NZ621230B2 - Use of infant formula with large lipid globules - Google Patents

Abstract

Disclosed herein are infant nutrition compositions comprising large lipid globules with a size of greater than 1 micron. Also disclosed is the use of the compositions as an infant to reduce cholesterol levels later in life. Also disclosed is the use of lipid for the preparation of a nutritional composition wherein the lipid is present in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 µm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for feeding a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months, for a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, c) preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or d) preventing atherosclerosis, when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months. omposition wherein the lipid is present in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 µm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for feeding a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months, for a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, c) preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or d) preventing atherosclerosis, when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months.

Description

USE OF H‘IFANT FORMULA WITH LARGE LIPID GLOBULES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention is in the field of infant ion and especially in the field of later-in-life health effects of early-in-life nutrition.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Breast-feeding is the preferred method of feeding infants. However, there are circumstances that make breast-feeding impossible or less desirable. In those cases infant formulae are a good alternative. The composition of modern infant formulae is adapted in such a way that it meets many of the special ional requirements of the fast g and developing . Still it seems that improvements can be made towards the constitution of infant milk formulae.

In contrast to infant milk formula, breast milk contains lipid droplets that are up to 10-fold larger in size. Later in life it appears that subjects who were breast fed early in life, have lower blood terol levels compared to bottle fed infants during adulthood. (Marmot, 1980, J Epid.

Comm Health 34:164-167, Owen, 2006 Pediatrics 110:597-608). This may eXplain the increased risk on atherosclerosis and related vascular diseases later in life in subjects who were bottle fed compared to breast fed.

Non communicable diseases (NCD) like vascular disease, including atherosclerosis, heart disease and high blood pressure are sible for 35 million deaths/year today, which amounts to 60% of all deaths globally. Irrespective of income level, high cholesterol level is a top-10 leading risk factor for death. Yet a large contribution to the increase in NCDs is made by low- and middle income countries, especially as they undergo socio-economic improvement following ions in infectious disease. The WHO ts an increase of 17% in NCDs over next decade globally.

The present invention relates to such future health effects of infant ae, in particular to blood cholesterol levels and vascular diseases later in life.

EP 2305049 relates to a composition to be administered to an infant with the age below 36 months said composition comprising lipid, protein, digestible carbohydrate and cholesterol for use in the prevention of cardiovascular disease, atherosclerosis, and/or high blood cholesterol levels later in life. ses the use of milk fat for infant nutrition for use in several purposes including regulation of blood cholesterol.

WO 54192 discloses the use of IMF with a specific fatty acid profile for preventing dyslipidaemia later in life.

Standard infant milk formulae have vegetable fat as lipid component. The lipid is homogenized in order to create a stable emulsion and the lipid globules are small, with a volume-weighted mode diameter of about 0.3 — 0.6 mm. Less than 55 volume % based on total lipid, typically less than 35 vol.%, has a size between 2 and 12 mm. The lipid globules are for a large part covered with milk proteins, in particular casein. Michalski et al, 2005, J Dairy Sci 88:1927-1940 discloses the size distribution of lipid globules in human milk and infant formula.

W0 2010/0027258 relates to infant nutrition with large lipid globules for preventing obesity later in life.

However, these documents do not address the role of the size of the lipid globule early in life on the reducing s on blood cholesterol later in life.

SUlVIMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors employed an animal model which is representative of the logical programming s of the diet taken early in life. In this model animals are fed with different diets early in life and subsequently they are eXposed to the same Western style, high fat, high cholesterol diet. This model allows to examine how the early-in-life diet, via body programming s, have a health effect later in life and how the early-in-life diet influences the way the body s a n style, high fat and cholesterol rich diet later on. 2012/050623 The inventors surprisingly found that the level of total cholesterol in the blood later in life after re to a Western style, high fat and cholesterol rich diet, was dependent on the size of the lipid globules in the early-in-life diet. When this diet comprised large lipid globules, total blood cholesterol later in life was advantageously decreased. When, on the other hand, the early-in-life diet comprised small lipid globules which are typically present in commercial IMF, total blood cholesterol later in life was increased. The sing effect on blood cholesterol levels later in life was also present when the large lipid globules were coated with phospholipids. Large lipid globules coated with phospholipids are known to further se y later in life. In case phospholipids and cholesterol were present in the diet, it turned out that it was relevant that these phospholipids and cholesterol were present as a coating on the surface of the lipid globule. If not, later in life blood cholesterol levels were ely affected. A direct correlation of blood cholesterol levels later in life and obesity later in life or relative amount of fat mass was not observed. A direct diet effect on reducing blood cholesterol levels was not observed, instead a slight increase was observed.

Therefore the present invention relates to a nutritional composition comprising lipid, wherein the lipid is present in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules being larger in size than typical in commercial infant formula for use in feeding humans early in life for use in preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinaemia, preventing osclerosis or other vascular diseases, reducing blood cholesterol levels, blood LDL ensity lipoprotein) and/or blood VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), later in life.

ED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention ns a method for a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, in a human subject later in life, preferably in a human subject when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months, by feeding a nutritional composition comprising lipid, wherein the lipid is t, preferably the lipid essentially is present, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, to the human subject early in life, preferably to the human subject having an age of O to 36 months.

In the context of the present invention, the method for reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, is considered to be a non-medical .

The invention can also be worded as the use of a nutritional composition comprising lipid, wherein the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is t, in the form of lipid es, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising cerides derived from vegetable origin, for feeding a human subject early in life, preferably for feeding a human subject having an age of O to 36 months, for a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, later in life, preferably when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months.

Preferably the use is non-therapeutic.

For some jurisdictions, the invention can also be worded as the use of lipid for the preparation of a nutritional composition wherein the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is present, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 pm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for feeding a human subject early in life, preferably for feeding a human subject having an age of O to 36 months, for a) ng blood terol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, later in life, preferably when said human t has d an age above 36 months.

The invention may even be worded as a ional composition comprising lipid, wherein the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is t, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid WO 36122 globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising triglycerides derived from ble origin, for use in feeding a human t early in life, preferably for use in feeding a human subject having an age of O to 36 months, for use in a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, later in life, preferably when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months.

The invention also concerns a method for a) preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or b) preventing vascular es selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemia, peripheral vascular disease, and renal artery disease, in a human subject later in life, ably in a human subject when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months, by feeding a nutritional composition sing lipid, n the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is present, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, to human subject early in life, preferably to the human subject having an age of O to 36 months.

The invention can also be worded as the use of lipid for the preparation of a nutritional composition wherein the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is present, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume ed mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for g a human subject early in life, preferably for feeding a human t having an age of O to 36 months, for a) preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or b) preventing vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, ischaemia, peripheral vascular disease, and renal artery disease, later in life, preferably when said human subject has d an age above 36 months.

The invention can also be worded as a ional composition comprising lipid, wherein the lipid is present, preferably the lipid essentially is present, in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for use in feeding a human subject early in life, preferably for feeding a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months, for use in a) preventing holesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or b) preventing vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of atherosclerosis, cardiovascular diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, mia, peripheral ar (arterial?) disease, and renal artery disease, later in life, preferably when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months.

In the context of this invention, a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months is also referred to as an infant.

Lipid component The present nutritional composition comprises lipid. The lipid provides preferably 30 to 60% of the total calories of the composition. More preferably the present composition comprises lipid providing 35 to 55% of the total calories, even more ably the present composition comprises lipid providing 40 to 50% of the total calories. When in liquid form, e.g. as a ready-to- feed liquid, the composition preferably comprises 2.1 to 6.5 g lipid per 100 ml, more preferably 3.0 to 4.0 g per 100 ml. Based on dry weight the t composition preferably comprises 10 to 50 wt.%, more ably 12.5 to 40 wt.% lipid, even more preferably 19 to 30 wt.% lipid.

Lipids include polar lipids (such as phospholipids, glycolipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides and free fatty acids. Preferably the composition comprises at least 75 wt. %, more preferably at least 85 wt.% cerides based on total lipids.

The lipid of the present invention comprises vegetable lipids. The presence of ble lipids advantageously enables an optimal fatty acid profile, high in (poly)unsaturated fatty acids and/or more reminiscent to human milk fat. Using lipids from cow’s milk alone, or other ic s, does not provide an optimal fatty acid profile. This less optimal fatty acid profile, such as a large amount of saturated fatty acids, is known to result in increased terol levels.

Preferably the present composition comprises at least one, preferably at least two lipid sources selected from the group consisting of linseed oil (flaxseed oil), rape seed oil (such as colza oil, low erucic acid rape seed oil and canola oil), sunflower oil, high oleic wer oil, safflower oil, high oleic safflower oil, olive oil, coconut oil, palm oil and palm kernel oil. Preferably the present composition comprises at least one, preferably at least two lipid sources selected from the group consisting of linseed oil, canola oil, coconut oil, sunflower oil and high oleic sunflower oil. Commercially available vegetable lipids are typically d in the form a continuous oil phase. When in liquid form, e. g. as a ready-to-feed liquid, the composition preferably comprises 2.1 to 6.5 g ble lipid per 100 ml, more preferably 3.0 to 4.0 g per 100 ml. Based on dry weight the present composition preferably comprises 10 to 50 wt.%, more preferably 12.5 to 40 wt.% vegetable lipid, even more preferably 19 to 30 wt.%. Preferably the composition ses 45 to 100 wt.% ble lipids based on total lipids, more preferably 70 to 100 wt.%, even more preferably 75 to 97 wt.%. It is noted therefore that the present composition also may comprise non-vegetable lipids. le non vegetable lipids include marine oils, microbial oils, egg fat and milk fat. Suitable and preferred non-vegetable lipids are further specified below.

Lipid globule size According to the present invention, lipid is present in the composition in the form of lipid globules. When in liquid form these lipid globules are fied in the s phase.

Alternatively the lipid globules are present in a powder and the powder is suitable for reconstitution with water or another food grade aqueous phase. The lipid es comprise vegetable fat and preferably comprises at least 90 wt.% triglycerides and more preferably essentially consists of triglycerides. Not all vegetable lipids that are present in the composition need arily be comprised in the lipid globules, or in the core of the lipid globules, but preferably a major part is, preferably more than 50% wt.%, more preferably more than 70 wt.%, even more preferably more than 85 wt.%, even more preferably more than 95 wt.%, most preferably more than 98 wt.% of the vegetable lipids that are present in the composition are comprised in the core of lipid globules. In one embodiment the lipid globules comprise at least 70 wt.% triglycerides of vegetable origin, more ably the core of the lipid globules comprises at least 85 wt.%, more preferably at least 95 wt.% triglycerides of vegetable origin.

The lipid globules of the present invention have a volume-weighted mode diameter above 1.0 mm, ably above 2.0 um, more preferably above 3.0 mm, more ably 4.0 mm or above, preferably between 1.0 and 10 mm, more ably between 2.0 and 8.0 mm, even more preferably between 3.0 and 8.0 um, most preferably n 4.0 pm and 8.0 pm. ably in addition the size distribution is in such a way that at least 45 volume %, preferably at least 55 volume %, even more preferably at least 65 volume %, even more preferably at least 75 volume % has a diameter between 2 and 12 um. More preferably at least 45 volume %, preferably at least 55 volume %, even more preferably at least 65 volume %, even more preferably at least 75 volume % has a diameter between 2 and 10 um. Even more preferably at least 45 volume %, preferably at least 55 volume %, even more preferably at least 65 volume %, even more preferably at least 75 volume % has a diameter between 4 and 10 mm. It was found that large lipid globules have an improved effect on blood cholesterol levels later in life.

The percentage of lipid globules is based on volume of total lipid. The mode diameter relates to the er which is the most present based on volume of total lipid, or the peak value in a graphic representation, having on the X-as the diameter and on the Y-as the volume (%). The volume of the lipid globule and its size distribution can suitably be determined using a particle size analyzer such as a Mastersizer (Malvern ments, n, UK), for example by the method described in Michalski et al, 2001, Lait 81: 6.

Methods for obtaining lipid globules with a coating of phospholipids, and increased size are disclosed in WC 2010/0027258. The lipid globule size can be lated by adjusting process steps by which the present composition is manufactured. In standard infant milk formula the lipid fraction (usually comprising vegetable fat, a small amount of polar lipids and fat soluble vitamins) is mixed into the aqueous fraction (usually comprising water, d milk, whey, digestible carbohydrates such as lactose, water soluble vitamins and minerals and optionally non- digestible carbohydrates) by homogenization under high pressure resulting in small lipid globules. If no homogenization was to take place, the lipid part would cream very quickly, i.e. separate from the aqueous part and collect at the top.

Therefore, in standard infant formulae or growing up milks the lipid is homogenized in order to create a stable emulsion and the lipid globules are small, with a volume-weighted mode diameter of about 0.3 — 0.6 um, typically less than 0.5 um. Less than 55 volume % based on total lipid, typically less than 35 vol.%, has a size between 2 and 12 mm. The lipid es are for a large part covered with milk ns, in particular casein.

Coating with phospholipids According to the present invention, the nutritional composition preferably comprises phospholipids. Preferably phospholipids are present as a coating on the surface of the lipid e. By ‘coating’ is meant that the outer surface layer of the lipid globule comprises polar lipids, whereas these polar lipids are virtually absent in the core of the lipid globule. Not all phospholipids and/or glycolipids that are present in the ition need necessarily be comprised in the coating, but preferably a major part is. Preferably more than 50 wt.%, more preferably more than 70 wt. %, even more preferably more than 85 wt.%, most preferably more than 95 wt.% of the phospholipids and/or glycolipids that are present in the ition are sed in the coating of lipid globules. The phospholipids are located on the surface of the lipid globule, i.e. as a coating or outer layer. A le way to determine whether the olipids are located on the surface of the lipid globules is laser scanning microscopy as given in WC 201 0/0027259.

In standard infant formulae, due to the small size of the lipid globule (resulting in a high lipid surface) and the very low levels of phospholipids present (typically below 0.15 wt% based on total fat), the lipid globules are not coated with phospholipids, but are covered for the main part by protein, such as casein.

Phospholipids According to the present ion, the nutritional composition preferably comprises phospholipids. Phospholipids are essential to form the surface layer, coating, of the lipid globules in which the dietary cholesterol can be located. Phosholipids are polar lipids. Polar lipids are amphipathic of nature and include glycerophospholipids, glycosphingolipids, sphingomyelin and/or cholesterol. olipids refer to the sum of ophospholipids and sphingomyelin.

According to the present ion the phospholipids are preferably present as a coating of the lipid globule. By ng’ is meant that the outer surface layer of the lipid globule comprises polar , in particular phospholipids, whereas these polar lipids are lly absent in the core of the lipid globule. The presence of phospholipids as a coating or outer layer of the lipid globule in the diet stered early in life enables the cholesterol to be located in the surface layer and this was found to advantageously further reduce the blood cholesterol levels later in life.

The present composition preferably comprises glycerophospholipids. Glycerophospholipids are a class of lipids formed from fatty acids esterified at the hydroxyl groups on carbon-l and carbon- 2 of the backbone glycerol moiety and a negatively-charged phosphate group attached to - 3 of the glycerol via an ester bond, and optionally a choline group (in case of phosphatidylcholine, PC), a serine group (in case of phosphatidylserine, PS), an ethanolamine group (in case of phosphatidylethanolamine, PE), an inositol group (in case of phosphatidylinositol, P1) or a glycerol group (in case of phosphatidylglycerol, PG) attached to the phosphate group. Lysophospholipids are a class of phospholipids with one fatty acyl chain.

Preferably the present composition contains PC, PS, PI and/or PE, more preferably at least PC.

The present composition preferably comprises sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelins have a phosphorylcholine or phosphorylethanolamine molecule esterified to the l-hydroxy group of a ceramide. They are classified as olipid as well as sphingolipid, but are not classified as a glycerophospholipid nor as a glycosphingolipid. Sphingomyelin is especially preferred, since it interacts with cholesterol. Preferably the phospholipids are derived from milk lipids. A preferred source for phospholipids, particularly PC, is soy lecithin and/or wer lecithin.

The present composition preferably further comprises glycosphingolipids. The term glycosphingolipids as in the present invention particularly refers to glycolipids with an amino alcohol sphingosine. The sphingosine backbone is O-linked to a charged headgroup such as lamine, serine or choline backbone. The ne is also amide linked to a fatty acyl group. Glycosphingolipids are ceramides with one or more sugar residues joined in a B- glycosidic linkage at the l-hydroxyl position. Preferably the t composition contains gangliosides, more preferably at least one ganglioside ed from the group consisting of GM3 and GD3. 2012/050623 Preferably the weight ratio of phospholipids : glycosphingolipids is from 2:1 to 10:1, more preferably 2:1 to 5:1.

Preferably the present composition comprises 0.5 to 20 wt.% phospholipids based on total lipid, more preferably 0.5 to 10 wt.%, more preferably 1 to 10 wt.%, even more preferably 2 to 10 wt.% even more preferably 3 to 8 wt.% phospholipids based on total lipid.

Preferably the present composition comprises at least 5 wt.% sphingomyelin based on total phospholipids, more ably at least 10 wt.%, even more preferably at least 15 wt.%, preferably no more than 60 wt.%.

Dietary cholesterol The present composition preferably comprises cholesterol. The present composition preferably comprises at least 0.01 wt.% cholesterol based on total lipid, more ably at least 0.02 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.04 wt.%, even more preferably at least 0.1 wt.% based on total lipid.

Since the cholesterol level lowering effects later in life were already observed with no or very low terol levels, preferably the amount of cholesterol does not exceed 5 wt.% based on total lipid, more preferably does not exceed 2 wt.%, more preferably does not exceed 1 wt.% of total lipid, even more preferably does not exceed 0.3wt% based on total lipid. If present, the cholesterol ably is present in the phospholipid layer that coats the lipid globules.

Preferred sources for providing the phospholipids and/or cholesterol are egg lipids, milk fat, buttermilk fat and butter serum fat (such as beta serum fat). Preferably the phospholipid and/or terol are derived from cow’s milk. Preferably the phospholipid and cholesterol are from the same source. This will enhance the presence of dietary cholesterol in a layer of phospholipid in the final nutritional product. Derived from milk includes milk lipid, cream lipid, butter serum lipid, whey lipid, cheese lipid and/or buttermilk lipid and isolated therefore. The buttermilk lipid is lly obtained during the cture of buttermilk. The butter serum lipid or beta serum lipid is typically obtained during the cture of anhydrous milk fat from . Preferably the phospholipids, glycosphingolipids and/or cholesterol are obtained from milk cream. The composition preferably comprises phospholipids, glycosphingolipids and/or cholesterol from milk of cows, mares, sheep, goats, buffalos, horses and camels. It is most preferred to use a lipid t isolated from cow’s milk. The use of phospholipids from milk fat advantageously ses the milk fat globule membranes, which are more reminiscent to the situation in human milk. The concomitant use of phospholipids derived from ic animals milk and trigycerides derived from vegetable lipids therefore enables to manufacture coated lipid globules with a coating more similar to human milk, while at the same time providing an optimal fatty acid profile. Suitable commercially available sources for milk phospholipids, including sphingomyelin, and/or cholesterol are BAEF, SM2, SM3 and SM4 powder of Corman, Salibra of Glanbia, and LacProdan MFGM-lO or PL20 from Arla. Preferably the source of milk phospholipids comprises at least 4 wt.% phospholipids based on total lipid, more ably 7 to 75 wt.%, most preferably 20 to 70 wt.% phospholipids based on total lipid. Preferably the weight ratio phospholipids to protein is above 0.10, more preferably above 0.20, even more preferably above 0.3. Preferably at least 25 wt.%, more ably at least 40 wt.%, most preferably at least 75 wt.% of the olipids is derived from milk phospholipids.

Fatty acid composition Herein LA refers to linoleic acid and/or acyl chain (18:2 n6); ALA refers to oc-linolenic acid and/or acyl chain (18:3 n3); LC-PUFA refers to long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and/or acyl chains comprising at least 20 carbon atoms in the fatty acyl chain and with 2 or more unsaturated bonds; DHA refers to docosahexaenoic acid and/or acyl chain (22:6, n3), EPA refers to eicosapentaenoic acid and/or acyl chain (20:5 n3); ARA refers to arachidonic acid and/or acyl chain (20:4 n6); DPA refers to docosapentaenoic acid and/or acyl chain (22:5 n3). Medium chain fatty acids (MCFA) refer to fatty acids and/or acyl chains with a chain length of 6, 8 or 10 carbon atoms.

LA preferably is present in a sufficient amount in order to promote a healthy growth and development, yet in an amount as low as possible to prevent occurrence of obesity later in life.

The composition therefore preferably comprises less than 15 wt.% LA based on total fatty acids, preferably of 5 to 14.5 wt.%, more preferably of 6 to 10 wt.%. Preferably the composition ses over 5 wt.% LA based on fatty acids. Preferably ALA is present in a sufficient amount to e a healthy growth and pment of the infant. The present composition therefore ably comprises at least 1.0 wt.% ALA based on total fatty acids. Preferably the composition comprises at least 1.5 wt.% ALA based on total fatty acids, more preferably at least 2.0 wt.%. Preferably the composition comprises less than 10 wt.% ALA, more preferably less than 5.0 wt.% based on total fatty acids. The weight ratio LA/ALA should be well balanced in order to prevent obesity and hypertriglyceridaemia later in life, while at the same time ensuring a normal growth and development. Therefore, the present composition preferably comprises a weight ratio of LA/ALA of 2 to 15, more ably of 2 to 7, more preferably of 4 to 7, more preferably of 3 to 6, even more preferably of 4 to 5.5, even more preferably of 4 to 5.

Since MCFA contribute to a reduced blood cholesterol level, the t composition ably comprises at least 3 wt.% MCFA based on total fatty acids, more preferably at least 10 wt.%, even more preferably at least 15 wt.%. Preferably, the present composition advantageously comprises less than 50 wt.% MCFA based on total fatty acids, more preferably less than 40 wt.%, even more preferably less than 25 wt.%.

Preferably the present ition comprises n-3 LC-PUFA, since n-3 LC-PUFA have a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease risk and vascular fatty acid membrane composition.

More preferably, the present composition comprises EPA, DPA and/or DHA, even more preferably DHA. Since a low concentration of DHA, DPA and/or EPA is already effective and normal growth and development are ant, the content of n-3 LC-PUFA in the present composition, preferably does not exceed 15 wt.% of the total fatty acid content, preferably does not exceed 10 wt.%, even more preferably does not exceed 5 wt.%. Preferably the present composition comprises at least 0.2 wt.%, preferably at least 0.5 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.75 wt.% n-3 LC-PUFA based on total fatty acid content. Preferably the present composition comprises at least 0.2 wt.%, ably at least 0.5 wt.%, more ably at least 0.75 wt.% of the sum of DHA, DPA and EPA based on total fatty acid content.

As the group of n-6 fatty acids, especially arachidonic acid (AA) and LA as its precursor, counteracts the group of n-3 fatty acids, especially DHA and EPA and ALA as their precursor, the present composition comprises relatively low amounts of AA. The n-6 LC-PUFA content preferably does not exceed 5 wt.%, more ably does not exceed 2.0 wt.%, more ably does not exceed 0.75 wt.%, even more preferably does not exceed 0.5 wt.%, based on total fatty acids. Since AA is important in infants for l functional membranes, especially membranes of neurological tissues, the amount of n-6 LC-PUFA is preferably at least 0.02 wt.% more preferably at least 0.05 wt.%, more preferably at least 0.1 wt.% based on total fatty acids, more preferably at least 0.2 wt.%. The presence of AA is advantageous in a composition low in LA since it es LA deficiency. The presence of, preferably low amounts, of AA is beneficial in nutrition to be administered to infants below the age of 6 months, since for these infants the infant formulae is lly the only source of nutrition.

Preferably in addition to the vegetable lipid, a lipid selected from fish oil (preferably tuna fish oil) and single cell oil (such as algal, microbial oil and fungal oil) is present. These sources of oil are suitable as LC-PUFA sources. Preferably as a source of n-3 LC-PUFA single cell oil, including algal oil and microbial oil, is used, since these oil sources have a low EPA/DHA ratio..

Thus in one embodiment the present composition further comprises at least one lipid selected from the group ting of fish oil, marine oil, algal oil, fungal oil and microbial oil.

Digeslible carbohydrate component The present nutritional composition preferably comprises digestible carbohydrate. The digestible carbohydrate preferably provides 30 to 80% of the total calories of the composition. Preferably the digestible carbohydrate provides 40 to 60% of the total calories. When in liquid form, e.g. as a ready-to-feed liquid, the composition preferably comprises 3.0 to 30 g digestible carbohydrate per 100 ml, more ably 6.0 to 20, even more ably 7.0 to 10.0 g per 100 ml. Based on dry weight the present composition preferably comprises 20 to 80 wt.%, more ably 40 to 65 wt.% digestible carbohydrates.

Preferred ible carbohydrate sources are lactose, glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, maltose, starch and maltodextrin. Lactose is the main digestible carbohydrate present in human milk. The present composition preferably comprises e. The present composition ably ses digestible carbohydrate, wherein at least 35 wt.%, more preferably at least 50 wt.%, more preferably at least 75 wt.%, even more preferably at least 90 wt.%, most preferably at least 95 wt.% of the digestible carbohydrate is lactose. Based on dry weight the t composition preferably comprises at least 25 wt.% lactose, preferably at least 40 wt.%.

Non digestible carbohydrates Preferably the present nutritional composition comprises non-digestible oligosaccharides.

Preferably the present composition comprises non-digestible oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) between 2 and 250, more preferably 3 and 60. The non-digestible oligosaccharides, as dietary fiber, may have a beneficial effect on reducing the risk on cardiovascular diseases.

Preferably the present ional composition comprises fructo-oligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides and/or galacturonic acid oligosaccharides, more preferably galacto- oligosaccharides, most ably transgalacto-oligosaccharides. In a preferred embodiment the composition comprises a mixture of transgalacto-oligosaccharides and fructo-oligosaccharides.

Suitable non-digestible oligosaccharides are for example Vivinal GOS (Frieslandcampina DOMO), Raftilin HP or Raftilose i). Transgalacto-oligosaccharide is preferred since it may increase insulin sensitivity.

Preferably, the nutritional ition comprises of 80 mg to 2 g non-digestible oligosaccharides per 100 ml, more preferably 150 mg to 1.50 g, even more preferably 300 mg to 1 g per 100 ml. Based on dry weight, the composition preferably comprises 0.25 wt.% to 20 wt.%, more preferably 0.5 wt.% to 10 wt.%, even more preferably 1.5 wt.% to 7.5 wt.%. A lower amount of non-digestible oligosaccharides will be less effective in reducing cardiovascular disease risk, whereas a too high amount will result in side-effects of bloating and abdominal discomfort.

Protein The present nutritional composition preferably comprises ns. The protein ent preferably es 5 to 15% of the total calories. Preferably the present composition comprises a protein component that provides 6 to 12% of the total calories. More preferably protein is present in the composition at most 9% based on calories, more preferably the composition ses of 7.2 to 8.0% protein based on total es, even more ably of 7.3 to 7.7% based on total calories. Human milk comprises a lower amount of protein based on total calories than cow’s milk. The protein concentration in a nutritional composition is determined by the sum of protein, peptides and free amino acids. Based on dry weight the composition preferably comprises at most 12 wt.% protein, more preferably of 9.6 to 12 wt.%, even more preferably 10 to 11 wt.%. Based on a ready-to-drink liquid product the composition preferably comprises at most 1.5 g protein per 100 ml, more preferably of 1.2 to 1.5 g, even more preferably of 1.25 to 1.35 g.

The source of the protein should be selected in such a way that the minimum requirements for essential amino acid content are met and satisfactory growth is ensured. Hence protein sources based on cows' milk proteins such as whey, casein and mixtures thereof and ns based on soy, potato or pea are red. In case whey proteins are used, the n source is preferably based on acid whey or sweet whey, whey protein isolate or es thereof and may e oc- bumin and B-lactoglobulin. More ably, the protein source is based on acid whey or sweet whey from which caseino-glyco-macropeptide (CGMP) has been removed. Preferably the composition comprises at least 3 wt.% casein based on dry weight. Preferably the casein is intact and/or non-hydrolyzed. For the present invention protein includes peptides and free amino acids.

Other The present nutritional composition is preferably particularly suitable for providing the daily nutritional requirements to a human with an age below 36 months, particularly an infant with the age below 24 months, even more preferably an infant with the age below 18 months, most preferably below 12 months of age. Hence, the nutritional composition is for feeding or is used for feeding a human subject. The present composition preferably comprises lipid, and protein and ible carbohydrate n the lipid preferably provides 30 to 60 % of total calories, the protein preferably provides 5 to 20 %, more preferably 5 to 15 wt.%, of the total calories and the digestible carbohydrate preferably provides 25 to 75% of the total calories. Preferably the present ional composition comprises lipid providing 35 to 50% of the total calories, protein providing 6 to 12 % of the total es and digestible carbohydrate providing 40 to 60 % of the total calories. In one embodiment, the protein provides 5 to 9 % of the total calories. The amount of total calories is determined by the sum of calories derived from n, lipids and digestible carbohydrates.

The present composition is not human breast milk. The present composition is not (raw) cow’s or other (raw) mammalian milk. The present composition comprises vegetable lipids. The ition of the invention preferably comprises other ingredients, such as vitamins, minerals ing to international directives for infant formulae.

In one embodiment, the nutritional composition according to the ion or the nutritional composition for use according to the invention is a preterm formula, infant formula, follow on formula or growing up milk.

In order to meet the caloric requirements of the infant, the composition preferably comprises 50 to 200 kcal/100 ml liquid, more preferably 60 to 90 kcal/100 ml liquid, even more preferably 60 to 75 kcal/100 ml liquid. This caloric density ensures an optimal ratio n water and calorie consumption. The osmolarity of the present composition is preferably between 150 and 420 mOsmol/l, more preferably 260 to 320 mOsmol/l.

Preferably the composition is in a liquid form, with a ity below 35 mPa.s, more preferably below 6 mPa.s as measured in a Brookfield viscometer at 20°C at a shear rate of 100 s'l. In one embodiment, the present composition is a powder. Suitably, the ition is in a powdered form, which can be reconstituted with water or other food grade aqueous liquid, to form a liquid, or in a liquid concentrate form that should be diluted with water. It was found that lipid globules maintained their size and g when reconstituted.

When the ition is in a liquid form, the preferred volume administered on a daily basis is in the range of about 80 to 2500 ml, more preferably about 450 to 1000 ml per day.

AQQlication The inventors singly found that when mice during y and childhood were fed a food composition comprising large lipid globules, a different and significant effect on blood cholesterol levels later in life was observed compared to mice which during infancy and childhood had been fed a food composition having a similar fatty acid composition, but present in the form of small lipid globule. From day 42 both groups were fed a Western style diet which was high in fat and cholesterol. Surprisingly at day 98, which is a time point corresponding to early adulthood in humans, the mice, which had previously consumed the food composition of the present invention before turning to the Western style diet, had a lower blood cholesterol level than mice which had received a control composition with small lipid globules. In case phospholipids and preferably also cholesterol are present, they advantageously are present as a coating around the lipid globules. If this was not the case the later in life effect on blood cholesterol levels was reversed. A similar experiment performed in rats, showed the same results and also indicated that the effects at day 42, directly after the ention diet and a time point corresponding to childhood in a human setting, had not yet these effects on blood cholesterol.

The blood cholesterol lowering effect thus was mainly due to the effects occurring during eXposure to the Western style diet, i.e. the way the metabolism deals with the Western style, high fat, cholesterol rich diet. No one to one correlation with fat mass or ve fat mass or visceral fat mass was observed. This is also the case in a human setting, wherein sometimes obese subjects do not necessarily have hypercholesteremia and on the other hand non-obese subjects can suffer from hypercholestolemia. See for example Rigaud et al (2009) es Metab. 35:57- 63 disclosing high cholesterol levels in anoreXia nervosa patients. Also no one to one correlation with blood triglyceride levels was observed.

The present composition is administered to the human subject during the first 36 months of life.

This period from birth up to childhood represents a critical timeframe during which ion programs the metabolism and body composition, still under development at this time, s its function/setting later in life. The present composition is advantageously administered to a human of O to 24 months, more ably to a human of O to 18 months, even more preferably to a human of O to 12 , most preferably to a human of O to 6 months of age. The present invention particularly aims to reduce blood cholesterol levels later in life and is not a treatment to reduce eXisting high blood cholesterol levels. Preferably the composition is to be used in infants having a weight appropriate for gestational age.

The present ition is preferably administered orally to the . The present invention also aims to t holesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinaemia at the age above 36 months. sed levels of blood cholesterol, hypercholesteroleamia and/or hyperlipoproteinaemia are an important risk factor and cause for vascular diseases. Blood WO 36122 terol levels, levels of blood HDL, LDL or VLDL in the present invention also relate to plasma levels of cholesterol, HDL, LDL or VLDL. In other words, when it stated that nutritional compositions have an effect on plasma cholesterol, HDL, LDL or VLDL levels, this es effects on blood cholesterol, HDL, LDL or VLDL levels.

Therefore, in one embodiment the present method is for preventing vascular diseases selected from the group consisting of sclerosis, cardiovascular e, cerebrovascular disease, ischaemia, peripheral vascular disease, and renal artery disease, in particular atherosclerosis, of a human subject when said human subject has an age above 36 months, preferably when said human subject has an age above 5 years, particularly above 13 years, more particularly above 17 years. The present invention also aims to improve vascular function later in life. The present invention also aims to reduce blood cholesterol levels and/or to reduce levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL of a human subject when said human subject has an age above 36 months. In one embodiment the present method is for reducing blood terol levels and/or reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL of a human subject when said human subject has an age above 36 months, preferably when said human subject has an age above 5 years, particularly above 13 years, more particularly above 17 years. Reduction of blood cholesterol , VLDL and/or LDL levels means a reduced concentration compared to the concentrations found in subjects who were bottle fed with rd infant formula during infancy. In one embodiment reduction of blood cholesterol levels, VLDL and/or LDL levels means a reduced concentration compared to the concentrations found in subjects who were bottle fed with standard infant formula during infancy and more similar to the values found in subjects who were breast fed for at least 3 months.

With later in life is meant an age exceeding the age at which the diet is taken, preferably exceeding said age with at least one year.

Preterm and/or small for gestational age infants often encounter catch up growth early in life.

This is generally seen as a risk factor for later in life high cholesterol levels and vascular diseases. So the composition of the present invention is ageously used in preterm infants or small for gestational age (SGA) infants, in particular for feeding a preterm infant or an infant small for gestational age. A preterm or ure infant relates to an infant born before the standard period of pregnancy is completed before or on 37 weeks ncy of the mother, i.e. before or on 37 weeks from the beginning of the last menstrual period of the mother. SGA babies are those whose birth weight lies below the 10th percentile for that gestational age. Premature and/or SGA s include low birth weight infants (LBW infants), very low birth weight infants (VLBW infants), and extremely low birth weight infants (ELBW infants). LBW infants are d as infants with a weight less than 2500 g. VLBW infants as infants with a weight which is less than 1500 g, and ELBW infants as infants with a weight less than 1000 g.

In this document and in its claims, the verb "to comprise" and its ations is used in its non- limiting sense to mean that items following the word are included, but items not specifically mentioned are not excluded. In addition, reference to an element by the indefinite article "a" or "an" does not e the possibility that more than one of the element is present, unless the context clearly requires that there be one and only one of the elements. The indefinite article "a" or "an" thus usually means "at least one".

EXAMPLES Example 1: Programming effect of lipid e architecture on plasma cholesterol levels later in life Infant milk formulae were prepared similar to example 1B of. 1) a control IMF: This diet comprises 255 g lipid per kg dry weight. Lipid globules were small. No polar lipids were added. Lipid comprised about 47 % digestible carbohydrates about 45 and protein about 8% of total calories. 2) an IMF of the present ion comprising large lipid globules: No polar lipids were added. 3) an IMF of the t invention: This diet differed from diet 2 in that it ses phospholipids which were added to the powdered IMF by dry blending. The phosholipid is not present as a coating around the lipid globule. 4) an IMF of the present invention: This diet differed from diet 3 in that the phospholipids were present as a coating around the lipid globule.

Differences in lipid globule size were obtained by differences in homogenization pressure as described in example 1 of. The pressure of homogenization was 10/5 for diet 2 to 4 and 550/50 for diet 1. The volume mode diameter of the lipid globules of diet 1 was 0.27 um. Less than 10 vol.% had a diameter between 2 and 12 um. The volume mode diameter of the lipid globules in diet 2 to 4 was 3.0 or higher. More than 50 vol.% had a diameter between 2 and 12 um. The source of phospholipids for diet 2 to 4 was SM2 powder from Corman which was used at a final concentration of about 1.3 % phospholipid based on total lipid and about 0.045 wt% cholesterol based on total lipid. The amount of sphingomyelin was about 20 wt. % based on total phospholipids.

The fatty acid composition of the experimental diets was very r in respect of saturated, nsaturated, poly unsaturated and long chain poly unsaturated fatty acids, with calculated linoleic acid (LA) of about 14 wt% based on total fatty acids, with alpha-linoleic acid (ALA) of about 2.6 wt% based on total fatty acids and with LA/ALA weight ratio of about 5.4. The amount of DHA was 0.2 wt% based on total fatty acids in all 4 diets, and the amount of ARA was about 0.35 wt% based on total fatty acids. EPA and DPA levels were about 0.04 and 0.01 wt% based on total fatty acids.

Subsequently rodent diets were prepared comprising 282 g IMF 1, 2, 3, 4 per kg. The rest of the diet was AIN-93G n, carbohydrates and fibre. All lipid (about 72 g per kg rodent diet) present in the diet was d from the IMF Offspring of C5 7/BL6 dams were weaned from day 15 on. The experimental weaning diets were continued until day 42 (n=12 per diet). From day 42 to day 98 all pups were fed the same diet based on AIN-93G diet with an ed lipid fraction (containing 20 wt% lipid of which 50 wt% lard and 1 % cholesterol, based on total lipid), sing 4520 kJ per 100 g, 52 wt% ible carbohydrates, 4.75 wt% fibers, and 17.9 wt% protein, which is representative for a Western style, high fat, high cholesterol diet. In the Western style diet the weight ratio LA/ALA was 9.15. No LC-PUFA were present.

At the age of 98 days a blood sample was taken and HDL (high-density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), and total cholesterol levels were determined in blood plasma as known in the art. In short after g, blood samples were obtained under general anesthesia (isoflurane/N20/O2) by cardiac re. Blood samples were collected in K3EDTA-coated 1 mL ubes er Bio-one, Germany), centrifuged during minutes at 4 CC (3500 rpm, Biofuge fresco, Heraeus) and plasma and erythrocytes samples were stored at -80 0C until further analysis. Plasma cholesterol levels were measured by colorimetric analysis after enzymatic hydrolysis of cholesterolesters (total) in presence of selective ent (HDL) and after a precipitation (LDL) to obtain the several cholesterol fractions (Reinier de Graaf laboratory, Delft, The Netherlands). VLDL fraction was calculated from total, LDL and HDL terol levels.

Body weight was measured and body composition (% fat mass) was determined by DEXA scan.

Adipose tissue was collected and the sum of ymal fat (EPI), retroperitoneal fat (RP) en perirenal fat (PR) was taken as the amount of visceral fat.

Table 1: Total Blood cholesterol levels (mmol/l) and fat mass of mice on day 98 eXposed to different diets from day 15 to day 42.

Diet cholesterol Fat% Visceral fat mass (g) 1 Small, Mean 3.57 23 .1 1.43 no PL SE. 0.19 1.16 0.11 2 Large, Mean 3.13 24.17 1.38 no PL SE. 0.27 1.49 0.17 3 Large Mean 3.40 22.35 1.30 added PL SE. 0.30 1.31 0.15 4 Large, Mean 3.10 19.77 1.14 PL coating SE. 0.20 1.23 0.16 The results are shown in Table 1. Surprisingly the level of total cholesterol in the blood later in life was different when the lipid globules administered early in life were present in the diet in a different size. When present in the diet in the form of small lipid globules, total blood cholesterol later in life was increased. When present in the diet in the form of large lipid globules the effect total blood cholesterol later in life was ageously decreased. This decreasing effect was similar when olipids were present in the diet as a g surrounding the lipid globule.

However, if the phospholipids were added by dry blending, less decrease in total blood cholesterol later in life was observed. So, if phospholipids are to be added to the diet (for instance because it ses obesity later in life) it should be present as a coating surrounding the lipid globule. The same effects were observed for HDL, LDL and VLDL with very little overall effect on the ratio of total cholesterol/HDL or LDL/HDL (data not shown). A decrease in total cholesterol, and LDL and VLDL is the most predictive parameter for decreased risk on atherosclerosis and other vascular es. Mice consuming diet 4 had the lowest relative fat mass (relative to total body ) later in life, so no clear relationship between blood cholesterol levels and relative fat mass later in life was ed. Mice consuming diet 3 had a lower relative fat mass (relative to body weight) later in life than mice consuming diet 2.

However for the cholesterol levels a reverse effect was observed, again indicating that there was not always a relation between fat mass, visceral fat and cholesterol level.

In an experiment performed with mice wherein direct effects diet effects of similar diets of example 1 were tested on day 42 only, it could be shown that cholesterol levels due to direct diet s were slightly higher in diet 4 fed animals, compared to diet 2 fed animals. Diet 3 fed s on the other hand had a slightly lower cholesterol level. Triglyceride levels on the other hand were a little higher in diet 3 and able in diet 2 and 4 (data not shown).

Example 2: Programming effect of lipid globule architecture on plasma cholesterol levels later The experiment of example 1 was repeated with diets similar to diet 1 and 4 of example 1.

Instead of mice, male Wistar rats were used. Instead of day 98, blood was analyzed both at day 42 (direct diet effect) and at day 130 (later in life, programming effect). The amount of phospholipid in diet 4 was 1.6 wt.% based on total fat (an 0.11 wt% in diet 1). The amount of cholesterol was 0.03 wt% in diet 4 on total fat. Linoleic acid and linoleinic acid of diet 1 and 4 were the same as for example 1. The volume mode diameter of the lipid globules of diet 1 was 0.5 um. Less than 10 vol.% had a diameter between 2 and 12 mm. The volume mode diameter of the lipid globules in diet 4 was 1.7 mm. More than 45 vol.% had a diameter between 2 and 12 um.

Table 2: Total Blood cholesterol levels and triglyceride levels (mmol/l) of rats on day 42 and 130 exposed to different diets from day 15 to day 42.

Total TG cholesterol Diet 1 Day 42 Mean 2.78 1.28 SE. 0.13 0.37 Day 130 Mean 3.28 2.41 SE. 0.36 0.41 Diet 4 Day 42 Mean 2.83 0.93 SE. 0.18 0.11 Day 130 Mean 3.02 1.76 SE. 0.46 0.35 Results are shown in Table 2. As can be seen at day 42, representing the direct diet effects, the ences on total blood cholesterol are very small. A small non significant increase with diet 4 was observed. At day 130, representing the programming, later in life effects, a much larger effect was ed which were similar to that in experiment 1, being a reduced total blood cholesterol level blood triglyceride levels on the other hand were decreased both ly at day 42 but also later in life in rats having consumed diet 4, a diet of the present invention.

Claims (16)

What we claim is:

1) Use of lipid for the preparation of a nutritional composition wherein the lipid is t 5 in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 µm and comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable , for feeding a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months, for a) reducing blood cholesterol levels, and/or b) reducing levels of blood LDL and/or VLDL, 10 when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months.

2) Use of lipid for the ation of a nutritional composition wherein the lipid is present in the form of lipid globules, said lipid globules having a volume weighted mode diameter above 1.0 µm and sing triglycerides derived from vegetable origin, for 15 feeding a human subject having an age of 0 to 36 months, for a) preventing hypercholesterolaemia and/or hyperlipoproteinemia, and/or b) ting atherosclerosis, when said human subject has reached an age above 36 months. 20

3) The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the lipid globules comprise a core comprising triglycerides derived from vegetable origin and a surface layer comprising phospholipids and preferably cholesterol.

4) The use according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein later in life is at least one year after 25 feeding has stopped.

5) The use according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the nutritional composition comprises 10 to 50% lipid based on dry weight of the nutritional composition. 30

6) The use according to any one of claims 1-5, wherein at least 45 volume % of the lipid globules have a er between 2 and 12 µm.

7) The use according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein the ional composition comprises at least 0.02 wt.% cholesterol based on total lipid and/or at least 0.5 wt.% phospholipids based on total lipid. 5

8) The use according to any one of claims 1-7, wherein at least 10 wt.% of the phospholipids is omyelin.

9) The use according to any one of claims 1-8, wherein the lipid has a fatty acid composition with linoleic acid to alpha linolenic acid weigth ratio of 2 to 7.

10) The use according to any one of claims 1-9, wherein the nutritional composition further comprises docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and/or docosapentaenoic acid and wherein the amount of the sum of hexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosapentaenoic acid is at least 0.2 wt.% based on total fatty acids.

11) The use according to any one of claims 1-10, wherein the phospholipids are of milk origin and is present also the cholesterol is of milk origin.

12) The use according to any one of claims 1-11, wherein the ional composition 20 comprises lipid, protein and digestible carbohydrates, wherein the lipid provides 30 to 60 % of the total calories, the digestible carbohydrates provide 30 to 80 % of the total calories and the protein provides 5 to 15 % of total calories.

13) The use according to any one of claims 1-12, wherein the nutritional composition is in 25 the form of a ready to drink liquid and ses 50 to 80 kcal per 100 ml.

14) The use according to any one of claims 1-13, wherein the nutritional composition is an infant formula or follow on formula. 30

15) The use according to any one of claims 1-14, n the nutritional composition is a powder, suitable for reconstitution with water.

16. A use ing to claim 1 or 2 substantially as herein described or exemplified.