NZ298860A - Method of manufacturing a fibre composite rotor: modulus of fibre decreases progressively from the outside to the inside - Google Patents
Method of manufacturing a fibre composite rotor: modulus of fibre decreases progressively from the outside to the insideInfo
- Publication number
- NZ298860A NZ298860A NZ298860A NZ29886096A NZ298860A NZ 298860 A NZ298860 A NZ 298860A NZ 298860 A NZ298860 A NZ 298860A NZ 29886096 A NZ29886096 A NZ 29886096A NZ 298860 A NZ298860 A NZ 298860A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- rotor
- fibres
- tow
- fibre
- modulus
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 title claims description 22
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 title claims description 18
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 5
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 title claims description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000004804 winding Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000004146 energy storage Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003892 spreading Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003758 nuclear fuel Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000012935 Averaging Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008030 elimination Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003379 elimination reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011208 reinforced composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16F—SPRINGS; SHOCK-ABSORBERS; MEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION
- F16F15/00—Suppression of vibrations in systems; Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion
- F16F15/30—Flywheels
- F16F15/305—Flywheels made of plastics, e.g. fibre reinforced plastics [FRP], i.e. characterised by their special construction from such materials
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C15/00—Construction of rotary bodies to resist centrifugal force
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
- F16C—SHAFTS; FLEXIBLE SHAFTS; ELEMENTS OR CRANKSHAFT MECHANISMS; ROTARY BODIES OTHER THAN GEARING ELEMENTS; BEARINGS
- F16C2361/00—Apparatus or articles in engineering in general
- F16C2361/55—Flywheel systems
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
- Reinforced Plastic Materials (AREA)
Description
New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number £98860
/
New Zealand No. 298860 International No.
TO BE ENTERED AFTER ACCEPTANCE AND PUBLICATION
Priority dates: 25.01.1995;
Complete Specification Filed: 23.01.1996
Classification:(6) F16F15/305; B29C70/30; B29B15/08
Publication date: 24 November 1997
Journal No.: 1422
frlp
NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT 1953
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Title of Invention:
Rotors
Name, address and nationality of applicant(s) as in international application form:
BRITISH NUCLEAR FUELS PLC, Risley, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6AS, United Kingdom
New Zealand No. International No.
298860
NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT 1953
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION
Title of Invention: Rotors
Name, address and nationality of applicant(s) as in international application form;
BRITISH NUCLEAR FUELS PLC, Risley, Warrington, Cheshire WA3 6AS, United Kingdom
298860
ROTORS
This invention relates to rotors, and in particular to rotors constructed from fibre reinforced composite material.
More particularly, the invention is applicable to a rotor for use in an energy storage and conversion device.
Flywheels for energy storage and conversion devices may be constructed from a variety of materials. Traditionally, however, flywheels have consisted of heavy wheels rotating 10 at relatively slow speeds. The heavier the flywheel, the more energy can be stored. This is because the energy stored in the flywheel is given by the equation
Energy = \ I w2 (1)
where I is the moment of inertia of the flywheel and w is the angular velocity of the flywheel.
Hence, for a given angular velocity, the energy stored is proportional to the moment of inertia, and thus the mass, 20 of the flywheel.
Flywheels constructed of traditional materials have two main disadvantages, namely their weight and their large volume. If, however, the angular velocity of the flywheel can be increased rather than its weight, a much greater 25 energy storage capacity is achieved because, for a given mass, the energy storage capacity is proportional to the square of the angular velocity (cf. equation 1 above). Unfortunately, the maximum angular velocity of a flywheel is limited by the strength of the material from which it is 30 made.
In the light of the foregoing, the best materials for maximising specific energy and energy density are those with the highest strength to weight ratio. Hence, glass or carbon fibres can be used to produce excellent flywheels for 3 5 energy storage and conversion devices. An energy storage and conversion device employing such a flywheel, in the shape of a cylindrical/tubular shaped rotor, is described in the applicant's earlier patent applications, numbers
PCT7GB96/00131
WO 95/02269, WO 95/02271 and WO 95/02270.
In such applications, the glass or carbon fibres are wound in a resin binding material helically or in hoops to give a composite construction having appropriate mechanical 5 properties. Although the rotor of the applicant's energy storage and conversion device is substantially cylindrical/tubular in shape, it should be understood that the invention of this patent application can be applied to any shape of flywheel/rotor.
As will be appreciated, in any flywheel/rotor there is a difference in surface velocity between the inner and outer parts or surfaces of the rotor. Thus, as the forces due to rotation are proportional to the surface speed squared and inversely proportional to the distance from the center of 15 rotation of the rotor, the hoop strain induced in the layers of the flywheel vary significantly across the section of the flywheel. This variation induces a radial strain into the composite material of the flywheel which tries to pull apart the layers of the composite, thereby resulting in a 20 delaminating force. The delaminating strain is, however, significantly reduced if the rotor is formed as a thin walled cylinder with a hollow tubular section.
As mentioned above, higher energy storage capacity is achieved by adding greater mass to a rotor, which means 25 increasing the wall thickness. This in turn increases the strain differential across the wall with the consequences outlined above. If no measures are taken to reduce the radial strain differential (or mismatch) across the wall thickness, the overall radial strain must be reduced by 3 0 running the rotor at a lower speed, thus reducing the energy storage capacity.
Various methods of reducing radial strain mismatch have been described in the prior art. For example, the rotor can be constructed from concentric cylinders with interference 35 fits, as disclosed in paper by D.M. Ries (FARE Inc) and J.A. Kirk (University of Maryland) from the proceedings of the 27th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference P.4.43-4.48, Vol 4, published 1992, or by winding concentric
298fifift
3
cylinders directly one onto another as disclosed in GB-1534393. Further, a paper entitled "Feasibility Assessment of Electromechanical Batteries for Electric Vehicles", reference number UCRL-ID-109422 dated May 1992 by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, U.S.A., discloses the idea of having a series of concentric cylinders separated by pliable layers to reduce radial strain. Solutions such as these provide only an averaging of the radial strain, not a complete elimination of strain mismatch.
WO 86/03268 discloses the possibility of progressively varying the winding tension of fibres during manufacture of a rotor to reduce/manage the hoop strain variation induced by rotation of the rotor. Further, NL 9002415 teaches the use of adding high density powder to the fibre reinforced composite matrix progressively during winding of the rotor to achieve a similar result.
Although the prior art discloses various ways of avoiding/reducing strain mismatch across a rotor of an energy storage and conversion device, none of the prior art arrangements are ideal. Hence, the present invention has been made to improve upon the known prior art.
AMENDED CHEET
298860
According to the present invention, there is provided a method of producing a rotor from a fibre composite material comprising the steps of
(a) providing a tow of fibres;
(b) applying a resin to the tow; and
(c) winding the tow onto a mandrel to produce a rotor; wherein at least some of the fibres of the tow are broken during manufacture to vary the modulus of the fibre composite material.
Preferably the fibres are broken after step (b) and before step (c) . The fibres may be broken by cutting or simply by giving the fibres a sharp tap or strike.
The modulus of the fibre composite material preferably decreases progressively from the outside of the rotor to the 15 inside of the rotor. Further, the fibres on the outside of the rotor are preferably unbroken.
The fibres used in the fibre composite material may be carbon fibres or glass fibres. Other suitable fibre materials may, alternatively, be-used.
A spreading device may act on the tow during winding to cause the broken fibres to spread in different directions. As a result of this-, a form of "matting" effect may be produced around the broken fibres which results in a lowering of the modulus of the fibre material. 25 An explanation as to the reasoning behind the development of the present invention and a specific method of manufacturing a rotor as herein claimed will now be described in detail.
The parameters that determine the strain behaviour of 30 a rotor are the composite specific modulus (i.e. the ratio of modulus E (E = stress (0)/strain (e)) to density (p) , and
the usable strain range of the material. The specific strength of the material, i.e. the ratio of strength to density, gives an indication of how a composite fibre material will resist the centrifugal forces due to the 5 weight of the composite material as the rotor rotates. Reducing the specific strength by reducing the strain range does not benefit the radial strain problem. However, reducing the specific strength whilst maintaining the overall strain range (i.e. reducing the modulus of the 10 material), does benefit the radial strain distribution.
Thus, in order to reduce the radial strain induced by the differences in hoop strain, a method of reducing the effective hoop modulus of the layers in a controlled manner is presented.
The modulus of a fibre composite material in a multi-
ply-lay-up is determined by the angle of the fibres (or filaments) relative to the direction of the applied force and the number of fibres. By introducing a procedure immediately prior to lay-up (i.e. winding) which cuts a 20 proportion of the fibres and spreads them so that their effective axes of lay-up are out of alignment to the bulk of the fibres, the effective modulus of the material produced is reduced. Hence, by varying the number of fibres treated in this manner from layer to layer, the effect is to 25 generate, from one source of material, a rotor with a modulus which varies across its wall thickness (or section). Further, the modulus of the material can be arranged virtually to eliminate this source of radial strain mismatch.
3 0 With the foregoing in mind, an apparatus and method for putting the present invention into practice are as follows. Firstly, a guide is provided to position a tow of carbon or glass fibres accurately in the apparatus. Means are provided for applying a resin, such as an epoxy resin, to 35 the fibre tow. A blade or chopping element is then provided for chopping the tow at regular intervals defined by a metering or regulating device which regulates the frequency of the chopping operations during winding. As a result of
WO 96/23146 PCT/GB96/00131
the chopping operation, a pre-determined percentage of the fibres in the tow are broken? the complete tow is not cut through, since this would cause the winding operation to fail. Further, the cut length defined by the metering 5 element is never less than the "pull out" length of the fibres for the particular fibre and resin system involved. A "pull out" length is defined as the length of fibre in which the sheer strength of the bond between the fibre and the resin is equal to the strength of the fibre. 10 Once the chopping step has been completed, the tow is applied to a mandrel or other support which is steadily rotated to receive the fibres in a chosen fashion of helical and hoop windings. As the tow is applied to the rotor, a spreading device bears up against the tow. Although the 15 uncut fibres of the tow lie in the winding direction, the cut fibres of the tow will be re-aligned vy the spreading device to lie in a random manner, some ends , of the cut fibres being perpendicular to the uncut fibres.
As will be appreciated, the modulus of the fibre 20 composite material will be dependent upon the number and frequency of the chopped fibres wound onto the rotor. Hence, the metering or regulating element needs only to be controlled to provide a winding, and hence a rotor, having exactly the desired modulus. An improved rotor can, 25 therefore, be produced.
During initial winding of the rotor, the inner layer provided on the mandrel will include tows that are chopped at frequent intervals to produce a "matted" lay of fibres with many fibres oriented randomly in the resin matrix. 30 This will produce a fibre composite material having a very low modulus. As winding progresses, the chopping intervals are gradually reduced until the outer layers of the rotor are reached, where no chopping of tows is undertaken and the tows are laid undamaged onto the rotor. These outer layers 3 5 will provide the rotor with a significant degree of strength.
By using the method of the present invention, the resulting rotor is arranged to have a substantially constant
Claims (6)
1. A method of producing a rotor from a composite material comprising the steps of (b) applying a resin to ths tow; characterised by (c) winding the tow onto a mandrel to produce a rotor; wherein at least some of the fibres of the tow are broken 10 during manufacture to vary the modulus of the fibre composite material.
2. A method as claimed in claim l, wherein the fibres are broken after step (b) and before step (c). 15
3. A method as claimed in claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the fibres are broken by cutting or by striking.
4. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein 20 the modulus of the fibre composite material decreases progressively from the outside of the rotor to the inside of the rotor.
5. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein 25 the fibres on the outside of the rotor are unbroken.
6. A method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the fibres are carbon fibres, glass fibres or both. 3 0 7." A method as claimed in any one of claims l to 6, wherein a* spreading device acts on the tow during winding to cause the broken fibres to spread in different directions. 5 (a) providing a tow of fibres; and
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
GB9501443A GB2297371A (en) | 1995-01-25 | 1995-01-25 | Rotors |
PCT/GB1996/000131 WO1996023146A1 (en) | 1995-01-25 | 1996-01-23 | Rotors |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ298860A true NZ298860A (en) | 1997-11-24 |
Family
ID=10768541
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NZ298860A NZ298860A (en) | 1995-01-25 | 1996-01-23 | Method of manufacturing a fibre composite rotor: modulus of fibre decreases progressively from the outside to the inside |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0804695A1 (en) |
JP (1) | JPH10512944A (en) |
AU (1) | AU4454896A (en) |
BR (1) | BR9606937A (en) |
CA (1) | CA2211805A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI972860A (en) |
GB (1) | GB2297371A (en) |
NO (1) | NO973436L (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ298860A (en) |
PL (1) | PL321318A1 (en) |
WO (1) | WO1996023146A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7080573B2 (en) * | 2000-10-20 | 2006-07-25 | Toray Composites (America), Inc. | Hybrid composite flywheel rim and its manufacturing method |
US6852401B2 (en) * | 2001-09-13 | 2005-02-08 | Beacon Power Corporation | Composite flywheel rim with co-mingled fiber layers and methods for manufacturing same |
WO2020263756A1 (en) * | 2019-06-27 | 2020-12-30 | Spencer Composites Corporation | High speed flywheel |
Family Cites Families (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS523663A (en) * | 1975-06-27 | 1977-01-12 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Method of preparation of formed product by filament winding |
JPS523662A (en) * | 1975-06-27 | 1977-01-12 | Asahi Glass Co Ltd | Method of filament winding |
US4198878A (en) * | 1977-10-03 | 1980-04-22 | Lord Corporation | Rotary energy storage device |
US4370899A (en) * | 1978-09-13 | 1983-02-01 | U.S. Flywheels, Inc. | Flywheel for kinetic energy storage |
US4285251A (en) * | 1978-09-13 | 1981-08-25 | U.S. Flywheels, Inc. | Rim for use in flywheels for kinetic energy storage |
US4266442A (en) * | 1979-04-25 | 1981-05-12 | General Electric Company | Flywheel including a cross-ply composite core and a relatively thick composite rim |
US4660435A (en) * | 1981-05-26 | 1987-04-28 | Rockwell International Corporation | Fiber composite flywheel rim |
US5285699A (en) * | 1988-12-07 | 1994-02-15 | Board Of Regents, University Of Texas System | Reinforced composite flywheels and shafts |
DE4100816C1 (en) * | 1991-01-14 | 1992-07-09 | Uranit Gmbh, 5170 Juelich, De | |
FR2707552B1 (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1995-10-13 | Aerospatiale | Method of manufacturing a part made of composite material, a central body and fins and missile body thus obtained. |
GB9313943D0 (en) * | 1993-07-06 | 1993-08-18 | British Nuclear Fuels Plc | Rotors |
-
1995
- 1995-01-25 GB GB9501443A patent/GB2297371A/en not_active Withdrawn
-
1996
- 1996-01-23 PL PL96321318A patent/PL321318A1/en unknown
- 1996-01-23 BR BR9606937A patent/BR9606937A/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-23 NZ NZ298860A patent/NZ298860A/en unknown
- 1996-01-23 JP JP8522712A patent/JPH10512944A/en active Pending
- 1996-01-23 WO PCT/GB1996/000131 patent/WO1996023146A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-01-23 AU AU44548/96A patent/AU4454896A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-01-23 CA CA002211805A patent/CA2211805A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 1996-01-23 EP EP96900644A patent/EP0804695A1/en not_active Ceased
-
1997
- 1997-07-04 FI FI972860A patent/FI972860A/en unknown
- 1997-07-25 NO NO973436A patent/NO973436L/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2211805A1 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
BR9606937A (en) | 1997-11-11 |
FI972860A0 (en) | 1997-07-04 |
NO973436D0 (en) | 1997-07-25 |
EP0804695A1 (en) | 1997-11-05 |
WO1996023146A1 (en) | 1996-08-01 |
AU4454896A (en) | 1996-08-14 |
GB9501443D0 (en) | 1995-03-15 |
NO973436L (en) | 1997-07-25 |
GB2297371A (en) | 1996-07-31 |
JPH10512944A (en) | 1998-12-08 |
FI972860A (en) | 1997-07-24 |
PL321318A1 (en) | 1997-12-08 |
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