 may entropy encoding syntax éléments indicating the quantized transform coefficients. For example, video encoder 20 may perform Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) on the syntax éléments indicating the quantized transform coefficients.

[0058] With respect to CABAC, as an example, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may select a probability model (also referred to as a context model) to code symbols associated with a block of video data based on context. For example, a context model (Ctx) may be an index or offset that is applied to select one of a plurality of different contexts, each of which may correspond to a particular probability model. Accordingly, a different probability model is typically defined for each context. After encoding or decoding the bin, the probability model is further updated based on a value of the bin to reflect the most current probability estimâtes for the bin. For example, a probability model may be maintained as a state in a finite state machine. Each particular state may

correspond to a spécifie probabîlity value. The next state, which corresponds to an update of the probabîlity model, may dépend on the value of the current bin (e.g., the bin currently being coded). Accordingly, the sélection of a probabîlity model may be influenced by the values of the previously coded bins, because the values indicate, at least in part, the probabîlity of the bin having a given value. The context coding process described above may generally be referred to as a context-adaptive coding mode.

[0059] Hence, video encoder 20 may encode a target symbol using a probabîlity model. Likewise, video décoder 30 may parse a target symbol using the probabîlity model. In some instances, video encoder 20 may code syntax éléments using a combination of 10 context adaptive and non-context adaptive coding. For example, video encoder 20 may context code bins by selecting a probabîlity model or “context model” that opérâtes on context to code the bins. In contrast, video encoder 20 may bypass code bins by bypassing, or omitting the regular arithmetic coding process when coding the bins. In such examples, video encoder 20 may use a fixed probabîlity model to bypass code the 15 bins. That is, bypass coded bins do not include context or probabîlity updates.

[0060] Video encoder 20 may output a bitstream that includes the entropy-encoded syntax éléments. The bitstream may also include syntax éléments that are not entropy encoded. The bitstream may include a sequence of bits that forms a représentation of coded pictures and associated data. The bitstream may comprise a sequence of network 20 abstraction layer (NAL) units. Each of the NAL units includes a NAL unit header and encapsulâtes a raw byte sequence payload (RBSP). The NAL unît header may include a syntax element that indicates a NAL unit type code. The NAL unit type code specified by the NAL unit header of a NAL unit indicates the type ofthe NAL unit. A RBSP may be a syntax structure contaîning an integer number of bytes that is encapsulated within a 25 NAL unit. In some instances, an RBSP includes zéro bits.

[0061] Different types of NAL units may encapsulate different types of RBSPs. For example, a first type of NAL unit may encapsulate an RBSP for a picture parameter set (PPS), a second type of NAL unit may encapsulate an RBSP for a coded slice, a third type of NAL unit may encapsulate an RBSP for supplémentai enhancement information 30 (SEI), and so on. NAL units that encapsulate RBSPs for video coding data (as opposed to RBSPs for parameter sets and SEI messages) may be referred to as video coding layer (VCL)NAL units.

[0062] Video décoder 30 may receive a bitstream generated by video encoder 20. In addition, video décoder 30 may parse the bitstream to décodé syntax éléments from the

bitstream. Video décoder 30 may reconstruct the pictures of the video data based at least in part on the syntax éléments decoded from the bitstream. The process to reconstruct the video data may be generally reciprocal to the process performed by video encoder 20. For instance, video décoder 30 may use MVs of PUs to détermine prédictive blocks for the PUs of a current CU. In addition, video décoder 30 may inverse quantize transform coefficient blocks associated with TUs of the current CU. Video décoder 30 may perform inverse transforms on the transform coefficient blocks to reconstruct transform blocks associated with the TUs of the current CU. Video décoder 30 may reconstruct the coding blocks of the current CU by adding the samples 10 ofthe prédictive blocks for PUs of the current CU to corresponding samples of the transform blocks of the TUs of the current CU. By reconstructing the coding blocks for each CU of a picture, video décoder 30 may reconstruct the picture.

[0063] In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to perform palette-based coding. For example, in palette based coding, rather than performing the intra-predictive or inter-predictive coding techniques described above, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may code a so-called palette as a table of colors or pixel values representing the video data of a particular area (e.g., a given block). In this way, rather than coding actual pixel values or their residuals for a current block of video data, the video coder may code index values for one or more of the pixels values 20 of the current block, where the index values indicate entries in the palette that are used to represent the pixel values of the current block.

[0064] For example, video encoder 20 may encode a block of video data by determining a palette for the block, locating an entry in the palette to represent the value of each pixel, and encoding the palette and the index values for the pixels relating the pixel value to the palette. Video décoder 30 may obtain, from an encoded bitstream, a palette for a block, as well as index values for the pixels of the block. Video décoder 30 may match the index values of the individual pixels to entries of the palette to reconstruct the pixel values of the block. In instances where the index value associated with an individual pixel does not match any index value of the corresponding palette for the block, video décoder 30 may identify such a pixel as an escape pixel, for the purposes of palette-based coding.

[0065] In another example, video encoder 20 may encode a block of video data according to the following operations. Video encoder 20 may détermine prédiction resîdual values for individual pixels of the block, détermine a palette for the block, and

locate an entry (e.g., index value) in the palette having a value représentative of the value of one or more of the prédiction residual values of the individual pixels. Additionally, video encoder 20 may encode the block with index values that indicate the entry in the palette used to represent the corresponding prédiction residual value for each individual pixel of the block. Video décoder 30 may obtain, from an encoded bitstream sîgnaled by source device 12, a palette for a block, as well as index values for the prédiction residual values corresponding to the individual pixels ofthe block. As described, the index values may correspond to entries in the palette associated with the current block. In tum, video décoder 30 may relate the index values of the prédiction 10 residual values to entries of the palette to reconstruct the prédiction residual values of the block. The prédiction residual values may be added to the prédiction values (for example, obtained using intra or inter prédiction) to reconstruct the pixel values of the block.

[0066] As described in more detail below, the basic idea of palette-based coding is that, 15 for a given block of video data to be coded, video encoder 20 may dérivé a palette that includes the most dominant pixel values in the current block. For instance, the palette may refer to a number of pixel values which are determined or assumed to be dominant and/or représentative for the current CU. Video encoder 20 may first transmit the size and the éléments of the palette to video décoder 30. Additionally, video encoder 20 20 may encode the pixel values in the given block according to a certain scanning order.

For each pixel included in the given block, video encoder 20 may signal the index value that maps the pixel value to a corresponding entry in the palette. If the pixel value is not included in the palette (i.e., no palette entry exists that spécifiés a particular pixel value of the palette-coded block), then such a pixel is defined as an “escape pixel.” In accordance with palette-based coding, video encoder 20 may encode and signal an index value that is reserved for an escape pixel. In some examples, video encoder 20 may also encode and signal the pixel value or a residual value (or quantized versions thereof) for an escape pixel included in the given block.

[0067] Upon receiving the encoded video bitstream sîgnaled by video encoder 20, video 30 décoder 30 may first détermine the palette based on the information received from video encoder 20. Video décoder 30 may then map the received index values associated with the pixel locations in the given block to entries of the palette to reconstruct the pixel values of the given block. In some instances, video décoder 30 may détermine that a pixel of a palette-coded block is an escape pixel, such as by determining that the pixel is

palette-coded with an index value reserved for escape pixels. In instances where video décoder 30 identifies an escape pixel in a palette-coded block, video décoder 30 may receive the pixel value or a residual value (or quantized versions thereof) for an escape pixel included in the given block. Video décoder 30 may reconstruct the palette-coded 5 block by mapping the individual pixel values to the corresponding palette entries, and by using the pixel value or residual value (or quantized versions thereof) to reconstruct any escape pixels included in the palette-coded block.

[0068] A stated above, in an example palette-coding mode, a palette may include entries numbered by an index. Each entry may represent color component values or intensities 10 (for example, in color spaces such as YCbCr, RGB, YUV, CMYK, or other formats), which can be used as a predîctor for a block or as final reconstructed block samples. As described in standard submission document JCTVC-Q0094 (Wei Pu et al., “AHG10: Suggested Software for Palette Coding based on RExtô.O,” JCTVC-Q0094, Valencia, ES, 27 March - 4 April 2014) a palette may include entries that are copied from a predîctor palette. A predîctor palette may include palette entries from blocks previously coded using palette mode or other reconstructed samples. For each entry in the predîctor palette, a binary flag is sent to indicate whether that entry is copied to the current palette (indicated by flag = 1). This is referred to as the binary palette prédiction vector. Additionally the current palette may comprise (e.g., consist of) new entries signaled explicitly. The number of new entries may be signaled as well.

[0069] As another example, in palette mode, a palette may include entries numbered by an index representing color component values that may be used as predictors for block samples or as final reconstructed block samples. Each entry in the palette may contain, for example, one luma component (e.g., luma value), two chroma components (e.g., two 25 chroma values), or three color components (e.g., RGB, YUV, etc.). Previously decoded palette entries may be stored in a list. This list may be used to predict palette entries in the current palette mode CU, for example. A binary prédiction vector may be signaled in the bitstream to indicate which entries in the list are re-used in the current palette. In some examples, run-length coding may be used to compress the binary palate predîctor.

For example, a run-length value may be coded using Oth order Exp-Golomb code. [0070] In this disclosure, it will be assumed that each palette entry spécifiés the values for ail color components of a sample. However, the concepts of this disclosure are applicable to using a separate palette and/or a separate palette entry for each color component. Also, it is assumed that samples in a block are processed using horizontal

rester scanning order. However, other scans such as vertical rester scanning order are also applicable. As mentioned above, a palette may contain predicted palette entries, for example, predicted from the palette(s) used to code the previous block(s), and the new entries which may be spécifie for the current block and are signaled explicitly. The encoder and décoder may know the number of the predicted and new palette entries and a sum of them may indicate the total palette size in a block.

[0071] As proposed in the example of JCTVC-Q0094 cited above, each sample in a block coded with the palette may belong to one of the three modes, as set forth below:

• Escape mode. In this mode, the sample value is not included into a palette as a palette entry and the quantized sample value is signaled explicitly for ail color components. It is similar to the signaling of the new palette entries, although for new palette entries, the color component values are not quantized.

• CopyAbove mode (also called CopyFromTop mode or copy mode). In this mode, the palette entry index for the current sample is copied from the sample located directly above the current sample in a block of samples. In other examples, for copy above mode, a block of video data may be transposed so that the sample above the block is actually the sample to the left of the block.

• Value mode (also called index mode or run mode). In this mode, the value of the palette entry index is explicitly signaled.

[0072] As described herein, a palette entry index may be referred as a palette index or simply index. These terms can be used interchangeably to describe techniques ofthis disclosure. In addition, as described in greater detail below, a palette index may hâve one or more associated color or intensity values. For example, a palette index may hâve a single associated color or intensity value associated with a single color or intensity component of a pixel (e.g., a Red component of RGB data, a Y component of YUV data, or the like). In another example, a palette index may hâve multiple associated color or intensity values. In some instances, palette-based video coding may be applied to code monochrome video. Accordingly, “color value” may generally refer to any color or non-color component used to generate a pixel value.

[0073] A run value may indicate a run of palette index values that are coded using the same palette-coding mode. For example, with respect to Value mode, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 or video décoder 30) may code an index value and a run value that indicates a number of consecutive samples in a scan order that hâve the same index value and that are being coded with the palette index. With respect to CopyAbove

mode, the video coder may code an indication that an index value for the current sample value is the same as an index value of an above-neighboring sample (e.g., a sample that is positioned above the sample currently being coded in a block) and a run value that indicates a number of consecutive samples in a scan order that also copy an index value 5 from an above-neighboring sample and that are being coded with the palette index.

Accordingly, in the examples above, a run of palette index values refers to a run of palette values having the same value or a run of index values that are copied from above-neighboring samples.

[0074] Hence, the run may specify, for a given mode, the number of subséquent samples that belong to the same mode. In some instances, signaling an index value and a run value may be similar to run-length coding. In an example for purposes of illustration, a string of consecutive palette index values of an index block corresponding to a block of video data may be 0,2, 2,2,2, 5. In some examples, the index block may include one or more escape pixel values. Each index value in the index block may correspond to a sample in the block of video data. In this example, a video coder may code the second sample (e.g., the first palette index value of “2”) using Value mode.

After coding an index value of 2, the video coder may code a run of 3, which indicates that the three subséquent samples also hâve the same palette index value of 2. In a similar manner, coding a run of four palette indices after coding an index using

CopyAbove mode may indicate that a total of five palette indices are copied from the corresponding palette index values in the row above the sample position currently being coded.

[0075] Using the palette, video encoder 20 and/or video décoder 30 may be configured to code a block of samples (e.g., a block of video data) into an index block, where the index block is a block including index values, e.g., for each sample, that map the samples to one or more palette entries, and, in some examples, including one or more escape pixel values. Every pixel of a block of video data may be coded with the Run mode, Copy mode or Escape mode. In some examples, the pixels in the first row of the block of video data may only be coded using Run mode or Escape mode.

[0076] The syntax element palette junjypeJlag indicates whether Run mode or Copy mode is used. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to signal the syntax element palette_run_type Jlag by encoding a value corresponding to the palette_run_type Jlag syntax element into an encoded bitstream for a sample of a block of video data. Video décoder 20 may be configured to receive the encoded bitstream

comprising the encoded value corresponding to thepalette_runjypeJlag syntax element. Video décoder 20 may be configured to décodé the encoded value to détermine the value corresponding to the palette_runjypeJlag syntax element, and therefore, détermine whether Run mode or Copy mode is used for the sample of the 5 block of video data. For example, when the value ofpalette_runjypeJlag is a first value, then Run mode may be used for the sample ofthe block ofvideo data. As another example, when the value ofpalette_run_typeJlag is a second value, then Copy mode may be used for the sample of the block of video data.

[0077] In some examples, when run mode or copy mode is used, the palette index 10 syntax element may be signalled along with the palette_run syntax element. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to signal the palette index and palette_run syntax elementrs by encoding a value (e.g., an index value) corresponding to palette Jndex and a value (e.g., a run value) corresponding to palette_run into an encoded bitstream. Video décoder may 30 may be configured to receive the encoded 15 bitstream comprising the encoded value corresponding to the paletteJndex syntax element and the encoded value corresponding to thepalette_run syntax element. Video décoder 20 may be configured to décodé the encoded value corresponding to paletteJndex and the encoded value corresponding to palette_run to respectively détermine the value (e.g., index value) corresponding to paletteJndex and the value 20 (e.g., run value) corresponding to palette_run.

[0078] When run mode is used, the run value indicates the number of pixels that will hâve the same palette index. However, when copy mode is used, the run value indicates the number of pixels for which the palette index (e.g., index value) is copied from another pixel respective to each pixel (e.g., directly above each respective pixel).

[0079] In some examples, escape mode is coded within the run mode where a spécifie palette index may be used to indicate this mode. The palette index used to indicate escape mode is equal to the palette size of the current block according to some examples. In escape mode, the run value may be not coded since escape mode is applied to a single pixel (e.g., a pixel triplet (Y, U, and V)) where the value(s) ofthe color component(s) for the single pixel are explicitly signalled aspalette_escape_val. In some examples, copy mode may not be enabled for the first row in the block since there are no pixels above the first row belonging to the same block.

[0080] A flagpalette escape_val_presentJlag may be signalled per block to indicate the usage of the escape pixels. This flag is equal to 1 indicate that there is at least one

escape pixel in the palette coded block, and the flag is equal to 0 otherwise. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to signal the syntax element palette_escape_val_presentJlag by encoding a value corresponding to the palette_escape_yal_present Jlag syntax element into an encoded bitstream. Video décoder 20 may be configured to receive the encoded bitstream comprising the encoded value corresponding to the palette_escape_yal_present Jlag syntax element. Video décoder 20 may be configured to décodé the encoded value to détermine the value corresponding to the palette_escape_yal_present Jlag syntax element, and therefore, détermine whether there is at least one escape pixel in the palette coded block.

[0081] In some examples, palette size is restricted to be in the range of 0 to max_palette_size with the latter being signalled. For a block coded with palette mode, the palette may, in some examples, be predicted from the palette entries of one or more previously palette coded blocks. The palette may be explicitly signalled for a current block as one or more new entries. In other examples, the palette of a previously coded block may be completely reused (e.g., copied) for the current block, which is called palette sharing mode. In some examples, a flag palette_share Jlag may be signalled to indicate that the entire palette of the previous block is reused without modification as-is for the current block.

[0082] When coding a block of video using palette mode, the pixel scanning pattern (e.g., scan order) may include, for example: vertical traverse or horizontal traverse (snake-like) scanning. The scanning pattern used in the block may be derived according to the flag paletteJransposeJlag signalled per block unit.

[0083] During palette mode coding, a palette index adjustment process may be applied. Starting from the second pixel in the current block, the palette mode ofthe previous pixel in the scan order may be checked (e.g., determined). In some examples, the maximum palette index size may first be reduced by 1. If the palette mode for the previous pixel in the scan order is equal to run mode (i.e., if the previous pixel in the scan order was or is to be coded using run mode), the palette index (e.g., index value) for the current pixel may be reduced by 1 if the index value is greater than or equal to the index value for the previous pixel in the scan order. Similarly, if the palette mode for the previous pixel in the scan order is equal to copy mode (i.e., if the previous pixel in the scan order was or is to be coded using copy mode), then the palette index (e.g., index value) for the current pixel may be reduced by 1 if the index is greater than the above palette index.

[0084] Video encoder 20 may be configured to entropy encode the index block to compress the index block. Similarly, video décoder 30 may be configured to entropy décodé an encoded index block to generate the index block from which video décoder 30 may generate a block of samples (e.g., the block of video data encoded by encoder

20). For example, run-length based entropy coding may be used to compress and decompress the index block. In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to respectively entropy encode and décodé the index values in the index block using CABAC.

[0085] To apply CABAC coding to information (e.g., a syntax element, an index block such as the index values of the index block, or other information), a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 and video décoder 30) may perform binarization on the information. Binarization refers to the process of converting information into a sériés of one or more bits. Each sériés of one or more bits may be referred to as “bins.” Binarization is a lossless process and may include one or a combination of the following coding techniques: fixed length coding, unary coding, truncated unary coding, truncated Rice coding, Golomb coding, exponential Golomb coding, Golomb-Rice coding, any form of Golomb coding, any form of Rice coding, and any form of entropy coding. For example, binarization may include representing the integer value of 5 as 00000101 using an 8-bit fixed length technique or as 11110 using a unary coding technique.

[0086] After binarization, a video coder may identify a coding context. The coding context may identify probabilities of coding bins having particular values. For instance, a coding context may indicate a 0.7 probability of coding a 0-valued bin and a 0.3 probability of coding a 1-valued bin. After identifying the coding context, the video coder may arithmetically code that bin based on the context, which is known as context mode coding. Bins coded using a CABAC context mode coding may be referred to as “context bins.” [0087] Further, rather than performing context mode coding on ail bins, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 and video décoder 30) may code some bins using bypass CABAC coding (e.g., bypass mode coding). Bypass mode coding refers to a bypass mode of a CABAC coder, where bypass coding is the process of arithmetically coding a bin without using an adaptive context (e.g., a coding context). That is, the bypass coding engine does not select contexts and may assume a probability of 0.5 for both symbols (0 and 1). Although bypass mode coding may not be as bandwidth-efïicient as context mode coding, it may be computationally less expensive to perform bypass mode

coding on a bin rather than to perform context mode coding on the bin. Further, performing bypass mode coding may allow for a higher degree of parallelization and throughput. Bins coded using bypass mode coding may be referred to as “bypass bins.” [0088] Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured with a CABAC coder (e.g., a CABAC encoder and a CABAC décoder, respectively). A CABAC coder may include a context mode coding engine to perform CABAC context mode coding and a bypass mode coding engine to perform bypass mode coding. If a bin is context mode coded, the context mode coding engine is used to code this bin. The context mode coding engine may need more than two processing cycles to code a single bin.

o However, with proper pipeline design, a context mode coding engine may only need n+M cycles to encode n bins, where M is the overhead to start the pipeline. M is usually greater than 0.

[0089] At the start ofthe CABAC coding process (i.e., every switch from bypass mode to context mode and vice versa), pipeline overhead is introduced. If a bin is bypass mode coded, the bypass mode coding engine is used to code this bin. The bypass mode coding engine may be expected to need only one cycle to code n-bit information, where n may be greater than one. Thus, the total number of cycles to code a set of bypass bins and context bins may be reduced if ail of the bypass bins within the set are coded together (e.g., in sequence without interleaved context-coded bins), and ail of the context bins within the set are coded together (e.g., in sequence without interleaved bypass-coded bins). In particular, coding the bypass bins together before or after transitioning to context mode coding can save the overhead required to restart the context mode coding engine. For example, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to switch from bypass mode to context mode (or context mode to bypass mode in other examples) a single time, over a sériés of bypass- and context-coded bins, while respectively encoding or decoding a block of video data using palette mode. In another example, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to reduce the number of times the encoding or decoding process switches from bypass mode to context mode (and context mode to bypass mode) when encoding or decoding a block of video data using palette mode.

[0090] The techniques described in this disclosure may include techniques for various combinations of one or more of signaling palette-based video coding modes, transmitting palettes, deriving palettes, signaling scanning order, deriving scanning order, and transmitting palette-based video coding maps and other syntax éléments. For

example, techniques of this disclosure may be directed to entropy coding palette information. In some examples, the techniques of this disclosure may, among other things, be used to increase coding efficiency and reduce coding inefïiciencies associated with palette-based video coding. Accordingly, as described in greater detail below, the techniques of this disclosure may, in some instances, improve efficiency and improve bitrate when coding video data using a palette mode.

[0091] The techniques, aspects, and/or examples described herein may be utilized in conjuction with one another in any combination or separately from one another. For instance, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to perform any one 10 or any suitable combination of one or more of the techniques, aspects, and/or examples described herein.

[0092] A problem with the example coding system is described in document Tzu-Der Chuang et al., “CE-1 related: Index Map scan for 64 x 64 palette coding block,” JCTVC-T0058 version 3, uploaded to the JCT-VC Document Management System on 15 February 10,2015 (hereinafter “JCTVC-T0058”) is that the palette block size can be as big as 64 x 64 and with a scanning pattern as big as 64 x 64, but the biggest transform block size is 32 x 32 where, for example, coefficient scanning is applied. So, in this case, the pipeline in the implémentation will be increased to 64 x 64 block sizes, which is not required without palette mode and therefore présents a spécial case for palette 20 mode. JCTVC-T0058 described coding a 64 x 64 block in palette mode as four 32 x 32 sub-blocks by altering a 64 x 64 traverse scan into four 32 x 32 traverse scans.

However, doing so would require a change to palette mode coding, which would be spécifie only for a 64 x 64 palette block, and thus introduce, for example, nonun iformity into palette mode coding.

[0093] In various examples of this disclosure, techniques of this disclosure may be directed to processes of predicting or coding a block in palette mode to improve coding efficiency and/or reduce codée complexity by, for example, addressing how, if at ail, a 64 x 64 block is to be coded using palette mode.

[0094] In some examples of this disclosure, palette mode coding may be disabled for 30 any palette block having a size of 64 x 64 or greater. In other examples, palette mode coding may be restricted to palette blocks having a size less than 64 x 64, meaning that palette mode coding may be enabled or otherwise used for palette blocks having a size less than 64 x 64. In other examples, the largest palette block size may be normatively restricted based on the largest transform unit size, such as being normatively restricted

to the largest transform unit size. Palette mode coding may be disabled for a palette block size that exceeds or is otherwise larger than the largest transform unit size. In such examples, it is understood that the largest palette block size may be based on the largest transform unit size in that the largest palette block size is normatively restricted 5 to the largest transform unit size. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to normatively restrict the largest palette block size that may be encoded using palette mode to the largest transform unit size. In this example, video encoder 20 may be configured to disable palette mode or otherwise not use palette mode for any palette block having a size larger than the largest transform unit size that video encoder 20 is 10 configured to encode.

[0095] For example, if the largest transform unit size that video encoder 20 is configured to encode is 32 x 32, then video encoder 20 may be configured to normatively restrict the largest palette block size to 32 x 32. In such an example, video encoder 20 may be configured to disable palette mode or otherwise not use palette mode 15 for any palette block having a size larger than 32 x 32. It is also understood in such an example that video encoder 20 may be configured to enable palette mode or otherwise use palette mode for any palette block having a size less than or equal to 32 x 32. Examples of palette blocks having a size larger than 32 x 32 include, for example, 64 x 64,64 x 16,16 x 64, 64 x 32, and 32 x 64.

[0096] As another example, if the largest transform unit size that video encoder 20 is configured to encode is 16 x 16, then video encoder 20 may be configured to normatively restrict the largest palette block size to 16 x 16. In such an example, video encoder 20 may be configured to disable palette mode or otherwise not use palette mode for any palette block having a size larger than 16 x 16. It is also understood in such an example that video encoder 20 may be configured to enable palette mode or otherwise use palette mode for any palette block having a size less than or equal to 16 x 16. [0097] In other examples, the largest transform unit size that video encoder 20 is configured to encode may be normatively restricted to a block size of M x N, where M and N are positive integers and may or may not equal each other. In some examples, M and/or N may be based on the largest transform unit size. For example, if the largest transform unit size is 32 x 32, then M and N would both equal 32. However, in an example where the largest transform unit size is 32 x 16, then M would equal 32 and N would equal 16. In such an example, examples of palette blocks having a size larger

than 32 x 16 include, for example, 64 x 64, 64 x 16, 16 x 64, 64 x 32, 32 x 64, 32 x 32, and 16 x 32.

[0098] In some examples, video encoder 20 may be configured to signal the largest transform unit size for a particular data set. In such examples, video encoder 20 may be configured to disable palette mode or otherwise not use palette mode for any palette block associated with the particular data set that has a block size larger than the signaled largest transform unit size. Accordingly, as used herein, the largest transform unit may refer to the largest transform unit that video encoder 20 is configured to encode, or may refer to a signaled largest transform unit for a particular data set (e.g., one or more blocks of video data). For example, while the largest transform unit size may be 32 x 32, video encoder 20 may signal, for a particular data set, that the largest transform unit size is 16 x 16. Therefore, for this particular data set in this example, the largest transform unit size is 16 x 16.

[0099] Accordingly, it is understood that video encoder 20 may be configured to dynamically disable palette mode or otherwise be configured not to use palette mode based on the largest transform unit size. Similarly, it is understood that video encoder 20 may be configured to dynamically disable palette mode or otherwise be configured not to use palette mode for any palette block having a size larger than the largest transform unit. It is therefore also understood that video encoder 20 may be configured to dynamically disable palette mode or otherwise be configured not to use palette mode for any palette block having a size that is not equal or less than the largest transform unit. It is therefore further understood that video encoder 20 may be configured to encode a block of video data using palette mode only when the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit that video encoder 20 may be configured to encode. Similarly, video encoder 20 may be configured to enable palette mode coding for a block of video data only when the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit.

[0100] Likewise, it is therefore understood that video décoder 30 may be configured to dynamically disable palette mode or otherwise be configured not to use palette mode for 30 any palette block having a size that is not equal or less than the largest transform unit. It is therefore further understood that video décoder 30 may be configured to décodé a block of video data using palette mode only when the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit that video encoder 20 may be configured to encode and/or that video décoder 30 may be configured to décodé. Similarly, video

décoder 30 may be configured to enable palette mode coding for a block of video data only when the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit. In other examples, video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine whether palette mode is enabled or disable based on a value corresponding to palette mode flag, 5 such as a value for the syntax element of palette_mode_flag.

[0101] As another example, video décoder 30 may be configured to receive a block of video data. Video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine the size of the block video data relative to the largest transform unit size. Video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine that the received block of video is not palette mode encoded 10 when the received block of video data is greater than the size of the largest transform unit size.

[0102] As set forth herein, the largest palette block size may be normatively restricted. For example, the largest palette block size may be based on the largest transform unit size, such as being normatively restricted to the largest transform unit size. In some 15 examples, video encoder 20 may be configured with a conformance bitstream constraint to implement any palette block size restriction described herein resulting in controlling when palette mode is disabled, enabled, or otherwîse used. For example, the conformant bitstream constraint may be that a conformant bitstream shall not hâve a block exceeding a certain size coded with palette mode. As another example, the conformant bitstream constraint may be that a conformant bitstream shall hâve a block coded with palette mode only where the block equals or is less than a certain size. In both examples, the referenced certain size may be 32 x 32 or any other M x N size, where M and N are positive integers and may or may not equal each other. However, in other examples, the referenced certain size in both examples above may be based on the largest transform unit size. In such examples, the conformant bitstream constraint may, for example, be that a conformant bitstream shall not hâve a block exceeding the largest transform unit. As another example, the conformant bitstream constraint may be that a conformant bitstream must comply with one or more normative restrictions described herein.

[0103] With respect to any conformant bitstream constraint described herein, it is understood that video encoder 20 may be configured with any such constraint(s) in any combination to control when palette mode is disabled, enabled, or otherwîse used for a block of video data.

[0104] In other examples, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement any palette block size restriction described herein by being configured to divide any block of video data to be palette mode coded into M x N sub-blocks such that the entire block of video data is represented by M x N sub-blocks, where M and N are positive integers and may or may not equal each other. Dividing the entire block of video data means that each pixel (e.g., sample) of the block of video data is part of an M x N sub-block. The size of the sub-block may be dépendent upon one or more criteria. For example, the size of the M x N sub-block may be dépendent upon the size of the block used in transform coefficient coding (e.g., the size of a transform block in a TU) to align palette mode coding with transform coefficient coding. In such an example, if video encoder 20 is configured to transform coefficient code using blocks 4 x 4 in size, then video encoder 20 may be configured to divide any block of video data to be palette mode coded into 4 x 4 sub-blocks, where M and N both equal 4. For example, instead of coding a 64 x 64 block using palette mode, video encoder 20 may be configured to divide the 64 x 64 block into a plurality of 4 x 4 sub-blocks resulting in two hundred fifty-six 4x4 subblocks in this example, with each sub-block being individually coded using palette mode.

[0105] In another example, rather than dépend upon one or more criteria, the size of the M x N sub-block may be a default size less than 64 x 64. For example, the default size of the M x N sub-block may be 4 x 4, 8 x 8,16 x 16,32 x 32, or any other size less than 64 x 64. In this example, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement any palette block size restriction described herein by being configured to divide any block of video data to be palette mode coded into the default size, such as 4 x 4, 8 x 8,16 x 16,32 x 32, or any other size less than 64 x 64, respectively.

[0106] In some examples, the M x N sub-blocks may be scanned according to any scan order. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to scan the M x N sub-blocks using a zigzag scan order, a horizontal scan order, a vertical scan order, a “snake-like” scan order (i.e., a traverse scan order), or any other scan order.

[0107] In other examples, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement any palette block size restriction described herein by being configured to signal palette mode (e.g., by signaling a value for the syntax element of palette_mode_flag) for blocks having a size of64 x 64, but also being configured to signal other palette related information (e.g., reused palette entries, new palette entries, palette table size, etc.) for M x N subblock sizes being less than 64 x 64, where M and N are positive integers and may or

may not equal each other. For example, the M x N sub-block size may be 32 x 32. In some examples, the M x N sub-block size may be 32 x 32 because 32 x 32 corresponds to the size of the largest transform unit. In such an example, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement any palette block size restriction described herein by being configured to signal palette mode for blocks having a size of64 x 64, but also being configured to signal other palette related information in 32 x 32 sub-block sizes (or any other M x N sub-block size). This is one example described herein where video encoder 20 may be configured to harmonize palette mode block size with transform unit block size. In some examples, M and/or N may be based on the largest transform unit size.

For example, if the largest transform unit size is 32 x 32, then M and N would both equal 32. The scan order for the 64 x 64 palette block size may be the same as the scan order for each of the M x N blocks.

[0108] In one example involving a palette block size of 64 x 64, video encoder may be configured to signal palette mode for this 64 x 64 sized palette block. Video encoder may then be configured to signal other palette related information for each M x N subblock. For example, video encoder 20 may be configured to signal max_palette_size for each M x N sub-block.

[0109] In other examples, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement any palette block size restriction described herein by being configured to restrict the longest run length of index values and/or escape values to be less than a threshold value of T. In such examples, rather than split a 64 x 64 palette block into sub-blocks, video encoder 20 may be configured to limit the maximum run length to be less than the threshold value of T. By restricting the maximum run length value, video encoder 20 may be configured to implement palette block size restriction without dividing the palette block into sub-blocks.

[0110] In some examples, T may be equal to the largest transform unit size. For example, if the largest transform unit size is 32 x 32, then T may be equal to 32x32. An example involving a horizontal traverse scan order for a 64 x 64 palette block and a T value of32 x 32 is now described. Rather than process the palette block in 32 x 32 quadrants (e.g., an index value followed by a run length less than T, such as 32 x 32 minus 1) in this example, video encoder 20 may process the 64 x 64 palette block as-is, but limit the maximum run length to a value less than the value of T, such as 32 x 32 minus 1.

[0111] In some examples, video encoder 20 may be configured with a conformance bitstream constraint to implement any palette block size restriction described herein. For example, the conformant bitstream constraint may be that a conformant bitstream shall not include a run length value equal to or greater than the threshold value of T.

[0112] FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an example video encoder 20 that may implement the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 2 is provided for purposes of explanation and should not be considered limiting of the techniques as broadly exemplified and described in this disclosure. For purposes of explanation, this disclosure describes video encoder 20 in the context of HEVC coding. However, the techniques of this disclosure may be applicable to other coding standards or methods.

[0113] Video encoder 20 represents an example of a device that may be configured to perform techniques for palette-based coding in accordance with various examples described in this disclosure.

[0114] In the example of FIG. 2, video encoder 20 includes a block encoding unit 100, video data memory 101, a residual génération unit 102, a transform processing unit 104, a quantization unit 106, an inverse quantization unit 108, an inverse transform processing unit 110, a reconstruction unit 112, a filter unit 114, a decoded picture buffer 116, and an entropy encoding unit 118. Block encoding unit 100 includes an interprediction processing unit 120 and an intra-prediction processing unit 126. Inter20 prédiction processing unit 120 includes a motion estimation unit and a motion compensation unit (not shown). Video encoder 20 also includes a palette-based encoding unit 122 configured to perform various aspects ofthe palette-based coding techniques described in this disclosure. In other examples, video encoder 20 may include more, fewer, or different functional components.

[0115] Video data memory 101 may store video data to be encoded by the components of video encoder 20. The video data stored in video data memory 101 may be obtained, for example, from video source 18. Decoded picture buffer 116 may be a reference picture memory that stores reference video data for use in encoding video data by video encoder 20, e.g., in intra- or inter-coding modes. Video data memory 101 and decoded picture buffer 116 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), résistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. Video data memory 101 and decoded picture buffer 116 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, video data

memory 101 may be on-chip with other components of video encoder 20, or off-chip relative to those components.

[0116] Video encoder 20 may receive video data. Video encoder 20 may encode each CTU in a slice of a picture of the video data. Each of the CTUs may be associated with 5 equally-sized luma coding tree blocks (CTBs) and corresponding CTBs of the picture.

As part of encoding a CTU, block encoding unit 100 may perform quad-tree partitioning to divide the CTBs ofthe CTU into progressively-smaller blocks. The smaller block may be coding blocks of CUs. For example, block encoding unit 100 may partition a CTB associated with a CTU into four equally-sized sub-blocks, partition one or more of 10 the sub-blocks into four equally-sized sub-sub-blocks, and so on.

[0117] Video encoder 20 may encode CUs of a CTU to generate encoded représentations of the CUs (i.e., coded CUs). As part of encoding a CU, block encoding unit 100 may partition the coding blocks associated with the CU among one or more PUs of the CU. Thus, each PU may be associated with a luma prédiction block and corresponding chroma prédiction blocks. Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may support PUs having various sizes. As indicated above, the size of a CU may refer to the size of the luma coding block of the CU and the size of a PU may refer to the size of a luma prédiction block of the PU. Assuming that the size of a particular CU is 2Nx2N, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may support PU sizes of 2Nx2N orNxN for intra prédiction, and symmetric PU sizes of 2Nx2N, 2NxN, Nx2N, NxN, or similar for inter prédiction. Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may also support asymmetric partitioning for PU sizes of2NxnU, 2NxnD, nLx2N, and nRx2N for inter prédiction. [0118] Inter-prediction processing unit 120 may generate prédictive data for a PU by performing inter prédiction on each PU of a CU. The prédictive data for the PU may include prédictive blocks of the PU and motion information for the PU. Inter-prediction unit 121 may perform different operations for a PU of a CU depending on whether the PU is in an I slice, a P slice, or a B slice. In an I slice, ail PUs are intra predicted. Hence, if the PU is in an I slice, inter-prediction unit 121 does not perform inter prédiction on the PU. Thus, for blocks encoded in I-mode, the predicted block is formed using spatial prédiction from previously-encoded neighboring blocks within the same frame.

[0119] If a PU is in a P slice, the motion estimation unit of inter-prediction processing unit 120 may search the reference pictures in a list of reference pictures (e.g., “RefPicListO”) for a reference région for the PU. The reference région for the PU may

be a région, within a reference picture, that contains sample blocks that most closely corresponds to the sample blocks of the PU. The motion estimation unit may generate a reference index that indicates a position in RefPicListO of the reference picture containing the reference région for the PU. In addition, the motion estimation unit may 5 generate an MV that indicates a spatial displacement between a coding block of the PU and a reference location associated with the reference région. For instance, the MV may be a two-dimensional vector that provides an offset from the coordinates in the current decoded picture to coordinates in a reference picture. The motion estimation unit may output the reference index and the MV as the motion information of the PU. The motion compensation unit of inter-prediction processing unit 120 may generate the prédictive blocks of the PU based on actual or interpolated samples at the reference location indicated by the motion vector of the PU.

[0120] If a PU is in a B slice, the motion estimation unit may perform uni-prediction or bi-prediction for the PU. To perform uni-prediction for the PU, the motion estimation unit may search the reference pictures of RefPicListO or a second reference picture list (“RefPicListl”) for a reference région for the PU. The motion estimation unit may output, as the motion information of the PU, a reference index that indicates a position in RefPicListO or RefPicListl of the reference picture that contains the reference région, * an MV that indicates a spatial displacement between a prédiction block of the PU and a 20 reference location associated with the reference région, and one or more prédiction direction indicators that indicate whether the reference picture is in RefPicListO or RefPicListl. The motion compensation unit of inter-prediction processing unit 120 may generate the prédictive blocks of the PU based at least in part on actual or interpolated samples at the reference région indicated by the motion vector ofthe PU.

[0121] To perform bi-directional inter prédiction for a PU, the motion estimation unit may search the reference pictures in RefPicListO for a reference région for the PU and may also search the reference pictures in RefPicListl for another reference région for the PU. The motion estimation unit may generate reference picture indexes that indicate positions in RefPicListO and RefPicListl of the reference pictures that contain the reference régions. In addition, the motion estimation unit may generate MVs that indicate spatial displacements between the reference location associated with the reference régions and a sample block of the PU. The motion information of the PU may include the reference indexes and the MVs of the PU. The motion compensation unit

may generate the prédictive blocks of the PU based at least in part on actual or interpolated samples at the reference régions indicated by the motion vectors of the PU. [0122] In accordance with various examples of this dîsclosure, video encoder 20 may be configured to perform palette-based coding. With respect to the HEVC framework, as an example, the palette-based coding techniques may be configured to be used at the CU level. In other examples, the palette-based video coding techniques may be configured to be used at the PU level. In other examples, the palette-based coding techniques may be configured to be used at the sub-prediction unit (sub-PU) level (e.g., a sub-block of a prédiction unit). Accordingly, ail of the disclosed processes described herein (throughout this dîsclosure) in the context of a CU level may, additionally or altematively, apply to a PU level or a sub-PU level. However, these HEVC-based examples should not be considered a restriction or limitation of the palette-based video coding techniques described herein, as such techniques may be applied to work independentiy or as part of other existing or yet to be developed systems/standards. In these cases, the unit for palette coding can be square blocks, rectangular blocks or even régions of non-rectangular shape.

[0123] Palette-based encoding unit 122, for example, may perform palette-based decoding when a palette-based encoding mode is selected, e.g., for a CU or PU. For example, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to generate a palette having entries indicating pixel values, select pixel values in a palette to represent pixel values of at least some positions of a block of video data, and signal information associating at least some of the positions of the block of video data with entries in the palette corresponding, respectively, to the selected pixel values. Although various functions are described as being performed by palette-based encoding unit 122, some or ail of such functions may be performed by other processing units, or a combination of different processing units.

[0124] According to aspects of this dîsclosure, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to perform any combination of the techniques for palette coding described herein.

[0125] For example, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to disable palette mode coding for any palette block having a size of64 x 64 or greater. In other examples, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to restrict palette mode coding to palette blocks having a size less than 64 x 64, meaning that palette mode coding may be enabled or otherwise used for palette blocks having a size less than 64 x

64. In other examples, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to normatively restrict the largest palette block size based on the largest transform unit size. As another example, palette-based encoding unit 122 may be configured to disable palette mode coding for a palette block having a size that exceeds or is otherwise larger than the largest transform unit size. Palette-based encoding unit 122 may be similarly configured to perform any other techniques for palette coding described herein.

[0126] Intra-prediction processîng unit 126 may generate prédictive data for a PU by performing intra prédiction on the PU. The prédictive data for the PU may include prédictive blocks for the PU and various syntax éléments. Intra-prediction processîng 10 unit 126 may perform intra prédiction on PUs in I slices, P slices, and B slices.

[0127] To perform intra prédiction on a PU, intra-prediction processîng unit 126 may use multiple intra prédiction modes to generate multiple sets of prédictive data for the PU. Intra-prediction processîng unit 126 may use samples from sample blocks of neighboring PUs to generate a prédictive block for a PU. The neighboring PUs may be 15 above, above and to the right, above and to the left, or to the left of the PU, assuming a left-to-right, top-to-bottom encoding order for PUs, CUs, and CTUs. Intra-prediction processîng unit 126 may use various numbers of intra prédiction modes, e.g., 33 directional intra prédiction modes. In some examples, the number of intra prédiction modes may dépend on the size of the région associated with the PU.

[0128] Block encoding unit 100 may select the prédictive data for PUs of a CU from among the prédictive data generated by inter-prediction processîng unit 120 for the PUs or the prédictive data generated by intra-prediction processîng unit 126 for the PUs. In some examples, block encoding unit 100 selects the prédictive data for the PUs of the CU based on rate/distortion metrics of the sets of prédictive data. The prédictive blocks of the selected prédictive data may be referred to herein as the selected prédictive blocks.

[0129] Residual génération unit 102 may generate, based on the luma, Cb and Cr coding block of a CU and the selected prédictive luma, Cb and Cr blocks of the PUs of the CU, a luma, Cb and Cr residual blocks ofthe CU. For instance, residual génération unit 102 30 may generate the residual blocks of the CU such that each sample in the residual blocks has a value equal to a différence between a sample in a coding block ofthe CU and a corresponding sample in a corresponding selected prédictive block of a PU ofthe CU. [0130] Transform processîng unit 104 may perform quad-tree partitioning to partition the residual blocks associated with a CU into transform blocks associated with TUs of

the CU. Thus, in some examples, a TU may be associated with a luma transform block and two chroma transform blocks. The sizes and positions ofthe luma and chroma transform blocks of TUs of a CU may or may not be based on the sizes and positions of prédiction blocks of the PUs of the CU. A quad-tree structure known as a “residual quad-tree” (RQT) may include nodes associated with each of the régions. The TUs of a CU may correspond to leaf nodes of the RQT.

[0131] Transform processing unit 104 may generate transform coefficient blocks for each TU of a CU by applying one or more transforms to the transform blocks of the TU. Transform processing unit 104 may apply various transforms to a transform block associated with a TU. For example, transform processing unit 104 may apply a discrète cosine transform (DCT), a directional transform, or a conceptually similar transform to a transform block. In some examples, transform processing unit 104 does not apply transforms to a transform block. In such examples, the transform block may be treated as a transform coefficient block.

[0132] Quantization unit 106 may quantize the transform coefficients in a coefficient block. The quantization process may reduce the bit depth associated with some or ail of the transform coefficients. For example, an «-bit transform coefficient may be rounded down to an τη-bit transform coefficient during quantization, where n is greater than m. Quantization unit 106 may quantize a coefficient block associated with a TU of a CU based on a quantization parameter (QP) value associated with the CU. Video encoder 20 may adjust the degree of quantization applied to the coefficient blocks associated with a CU by adjusting the QP value associated with the CU. Quantization may introduce loss of information, thus quantized transform coefficients may hâve lower précision than the original ones.

[0133] Inverse quantization unit 108 and inverse transform processing unit 110 may apply inverse quantization and inverse transforms to a coefficient block, respectively, to reconstruct a residual block from the coefficient block. Reconstruction unit 112 may add the reconstructed residual block to corresponding samples from one or more prédictive blocks generated by block encoding unit 100 to produce a reconstructed transform block associated with a TU. By reconstructing transform blocks for each TU of a CU in this way, video encoder 20 may reconstruct the coding blocks of the CU. [0134] Filter unit 114 may perform one or more deblocking operations to reduce blocking artifacts in the coding blocks associated with a CU. Filter unit 114 may perform other filtering operations, including sample adaptive offset (SAO) filtering

and/or adaptive loop filtering (ALF). Decoded picture buffer 116 may store the reconstructed coding blocks after filter unit 114 performs the one or more deblocking operations on the reconstructed coding blocks. Inter-prediction processing unit 120 may use a reference picture that contains the reconstructed coding blocks to perform inter prédiction on PUs of other pictures. In addition, intra-prediction processing unit 126 may use reconstructed coding blocks in decoded picture buffer 116 to perform intra prédiction on other PUs in the same picture as the CU.

[0135] Entropy encoding unit 118 may receive data from other functional components of video encoder 20. For example, entropy encoding unit 118 may receive coefficient blocks from quantization unit 106 and may receive syntax éléments from block encoding unit 100. Entropy encoding unit 118 may perform one or more entropy encoding operations on the data to generate entropy-encoded data. For example, entropy encoding unit 118 may perform a context-adaptive coding operation, such as a CABAC operation, a context-adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC) operation, a variable-to-variable (V2V) length coding operation, a syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) operation, a Probability Interval Partitioning Entropy (PIPE) coding operation, an Exponential-Golomb encoding operation, or another type of entropy encoding operation on the data. Video encoder 20 may output a bitstream that includes entropy-encoded data generated by entropy encoding unit 118. For instance, the bitstream may include data that represents a RQT for a CU.

[0136] In some examples, residual coding is not performed with palette coding. Accordingly, video encoder 20 may not perform transformation or quantization when coding using a palette coding mode. In addition, video encoder 20 may entropy encode data generated using a palette coding mode separately from residual data.

[0137] According to one or more of the techniques of this disclosure, video encoder 20, and specificaîly palette-based encoding unit 122, may perform palette-based video coding of predicted video blocks. As described above, a palette generated by video encoder 20 may be explicitly encoded and sent to video décoder 30, predicted from previous palette entries, predicted from previous pixel values, or a combination thereof.

[0138] FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example video décoder 30 that is configured to perform the techniques of this disclosure. FIG. 3 is provided for purposes of explanation and is not limiting on the techniques as broadly exemplified and described in this disclosure. For purposes of explanation, this disclosure describes

video décoder 30 in the context of HEVC coding. However, the techniques of this disclosure may be applicable to other coding standards or methods.

[0139] The details of palette coding described above with respect to encoder 20 are not repeated here with respect to décoder 30, but it is understood that décoder 30 may perform the reciprocal decoding process relative to any encoding process described herein with respect to encoder 20.

[0140] For example, it is understood that video décoder 30 may be configured to dynamically disable palette mode or otherwise be configured not to use palette mode for any palette block having a size that is not equal or less than the largest transform unit. It 10 is further understood that video décoder 30 may be configured to décodé a block of video data using palette mode only when the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit that video encoder 20 may be configured to encode and/or that video décoder 30 may be configured to décodé. Similarly, video décoder 30 may be configured to enable palette mode coding for a block of video data only when 15 the block of video data has a size that does not exceed the largest transform unit. In other examples, video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine whether palette mode is enabled or disable based on a value corresponding to palette mode flag, such as a value for the syntax element of palette_mode_flag.

[0141] As another example, video décoder 30 may be configured to receive a block of 20 video data. Video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine the size of the block video data relative to the largest transform unit size. Video décoder 30 may be configured to détermine that the received block of video is not palette mode encoded when the received block of video data is greater than the size of the largest transform unit size.

[0142] Video décoder 30 represents an example of a device that may be configured to perform techniques for palette-based coding and entropy coding (e.g., CABAC) in accordance with various examples described in this disclosure.

[0143] In the example of FIG. 3, video décoder 30 includes an entropy decoding unit 150, video data memory 151, a block decoding unit 152, an inverse quantization unit 30 154, an inverse transform processing unit 156, a reconstruction unit 158, a filter unit

160, and a decoded picture buffer 162. Block decoding unit 152 includes a motion compensation unit 164 and an intra-prediction processing unit 166. Video décoder 30 also includes a palette-based decoding unit 165 configured to perform various aspects of

the palette-based coding techniques described in this disclosure. In other examples, video décoder 30 may include more, fewer, or different functional components. [0144] Video data memory 151 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by the components of video décoder 30. The video data stored 5 in video data memory 151 may be obtained, for example, from computer-readable medium 16, e.g., from a local video source, such as a caméra, via wired or wireless network communication of video data, or by accessing physical data storage media. Video data memory 151 may form a coded picture buffer (CPB) that stores encoded video data from an encoded video bitstream. Decoded picture buffer 162 may be a reference picture memory that stores reference video data for use in decoding video data by video décoder 30, e.g., in intra- or inter-coding modes. Video data memory 151 and decoded picture buffer 162 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), résistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. Video data memory 151 and decoded picture buffer 162 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In various examples, video data memory 151 may be on-chip with other components of video décoder 30, or off-chip relative to those components.

[0145] A coded picture buffer (CPB) may receive and store encoded video data (e.g.,

NAL units) of a bitstream. Entropy decoding unit 150 may receive encoded video data (e.g., NAL units) from the CPB and parse the NAL units to décodé syntax éléments. Entropy decoding unit 150 may entropy décodé entropy-encoded syntax éléments in the NAL units. Block decoding unit 152, inverse quantization unit 154, inverse transform processing unit 156, reconstruction unit 158, and filter unit 160 may generate decoded video data based on the syntax éléments extracted from the bitstream.

[0146] Video décoder 30 may be configured to perform a process generally reciprocal to that of video encoder 20 described herein. Similarly, video encoder 20 may be configured to perform a process generally reciprocal to that of video décoder 20 described herein. For example, disclosure that video décoder 30 may be configured to décodé an encoded syntax element in a bitstream likewise necessarily discloses that video encoder 20 may be configured to encode the syntax element into the bitstream. [0147] As another example, entropy decoding unit 150 may be configured to perform a process generally reciprocal to that of entropy encoding unit 118 described herein.

According to aspects of this disclosure, entropy decoding unit 150 may be configured to entropy décodé any code words generated by entropy encoding unit 118.

[0148] The NAL units of the bitstream may include coded slice NAL units. As part of decoding the bitstream, entropy decoding unit 150 may extract and entropy décodé syntax éléments from the coded slice NAL units. Each of the coded slices may include a slice header and slice data. The slice header may contain syntax éléments pertaining to a slice. The syntax éléments in the slice header may include a syntax element that identifies a PPS associated with a picture that contains the slice.

[0149] In addition to decoding syntax éléments from the bitstream, video décoder 30 may perform a reconstruction operation on a non-partitioned CU. To perform the reconstruction operation on a non-partitioned CU, video décoder 30 may perform a reconstruction operation on each TU of the CU. By performîng the reconstruction operation for each TU of the CU, video décoder 30 may reconstruct residual blocks of the CU.

[0150] As part of performîng a reconstruction operation on a TU of a CU, inverse quantizatîon unit 154 may inverse quantize, i.e., de-quantize, coefficient blocks associated with the TU. Inverse quantizatîon unit 154 may use a QP value associated with the CU of the TU to détermine a degree of quantizatîon and, likewise, a degree of inverse quantizatîon for inverse quantizatîon unit 154 to apply. That is, the compression ratio, i.e., the ratio of the number of bits used to represent original sequence and the compressed one, may be controlled by adjusting the value of the QP used when quantizing transform coefficients. The compression ratio may also dépend on the method of entropy coding employed.

[0151] After inverse quantizatîon unit 154 inverse quantizes a coefficient block, inverse 25 transform processing unit 156 may apply one or more inverse transforms to the coefficient block in order to generate a residual block associated with the TU. For example, inverse transform processing unit 156 may apply an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, an inverse Karhunen-Loeve transform (KLT), an inverse rotational transform, an inverse directional transform, or another inverse transform to the coefficient block.

[0152] If a PU is encoded using intra prédiction, intra-prediction processing unit 166 may perform intra prédiction to generate prédictive blocks for the PU. Intra-prediction processing unit 166 may use an intra-prediction mode to generate the prédictive luma, Cb and Cr blocks for the PU based on the prédiction blocks of spatially-neighboring

PUs. Intra-prediction processing unit 166 may détermine the intra prédiction mode for the PU based on one or more syntax éléments decoded from the bitstream.

[0153] Block decoding unit 152 may construct a first reference picture list (RefPicListO) and a second reference picture list (RefPicListl) based on syntax éléments extracted from the bitstream. Furthermore, if a PU is encoded using inter prédiction, entropy decoding unit 150 may extract motion information for the PU. Motion compensation unit 164 may détermine, based on the motion information ofthe PU, one or more reference régions for the PU. Motion compensation unit 164 may generate, based on samples blocks at the one or more reference blocks for the PU, prédictive luma, Cb and 1 o Cr blocks for the PU.

[0154] Reconstruction unit 158 may use the luma, Cb and Cr transform blocks associated with TUs of a CU and the prédictive luma, Cb and Cr blocks of the PUs of the CU, i.e., either intra-prediction data or inter-prediction data, as applicable, to reconstruct the luma, Cb and Cr coding blocks of the CU. For example, reconstruction 15 unit 158 may add samples of the luma, Cb and Cr transform blocks to corresponding samples of the prédictive luma, Cb and Cr blocks to reconstruct the luma, Cb and Cr coding blocks of the CU.

[0155] Filter unit 160 may perform a deblocking operation to reduce blocking artifacts associated with the luma, Cb and Cr coding blocks of the CU. Video décoder 30 may 20 store the luma, Cb and Cr coding blocks of the CU in decoded picture buffer 162.

Decoded picture buffer 162 may provide reference pictures for subséquent motion compensation, intra prédiction, and présentation on a display device, such as display device 32 of FIG. 1. For instance, video décoder 30 may perform, based on the luma, Cb, and Cr blocks in decoded picture buffer 162, intra prédiction or inter prédiction 25 operations on PUs of other CUs.

[0156] In accordance with various examples of this disclosure, video décoder 30 may be configured to perform palette-based coding. Palette-based decoding unit 165, for example, may perform palette-based decoding when a palette-based decoding mode is selected, e.g., for a CU or PU. For example, palette-based decoding unit 165 may be configured to generate a palette having entries indicating pixel values, receive information associating at least some pixel locations in a block of video data with entries in the palette, select pixel values in the palette based on the information, and reconstruct pixel values of the block based on the selected pixel values in the palette.

Although various fùnctions are described as being performed by palette-based decoding

unit 165, some or ail of such functions may be performed by other processing units, or a combination of different processing units.

[0157] Palette-based decodîng unit 165 may receive palette coding mode information, and perform the above operations when the palette coding mode information indicates that the palette coding mode applies to the block. When the palette coding mode information indicates that the palette coding mode does not apply to the block, or when other mode information indicates the use of a different mode, palette-based decodîng unit 165 décodés the block of video data using a non-palette based coding mode, e.g., such as an HEVC inter-predictive or intra-predictive coding mode. The block of video 10 data may be, for example, a CU or PU generated according to an HEVC coding process.

The palette-based coding mode may comprise one of a plurality of different palettebased coding modes, or there may be a single palette-based coding mode. [0158] According to aspects ofthis disclosure, palette-based decodîng unit 165 may be configured to perform any combination of the techniques for palette coding described 15 herein. The details of palette coding described above with respect to encoder 20 are not repeated here with respect to décoder 30, but it is understood that décoder 30 may perform the reciprocal palette-based decodîng process relative to any palette-based encoding process described herein with respect to encoder 20.

[0159] FIG. 4 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of determining a palette for coding video data, consistent with techniques ofthis disclosure. The example of FIG. 4 includes a picture 178 having a first PAL (palette) coding unit (CU) 180 that is associated with first palettes 184 and a second PAL CU 188 that is associated with second palettes 192. As described in greater detail below and in accordance with the techniques ofthis disclosure, second palettes 192 are based on first palettes 184. Picture 25 1 78 also includes block 196 coded with an intra-prediction coding mode and block 200 that is coded with an inter-prediction coding mode.

[0160] The techniques of FIG. 4 are described in the context of video encoder 20 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 2) and video décoder 30 (FIG. 1 and FIG. 3) and with respect to the HEVC video coding standard for purposes of explanatîon. However, it should be 30 understood that the techniques of this disclosure are not limited in this way, and may be applied by other video coding processors and/or devices in other video coding processes and/or standards.

[0161] In general, a palette refers to a number of pixel values that are dominant and/or représentative for a CU currently being coded, CU 188 in the example of FIG. 4. First

palettes 184 (which may also be referred to as indexes 184) and second palettes 192 (which may also be referred to as indexes 192) are shown as including multiple palettes (which may also be referred to as multiple indexes). In some examples, according to aspects of this disclosure, a video coder (such as video encoder 20 or video décoder 30) may code palettes (e.g., indexes) separately for each color component of a CU. For example, video encoder 20 may encode a palette for a luma (Y) component of a CU, another palette for a chroma (U) component of the CU, and yet another palette for the chroma (V) component of the CU. In this example, entries of the Y palette may represent Y values of pixels of the CU, entries of the U palette may represent U values of pixels of the CU, and entries of the V palette may represent V values of pixels of the

CU.

[0162] In other examples, video encoder 20 may encode a single palette for ail color components of a CU. In this example, video encoder 20 may encode a palette having an i-th entry that is a triple value, including Yi, Ui, and Vi. In this case, the palette includes values for each of the components of the pixels. Accordingly, the représentation of palettes 184 and 192 as a set of palettes having multiple individual palettes is merely one example and not intended to be limiting.

[0163] In the example of FIG. 4, first palettes 184 includes three entries 202-206 having entry index value 1, entry index value 2, and entry index value 3, respectively. First palettes 184 relate the index values (e.g., the values shown in the left column of first palettes 184) to pixel values. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, one of first palettes 184 relates index values 1,2, and 3 to pixel values A, B, and C, respectively. As described herein, rather than coding the actual pixel values of first CU 180, a video coder (such as video encoder 20 or video décoder 30) may use palette-based coding to code the pixels of the block using the indices 1-3 (which may also be expressed as index values 1-3).

That is, for each pixel position of first CU 180, video encoder 20 may encode an index value for the pixel, where the index value is associated with a pixel value in one or more of first palettes 184. Video décoder 30 may obtain the index values from a bitstream and reconstruct the pixel values using the index values and one or more of first palettes

1 84. Thus, first palettes 184 are transmitted by video encoder 20 in an encoded video data bitstream for use by video décoder 30 in palette-based decoding.

[0164] In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may détermine second palettes 192 based on first palettes 184. For example, video encoder 20 and/or video décoder 30 may locate one or more blocks from which the prédictive palettes, in

this example, first palettes 184, are determined. In some examples, such as the example illustrated in FIG. 4, video encoder 20 and/or video décoder 30 may locate the previously coded CU such as a left neighboring CU (first CU 180) when determining a prédictive palette for second CU 188.

[0165] In the example of FIG. 4, second palettes 192 include three entries 208-212 having entry index value 1, entry index value 2, and entry index value 3, respectively. Second palettes 192 relate the index values (e.g., the values shown in the left column of first palettes 192) to pixel values. For example, as shown in FIG. 4, one of the second palettes 192 relates index values 1,2, and 3 to pixel values A, B, and D, respectively. In 10 this example, video encoder 20 may code one or more syntax éléments indicating which entries of first palettes 184 are included in second palettes 192. In the example of FIG. 4, the one or more syntax éléments are illustrated as a vector 216. Vector 216 has a number of associated bins (or bits), with each bin indicating whether the palette predictor associated with that bin is used to predict an entry of the current palette. For example, vector 216 indicates that the first two entries of first palettes 184 (202 and 204) are included in second palettes 192 (a value of “1” in vector 216), while the third entry of first palettes 184 is not included in second palettes 192 (a value of “0” in vector 216). In the example of FIG. 4, the vector is a Boolean vector.

[0166] In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may détermine a palette predictor list (which may also be referred to as a palette predictor table) when performing palette prédiction. The palette predictor list may include entries from palettes of one or more neighboring blocks that are used to predict one or more entries of a palette for coding a current block. Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may construct the list in the same manner. Video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may code data (such as vector 216) to indicate which entries of the palette predictor list are to be included in a palette for coding a current block.

[0167] FIG. 5 is a conceptual diagram illustratîng an example of determining indices to a palette for a block of pixels, consistent with techniques of this disclosure. For example, FIG. 5 includes an index block 240 (which may also be referred to as map 240 30 or index map 240) including index values (e.g., index values 1,2, and 3) that relate to respective positions of pixels associated with the index values to an entry of palettes 244.

[0168] While index block 240 is illustrated in the example of FIG. 5 as including an index value for each pixel position, it should be understood that in other examples, not

ail pixel positions may be associated with an index value relating the pixel value to an entry of palettes 244. That is, as noted above, in some examples, video encoder 20 may encode (and video décoder 30 may obtain, from an encoded bitstream) an indication of an actual pixel value (or its quantized version) for a position in index block 240 if the pixel value is not included in palettes 244.

[0169] In some examples, video encoder 20 and video décoder 30 may be configured to code an addîtional map indicating which pixel positions are associated with which index values. For example, assume that the (i, j) entry in the index block 240 corresponds to the (i, j) position of a CU. Video encoder 20 may encode one or more syntax éléments for each entry of the index block (i.e., each pixel position) indicating whether the entry has an associated index value. For example, video encoder 20 may encode a flag having a value of one to indicate that the pixel value at the (i, j) location in the CU is one of the values in palettes 244.

[0170] Video encoder 20 may, in such an example, also encode a palette (shown in the 15 example of FIG. 5 as 244). In instances in which palettes 244 include a single entry and associated pixel value, video encoder 20 may skip the signaling of the index value.

Video encoder 20 may encode the flag to hâve a value of zéro to indicate that the pixel value at the (i, j) location in the CU is not one of the values in palettes 244. In this example, video encoder 20 may also encode an indication of the pixel value for use by 20 video décoder 30 in reconstructing the pixel value. In some instances, the pixel value may be coded in a lossy manner.

[0171] The value of a pixel in one position of a CU may provide an indication of values of one or more other pixels in other positions of the CU. For example, there may be a relatively high probability that neighboring pixel positions of a CU will hâve the same pixel value or may be mapped to the same index value (in the case of lossy coding, in which more than one pixel value may be mapped to a single index value).

[0172] Accordingly, video encoder 20 may encode one or more syntax éléments indicating a number of consecutive pixels or index values in a given scan order that hâve the same pixel value or index value. As noted above, the string of like-valued pixel or index values may be referred to herein as a run. In an example for purposes of illustration, if two consecutive pixels or indices in a given scan order hâve different values, the run is equal to zéro. If two consecutive pixels or indices in a given scan order hâve the same value but the third pixel or index in the scan order has a different value, the run is equal to one. For three consecutive indices or pixels with the same

value, the run is two, and so forth. Video décoder 30 may obtain the syntax éléments indicating a run from an encoded bitstream and use the data to détermine the number of consecutive locations that hâve the same pixel or index value.

[0173] In some examples in accordance with the techniques of this disclosure, entropy encoding unit 118 and entropy decoding unit 150 may be configured to entropy code index block 240. For example, encoding unit 118 and entropy decoding unit 150 may be configured to entropy code run-lengths (e.g., run-length values or codes) and/or a binary palette prédiction vector relating to an index block in palette mode.

[0174] FIG. 6 is a conceptual diagram illustrating an example of determining maximum copy above run-length, assuming an example of a rester scanning order, consistent with techniques of this disclosure. In the example of FIG. 6, if none of the pixels encompassed by dashed lines 280 is coded as an escape sample, the maximum possible run-length is 35 (i.e. the number of unshaded pixel positions). If one or more of the pixels within dashed lines 280 is coded as an escape sample, assuming that the pixel marked as the escape pixel (the pixel position with the “X”) is the first escape pixel within dashed lines 280 in scanning order, then the maximum possible coded copy above run-length is five.

[0175] In some examples, video décoder 30 may only détermine the run mode (e.g., the palette mode in which the pixels are coded) for the pixels within dashed lines 280.

Hence, in the worst case, video décoder 30 makes the détermination for BlockWidth-1 pixels. In some examples, video décoder 30 may be configured to implement certain restrictions regarding the maximum of number of pixels for which the run mode is checked. For example, video décoder 30 may only check the pixels within dashed lines 280 if the pixels are in the same row as the current pixel. Video décoder 30 may infer that ail other pixels within dashed lines 280 are not coded as escape samples. The example in FIG. 6 assumes a raster scanning order. The techniques however, may be applied to other scanning orders, such as vertical, horizontal traverse, and vertical traverse.

[0176] FIG. 7 is a flowchart illustrating an example process for encoding video data 30 consistent with techniques of this disclosure. The process of FIG. 7 is generally described as being performed by a video encoder (e.g., video encoder 20) for purposes of illustration, although a variety of other processors may also carry out the process shown in FIG. 7. In some examples, block encoding unit 100, palette-based encoding

unit 122, and/or entropy encoding unit 118 may perform one or more processes shown in FIG. 7.

[0177] In the example of FIG. 7, a video encoder (e.g., video encoder 20) may be configured to receive a block of video data having a size (700). The video encoder may 5 be configured to détermine the size of the block of video data (702). The video encoder may be configured to disable palette mode encoding for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data (704).

[0178] In some examples, the video encoder may be configured to restrict palette mode encoding to any block of video data having a first size less than a second size. In some 10 examples, the first size may be 32x32. In some examples, the second size may be 64 x

64. In such examples, the video encoder may be configured to restrict palette mode to any block of video data having a first size less than 64 x 64. In some examples, the first size may be 32x32 and the second size may be 64x64.

[0179] In some examples, the video encoder may be configured to restrict palette mode 15 encoding to any block of video data having a first size less than or equal to a size of a largest transform unit specified for the video data. The size of the largest transform unit may be 32 x 32. In such an example, the video encoder may be configured to restrict palette mode coding to any block of video data having a first size less than or equal to 32 x 32.

[0180] In some examples, the video encoder may be configured to divide the block of video data into a plurality of 4 x 4 sub-blocks. In such examples, the video encoder may be configured to encode, using palette mode, the plurality of 4 x 4 sub-blocks.

[0181] In some examples, the video encoder may be configured to restrict any run length value in palette mode encoding to a maximum run length value such that palette mode encoding is disabled for the block of video data based on the determined size of the block of video data only if any run length value in palette mode encoding is not restricted to the maximum run length value. In one example, the maximum run length value is 32x32 minus 1. In another example, the maximum run length is based on a size of a largest transform unit. In this example, if the size of the largest transform unit is

32x32, then the maximum run length may be less than 32x32, such as 32x32 minus 1.

In another example, the maximum run length is based on a number of coefficients in a largest transform unit.

[0182] It should be understood that ail of the techniques described herein may be used individually or in combination. For example, video encoder 20 and/or one or more

components thereof and video décoder 30 and/or one or more components thereof may perform the techniques described in this disclosure in any combination.

[0183] It is to be recognized that depending on the example, certain acts or events of any of the techniques described herein can be performed in a different sequence, may be added, merged, or left out altogether (e.g., not ail described acts or events are necessary for the practice of the techniques). Moreover, in certain examples, acts or events may be performed concurrently, e.g., through multi-threaded processing, interrupt processing, or multiple processors, rather than sequentially. In addition, while certain aspects of this disclosure are described as being performed by a single module or unit for purposes of clarity, it should be understood that the techniques of this disclosure may be performed by a combination of units or modules associated with a video coder. [0184] Certain aspects of this disclosure hâve been described with respect to the developing HEVC standard for purposes of illustration. However, the techniques described in this disclosure may be useful for other video coding processes, including other standard or proprietary video coding processes not yet developed.

[0185] The techniques described above may be performed by video encoder 20 (FIGS. 1 and 2) and/or video décoder 30 (FIGS. 1 and 3), both of which may be generally referred to as a video coder. Likewise, video coding may refer to video encoding or video decoding, as applicable.

[0186] In accordance with this disclosure, the term “or” may be interrupted as “and/or” where context does not dictate otherwise. Additionally, while phrases such as “one or more” or “at least one” or the like may hâve been used for some features disclosed herein but not others; the features for which such language was not used may be interpreted to hâve such a meaning implied where context does not dictate otherwise.

[0187] While particular combinations of various aspects of the techniques are described above, these combinations are provided merely to illustrate examples ofthe techniques described in this disclosure. Accordingly, the techniques ofthis disclosure should not be limited to these example combinations and may encompass any conceivable combination ofthe various aspects ofthe techniques described in this disclosure.

[0188] In one or more examples, the fùnctions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the fùnctions may be stored on or transmitted over, as one or more instructions or code, a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which

corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitâtes transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computerreadable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage 5 media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implémentation of the techniques described in this dîsclosure. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

[0189] By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable storage media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, or other magnetic storage devices, flash memory, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if instructions are transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the définition of medium. It should be understood, however, that computer-readable storage media and data storage media do not include connections, carrier waves, signais, or other transient media, but are instead directed to non-transient, tangible storage media. Disk and dise, as used herein, includes compact dise (CD), laser dise, optical dise, digital versatile dise (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray dise, where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while dises reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0190] Instructions may be executed by one or more processors, such as one or more digital signal processors (DSPs), general purpose microprocessors, application spécifie integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gâte arrays (FPGAs), or other équivalent integrated or discrète logic circuitry. Accordingly, the term “processor,” as used herein may refer to any of the foregoing structure or any other structure suitable for implémentation of the techniques described herein. In addition, in some aspects, the functionality described herein may be provided within dedicated hardware and/or software modules configured for encoding and decoding, or incorporated in a combined

codée. Also, the techniques could be fully implemented in one or more circuits or logic éléments.

[0191] The techniques of this disclosure may be implemented in a wide variety of devices or apparatuses, including a wireless handset, an integrated circuit (IC) or a set of

ICs (e.g., a chip set). Various components, modules, or units are described in this disclosure to emphasize functional aspects of devices configured to perform the disclosed techniques, but do not necessarily require realization by different hardware units. Rather, as described above, various units may be combined in a codée hardware unit or provided by a collection of interoperative hardware units, including one or more 10 processors as described above, in conjunction with suitable software and/or firmware.

[0192] Various examples hâve been described herein. Any combination of the described Systems, operations, functions, or examples is contemplated. These and other examples are within the scope of the following claims.

Claims (6)

1. WHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

   1. A method of encoding video data, the method comprising: receiving a block of video data having a size;

   determining the size of the block of video data; and one of: restricting any run length value for the block of video data to a maximum run length value when palette mode encoding the block of video data, wherein the maximum run length value is less than a size of a largest transform unit or wherein the maximum run length value is 32x32 minus 1 ; or disabling, if any run length value for the block of video data is not restricted to the maximum run length value, palette mode encoding for the block of video data when the determined size of the block of video data is greater than the size ofthe largest transform unit.
2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the size of the largest transform unit is 32x32.
3. 3. A device for encoding video data, the device comprising:

   a memory configured to store the video data; and a video encoder in communication with the memory, the video encoder being configured to:

   receive a block of video data having a size from the memory; détermine the size of the block of video data; and one of:

   restrict any run length value for the block of video data to a maximum run length value when palette mode encoding the block of video data, wherein the maximum run length value is less than a size of a largest transform unit or wherein the maximum run length value is 32x32 minus 1; or disable, if any run length value for the block of video data is not restricted to the maximum run length value, palette mode encoding for the block of video data when the determined size of the block of video data is greater than the size of the largest transform unit.
4. 4. The device of claim 3, wherein the size of the largest transform unit is 32x32.

   /i
5. 5. An apparatus for encoding video data, the apparatus comprising: means for receiving a block of video data having a size;

   means for determining the size of the block of video data; and one of:

   means for restricting any run length value for the block of video data to a

   5 maximum run length value when palette mode encoding the block of video data, wherein the maximum run length value is less than a size of a largest transform unit or wherein the maximum run length value is 32x32 minus 1; or means for disabling, if any run length value for the block of video data is not restricted to the maximum run length value, palette mode encoding for the 10 block of video data when the determined size of the block of video data is greater than the size of the largest transform unit.
6. 6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the size of the largest transform unit is 32x32.

   15 7. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon that, when executed, cause one or more processors to:

   receive a block of video data having a size;

   détermine the size of the block of video data; and one of:

   restrict any run length value for the block of video data to a maximum

   20 run length value when palette mode encoding the block of video data, wherein the maximum run length value is less than a size of a largest transform unit or wherein the maximum run length value is 32x32 minus 1; or disable, if any run length value for the block of video data is not restricted to the maximum run length value, palette mode encoding for the block 25 of video data when the determined size of the block of video data is greater than the size of the largest transform unit.