NZ606227B2 - Agricultural additives, compositions and methods - Google Patents
Agricultural additives, compositions and methods Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NZ606227B2 NZ606227B2 NZ606227A NZ60622713A NZ606227B2 NZ 606227 B2 NZ606227 B2 NZ 606227B2 NZ 606227 A NZ606227 A NZ 606227A NZ 60622713 A NZ60622713 A NZ 60622713A NZ 606227 B2 NZ606227 B2 NZ 606227B2
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- poly
- additive
- agricultural
- acid
- soil
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 311
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 127
- 230000000996 additive Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 300
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 136
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 104
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N (E)-but-2-enedioate;hydron Chemical compound OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N fumaric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=CC(O)=O VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000011976 maleic acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000001530 fumaric acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 39
- 230000001603 reducing Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 34
- 229920001444 polymaleic acid Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Itaconic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(=C)C(O)=O LVHBHZANLOWSRM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 241001602688 Pama Species 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 241000364051 Pima Species 0.000 claims abstract 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 235000008733 Citrus aurantifolia Nutrition 0.000 claims description 47
- 235000015450 Tilia cordata Nutrition 0.000 claims description 47
- 235000011941 Tilia x europaea Nutrition 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000004571 lime Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 34
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 125000000896 monocarboxylic acid group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 28
- 231100000674 Phytotoxicity Toxicity 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 25
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 claims description 21
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 20
- 230000002786 root growth Effects 0.000 claims description 20
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 claims description 16
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000524 functional group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 230000002829 reduced Effects 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002708 enhancing Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010419 fine particle Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000006194 liquid suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008247 solid mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 229920001888 polyacrylic acid Polymers 0.000 claims 3
- 239000004584 polyacrylic acid Substances 0.000 claims 3
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims 1
- BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicate Chemical compound [O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] BPQQTUXANYXVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 24
- 231100000783 metal toxicity Toxicity 0.000 abstract description 19
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 abstract description 18
- 229920002689 polyvinyl acetate Polymers 0.000 abstract description 13
- 239000011118 polyvinyl acetate Substances 0.000 abstract description 13
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 12
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 abstract description 12
- NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sodium silicate Chemical class [Na+].[Na+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NTHWMYGWWRZVTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 11
- 239000004115 Sodium Silicate Substances 0.000 abstract description 10
- 235000019353 potassium silicate Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910052700 potassium Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 7
- PEXNXOXCZLFQAO-ODZAUARKSA-N (Z)-but-2-enedioic acid;ethenyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C.OC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O PEXNXOXCZLFQAO-ODZAUARKSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N potassium Chemical group [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000011591 potassium Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 6
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000003385 sodium Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 6
- 235000019351 sodium silicates Nutrition 0.000 abstract description 6
- 150000001732 carboxylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229940068984 Polyvinyl Alcohol Drugs 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 229920001577 copolymer Chemical group 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000019422 polyvinyl alcohol Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052904 quartz Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 42
- 240000006022 Lolium multiflorum Species 0.000 description 23
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 19
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 18
- 235000019749 Dry matter Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 description 17
- 235000021307 wheat Nutrition 0.000 description 17
- 238000001784 detoxification Methods 0.000 description 16
- 241000209094 Oryza Species 0.000 description 15
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 15
- 230000002588 toxic Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 12
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 239000003337 fertilizer Substances 0.000 description 11
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 9
- 241000209082 Lolium Species 0.000 description 8
- 230000001965 increased Effects 0.000 description 8
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon monoxide Inorganic materials [Si-]#[O+] LIVNPJMFVYWSIS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 230000001629 suppression Effects 0.000 description 7
- KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium Chemical compound [Na] KEAYESYHFKHZAL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 230000001988 toxicity Effects 0.000 description 6
- 231100000419 toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 6
- 239000005696 Diammonium phosphate Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N diammonium hydrogen phosphate Chemical compound [NH4+].[NH4+].OP([O-])([O-])=O MNNHAPBLZZVQHP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910000388 diammonium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 235000019838 diammonium phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 229920005611 kraft lignin Polymers 0.000 description 5
- 229910052911 sodium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 229960005069 Calcium Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 229940116821 SSD Drugs 0.000 description 4
- 241000219793 Trifolium Species 0.000 description 4
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O ammonium Chemical compound [NH4+] QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 4
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000122 growth hormone Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002363 herbicidal Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000011785 micronutrient Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013369 micronutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000575 pesticide Substances 0.000 description 4
- 235000013619 trace mineral Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229960003563 Calcium Carbonate Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 240000007742 Raphanus sativus Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000006140 Raphanus sativus var sativus Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000021232 nutrient availability Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000035764 nutrition Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003442 weekly Effects 0.000 description 3
- AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[OH-].[Ca+2] AXCZMVOFGPJBDE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 206010053759 Growth retardation Diseases 0.000 description 2
- FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium nitrate Chemical compound [K+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O FGIUAXJPYTZDNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 240000008214 Trifolium repens Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000013540 Trifolium repens var repens Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000000920 calcium hydroxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000011116 calcium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 229910001861 calcium hydroxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid group Chemical group C(CC(O)(C(=O)O)CC(=O)O)(=O)O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000536 complexating Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000009313 farming Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000001963 growth media Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003306 harvesting Methods 0.000 description 2
- MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N hydrogen peroxide Chemical compound OO MHAJPDPJQMAIIY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- RORFIYBSDKQWBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-2-phenoxypropanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(C)OC1=CC=CC=C1 RORFIYBSDKQWBH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,7,8-trihydroxy-3-methyl-10-oxo-1,4-dihydropyrano[4,3-b]chromene-9-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C2=CC(O)=C(O)C(C(O)=O)=C2C(=O)C2=C1CC(C)(O)OC2 FCYKAQOGGFGCMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PADDTQRVKZPBTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-[4-(chloromethyl)phenoxy]butanoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CCCOC1=CC=C(CCl)C=C1 PADDTQRVKZPBTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O Ammonium nitrate Chemical compound [NH4+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O DVARTQFDIMZBAA-UHFFFAOYSA-O 0.000 description 1
- BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium sulfate Chemical compound N.N.OS(O)(=O)=O BFNBIHQBYMNNAN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium sulfate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O OSGAYBCDTDRGGQ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 240000000218 Cannabis sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L Cobalt(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Co+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O KTVIXTQDYHMGHF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L Copper(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Cu+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 102000015969 Dapper Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108050004244 Dapper Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 239000005980 Gibberellic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005569 Iron sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Iron(II) sulfate Chemical compound [Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L MANGANESE CHLORIDE Chemical compound Cl[Mn]Cl GLFNIEUTAYBVOC-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000005575 MCPB Substances 0.000 description 1
- LLWADFLAOKUBDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N MCPB Chemical compound CC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OCCCC(O)=O LLWADFLAOKUBDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Maleic anhydride Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C=C1 FPYJFEHAWHCUMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Malonic acid Natural products OC(=O)CC(O)=O OFOBLEOULBTSOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese dioxide Chemical compound O=[Mn]=O NUJOXMJBOLGQSY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021380 MnCl2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007832 Na2SO4 Substances 0.000 description 1
- MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Oxalic acid Natural products OC(=O)C(O)=O MUBZPKHOEPUJKR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000004928 Paspalum scrobiculatum Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004111 Potassium silicate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])=O NNHHDJVEYQHLHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000692855 Sophora tetraptera Species 0.000 description 1
- WHKUVVPPKQRRBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Trasan Chemical compound CC1=CC(Cl)=CC=C1OCC(O)=O WHKUVVPPKQRRBV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 240000008042 Zea mays Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000016383 Zea mays subsp huehuetenangensis Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000002017 Zea mays subsp mays Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L Zinc sulfate Chemical compound [Zn+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O NWONKYPBYAMBJT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O Chemical compound [O-]P([O-])([O-])=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 238000009825 accumulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002730 additional Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005273 aeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052921 ammonium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011130 ammonium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052925 anhydrite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005591 charge neutralization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052803 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000002178 crystalline material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001186 cumulative Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004815 dispersion polymerization Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001747 exhibiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000006260 foam Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002509 fulvic acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940095100 fulvic acid Drugs 0.000 description 1
- IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N gibberellin A3 Chemical compound C([C@@]1(O)C(=C)C[C@@]2(C1)[C@H]1C(O)=O)C[C@H]2[C@]2(C=C[C@@H]3O)[C@H]1[C@]3(C)C(=O)O2 IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxyl anion Chemical group [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron oxide Chemical compound [Fe]=O UQSXHKLRYXJYBZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910000460 iron oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron(2+) sulfate heptahydrate Chemical compound O.O.O.O.O.O.O.[Fe+2].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O SURQXAFEQWPFPV-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium sulphate Substances [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000009973 maize Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002691 malonic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000011565 manganese chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000002867 manganese chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000468 manganese oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L manganese(II,III) oxide Inorganic materials [Mn].O[Mn]=O.O[Mn]=O AMWRITDGCCNYAT-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 101700021309 mcpB Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006011 modification reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920005615 natural polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000006408 oxalic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002913 oxalic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000020477 pH reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010452 phosphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical compound OP(O)=O ABLZXFCXXLZCGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- -1 poly carboxylic acid compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940075065 polyvinyl acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000001184 potassium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000010333 potassium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052913 potassium silicate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002244 precipitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004576 sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001932 seasonal Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052710 silicon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019795 sodium metasilicate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052938 sodium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000011152 sodium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- POECFFCNUXZPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;carbonic acid;hydrogen carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC(O)=O.OC([O-])=O POECFFCNUXZPJT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001694 spray drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- RLQWHDODQVOVKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrapotassium;silicate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[K+].[K+].[O-][Si]([O-])([O-])[O-] RLQWHDODQVOVKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000000080 wetting agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000368 zinc sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011686 zinc sulphate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000009529 zinc sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Abstract
Disclosed herein is an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers, and the use thereof for the treatment of soil to reduce soil metal toxicity thereby reducing or eliminating the quantity of liming material required. Specifically wherein the poly-carboxylic acid(s) is/are selected from the group comprising poly maleic acid (PMA), copoly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly vinyl alcohol maleic acid (PVaMA), hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid (HPVAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly itaconic acid (PIA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, co poly vinyl alcohol fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF), hydrolyzed PVAF (HPVAF), co-poly vinyl alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl actetate itaconic acid (PVAIA), hydrolyzed PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and co-poly vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. Specifically wherein the silicate polymer(s) is/are selected from the group comprising potassium silicates, sodium silicates and mixtures thereof, more specifically wherein the ratio of SiO2:M2O is between 2:1 and 3.75:1 where M is sodium or potassium. material required. Specifically wherein the poly-carboxylic acid(s) is/are selected from the group comprising poly maleic acid (PMA), copoly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly vinyl alcohol maleic acid (PVaMA), hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid (HPVAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly itaconic acid (PIA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, co poly vinyl alcohol fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF), hydrolyzed PVAF (HPVAF), co-poly vinyl alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl actetate itaconic acid (PVAIA), hydrolyzed PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and co-poly vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof. Specifically wherein the silicate polymer(s) is/are selected from the group comprising potassium silicates, sodium silicates and mixtures thereof, more specifically wherein the ratio of SiO2:M2O is between 2:1 and 3.75:1 where M is sodium or potassium.
Description
Patents Form # 5
NEW ZEALAND
Patents Act 1953
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
AFTER PROVISIONAL NO: 597821
DATED: 25 January 2012
TITLE: AGRICULTURAL ADDITIVES, COMPOSITIONS
AND METHODS
We, Advanced Agricultural Additives (NZ) Limited, a New Zealand company of 13
Kowhai Street, Tokomaru, Horowhenua, 4864, New Zealand, do hereby declare the
invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us and the method by which it
is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:
FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates generally to agricultural additives, compositions and methods
having an intended effect of enhancing plant growth by reducing soil metal toxicity. It
has particular application to agricultural additives, compositions and methods which can
be used to reduce the quantity of liming materials required to achieve soil detoxification
and yield increases, or to replace the use of liming materials.
BACKGROUND OF INVENTION
In many countries of the world, agricultural production is limited by toxicity from metals
such as aluminium, manganese and iron. The occurrence of metal toxicity in many cases
can be overcome by the addition of lime (calcium carbonate), or slaked lime (calcium
hydroxide) or other alkaline/liming materials to increase the soil pH and precipitate the
toxic metal and thus increase plant growth. This phenomenon is commonly termed the
“lime response”.
Wheeler (1998) demonstrated that the addition of limestone to a soil at rates of 5000
kg/ha and 10000 kg/ha increased the soil pH (water) from an initial pH 5.26 to pH 5.97
and pH 6.25 respectively in the first year following application. The increase in soil pH
resulted in reduced surface and subsoil extractable (1M KCl) aluminium from 65mg Al/kg
at 0-5 cm and 260 mg Al/kg at 5-10 cm soil depths to <5mg Al/kg. This resulted in
increases in pasture production of 7% and 13% over the following four years at the two
application rates. The required application rates of liming material are large relative to
the toxic metal concentration, which for aluminium can be toxic at soil solution levels as
low as 0.13 mg Al /l for clovers (Edmeades et al. 1991), which is equivalent to about 130
g Al /ha in the top 10 cm of soil.
The manipulation of soil pH to resolve metal toxicity is however an expensive practice,
due to the large amounts of limestone required (the amount of limestone needed to lift a
soil’s pH is approximately 1 tonne for every 0.1 pH unit, depending on the soil type and
amount of calcium carbonate present in the limestone). Application of liming materials
can therefore become very expensive by the time the cost of the liming material per tonne,
and its cartage and spreading is taken into account, especially in hill country where aerial
application is required.
Other methods of reducing metal toxicity to plants have been contemplated. For example,
it is known that many aluminium tolerant plants excrete organic acids such as citric,
malonic and oxalic acids which assist in nutrient solubilisation, and which have been
shown to complex with Al (Hikaru et al. 2009) and reduce aluminium toxicity in plants.
Hikaru et al (2009) have also shown that higher weight polymers such as oxidized Kraft
lignin (KL) (at levels of > 25mg/l) were capable of reducing aluminium toxicity (at a level
of 0.91 mg Al/l) in radishes without dramatically lowering the total soluble aluminium.
This is a similar result to earlier work on Kraft lignin by Kyoko et al (2001), who found
140 mg/l of oxidised KL was required to reduce the toxicity produced by 5 mg Al/l thus
resulting in a mass ratio of 28 oxidized KL:1Al. The detoxifying effects of polymeric
compounds have also been shown in a review by Haynes and Mokolobate (2001) in which
the natural polymer of fulvic acid at a 40 mg C/l relieved the toxic effects of 0.78 mg Al/l
on the growth of maize roots. However there is currently no commercially available
product which is specifically designed and used to ameliorate soil metal toxicity.
The use of anionic polymers (such as poly carboxylic acid compounds) in agriculture has
a long history. In the 1950’s polymers such as poly vinyl acetate maleic acid (PVAMA)
were used as soil conditioners (Martin W.P 1953). More recently poly maleic acid (PMA)
is used as a soil wetting agent for irrigated agriculture. Anionic polymers made up of
vinyl and dicarboxylic moieties for use with fertilisers (for example as a fertilizer coating)
are commercially available under the trade name AVAIL by Specialty Fertilizer Products,
LLC. These products are designed to enhance plant growth by enhancing the uptake of
phosphate from high-analysis NP fertilizers such as diammonium phosphate (DAP).
Although expensive, these products have been shown to increase yields and increase
fertilizer efficiency on less acid soils.
There remains a need for an improved product and/or method which will reduce or
ameliorate soil metal toxicity (particularly on acid soils) efficiently and cost-effectively.
In this specification unless the contrary is expressly stated, where a document, act or item
of knowledge is referred to or discussed, this reference or discussion is not an admission
that the document, act or item of knowledge or any combination thereof was at the
priority date, publicly available, known to the public, part of common general knowledge;
or known to be relevant to an attempt to solve any problem with which this specification
is concerned.
Throughout this specification the word "comprise" and variations of that word, such as
"comprises" and "comprising", are not intended to exclude other additives, components,
integers or steps.
OBJECT OF INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide an improved agricultural
additive and/or agricultural composition and/or method which will at least go some way
towards overcoming one or more of the above mentioned problems, or at least provide the
public with a useful choice.
STATEMENTS OF THE INVENTION
In a first aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in an agricultural additive
for use with or in place of an agricultural liming material, wherein said additive comprises
one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic
acids and silicate polymers, and wherein use or application of said additive has the effect
of reducing or eliminating the quantity of liming material required in order to achieve
substantially the same or greater soil detoxification benefits as would be achieved from
application of liming material alone.
Preferably, the invention relates to an agricultural additive when used for reducing the
phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil, wherein said additive
comprises one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-
carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula:
where R can be any combination of the following
groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500,
and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or
COO¯ functional groups.
Preferred poly-carboxylic acids for use in the invention include poly maleic acid (PMA),
co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly vinyl alcohol maleic acid (PVaMA),
hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid (HPVAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-
poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly itaconic acid (PIA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid
(PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, co-poly vinyl alcohol fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-
poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF), hydrolyzed PVAF (HPVAF), co-poly vinyl
alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl actetate itaconic acid (PVAIA), hydrolyzed
PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and co-poly vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, maleic
acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof.
Preferred silicate polymers for use in the invention include potassium silicates, sodium
silicates and mixtures thereof.
Preferably the ratio of SiO :M O is between 2:1 and 3.75:1 where M is sodium or
potassium.
Combinations of poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers are also useable in the
invention.
Preferably said agricultural additive is a liquid composition comprising said polymer(s) in
liquid dispersion.
Alternatively the agricultural additive is a solid composition, for example in powdered or
granular form, wherein the liquid dispersion has been dried or applied to a solid carrier.
Preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 1 – 80% w/w of said
polymer(s). More preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 40 – 50%
w/w of said polymer(s).
The agricultural additive may further comprise other components such as micro-nutrients,
plant growth hormones, herbicides, and/or ammonium.
If the additive is used with an agricultural liming material, the preferred agricultural
liming material is limestone. Preferably the limestone is fluidized limestone.
Alternatively, the limestone may be in finely ground form, or granulated.
Preferably the additive is mixed with or coated on to the agricultural liming material prior
to application.
Alternatively the additive may be applied separately, before, during, or after the liming
material is applied.
Preferably the additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight,
based on the weight of the liming material.
For example the application rate of the additive may be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of
undiluted additive per hectare, which may be applied with between about 1 – 250 kg of
liming material per hectare.
If the additive is used alone (without liming material) the benefits may be seen with
applications in the range of about 0.1 to 25 litres of undiluted additive per hectare.
The additive may be diluted with water prior to use. In terms of spreading practicalities, a
minimum of about 20 litres per hectare of total liquid is desirable.
In terms of spreading practicalities the additive may be mixed with or coated on to
another agricultural product such as a fertilizer or a pesticide to enable spreading of more
than one agricultural product at a time to reduce spreading costs for the user.
Application of the agricultural additive of the invention has the effect of either reducing
the quantity of liming material required, or eliminating the need to apply liming material,
in order to reduce or ameliorate soil metal toxicity. Thus the agricultural additive of the
invention can be used as a lime replacement in some circumstances, for example,
particularly where the response to lime is low due to high plant tolerance to metals, and/or
in the subcritical soil pH 5.0 to 5.6, and/or when seasonal water logging may occur
forming reducing conditions solubilising Fe and Mn.
The agricultural additive works by complexing toxic soil metals such as aluminium,
manganese and iron, thereby reducing the phyto-toxicity of the metal ion without the
requirement to raise the soil pH, thus reducing the quantity of liming material needed to
achieve detoxification of the soil and its inhibition of plant root vigor, as well as other
desired soil characteristics such as nutrient availability, adequate calcium nutrition,
improved soil biological activity etc.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in an agricultural
composition comprising an agricultural liming material and an agricultural additive, said
additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic
poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers.
Preferably the agricultural additive comprises one or more polymers selected from the
group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following
general formula:
where R can be any combination of the following
groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500,
and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or
COO¯ functional groups.
Preferably the particles of the agricultural liming material are in intimate contact with the
particles of the agricultural additive.
Preferably the agricultural additive comprises one or more polymers selected from the
group comprising poly maleic acid (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly
vinyl alcohol maleic acid (PVaMA), hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid
(HPVAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly
itaconic acid (PIA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid,
co-poly vinyl alcohol fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF),
hydrolyzed PVAF (HPVAF), co-poly vinyl alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl
actetate itaconic acid (PVAIA), hydrolyzed PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and
co-poly vinyl acetate, acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, potassium
silicates, sodium silicates, and combinations thereof.
Preferably said agricultural additive is a liquid composition comprising said polymer(s) in
liquid dispersion.
Alternatively the agricultural additive is a solid composition, for example in powdered or
granular form, wherein the liquid dispersion has been dried or applied to a solid carrier.
Preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 1 – 80% w/w of said
polymer(s). More preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 40 – 50%
w/w of said polymer(s).
The agricultural additive may further comprise other components such as micro-nutrients,
plant growth hormones, herbicides, and/or ammonium.
Preferably the agricultural liming material is limestone.
Preferably the limestone is fluidized limestone.
Alternatively, the limestone may be in finely ground form, or granulated.
Preferably the liming material and additive are co-ground, or mixed together, or the
additive is surface coated on to the liming material. The agricultural composition is
preferably in fluidised form, liquid suspension form, fine particle form, or granulated
form.
Most preferably the agricultural composition is applied in fluidized form or liquid
suspension form. Water may be added to a solid composition during application
(spreading) of the composition in order to achieve a liquid or fluidized form of the
composition.
If the composition is pre-mixed in fluidized or suspension form, preferably the
composition comprises from about 50 – 85% by weight of liming material, from about 10
– 50% by weight of water, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive.
For compositions in fine particle or granular form, preferably the composition comprises
from about 90 – 99% by weight of liming material, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of
additive.
If the agricultural composition is applied in fluidized form or liquid suspension form,
preferred application rates are in the range of 20 to 500 litres per hectare
If the agricultural composition is applied in solid form, such as fine particle or granular
form, preferred application rates are in the range of 1 to 250 kg per hectare.
Trials have shown that the agricultural composition of the invention works synergistically
to enhance plant growth. The combination of the agricultural additive and the agricultural
liming material has a synergistic effect because plant growth is enhanced beyond that
which would be achieved by use of the agricultural additive or agricultural liming
material alone.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of reducing
the quantity of liming material needed to be applied to soil and/or plants to reduce soil
metal toxicity, or eliminating the need to apply liming material to soil and/or plants to
reduce soil metal toxicity, said method comprising the step of applying to the soil and/or
plants an effective amount of an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers
selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate
polymers.
If the method is to eliminate the use of liming material, an effective amount of the
agricultural additive refers to the lime equivalence value, i.e. the amount required in order
to achieve substantially the same or greater soil detoxification benefits as would be
achieved by application of liming material alone.
The effective amount would generally be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of undiluted
additive per hectare.
If the method is to reduce the quantity of liming material needed, preferably the
agricultural additive is applied in conjunction with a reduced quantity of agricultural
liming material. A reduced quantity refers to the balance of liming material required (in
conjunction with the additive) to achieve the same or greater soil detoxification benefits
as would be achieved with application of liming material alone (i.e. without addition of
the additive).
For example the application rate of the additive may be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of
undiluted additive per hectare, which may be applied with between about 1 – 250 kg of
liming material per hectare.
If the additive is used with an agricultural liming material, preferably the additive is co-
ground with, mixed with or coated on to the agricultural liming material prior to
application. Alternatively the additive may be applied separately, before, during or after
the liming material is applied.
Preferably the quantity of liming material applied is reduced by between about 10 – 90%.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method for reducing
the quantity of agricultural liming material required to be applied to an area, said method
comprising the step of applying to the area an agricultural composition comprising an
agricultural liming material and an agricultural additive, said additive comprising one or
more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and
silicate polymers.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of reducing
the phyto-toxicity of toxic metals in soil, said method comprising the step of applying to
the soil and/or plants growing therein, an agricultural additive comprising one or more
polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and
silicate polymers.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a soil treatment method
including an application of an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers
selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate
polymers to the soil and/or plants growing therein, to reduce the phyto-toxicity of toxic
metals present in the soil.
Preferably, the agricultural additive comprises one or more polymers selected from the
group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following
general formula:
C C C
where R can be any combination of the following
groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500,
and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or
COO¯ functional groups.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of improving
plant growth by applying an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers
selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate
polymers to the plants and/or soil surrounding said plants, to thereby reduce the phyto-
toxicity of toxic metals present in the soil which are suppressing plant growth.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of reducing
and/or ameliorating soil metal toxicity in an area comprising the step of applying to the
area an agricultural composition comprising an agricultural liming material and an
agricultural additive, said additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the
group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers.
In each of the above methods, preferred poly-carboxylic acids for use in the invention
include poly maleic acid (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly vinyl
alcohol maleic acid (PVaMA), hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid (HPVAMA),
poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly itaconic acid (PIA),
co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, co-poly vinyl alcohol
fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF), hydrolyzed PVAF
(HPVAF), co-poly vinyl alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl actetate itaconic
acid (PVAIA), hydrolyzed PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and co-poly vinyl
acetate, acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof.
Preferred silicate polymers for use in the invention include potassium silicates, sodium
silicates and mixtures thereof.
Preferably the ratio of SiO :M O is between 2:1 and 3.75:1 where M is sodium or
potassium.
Combinations of poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers are also useable in the
invention.
Preferably said agricultural additive is a liquid composition comprising said polymer(s) in
liquid dispersion.
Alternatively the agricultural additive is a solid composition, for example in powdered or
granular form, wherein the liquid dispersion has been dried or applied to a solid carrier.
Preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 1 – 80% w/w of said
polymer(s). More preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 40 – 50%
w/w of said polymer(s).
The agricultural additive may further comprise other components such as micro-nutrients,
plant growth hormones, herbicides, and/or ammonium.
The agricultural additive may be applied with or without an agricultural liming material.
If the additive is used with an agricultural liming material, the preferred agricultural
liming material is limestone. Preferably the limestone is fluidized limestone.
Alternatively, the limestone may be in finely ground form, or granulated.
Preferably the additive is mixed with or coated on to the agricultural liming material prior
to application.
Alternatively the additive may be applied separately, before, during, or after the liming
material is applied.
Preferably the additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight,
based on the weight of the liming material.
For example the application rate of the additive may be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of
undiluted additive per hectare, which may be applied with between about 1 – 250 kg of
liming material per hectare.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of farming
comprising the steps of: determining the quantity of agricultural liming material required
to achieve desired soil detoxification benefits on a selected area of a farm, and applying to
said area 10 - 50% of said quantity of agricultural liming material in conjunction with an
effective amount of an agricultural additive, said additive comprising one or more
polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and
silicate polymers.
Preferably the additive is pre-mixed or mixed with the agricultural liming material prior to
or during application.
Alternatively the additive may be applied separately, before, during, or after the liming
material is applied.
Preferably the additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight,
based on the weight of the liming material.
For example the application rate of the additive may be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of
undiluted additive per hectare, which may be applied with between about 1 – 250 kg of
liming material per hectare.
In a further aspect, the invention may broadly be said to consist in a method of farming
comprising the steps of: determining the quantity of agricultural liming material required
to achieve desired soil detoxification benefits on a selected area of a farm, and applying to
said area an effective amount of an agricultural additive in place of the liming material,
said additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of
synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and silicate polymers.
An effective amount is the lime equivalence value, i.e. the amount required in order to
achieve substantially the same or greater soil detoxification benefits and consequent yield
increases as would be achieved by application of the determined quantity of agricultural
liming material.
The effective amount would generally be between about 0.1 to 25 litres per hectare of
undiluted additive.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Further aspects of the present invention will become apparent from the following
description which is given by way of example only.
The invention broadly relates to agricultural additives, compositions and/or methods for
reducing or eliminating the amount of lime required to reduce or ameliorate soil metal
toxicity in order to enhance plant growth.
Soil metal toxicity in plants or a crop occurs when there is a reduction in yield from its
maximum due to the presence of a metal in the soil. The toxic effect of the metal may be
below the critical levels in which the crop becomes visually symptomatic, i.e. exhibiting
symptoms such as leaf bronzing, brown spots and yellowing.
In its broadest sense the invention relates to an agricultural additive which can either be
used with an agricultural liming material, to reduce the quantity of liming material
required to treat the soil, or can be used as a replacement for the liming material (i.e.
where no liming material is required as application of the additive alone is able to achieve
substantially the same or greater soil detoxification benefits as the application of liming
material would achieve).
Agricultural liming materials include any materials comprising limestone or calcium
carbonate intended for application to soil, pasture or crops for the purposes of increasing
soil pH, supplying calcium as a nutrient, correcting nutrient imbalances, enhancing soil
biological activity etc.
The agricultural additive of the invention comprises one or more polymers selected from
the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, and silicate
polymers.
The poly-carboxylic acids useable in the invention have the following general formula:
C C C
where R can be any combination of the
following groups H, COOH, OH, CH COOH and OOCCH , and (a+b) ranges from about
2 – 1500. It is preferred that most of the R groups have terminal acid (COOH), or that at
least three out of the four structural carbons of the polymer subunit depicted above have
COOH or COO¯ functional groups.
They are generally soluble at low pH’s (pH 1 – 4) and they can be mixed with or
complexed with metal ions such as Fe, Mn, Mg, Zn, Cu, Ni.
Preferred poly-carboxylic acids for use in the invention include (but are not limited to)
poly maleic acid (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), co-poly vinyl alcohol
maleic acid (PVaMA), hydrolised co-poly vinyl acetate maleic acid(HPVAMA), poly
fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), poly itaconic acid (PIA), co-
poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, co-poly vinyl alcohol
fumaric acid (PVaFA), co-poly vinyl actetate fumaric acid (PVAF), hydrolyzed PVAF
(HPVAF), co-poly vinyl alcohol itaconic acid (PVaIA), co-poly vinyl actetate itaconic
acid (PVAIA), hydrolised PVAIA (HPVAIA), combinations of poly and co-poly vinyl
acetate, acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid.
In general, these polymers can be made by free radical polymerisation methods which
convert selected monomers into the desired polymers with recurring polymeric subunits.
Such methods are well known in the art. The polymers are generally recovered as liquid
dispersions, which may be used in liquid form either as is, or diluted with water, or they
may be added to liquids used to fluidize fertilisers or liming materials, or added to fluid
suspensions of other agricultural products such as fertilizers, liming materials and sprays.
Alternatively the polymers may be dried to a solid form, or the liquid polymer dispersion
may be applied to a solid carrier (for example by spray drying onto the carrier), and
further processed by methods known in the art into a powdered form or granular form (for
example the polymer solution may be added into binder solutions used in the granulation
of liming materials or fertilisers, or the polymer solution may be coated onto granular or
course crystalline materials).
The silicate polymers (also known as “water glass”) useable in the invention have the
following general formula: M SiO where M is sodium and/or potassium and x can range
from 0.5 to 2.
Preferred silicate polymers for use in the invention include potassium silicates, sodium
silicates and mixtures thereof.
Preferably the ratio of SiO :M O is between 2:1 and 3.75:1 where M is sodium or
potassium. More preferably the silicate polymer has a SiO :M O ratio of less than 3.22:1
and preferably about 2:1 to allow for stable mixing with neutralized PMA.
An example of a suitable sodium silicate is that available under the trade name SSD from
Orica NZ and having a SiO :Na O ratio of 2:1.
An example of a suitable potassium silicate is that available under the trade name
KASIL#6 from Orica NZ and having a SiO :K O ratio of 2.1:1.
The silicate polymers useable in the invention can be prepared by preparing a soluble
silicate solution by heating sodium carbonate or potassium carbonate and silica sand to
between 1100 and 1200 C to form glass. On cooling, the glass is heated with water under
pressure to form a solution.
It is further contemplated that the agricultural additive of the invention may comprise a
combination of one or more poly-carboxylic acids and one or more silicate polymers. For
example, a combination of PMA and sodium silicate is described in Example 2 below.
In preferred embodiments of the invention, the agricultural additive is a liquid
composition comprising the polymer(s) in liquid dispersion. However, the agricultural
additive may be a solid composition, for example in powdered or granular form, formed
by drying of the liquid dispersion or by application of the liquid dispersion to a solid
carrier, as described above.
Preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 1 – 80% w/w of said
polymer(s). More preferably said agricultural additive comprises from about 40 – 50%
w/w of said polymer(s). The remainder of the composition is generally water unless other
components have been added to the composition.
The agricultural additive may further comprise other components such as micro-nutrients
(including the major plant nutrients such as N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, Si and minor nutrients
such as Co, Se, Fe, Mo, B, Zn, Cu), and/or plant growth hormones (for example
gibberellic acid, tricontanol), and/or selective herbicides (for example, 2-methyl
chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA), or 4-(4-chloromethylphenoxy)butanoic acid
(MCPB)), and/or ammonium.
The agricultural additive of the invention can either be used with an agricultural liming
material, having the effect of reducing but not entirely eliminating the amount of liming
material required to achieve the desired soil detoxification benefits and yield increase, or
the agricultural additive of the invention can be used as a replacement for liming material,
thereby eliminating the need for liming material to achieve the desired soil detoxification
benefits and yield increase.
The agricultural additive of the invention works by complexing toxic soil metals such as
aluminium, manganese or iron thereby reducing the phyto-toxicity of the metal ion
without the requirement to raise the soil pH, thus reducing or eliminating the quantity of
liming material needed to achieve detoxification of the soil and its inhibition of plant root
vigor, as well as other desired soil characteristics such as nutrient availability, adequate
calcium nutrition, improved soil biological activity etc.
If the additive of the invention is applied with a liming material, preferably the
agricultural liming material is limestone, and more preferably, fluidized limestone.
Alternatively, the limestone may be in finely ground form, or granulated.
If the additive is applied with a liming material the additive may be applied separately
from the liming material before, during, or after the liming material is applied to the area
to be treated. The additive would generally be applied in an amount in the range of about
1 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the liming material. For example the
application rate of the additive may be between about 0.1 to 25 litres of (undiluted)
additive per hectare, which may be applied with between about 1 – 250 kg of liming
material per hectare. If the additive is used alone (without liming material) the benefits
may be seen with applications in the range of about 0.1 to 25 litres per hectare (of
undiluted additive). The additive may be diluted with water prior to use. In terms of
spreading practicalities, a minimum of about 20 litres per hectare of total liquid is
desirable.
If the additive is to be applied with an agricultural liming material, the additive is
preferably mixed with the liming material prior to application to form a composite pre-
mixed agricultural composition comprising the liming material and the additive, wherein
the particles of the liming material are in intimate contact with the particles of the
additive. Several methods of combining the liming material and the additive can be used.
For example, the additive may be co-ground with the liming material, applied as a surface
coating to the liming material, or otherwise thoroughly mixed with the liming material by
methods known in the art.
The resulting agricultural composition can either be in fluidized form, liquid suspension
form or solid form, such as fine particle or granular form. Water may be added to a solid
composition during application (spreading) of the composition in order to achieve a liquid
or fluidized form of the composition.
Alternatively, the additive can be applied with an agricultural liming material by applying
the additive at the same time as the liming material (for example by mixing them during
application from a suitable spreading vehicle). For example, a liquid dispersion of the
additive with or without water could be mixed and applied with a solid form of the liming
material during spreading so that a liquid or fluidized form of the composition is spread.
If the composition is pre-mixed in fluidized or suspension form, preferably the
composition comprises from about 50 – 85% by weight of liming material, from about 10
– 50% by weight of water, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive.
For compositions in fine particle or granular form, preferably the composition comprises
from about 90 – 99% by weight of liming material, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of
additive.
The agricultural additive or agricultural composition of the invention can be applied to
soil, pasture, crops or other plants by any known means, such as from ground spreading
vehicles, fixed-wing aircraft or helicopters.
If the agricultural composition is applied in fluidized form or liquid suspension form,
preferred application rates are in the range of 20 to 500 litres per hectare
If the agricultural composition is applied in solid form, such as fine particle or granular
form, preferred application rates are in the range of 1 to 250 kg per hectare.
For economic reasons, the agricultural additive or the agricultural composition could be
applied at the same time as a fertilizer or other agricultural product (such as a pesticide) in
order to reduce application costs for the farmer. For example the additive could be mixed
with a liquid pesticide/spray or mixed with or coated on to a liquid or solid fertilizer
before application. The form of the additive or composition (i.e. solid or liquid form)
would be selected depending on the form of the fertilizer or other agricultural product to
be applied and the compatibility of the respective products.
It has been found that use of the agricultural additive or agricultural composition of the
invention significantly reduces or potentially eliminates the quantity of agricultural liming
material required to achieve substantially the same or greater soil detoxification benefits
and consequent yield increases as would be achieved with the application of liming
material alone.
The quantity of liming material needed can be reduced by at least 10% and as much as
100% (where no lime is required as the additive is able to be used as a complete lime
replacement). This represents a significant economic advantage, and makes the
application of lime a more efficient and cost-effective option, as less lime is required to
achieve the same or greater soil detoxification benefits and consequent yield increases.
For example, in the case where a farmer previously needed to apply lime at a rate of 5000
kg/ha in order to maintain soil pH, if lime is applied in conjunction with an agricultural
additive of the invention, it is likely that less than 2500 kg/ha of lime would be required to
achieve the same results, or possibly no lime would be required at all. Lime is more
likely to be required in conjunction with the additive in situations where there are extreme
levels of metal toxicity present in the soil and/or where a sensitive crop is grown.
EXAMPLE 1
An agricultural additive comprising the polymer, poly maleic acid (PMA) was prepared
by mixing five kilograms of maleic anhydride with five litres of water in a stainless steel
reactor with a mechanical stirrer. The mixture was heated to 95-100°C and 25 grams of
iron sulphate catalyst was added. 1.8 litres of hydrogen peroxide 50% was slowly added
while stirring over 3.5 – 4.5 hours. The mixture was then left to cool and finish
polymerising (for approximately 12 hours). The mixture was then reheated and 1 – 3 kg
of urea was added over 3 hours to hydrolyse and neutralise the acid polymer (the amount
of urea depends on the degree of neutralisation required). The pH can be adjusted if
required (preferably to a minimum of pH 3.5).
The polymer solution was neutralised by the addition of sodium hydroxide (caustic soda).
The resulting polymer is a liquid dispersion which can be used as is, or mixed with a solid
or liquid agricultural liming material, or other agricultural material such as a fertiliser.
The application of non-neutralized PMA polymer solution was tested on a low pH
Dannevirke silt loam (pH 4.2, with toxic Al levels in the range of 4.5 to 9.1 mg Al per
litre of soil solution) in conjunction with DAP to determine the effect on radish growth.
The polymer solution was applied at 2 and 4 litres per hectare to the soil at sowing as a
dilute solution (1:1000) in water. One granule of DAP per 5cm pot was then added.
The plants were harvested at 5 weeks and dry matter yields compared between treatments.
Results are shown in the graph in Figure 1.
The results show an increase in radish dry matter above that of DAP alone and the Zero
DAP control.
This shows the growth enhancing effect of the agricultural additive in aluminium toxic
soils, in this case without the addition of any liming material.
EXAMPLE 2
In this example, an agricultural additive of the invention was prepared by combining
equal amounts of sodium neutralised PMA with liquid sodium silicate solution (available
under the trade name SSD from Orica NZ and having a SiO :Na O ratio of 2:1) to
produce a stable solution.
A field trial was carried out on poorly drained pasture, Tokomaru silt loam (pH 5.8)
which is subject to frequent water logging and manganese/iron phyto-toxicity as
evidenced by iron/manganese oxide accumulation on and around the grass roots (2.1 to
3.7 % Fe and 0.21 to 0.35 % Mn of washed root weight on a dry basis). The application
of 4 litres per hectare of the agricultural additive produced an additional 94 kg (P = 0.18)
of dry matter (DM) production over a 30 day period compared to the control. This result
was most significant in one set (strip 6-5) of paired treatments producing an additional
241 kg DM per hectare (P = 0.08), while paired strips 4-3 and 2-1 were not by themselves
significantly different due to the high spatial variability of the metal toxicity (root samples
from paired strip 2-1 contained the lowest Fe and Mn at 0.65 and 0.19% respectively,
while root samples from paired strips 4-3 contained 2.1% Fe and 0.21% Mn, and root
samples from paired strip 6-5 contained 3.7% Fe and 0.35% Mn).
EXAMPLE 3
On an acid Dannevirke silt loam (pH 4.2) comparison of the surface application of finely
ground limestone (Lime Flour), an agricultural additive of the invention comprising
sodium silicate (SSD), an agricultural additive of the invention comprising sodium
neutralised PMA (PMA Na) were assessed in ryegrass pot trials, with application rates of
Lime Flour at 0, 50, 100, 200, 500, 1000 kg per hectare and application rates of each of
the agricultural additives at 2 litres per hectare. Results are presented in the graph in
Figure 2.
The results show that the application of PMA Na at a rate of 2 l/ha produced 25% more
dry matter than the application of 1000 kg/ha of Lime Flour after six weeks, while the
application of SSD at 2 l/ha produced equivalent results to application of 1000 kg/ha Lime
Flour. These results show that the agricultural additive of the invention can be used as an
alternative to the application of liming material for the amelioration of soil metal toxicity
in acid soils.
EXAMPLE 4
Two agricultural additives were prepared as follows:
Additive A – comprising a neutralized PMA containing 50% w/v solids in water.
Additive B – comprising a sodium neutralized PMA containing 50% w/v of sodium PMA
in water.
Pot trials were conducted to determine plant growth (measured in herbage dry matter
yield) after surface application of one of each of the above additive formulations, and
finely ground limestone flour (LF) to annual ryegrass and white clover grown on acidified
Dannevirke silt loam with pH 4.2. Pots where no additive or LF was added were used as
the controls.
The additive formulations of the invention were applied at a rate of 21 l/ha, while the LF
was applied at rates of 100, 500, 1000, 1470 (wheat only) and 2660 (wheat only) kg/ha.
Results are discussed below.
Table 1 – Ryegrass pot trials
4/08/2012 24/08/2012 15/09/2012 7/10/2012
Dry Dry Dry Dry
Matter Matter Matter Matter
(g) P value (g) P value (g) P value (g) P value
Control 0.037 0.153 0.182 0.283
100 kg
LF/ha 0.046 0.294 0.179 0.239 0.310 0.009 0.308 0.657
500 kg
LF/ha 0.046 0.240 0.187 0.153 0.365 0.002 0.410 0.089
1000 kg
LF/ha 0.041 0.557 0.195 0.128 0.312 0.009 0.389 0.130
Additive A 0.036 0.819 0.191 0.158 0.290 0.050 0.333 0.410
Additive B 0.045 0.301 0.187 0.160 0.313 0.008 0.414 0.082
Table 1 shows that the application of the additive formulations of the invention, and the
lime flour (at all rates of application) produced significant increases in herbage dry matter
yields compared to the control. This was observed following the second harvest when the
pots were leached on a weekly basis to reduce excess salinity (up to 2mS) produced by the
acidification with elemental S which suppressed plant growth.
Table 2 - Clover pot trials
Herbage Roots
Dry Matter Matter
(g) P value (g) P value
Control 0.021 0.106
100 kg LF/ha 0.358 0.017 0.412 0.016
500 kg LF/ha 0.633 0.003 0.729 0.000
1000 kg LF/ha 0.647 0.006 0.835 0.007
Additive A 0.268 0.022 0.305 0.041
Additive B 0.191 0.000 0.303 0.000
Table 2 shows that the application of the additive formulations of the invention, and the
lime flour (at all rates of application) produced significant increases in herbage dry matter
yields and root dry matter production compared to the control. However because clover is
known to have a low tolerance to low soil pH’s and metal toxicity, a higher response to
LF occurred which was not able to be fully matched by the additive formulations of the
invention. These results indicate that application of the agricultural additive of the
invention for increased clover yields will be optimised at the subcritical pH level 5.0 to
.5 where the lime response is low but metal toxicity may be present but not diagnosed.
Calculation of Lime Equivalence
Following the above trials, an equivalence value of the additive formulations of the
invention to finely ground limestone (LF) was calculated based on the modelled LF
response curves for each plant species in the pot trials. The lime equivalence value was
obtained using a plant response model (see equation below) based on an exponential
response decrease constant (c) in yield response with increasing LF additions, with
response limited to between the yield without lime flour addition (Y ) and the maximum
trial yield (Y ).
The herbage response to LF was then modelled using the above equation by plotting
Ln(Ymax-Y) against LF to obtain response constant c. The equation was then rearranged
to give LF as a function of dry matter yield and thus allow the conversion of the dry
matter yield of the additive formulations (Y ) to be converted into equivalent LF
additive
application rates – see Tables 3 and 4 below.
Therefore, the lime equivalence value (kg LF per litre of additive) = (ln(Y -Y )-
max additive
ln(Y -Y ))/(c*additive rate(l/ha)).
max o
Table 3 – Lime Equivalence Values for Ryegrass Pot Trials
/09/2012 7/10/2012
Kg LF/l Kg LF/l
Additive A 411 296
Additive B 542 2116
This table shows that application of 1 litre of additive produced an equivalent growth
response to application of between 296 – 2116 kg of lime flour. Both of the additive
formulations of Example 4 thus have high lime equivalence values in respect of the
growth enhancement of annual ryegrass in Dannevirke silt loam. This shows that
application of an additive of the invention can reduce the amount of liming material
required by 38 to 100%.
Table 4 – Lime Equivalence Values for Clover Pot Trials
Herbage Roots
Kg LF/l Kg LF/l
Additive A 20 33
Additive B 33 34
This table shows that application of 1 litre of additive produced an equivalent growth
response to application of between 20 – 34 kg of lime flour. These results were not as
high as those of the annual ryegrass because of the known sensitivity of white clover to
both aluminium and soil pH, but the results still show that use of an additive of the
invention can reduce the amount of liming material required by 7 to 10% in these
circumstances.
EXAMPLE 5
An agricultural composition of the invention in the form of a dry powder was prepared,
comprising a mixture of an additive of the invention with lime flour. The additive
comprised of 500 g/l of sodium PMA in water. The mixture was prepared by blending 2
ml of the additive into 50 g of lime flour and allowing it to air dry, thereby providing a
dry formulation comprising 4% v/w of additive.
Pot trials were conducted to determine the growth response of ryegrass in an acid
Dannevirke silt loam (pH 4.2) to application of the agricultural composition of the
invention, in comparison to the growth response achieved by application of lime flour
alone and additive alone.
The growth response lime equivalence values of both the mixed agricultural composition
and the additive alone were calculated based on the growth response curve as calculated
in the previous example.
The three separate treatments were applied at the following rates: the mixed agricultural
composition was applied at a rate of 576 kg/ha; the additive alone was applied at a rate of
23 l/ha and the lime flour was applied at rates of 0, 576, 1153, 2605, and 3632 kg/ha. The
control did not receive any treatment.
All treatments were applied to the surface of the soil in the pots with four ryegrass
seedlings having been transplanted into the pots in March 2012 and clipped on a monthly
basis. The pots contained 500 g of air dried Dannevirke silt loam (pH 4.2) which was
maintained at about 80% of its water holding capacity throughout the trial period of two
months. Results are shown in Table 5 below.
Table 5
Cumulative dry matter
weights mean gram per
LF application
rates kg/ha
24/08/2012 7/10/2012
0 0.329 0.786
576 0.386 0.774
1153 0.359 0.767
2605 0.382 0.823
3632 0.366 0.841
Additive at 23
l/ha 0.387 0.838
Agricultural
composition
(additive + LF)
576 kg/ha 0.391 0.872
Table 5 shows that following the application of the treatments, little increase in ryegrass
yield was observed until the second harvest, in which significant growth response was
observed with treatment with the mixed agricultural composition, the additive alone, and
lime flour at a rate of above 1153 kg/ha. The combined composition comprising the
additive and lime flour shows an increase in dry matter production above that shown by
treatment with the additive alone and lime flour alone. This indicates that the agricultural
composition of the invention works synergistically or has a synergistic effect in terms of
enhancing plant growth.
The lime response equivalence values based on a linear response to lime flour showed that
application of the additive alone had a lime equivalence value of 145 kg LF/l, and that
application of the agricultural composition had a lime equivalence value of 195 kg LF/l.
EXAMPLE 6
A solution culture study was carried out to investigate the effect that application of an
agricultural additive of the invention has on the phyto-toxicity of Al, Mn and Fe in the
soil of crops of annual ryegrass, wheat and paddy rice.
Methodology
A glasshouse trial was conducted using paddy rice, wheat and annual ryegrass plants in
solution culture media containing various levels of Al, Mn, Fe and an agricultural additive
according to the invention. The solution culture media was a mixture of ‘Solution A’
(KNO3 – 530 mg/L, (NH4)2SO4 – 100 mg/L, MgSO4 – 370 mg/L, CaSO4 – 1290 mg/L,
Na2SO4 – 480 mg/L, Na2SiO3 – 60 mg/L and NH4NO3 – 400 mg/L), ‘Solution B’
(KH2PO3 – 200 mg/L, H3PO3 – 270 mg/L, ZnSO4 – 220 mg/L, MnCl2 – 70 mg/L,
CuSO4 – 40 mg/L, NaMoO – 4 mg/L and CoSO4 – 20 mg/L) and Iron solution
(FeSO4.7H2O – 8340 mg/L) at the rate of 100A:1B:1Iron solution respectively per litre of
purified water.
The paddy rice seedlings were initially raised in 5 ml vials containing nutrient solution for
the first week prior to the application of the metal and/or additive treatments. Following
the application of the treatments the paddy rice seedlings remained in the 5 ml vials with
treatment solutions being changed every three days. By 14 days the rice plant growth
required the plants to be transferred to 50ml containers with weekly solution changes.
The wheat seedlings were prepared in the same manner as the rice seedlings however they
remained in the 5ml vials for the full period of the experiment to avoid full submersion of
the wheat roots in the treatment solution and increased aeration.
The annual ryegrass seedlings were initially raised in solution for the first seven days and
then transferred to perforated PVEA foam support sheets allowing five plants to be grown
floating with an air gap between the treatment solution surface in a 250ml reservoir. The
treatment solutions were changed on a weekly basis.
Total metal concentrations (mg/L solution) in the treatments were as follows:
Al – 0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 and 1.6;
Mn – 0.5, 1, 10, 20 and 40;
Fe – 1, 10, 20, 40, and 80.
Each metal treatment was again treated with an agricultural additive of the invention
comprising of 50% w/v sodium PMA in water, at the rate of 0.0, 0.2, 2.0 and 20 ul/ml.
Therefore, for each metal concentration there were four levels of agricultural additive
(one was the control without any additive). The treatments were replicated five times.
The containers were arranged in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) in a
glasshouse. The glasshouse temperature was maintained at 11±5 C minimum (night) and
30±6 C maximum (day). After 42 days of plant growth the experiment was concluded,
and plant shoots and roots from each container were progressively collected.
The pH and EC of each of the treatment solutions were measured periodically, with the
following results:
The pH values of the Al and Mn treatments for all three plants did not change
significantly (4.5±0.3). However, the pH values of the treatments of rice plants with Fe
reduced significantly from pH 4.42±0.08 to pH 2.1±0.04 in between solution changes,
while the pH changes for the treatments of wheat and ryegrass with Fe were not
significant (at 4.4±0.4 and 4.5±0.2 for wheat and annual ryegrass, respectively). The
significant reduction in solution pH associated with the rice plants in the iron containing
solutions > 1 mg/l during the experimental period is most likely due to oxygen exudations
++ +++
via the rice roots, which would have resulted in oxidation of the iron Fe to Fe , which
would have precipitated in a hydroxide/oxide form, releasing H ions and lowering the
solution pH.
Results
The growth of the plants was measured after exposure for six weeks to the treatments. In
summary, the results showed that the agricultural additive of the invention reduced the
phyto-toxicity of:
• Al in annual ryegrass and rice, increasing both herbage and root growth.
• Mn in annual ryegrass, wheat and paddy rice with increases in herbage and root
growth.
• Fe in annual ryegrass and wheat with increases in herbage and root growth.
However no effect was seen in rice due to the rapid drop in pH, which occurred
++ +++
only in the paddy rice plant solutions as a result of oxidation of the Fe to Fe
and its precipitation.
The reduction in metal toxicity due to the addition of the agricultural additive of the
invention shows that the additive of the invention has the ability to reduce the quantity of
liming material required to ameliorate metal phyto-toxicity, or to replace the use of lime
or liming materials.
Detailed results are presented below.
Growth Response of Annual Ryegrass to Aluminium and Additive
Table 6 – Annual ryegrass response to Aluminium and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry
weight and % of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgAl/l No additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
0 33 55.4 168% 74.2 225% 83.4 253%
0.1 26.6 65.8 247% 69.8 262% 75 282%
0.2 24.8 69 278% 74.6 301% 68.4 276%
0.4 27.2 63.6 234% 69 254% 69.2 254%
0.8 36.8 77 209% 72 196% 67.8 184%
1.6 35.8 73.6 206% 80.4 225% 66.6 186%
Roots Additive
mgAl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l l
0 92 89.6 97% 104.2 113% 109.8 119%
0.1 60.2 68.2 113% 73 121% 79 131%
0.2 50.2 56 112% 65.6 131% 74.8 149%
0.4 46.8 55.6 119% 59.2 126% 67 143%
0.8 31.2 40.6 130% 50 160% 61.2 196%
1.6 20.2 21 104% 24.8 123% 53 262%
Table 6 shows that the addition of an agricultural additive of the invention at levels from
0.2 ul/ml to 20 ul/ml to nutrient solutions containing Al over the range of 0 to 1.6 mg Al/l
resulted in increases in both herbage (up to 301%) and root (up to 262%) dry matter in
annual ryegrass grown in the treatment solutions. The toxic effect of Al was most
strongly seen in the suppression of root growth in the annual ryegrass while herbage
showed little growth suppression due to Al. The addition of the agricultural additive of
the invention produced only a minor increase in root growth in the control with no Al, and
significantly reduced the toxic effects of Al on root growth. In terms of the herbage
production of the annul ryegrass, application of the agricultural additive produced high
levels of growth above the nil-Al control which were not dramatically affected by Al
concentrations up to 1.6 mg Al/l.
Growth Response of Wheat to Aluminium and Additive
Table 7 – Wheat response to Aluminium and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight and %
of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgAl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
0 126.2 90.4 72% 127.2 101% 97.8 77%
0.1 65.8 69 105% 83.4 127% 85 129%
0.2 88.8 74 83% 76.2 86% 102.4 115%
0.4 71.6 70.4 98% 77 108% 73.2 102%
0.8 43.4 65.8 152% 66.4 153% 74.4 171%
1.6 46 43.4 94% 41.4 90% 31.6 69%
Roots Additive
mgAl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
0 57.8 58.2 101% 51.4 89% 54.2 94%
0.1 45.2 48 106% 44.2 98% 61.8 137%
0.2 45 44 98% 44.2 98% 48.6 108%
0.4 42.2 39.2 93% 39.4 93% 45.6 108%
0.8 40.4 40.4 100% 38 94% 42.4 105%
1.6 32.8 31.4 96% 40.8 124% 31.2 95%
Table 7 shows that in the wheat plants, strong growth inhibition occurred in herbage and
root growth as Al concentration increased. The addition of the agricultural additive
showed inconsistent responses until the level reached 20 mg/l at which point small
increases in both herbage and root growth were observed up to 1.6 mg Al/l.
Growth Response of Paddy Rice to Aluminium and Additive
Table 8 – Paddy Rice response to Aluminium and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight
and % of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgAl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
0 52.4 55.8 106% 52.4 100% 57.6 110%
0.1 45.4 52.4 115% 43 95% 50.2 111%
0.2 48 45.2 94% 55 115% 53.2 111%
0.4 41.4 49.4 119% 53.4 129% 49.4 119%
0.8 44.8 49.6 111% 41.2 92% 52.8 118%
1.6 41.2 48.6 118% 42.8 104% 38.2 93%
Roots Additive
mgAl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
0 35.8 39.8 111% 36.2 101% 38 106%
0.1 37.4 42.2 113% 31.8 85% 41 110%
0.2 30.4 30.6 101% 34.8 114% 34.8 114%
0.4 27 30.6 113% 31.8 118% 34.6 128%
0.8 23.8 29.4 124% 24 101% 33.2 139%
1.6 19.6 22.4 114% 20.8 106% 27.6 141%
The effect of Al on paddy rice was to suppress root growth with herbage growth being
less affected. The addition of the agricultural additive showed increases in both herbage
and root growth from 0.2 to 20 ul/l up to 1.6 mg Al/l.
Growth Response of Annual Ryegrass to Manganese and Additive
Table 9 – Annual ryegrass response to manganese and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry
weight and % of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgMn/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
50.2 61.4 122% 62 124% 61.6 123%
52.8 56.85 108% 63.2 120% 63.6 120%
57.6 50 87% 69.6 121% 70 122%
18.8 21.4 114% 65.6 349% 70.4 374%
22.2 25.8 116% 30.6 138% 58 261%
Roots Additive
mgMnl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
57.2 77.6 136% 107.2 187% 112 196%
61.6 71.4 116% 107 174% 109 177%
52.2 49 94% 55.2 106% 60.2 115%
.4 20 130% 51 331% 54.2 352%
16.2 15.2 94% 20 123% 28 173%
Table 9 shows the effect of Manganese on the growth on annual ryegrass is the
suppression of both herbage and root growth. The addition of the agricultural additive of
the invention produced significant increases in annual ryegrass growth of both herbage
and roots of 22 to 24% and 36 to 96%, respectively, at 0.5 mg Mn/l. The herbage growth
response of annual ryegrass was dependent on the concentration of the additive with 0.2,
2.0 and 20 ul/l maintaining initial growth levels up to 1, 20 and 20 mg Mn/l respectively
and up to 1 mg Mn/l in roots. At levels of Mn above these critical levels the additive
reduced the adverse effects of Mn.
Growth Response of Wheat to Manganese and Additive
Table 10 – Wheat response to manganese and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight and
% of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgMnl/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
93 99.8 107% 112.2 121% 107.4 115%
76.2 113.2 149% 117.2 154% 117.8 155%
64.8 79.8 123% 74.8 115% 72.2 111%
50.6 46 91% 58.6 116% 61.2 121%
71 81.8 115% 80.8 114% 82.6 116%
Roots Additive
mgMn/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
29.4 30.4 103% 32.2 110% 46 156%
.4 29.8 84% 30.8 87% 36.2 102%
44.4 42.2 95% 56 126% 59 133%
33.2 38.2 115% 38.4 116% 39 117%
11.4 14.2 125% 19.8 174% 18.8 165%
Table 10 shows that the effect of manganese on wheat plants is the suppression of both
herbage and root growth. The addition of the agricultural additive above 2 ul/l showed
consistent increases in herbage growth over the range of 0.5 to 40 mg Mn/l, while root
growth required 20 ul/l of additive for consistent increases in growth.
Growth Response of Paddy Rice to Manganese and Additive
Table 11 – Paddy Rice response to manganese and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight
and % of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgMn/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
57.4 55.4 97% 64.2 112% 58 101%
56.2 57.8 103% 61.6 110% 58 103%
57 50 88% 63.8 112% 59.4 104%
52.4 51.2 98% 60.2 115% 58.2 111%
55.2 60.6 110% 63 114% 62.2 113%
Roots Additive
mgMn/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
36.6 40.4 110% 45.8 125% 48.2 132%
36 43.8 122% 44 122% 47.6 132%
34.4 32.2 94% 38.6 112% 48.2 140%
31.4 33 105% 36.8 117% 42 134%
27.2 35.4 130% 37.6 138% 39.2 144%
Table 11 shows the response of paddy rice to increasing levels of manganese was minor
with only a minor reduction in growth of herbage and roots. Root growth being most
affected. The effect of the agricultural additive was to increase both herbage and root
growth over the range from 0.5 to 40 mg Mn/l for concentrations above 2.0 ul/l of
additive.
Growth Response of Annual Ryegrass to Iron and Additive
Table 12 – Annual ryegrass response to iron and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight
and % of control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 90.8 54 59% 53.2 59% 51.2 56%
37.6 49.4 131% 48.6 129% 73.4 195%
35.6 27.4 77% 40.2 113% 45.2 127%
40 34.2 33.2 97% 41 120% 39.8 116%
80 35.8 31.4 88% 45.8 128% 48.6 136%
Roots Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 49.8 74.2 149% 90.2 181% 92.4 186%
40.6 70.8 174% 75.8 187% 85.8 211%
41 50.2 122% 59.8 146% 74.6 182%
40 35 46.8 134% 58 166% 66.6 190%
80 31.6 45 142% 48.8 154% 50.4 159%
Table 12 shows that the herbage and root growth of annual ryegrass was suppressed by
Fe levels greater than 10 mgFe/l. The toxicity to herbage and root growth was reduced
by the addition of 2 ul/l and 0.2 ul/l of agricultural additive, respectively. The addition of
the additive showed an initial drop in annual ryegrass herbage growth of 56 to 59% of the
control value at 1 mgFe/l, this drop in herbage was however compensated by increases in
root growth of 142 to 159%.
Growth Response of Wheat to Iron and Additive
Table 13 – Wheat response to iron and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight and % of
control without Additive
Herbage Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 92.8 95.8 103% 100.8 109% 103.8 112%
58.4 72.2 124% 78 134% 74.4 127%
47.8 42.4 89% 40.2 84% 53.6 112%
40 28.2 28.4 101% 33.8 120% 19.4 69%
80 24.2 27.4 113% 26.6 110% 26 107%
Roots Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 49.8 46.8 94% 46 92% 51.8 104%
36.2 43.6 120% 31.2 86% 40.6 112%
30.6 28.4 93% 31.8 104% 33.2 108%
40 26.2 26 99% 25.6 98% 29.6 113%
80 22.6 20.6 91% 23 102% 32.6 144%
The growth of wheat was suppressed by levels of Fe++ greater than 1 mgFe/l. The toxic
effect of iron was reduced by additions of the agricultural additive with increases in plant
herbage and root growth up to 20 mgFe/l being observed at all concentrations of additive,
but the most consistent effect being gained by the addition of 20 ul/l of additive. .
Growth Response of Paddy Rice to Iron and Additive
Table 14 – Paddy Rice response to iron and Additive in terms of herbage and root dry weight and %
of control without Additive
Herbage
Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 70.6 66.6 94% 69.8 99% 74.4 105%
36.8 36.8 100% 36.6 99% 39.4 107%
41.2 39.2 95% 36.4 88% 41 100%
40 40.6 51.6 127% 41.8 103% 49 121%
80 36.4 36 99% 34.8 96% 39.6 109%
Roots Additive
mgFe/l No Additive 0.2 ul/l 2 ul/l 20 ul/l
1 52.6 50.4 96% 49.8 95% 50.2 95%
52 54 104% 53.8 103% 57.8 111%
46.6 45.4 97% 46.8 100% 50.4 108%
40 34.6 33 95% 33.8 98% 35.6 103%
80 32.8 28.4 87% 32 98% 29.4 90%
Table 14 shows that paddy rice was badly affected by Fe levels above 1 mgFe/l,
however application of the agricultural additive had little effect on the reduction of phyto-
toxicity as the nutrient solutions with Fe showed rapid reductions also in pH decreasing
to 2.1 within four days. Thus both Fe and pH played major parts in growth suppression
which could not be remedied by addition of the additive.
ADVANTAGES
Thus it can be seen that the invention provides an agricultural additive which can be used
in conjunction with or in place of an agricultural liming material to reduce or eliminate
the quantity of liming material required to achieve substantially the same or greater soil
detoxification benefits and yield increases. The additive reduces metal (particularly
aluminium, iron and manganese) toxicity in soils, and thereby reduces the phyto-toxicity
of the metal ion without having to raise the soil pH, thus reducing or eliminating the
quantity of liming material needed to achieve detoxification of the soil and its inhibition
of plant root vigor, as well as other desired soil characteristics such as nutrient
availability, adequate calcium nutrition, improved soil biological activity etc. This
provides significant economic advantages as it reduces costs not only of the liming
material itself, but also transport and application/spreading costs, making the application
of liming materials a much more viable option for maintaining and preserving soil health,
particularly in hill country where transport and application costs are very high. In some
cases application of liming material can be avoided altogether, with only small amounts of
the additive being required to achieve the same results, application of which is a lot less
expensive, and can be done in conjunction with applications of other agricultural products
such as fertilizers or pesticides to further reduce spreading costs. The additives,
compositions and methods of the invention are particularly useful in soils with low pH
(acid soils), wet or water logged soils, and in steep terrain.
VARIATIONS
Aspects of the present invention have been described by way of example only and it
should be appreciated that modifications and additions may be made thereto without
departing from the scope thereof. For example, while the examples involve use of the
poly-carboxylic acid PMA, the scope of the invention clearly extends to the other poly-
carboxylic acids as claimed as they possess similar chemical properties and
characteristics.
___________________________________
PIPERS
Attorneys for
Advanced Agricultural Additives (NZ) Limited
Claims (41)
1. An agricultural additive when used for reducing the phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil, wherein said additive comprises one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic 5 acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: C C C where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups. 10
2. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 1, wherein said additive reduces or replaces the use of agricultural liming material to achieve said reduction in phyto-toxicity of the metal cations in the soil.
3. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the poly- carboxylic acid(s) is/are selected from the group comprising poly maleic acid 15 (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co- poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co- poly itaconic fumaric acid, combinations of poly and co-poly acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof.
4. An agricultural additive as claimed in any one of the previous claims, wherein 20 the metal cation(s) is/are selected from the group comprising iron, aluminium and manganese.
5. An agricultural additive as claimed in any one of the previous claims wherein said additive comprises from about 1 – 80% w/w of said polymer(s) in liquid dispersion.
6. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 5 wherein said agricultural additive comprises from about 40 – 50% w/w of said polymer(s) in liquid dispersion.
7. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 5 or 6, wherein the liquid 5 dispersion has been dried or applied to a solid carrier to form a solid composition.
8. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 2, wherein said additive reduces the use of liming material to about 1 – 50% of the amount that would normally be required to reduce the phyto-toxicity of the metal cations in the soil. 10
9. An agricultural additive as claimed in any one of the previous claims, wherein said additive is mixed with an agricultural liming material prior to or during use.
10. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mixture is in fluidised form or liquid suspension form, and comprises from about 50 – 85% 15 by weight of liming material, from about 10 – 50% by weight of water, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive.
11. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 9, wherein the mixture is in fine particle form, or granulated form, and comprises from about 90 – 99% by weight of liming material, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive. 20
12. Use of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, for reducing the phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil.
13. Use of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: 5 where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, for reducing or replacing the use of agricultural liming material to reduce the phyto-toxicity 10 of one or more metal cations present in soil.
14. Use as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein the poly-carboxylic acid(s) is/are selected from the group comprising poly maleic acid (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co-poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co-poly itaconic fumaric acid, 15 combinations of poly and co-poly acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof.
15. Use as claimed in claim 12 or 13, wherein the metal cation(s) is/are selected from the group comprising iron, aluminium and manganese.
16. Use as claimed in claim 13, wherein use of the agricultural liming material is 20 reduced to about 1 – 50% of the amount that would have been used to treat the phyto-toxicity of the metal cations in the soil.
17. Use as claimed in any one of claims 12 – 16, wherein said polymer(s) is/are mixed with an agricultural liming material prior to or during use.
18. Use as claimed in claim 17, wherein the mixture is in fluidised form or liquid 25 suspension form, and comprises from about 50 – 85% by weight of liming material, from about 10 – 50% by weight of water, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of polymer(s).
19. Use as claimed in claim 17, wherein the mixture is in fine particle form, or granulated form, and comprises from about 90 – 99% by weight of liming 5 material, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of polymer(s).
20. Use of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) 10 ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, as a lime reducing or lime replacing agent in an agricultural composition.
21. An agricultural composition comprising a mixture of an agricultural additive and an agricultural liming material; wherein said additive comprises one or 15 more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons 20 of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups.
22. An agricultural composition as claimed in claim 21, wherein the poly- carboxylic acid(s) is/are selected from the group comprising poly maleic acid (PMA), co-poly acrylic maleic acid (PAMA), poly fumaric acid (PFA), co- poly fumaric maleic acid (PFMA), co-poly itaconic maleic acid (PIMA), co- poly itaconic fumaric acid, combinations of poly and co-poly acrylic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, itaconic acid, and combinations thereof.
23. An agricultural composition as claimed in claims 21 or 22, wherein the 5 agricultural liming material is limestone.
24. An agricultural composition as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the composition is in fluidised form or liquid suspension form and comprises from about 50 – 85% by weight of liming material, from about 10 – 50% by weight of water, and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive. 10
25. An agricultural composition as claimed in any one of claims 21 to 23, wherein the composition is in fine particle form or granulated form and comprises from about 90 – 99% by weight of liming material and from about 1 – 10% by weight of additive.
26. A method of reducing the phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present 15 in soil, said method comprising applying to the soil and/or plants growing therein, an agricultural additive as claimed in any one of claims 1 – 11.
27. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the agricultural additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to 25 litres of undiluted additive per hectare. 20
28. The method as claimed in claim 26, wherein the agricultural additive is applied in conjunction with an agricultural liming material.
29. The method as claimed in claim 28, wherein the additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the liming material. 25
30. A method of reducing or replacing the use of an agricultural liming material for treating phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil, said method comprising applying to the soil and/or plants growing therein, an agricultural additive as claimed in any one of claims 1 – 11.
31. The method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the agricultural additive is applied in an amount in the range of about 0.1 to 25 litres of undiluted additive per hectare.
32. The method as claimed in claim 30 for reducing the use of an agricultural 5 liming material, wherein the agricultural additive is applied in conjunction with about 1 – 50% of the amount of agricultural liming material that would normally be required to reduce the phyto-toxicity of the metal cations in the soil.
33. The method as claimed in claim 30, wherein the additive is applied in an 10 amount in the range of about 1 to 10% by weight, based on the weight of the liming material.
34. A soil treatment method comprising an application of an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general 15 formula: C C C where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, to the soil 20 and/or the plants growing therein, to reduce phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in the soil.
35. A method of enhancing plant and/or root growth comprising an application of an agricultural additive comprising one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having 25 the following general formula: C C C where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, to the soil 5 and/or the plants growing therein, to thereby reduce phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in the soil.
36. Use of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: where R can be any combination of 10 the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, in the manufacture of an agricultural composition to be used for reducing the phyto- toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil. 15
37. Use of one or more polymers selected from the group consisting of synthetic poly-carboxylic acids and salts thereof, having the following general formula: where R can be any combination of the following groups H, COOH, OH, CH2COOH and OOCCH3, and (a+b) ranges from about 2 – 1500, and wherein at least three of the structural carbons 20 of the polymer subunit have COOH or COO¯ functional groups, in the manufacture of an agricultural composition to be used for reducing or replacing the use of liming material to treat phyto-toxicity of one or more metal cations present in soil.
38. An agricultural additive as claimed in claim 1, substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and/or any appropriate selection or 5 combination of the accompanying drawings.
39. Use as claimed in any one of claims 12, 13, 20, 36 or 37, substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and/or any appropriate selection or combination of the accompanying drawings.
40. An agricultural composition as claimed in claim 21, substantially as herein 10 described with reference to the examples and/or any appropriate selection or combination of the accompanying drawings.
41. A method as claimed in any one of claims 26, 30, 34 or 35, substantially as herein described with reference to the examples and/or any appropriate selection or combination of the accompanying drawings.
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ606227B2 true NZ606227B2 (en) | 2014-12-02 |
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