NZ244157A - Hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate - Google Patents
Hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysateInfo
- Publication number
- NZ244157A NZ244157A NZ244157A NZ24415792A NZ244157A NZ 244157 A NZ244157 A NZ 244157A NZ 244157 A NZ244157 A NZ 244157A NZ 24415792 A NZ24415792 A NZ 24415792A NZ 244157 A NZ244157 A NZ 244157A
- Authority
- NZ
- New Zealand
- Prior art keywords
- whey protein
- hypoallergenic
- hydrolysate
- protein
- lactose
- Prior art date
Links
- 108010046377 Whey Proteins Proteins 0.000 title claims description 78
- 102000007544 Whey Proteins Human genes 0.000 title claims description 73
- 235000021119 whey protein Nutrition 0.000 title claims description 72
- 230000000774 hypoallergenic effect Effects 0.000 title claims description 57
- 239000003531 protein hydrolysate Substances 0.000 title claims description 48
- 235000018102 proteins Nutrition 0.000 claims description 73
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 73
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 73
- GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N Lactose Natural products OC[C@H]1O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)C(O)O[C@@H]2CO)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O GUBGYTABKSRVRQ-QKKXKWKRSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000008101 lactose Substances 0.000 claims description 54
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 48
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 43
- 239000000413 hydrolysate Substances 0.000 claims description 41
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 claims description 38
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 claims description 38
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 35
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 33
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 claims description 33
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 108090000765 processed proteins & peptides Proteins 0.000 claims description 25
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 24
- 102000004196 processed proteins & peptides Human genes 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 102000004407 Lactalbumin Human genes 0.000 claims description 16
- 108090000942 Lactalbumin Proteins 0.000 claims description 16
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 108090000631 Trypsin Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000004142 Trypsin Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000019658 bitter taste Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000002779 inactivation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000012588 trypsin Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000005862 Whey Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 235000011118 potassium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 235000013350 formula milk Nutrition 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000002538 fungal effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001580 bacterial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000000415 inactivating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 102100037486 Reverse transcriptase/ribonuclease H Human genes 0.000 claims 1
- 238000009472 formulation Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 229940093932 potassium hydroxide Drugs 0.000 claims 1
- 229940088598 enzyme Drugs 0.000 description 37
- 239000012466 permeate Substances 0.000 description 17
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 15
- 108010009736 Protein Hydrolysates Proteins 0.000 description 13
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 13
- 150000001413 amino acids Chemical class 0.000 description 11
- 239000008367 deionised water Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 10
- 235000013336 milk Nutrition 0.000 description 9
- 239000008267 milk Substances 0.000 description 9
- 210000004080 milk Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 9
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000001471 micro-filtration Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920001184 polypeptide Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 102000014171 Milk Proteins Human genes 0.000 description 6
- 108010011756 Milk Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 6
- 239000005018 casein Substances 0.000 description 6
- BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N casein, tech. Chemical compound NCCCCC(C(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CC(C)C)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(C(C)O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=O)N=C(O)C(COP(O)(O)=O)N=C(O)C(CCC(O)=N)N=C(O)C(N)CC1=CC=CC=C1 BECPQYXYKAMYBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 235000021240 caseins Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 235000020256 human milk Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 210000004251 human milk Anatomy 0.000 description 6
- 235000021239 milk protein Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 5
- 230000000890 antigenic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 5
- 235000005911 diet Nutrition 0.000 description 5
- 238000006911 enzymatic reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 5
- AOKLUWFWNZLQSN-LROMGURASA-N (2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-[[(2s)-2-acetamido-6-aminohexanoyl]amino]-5-(diaminomethylideneamino)pentanoyl]amino]-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propanoyl]amino]-n-[(2s)-1-amino-4-methyl-1-oxopentan-2-yl]butanediamide Chemical compound NCCCC[C@H](NC(C)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CCCN=C(N)N)C(=O)N[C@H](C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(N)=O)C(=O)N[C@@H](CC(C)C)C(N)=O)CC1=CC=C(O)C=C1 AOKLUWFWNZLQSN-LROMGURASA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000002965 ELISA Methods 0.000 description 4
- 102000008192 Lactoglobulins Human genes 0.000 description 4
- 108010060630 Lactoglobulins Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 108010006701 N-acetyllysyl-arginyl-tyrosyl-asparaginyl-leucinamide Proteins 0.000 description 4
- 230000002009 allergenic effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000378 dietary effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000012465 retentate Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000108 ultra-filtration Methods 0.000 description 4
- 208000009793 Milk Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 3
- 235000019636 bitter flavor Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 235000019640 taste Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 206010020751 Hypersensitivity Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 201000010859 Milk allergy Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 230000007815 allergy Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 238000013459 approach Methods 0.000 description 2
- RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Chemical compound CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N=CN2C RYYVLZVUVIJVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000021245 dietary protein Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000007071 enzymatic hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000006047 enzymatic hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000003505 heat denaturation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000016709 nutrition Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000019419 proteases Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000017854 proteolysis Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 2
- 210000001779 taste bud Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 235000021241 α-lactalbumin Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000700198 Cavia Species 0.000 description 1
- 108090000317 Chymotrypsin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 201000004624 Dermatitis Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010012735 Diarrhoea Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 108010082495 Dietary Plant Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000068988 Glycine max Species 0.000 description 1
- 102100033067 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108091009389 Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000282412 Homo Species 0.000 description 1
- 206010022998 Irritability Diseases 0.000 description 1
- LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isocaffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1N(C)C=N2 LPHGQDQBBGAPDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 201000010538 Lactose Intolerance Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 102000057297 Pepsin A Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000284 Pepsin A Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 208000001431 Psychomotor Agitation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010038743 Restlessness Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 206010047700 Vomiting Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 108010027597 alpha-chymotrypsin Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 235000021120 animal protein Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004596 appetite loss Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960001948 caffeine Drugs 0.000 description 1
- VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N caffeine Natural products CN1C(=O)N(C)C(=O)C2=C1C=CN2C VJEONQKOZGKCAK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019577 caloric intake Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229960002376 chymotrypsin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002596 correlated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000020247 cow milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000013365 dairy product Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004925 denaturation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036425 denaturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000037213 diet Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000028993 immune response Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 208000028774 intestinal disease Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000021266 loss of appetite Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 208000019017 loss of appetite Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 235000013372 meat Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000000813 microbial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003278 mimic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940111202 pepsin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019833 protease Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000002797 proteolythic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009257 reactivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000241 respiratory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012552 review Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003118 sandwich ELISA Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012549 training Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008673 vomiting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000008939 whole milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12Y—ENZYMES
- C12Y304/00—Hydrolases acting on peptide bonds, i.e. peptidases (3.4)
- C12Y304/21—Serine endopeptidases (3.4.21)
- C12Y304/21004—Trypsin (3.4.21.4)
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/30—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis
- A23J3/32—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents
- A23J3/34—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes
- A23J3/341—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of animal proteins
- A23J3/343—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs by hydrolysis using chemical agents using enzymes of animal proteins of dairy proteins
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23L—FOODS, FOODSTUFFS, OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES, NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES A21D OR A23B-A23J; THEIR PREPARATION OR TREATMENT, e.g. COOKING, MODIFICATION OF NUTRITIVE QUALITIES, PHYSICAL TREATMENT; PRESERVATION OF FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS, IN GENERAL
- A23L33/00—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof
- A23L33/10—Modifying nutritive qualities of foods; Dietetic products; Preparation or treatment thereof using additives
- A23L33/17—Amino acids, peptides or proteins
- A23L33/18—Peptides; Protein hydrolysates
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23V—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO FOODS, FOODSTUFFS OR NON-ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES AND LACTIC OR PROPIONIC ACID BACTERIA USED IN FOODSTUFFS OR FOOD PREPARATION
- A23V2002/00—Food compositions, function of food ingredients or processes for food or foodstuffs
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Bioinformatics & Cheminformatics (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
- Dairy Products (AREA)
- Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
Description
New Zealand Paient Spedficaiion for Paient Number £44157
t*. \
Priority Date(s): .3f?. . U-; AV'fU ..
Complete SpoJfication F,i&d:
Class: .fMZrf/zz.
Publication Da;2: .. .2 B.-MAR 459b. • • • P.O. Journal, fso: .. 1
NO DRAWINGS
NEW ZEALAND PATENTS ACT, 1953
No.:
Date:
COMPLETE SPECIFICATION HYPOALLERGENIC WHEY PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE
We, TEAGASC, THE AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD DEVELOPMENT AUTHORITY, A STATUTORY BODY CORPORATE UNDER THE AGRICULTURE (RESEARCH, TRAINING AND ADVICE) ACT, 1988, of 19
Sandymount Avenue, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland, hereby declare the invention for which we pray that a patent may be granted to us, and the method by which it is to be performed, to be particularly described in and by the following statement:-
- 1 -(followed by page la)
- la -
Title of the Invention
Technical Field
The present invention relates to a process for the production of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate and to the product of such a 15 process. The hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate finds use in the manufacture of infant formulae and special dietetic foodstuffs.
Background of the Invention
Field of the Invention
Infant formulae are manufactured based on the nutritional profile of human milk, where the relative concentrations of casein nitrogen,
whey protein, nitrogen and non-protein nitrogen are 35%, 40% and 25% 25 respectively (Packard, 1982). Bovine milk (78% casein, 17% whey protein and 5% NP-N) is the usual substitute for human milk but it requires several modifications. The ratio of casein to whey protein nitrogen for instance must be adjusted to 40:60. This is generally carried out using demineralised whey powder which also advantageously 30 increases the lactose concentration to that of breast milk.
Bovine milk proteins however, are known to give rise to antigenic responses in a small percentage of the population; estimates range from 0.1% to 8% (Clein, 1954, and Collins-Williams, 1962). However, 35 Frier and Kletter (1970) found the incidence to be only about 0.5% when stricter criteria were adopted for the survey. Common allergenic response include diarrhoea, vomiting, intestinal disorders, respiratory problems, dermatitis, irritability, restlessness and loss of appetite
beta-Lactoglobulin (absent in human milk) is the most frequent cause of milk sensitivity. A survey by Saperstein and Anderson (1962) revealed that a variety of infant formulae on the market contained all the major whey protein and casein antigens. Soybean preparations have been used 5 as substitutes for cows milk in baby formulae but can be at least as antigenic as milk protein. (Eastham and Grady, 1978).
Description of the Related Art
Numerous technological approaches have been taken in attempts to provide non-allergenic/hypoallergenic bovine milk protein for sensitive infants. Ratner et al (1958) studied the effect of heat treatment on the allergenicity of whole milk and individual milk proteins. A particular heat denatured milk was shown to have lost the allergenicity 15 of the alpha-lactalbumin fraction and partially lost that of the beta-lactoglobulin fraction. Similar observations were made by others including Kilshaw et al (1982) who suggested that a non sensitizing baby milk formula could be produced from heat denatured whey protein. However, they suggested that in order to achieve optimal immunological 20 benefits and nutritional quality, low molecular weight solutes in the whey should be depleted before heat treatment thereby minimising milliard reactions and assuring maximum denaturation of beta-lactoglobulin. Protein insolubility due to heat denaturation is a major disadvantage of such a process. Baldo (1984) demonstrated that 25 even after severe heat treatment (100° for 3 hours) the IgE antibodies in the serum of many patients still reacted with heat-treated proteins and concluded that there was little possibility of producing hypoallergenic milk formulae by heat treatment alone.
Modification of food proteins by enzymatic hydrolysis is well documented (Adler-Nissen, 1986) and can be used to reduce the allergenicity of bovine milk proteins for inclusion in hypoallergenic baby formulae and special dietetic foods. Hydrolysis of susceptible peptide bonds in native proteins can lead to destruction and unfolding 35 of antigenic determinants (epitopes) on the surface of the protein.
For instance, casein treated with pancreatic protease enzymes was shown to be devoid of antigenicity (Takase et al 1977). Pahud et al
. 3 - ^ ^ ' 1 -• /
(1985) and Jost et al (1987) produced hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysates using trypsin. Asselin et al (1989) demonstrated that hydrolysis of whey proteins with pepsin followed by alpha-chymotrypsin was the most efficient combination of enzymes to reduce allergenicity 5 of alpha-lactalbumin and beta-Lactoglobulin. Depending on the specificity of the enzyme and rigidity of the three dimensional structure of the protein to be hydrolysed, a preliminary heat treatment may be desirable to make susceptible bonds more accessible to proteolytic degradation. The advantage of enzymic hydrolysis over heat 10 treatment alone is the increased solubility of the product over a broad pH range but sensoric properties may be affected due to increased bitterness.
There are several examples in the patent literature describing the use 15 of enzyme treatment of food proteins and use of ultrafiItration/diafiItration for preparing non-allergenic or hypo-allergenic hydrolystates suitable for inclusion in various dietetic foods, baby formulae and in foods for allergies.
For example, the European Patent Specification No. 0226221 B describes a whey based protein hydrolysate characterised by having a molecular weight profile of not greater than 6,000 Daltons and being free of allergenic substances and lactose. An enzyme hydrolysis process is used to produce the hydrolysate, in which the peptides are harvested 25 from the crude hydrolysate using ultrafiltration (m.w.c.o. 6,000)
and/or diafiItration. It is evident from the description of the process that NaOH is added as the sole base to control pH. However, this would lead to excessive levels of Na+ in the final product for inclusion in infant formulae. The end product is described as being 30 particularly suitable for allergies and for humans with lactose malabsorption.
European Patent Specification No. 353 122 A discloses a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate of a defined molecular weight profile, i.e. 35 not containing peptides greater than 5,000 Daltons with 35-40% between 1500 and 500 Daltons and a process for producing the same. The process involves emzymatic hydrolysis of whey proteins using an enzyme mixture consisting of chymotrypsin and trypsin with relative activities of from
1.5 to 3.0. The crude hydrolysate is fractionated by ultrafiltration/diafiItration using membranes with a threshold of less than 10,000 Daltons.
UK Patent Specification No. 2043651 B describes a process for preparing purified protein hydrolysates, for use in the dietetic field, from animal proteins (meat, fish), vegetable proteins, microbial proteins and milk proteins. The process involves hydrolysing the proteins, heat treating the product of hydrolysis to denature the proteins and then 10 ultrafiItering to remove the denatured proteins. A range of ultrafiItration membranes is described for purifying the crude hydrolysates having cut-off zones of 1,000 to 10,000 Daltons.
PCT Publication No. W087/03785 describes a process in which casein is 15 eliminated from the whey protein material, the casein-free whey protein is hydrolysed with at least one proteinase and the hydrolysate is ultrafiItered through a membrane with a cut-off value of not greater than 20,000 Daltons. A product suitable for use in an hypoallergenic formulae can be produced if a membrane with a cut-off value of 6,000 20 Oaltons is used.
European Patent Specification No. 0065663A describes the preparation of a protein hydrolysate for use in an enteric diet in which whey protein is digested with a fungal protease to produce a product in which not 25 more than 25% of the resultant polypeptides contain 10 or more amino-acids.
A process for preparing an hypoallergenic lactoserum hydrolysate is described in European Patent Specification No. 0322589 A, in which 30 lactoserum is subjected to a two step enzymatic hydrolysis. The specification defines "hypoallergenic to mean having no detectable protein of molecular weight greater than 10,000 Daltons".
It is thus generally accepted in the prior art that to produce a 35 hypoallergenic product, the constituent proteins or polypeptides must be smaller than 10,000 Daltons.
In the prior art processes ultrafiItration is used to remove
unhydrolysed protein and aggregated peptides. In these processes the use of ultrafiltration, which excludes peptides of greater than 10,000 Daltons was thought to be necessary to achieve the desired reduction in allergenicity. It has surprisingly been found that microfiItration 5 membranes, which allow the passage of much larger peptides, will also allow the production of a hypoallergenic product, when used in the process of the present invention. Microfiltration offers considerable advantages over ultrafiltration in terms of product yield. In general, microfiItration membranes are less prone to fouling and can be run for 10 longer periods without cleaning.
The crude hydrolysate of this invention consists of both highly aggregated unhydrolysed proteins which are removed by microfiItration, and a mixture of polypeptides ranging in size from 50,000 Daltons to 15 free amino acids which pass through the membrane and are hypoallergenic.
Lactose is present in human milk at about 7% and contributes about 40% of the caloric intake of the milk. Humanised milk/infant formulae are designed to mimic the composition of human milk and therefore lactose 20 must be included. When formulating a hypoallergenic baby formulae the lactose used must be of a quality such that residual protein, remaining in the lactose following the crystallization step in manufacture, is low enough to satisfy the immune-response specification for hypoallergenic formulae. Generally it is impossible to obtain 25 commercial edible and refined lactose to satisfy this specification and thus the production of a hypoallergenic infant formula has been very difficult.
Object of the Invention
It is an object of the present invention to provide a process for the production of an hypoallergenic protein hydrolysate in which yield is increased and cost is reduced. It is a further object to provide such a process in which the level of added salts can be kept low enough to 35 satisfy specifications for inclusion in infant or hypoallergenic formulae. A further object of the invention is to provide a process for producing a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate incorporating lactose.
Summary of the Invention
According to the present invention there is provided a process for the production of an hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising 5 hydrolysing a substrate with a proteolytic enzyme, thermally inactivating the enzyme and microfiItering the product of hydrolysis.
The microfiItration step allows the passage of molecules having a range of sizes from free amino-acids to molecules of about 50,000 Daltons. 10 The pore size of the microfiItration membrane may be between 0.02 and 0.3 jjm, preferably 0.1 jim.
The substrate may be selected from lactalbumin, whey protein concentrate, demineralized whey powder or a mixture thereof. 15 Optionally, lactose may be added to the substrate before hydrolysis.
The proteolytic enzyme may be a pancreatic, fungal, bacterial or plant protease and may be acidic, neutral or alkaline. The pH and temperature conditions of the process are then suitably adjusted to the 20 optimum requirements of the enzyme.
The invention also provides an hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising peptides which range in molecular weight from free amino acids to 50,000 Daltons. The hydrolysate may also comprise lactose.
Detailed Description of the Invention
The hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate of the present invention is suitable for use in infant formulae. The products of the invention 30 consist of hydrolysed whey protein with a defined molecular weight profile ranging from 50,000 Daltons to free amino acids. An advantage of the present invention is the optional inclusion of lactose which is also subjected to proteolytic treatment to hydrolyse residual proteins present in commercially available lactose, which are known to give rise 35 to antigenic responses. The mineral levels of the products described are maintained within the specifications for infant formulae. The products are 98-100% soluble across a broad pH range and have a very acceptable flavour at neutral pH. Bitterness is not detectable when
the hydrolysate is reconstituted in water at a concentration of 1% protein. Furthermore, the product of the present invention reconstitutes to a clear solution which is very low in colour.
The process of the invention utilises a range of whey protein substrates, i.e., lactalbumin, whey protein concentrate (WPC), demineralised whey powder, or a mixture thereof. Protein that is not already in a denatured form is given a preliminary heat treatment before addition of the enzyme solution, and before the optional 10 addition of lactose. In addition to the indigenous lactose of the whey protein source, commercial food grade lactose may be added to the hydrolysis mixture before enzyme hydrolysis. In a particular embodiment, the quantity of lactose added is calculated such that the final concentration of lactose and protein in the finished product is 15 70% and 22% respectively. This embodiment is suitable for use as a hypoallergenic baby formulae. Without additional lactose a high protein (80%) hydrolysate is produced instead.
The preferred enzyme (Pancreatic Trypsin, Novo Industie A/S, Novo A lie, 20 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark) used for the hydrolysis step has been carefully selected from a range of food grade proteases to give the required degree of hydrolysis, molecular weight distribution of polypeptides and to give rise to a non-bitter hydrolysate when used under the conditions described. It is desirable to have a certain 25 proportion (approx 8 - 15%) of the total polypeptide mixture in the region of 50,000 to 5,000 Daltons to provide emulsion stability in the final infant formulae.
Bitter flavour of protein hydrolysates depends on the degree to which a 30 protein is hydrolysed (% DH) and on the amino acid composition of the peptides produced. Peptides containing a high percentage of hydrophobic amino acids (i.e. Phe, Pro, Val, Trp, Leu, lie) have been positively correlated with increased bitter flavour. At low degrees of hydrolysis, the hydrophobic amino acids in peptides are unavailable for 35 interaction with the taste buds due to folding and existence of "hairpin" loops within large peptide structures which shield the hydrophobic amino acids. At high degrees of hydrolysis the extent to which hydrophobic interactions and folding of polypeptides occur is i
limited and hydrophobic amino acids are 'forced' to exist at the surface of peptides and therefore become available for interaction with taste buds - hence bitter flavour.
Thus one must choose an enzyme or enzyme mixtures which give rise to peptides with a low average hydrophobicity and also to limit the extent to which the protein is hydrolysed.
This can only be achieved by an extensive empirical screening process 10 and evaluation of hydrolysis conditions. In the present case the pancreatic enzyme preparation from Novo (PTN 3.OS) satisfied the above criteria and was successfully used to achieve a hydrolysate which was judged by a trained taste panel to have a very low bitterness.
A novel approach has also been adopted for the enzyme hydrolysis step by way of pH control. In the present process a titrant mixture of potassium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide is formulated such that a ratio of 1:3 (w/w) of Na+ and K+ exists in the finished product. The quantity of titrant used to maintain pH during the enzyme hydrolysis 20 step is calculated such that the final concentration of Na+ and K+ in the finished product does not exceed the specifications for infant or hypoallergenic formulae; in the case of infant formulae that being 10 mg and 30 mg respectively per gram of pure protein. Once the allowable concentration of Na+ and K+ has been reached in the 25 hydrolysis mixture the enzyme reaction is allowed to continue without pH control until the required degree of hydrolysis and molecular weight profile has been achieved at which time the enzyme is immediately thermally inactivated.
The crude hydrolysate is then clarified using a microfiltration membrane of pore size 0.02 to 0.3pm, preferably O.ljim.
Microfiltration, advantageously removes unhydrolysed protein and aggregated peptides from the crude hydrolysate to yield a clear permeate containing a mixture of polypeptides, free amino acids and 35 lactose which can be evaporated and spray dried.
The use of Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay [ELISA] is well described in the literature (Voller, 1976, Ishikava et al 1981, Wisdom 1981). In
this instance a sandwich ELISA technique was used to determine the level of whey protein antigens remaining in protein hydrolysates, after processing. In principle the sandwich technique involves binding anti-whey antibodies to the ELISA plate and reacting the bound material 5 with protein hydrolysate. This is followed by incubation with anit-whey antibodies conjugated to the enzyme HRP. Enzyme substrate is then added and the amount of colour developed by enzyme-catalysed conversion of substrate is a measure of the amount of antigenic material in the protein hydrolysate.
Results from the ELISA reactivity experiments against a total whey protein antisera showed that the antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysates produced according to the present invention was reduced by at least 4 orders of magnitude and in most cases by at least 5 orders 15 of magnitude when compared with a standard whey protein concentrate.
EXAMPLE 1.
A slurry of lactalbumin (Alatal 560, New Zealand) was prepared by 20 adding 18.75 kg Alatal (86% protein) to 175 litres of pasteurised water in a 210 litre batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR). The temperature of the slurry was adjusted to 50°C and the pH increased to 8.0 with automatic addition of a titrant mixture consisting of 2.56 M KOH and 1.44 M NaOH (3:1 w/w K+/Na+), using an industrial pH stat. The 25 total quantity of titrant mixture added to the hydrolysis reaction was calculated so that the final concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the crude hydrolysate mixture did not exceed 7mg and 21mg per gram of pure protein respectively. At a protein permeation rate of approximately 70% through the microfiltration membrane this should yield a final 30 product with less than 10 mg and 30 mg of Na+ and K+ respectively per gram of pure protein.
The volume of the reaction mixture was made up to 195 litres with deionised water. The proteolytic enzyme mixture was added once the 35 lactalbumin slurry had equilibrated at 50°C and pH 8.0 for a minimum of 30 minutes. The enzyme [320 g of food grade Trypsin (PTN 3.OS, Novo)] was dissolved in 5 litres of deionised water before addition to the reaction mixture. In this instance the enzyme to substrate ratio
(E/S) was equivalent to 2%. The pH stat was immediately activated and the remaining KOH/NaOH mixture continuously added to maintain pH at 8.0. When the allowable concentration of K+ and Na+ was reached in the crude hydrolysate, the enzyme reaction was continued without pH 5 control. The reaction was stopped (by thermal inactivation of the enzyme) when the required DH (Degree of Hydrolysis) and molecular weight profile had been achieved which typically took 5-6 hours . Thermal inactivation was achieved by increasing the temperature of the crude hydrolysate to 80°C and maintaining this temperature for 20 10 minutes. The hydrolysate was then chilled to 4°C and held overnight for further processing.
Membrane Processing
The temperature of the crude hydrolysate was adjusted to 50°C and transferred to the balance tank of the microfiItration unit. In this example, the microfiItration module consisted of an Abcor hollow fibre tangential flow membrane, 5 m , and with a nominal pore size of 0.1 pm (Koch International).
MicrofiItration was continued in batch mode with the retentate recycled to the feed tank, the permeate was collected in 25 litre plastic containers, weighed and pooled to form a bulk permeate. 150 litres of permeate was collected, which represents a volume concentration 25 reduction (VCR) of 4. The pooled permeate was heated to 75°C for 15 mins (which resulted in less foaming during the evaporation step), evaporated to 40% T.S., and spray dried to yield a 'clarified' lactalbumin hydrolysate powder. The physico-chemical properties of the powder are outlined in Table 1, and the molecular weight profile is 30 shown in Table 2. The hydrolysate satisfied the criteria for hypoallergenic baby formulae. The antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate was reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate not subjected to any modifications.
TABLE 1: Product profile of a spray dried hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from Lactalbumin.
Component Concentration
Protein 82.68%
Ash 7.15% Fat < 0.2%
Moisture 3.15%
Lactose 2.28%
Na+ 9.68 mg/g (pure protein)
KT 25.74 mg/g (pure protein)
pH (10% soln.) 7.16
TABLE 2: Molecular weight profile of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from Lactalbumin.
Molecular weight (Daltons) % of total
>50,000 0
50,000 - 5,000 11.2
,000 - 1,500 33.3
1,500 - 1,000 21.8
1,000 - 100 31.6
<100 2
EXAMPLE 2
Essentially the same process as in Example 1 was used except that lactose was added to the reaction mixture before enzyme addition.
- 12 - " 1
Additional lactose was added to give a final ratio of 2.2:1 lactose to protein in the crude hydrolysate mixture. This was calculated taking into account the relative permeation rates of the protein and lactose through the microfiItration membrane, i.e. 70% and 95% are typical 5 permeation rates for protein and lactose respectively when using the O.lum Abcor spirally wound membrane. The aim was to have a protein content in the finished product of 22% and 70% lactose.
Lactose is added to the hydrolysis mixture before enzyme addition so 10 that any residual protein remaining from the crystallisation process during the manufacture of lactose is hydrolysed along with the lactalbumin proteins. A slurry of lactalbumin (Alatal 560, New Zealand) was prepared by adding 18.75 kg Alatal (86% protein) to 150 litres of pasteurised water in a 210 litre batch stirred tank reactor 15 (BSTR). The temperature of the slurry was adjusted to 50°C.
Commercial food grade lactose (35.45 kg) was then added to the reaction mixture and allowed to dissolve thoroughly. The pH of the mixture was increased to 8.0 with automatic addition of a titrant mixture consisting of 2.56 M K0H and 1.44 NaOH (3:1 w/w, KT/Na+), using an 20 industrial pH stat. The total quantity of titrant mixture added to the hydrolysis reaction was calculated so that the final concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the crude hydrolysate mixture did not exceed 7 mg and 21 mg per gram of pure protein respectively. At a protein permeation rate of approximately 70% through the microfiltration membrane this 25 should yield a final product with less than 10 mg and 30 mg of Na+ and K+ respectively per gram of pure protein.
The volume of the reaction mixture was made up to 195 litres with deionised water. The proteolytic enzyme mixture was added once the 30 lactalbumin slurry had equilibrated at 50°C and pH 8.0 for a minimum of 30 minutes. The enzyme [320g of food grade Trypsin (PTN 3.OS,
Novo)] was dissolved in 5 litres of deionised water before addition to the reaction mixture. In this instance the enzyme to substrate ratio (E/S) was equivalent to 2%. The pH stat was immediately activated and 35 the remaining KOH/NaOH mixture continuously added to maintain pH at
+ 4*
8.0. When the allowable concentration of K and Na was reached in the crude hydrolysate, the enzyme reaction was continued without pH control. The reaction was stopped (by thermal inactivation of the
enzyme) when the required DH and molecular weight profile had been achieved, which typically took 5-6 hours. Thermal inactivation was achieved by increasing the temperature of the crude hydrolysate to 80°C and maintaining this temperature for 20 minutes. The 5 hydrolysate was then chilled to 4°C and held overnight for further processing.
Membrane Processing
The temperature of the crude hydrolysate was adjusted to 50°C and transferred to the balance tank of the microfiItration unit. In this example, the microfiItration module consisted of an Abcor hollow fibre
2
tangential flow membrane, 5m , and with a nominal pore size of 0.1 jjm (Koch International).
MicrofiItration was continued in batch mode with the retentate recycled to the feed tank, the permeate was collected in 25 litre plastic containers, weighed and pooled to form a bulk permeate. 150 litres of permeate was collected, which represents a volume concentration 20 reduction (VCR) of 4. The pooled permeate was heated to 75°C for 15 mins, evaporated to 40% T.S., and spray dried to yield a 'clarified' lactalbumin hydrolysate powder. The physico-chemical properties of the powder are outlined in Table 3, and the molecular weight profile is shown in Table 4. The hydrolysate satisfied the criteria for 25 hypoallergenic baby formulae. The antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate was reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate not subjected to any modifications.
Table 3: Product profile of a spray dried hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from lactalbumin with added lactose.
Component Concentration
Protein 20.75%
Ash 2.12% Fat < 0.2%
Moisture 2.51%
Lactose 69.5%
Na+ 9.43 mg/g (pure protein)
K+ 27.79 mg/g (pure protein)
pH(10% soln.) 6.42
Table 4: Molecular weight profile of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from lactalbumin with added lactose.
Molecular weight (Daltons) % of total
>50,000
0
50,000 - 5,000
2.3
,000 - 1,500
21.8
1,500 - 1,000
.7
1,000 - 100
57.9
<100
7.3
Example 3
A solution of whey protein concentrate (WPC 80, Mi lei, West Germany) was prepared by adding 20 kg WPC 80 (80% protein) to 150 litres of 5 deionised water in a 210 litre batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) at 50°C with the aid of a Silverson mixer. The concentrated WPC solution was allowed to dissolve completely with continuous stirring at 50°C for 2 hours. The solution of WPC was then heat denatured by increasing the temperature to 95°C and maintaining this temperature 10 for 30 minutes. The mixture was stirred vigorously during the heat treatment to prevent clumping of aggregates. After the heat treatment the temperature of the WPC slurry was reduced to 50°C. The pH of the mixture was increased to pH 8.0 with automatic addition of a titrant mixture consisting of 2.56 M K0H and 1.44 M NaOH (3:1 w/w, K+/Na+), 15 using an industrial pH stat. The total quantity of titrant mixture added to the hydrolysis reaction was calculated so that the final concentration of Na+ and K+ in the crude hydrolysate mixture did not exceed 7 mg and 21 mg per gram of pure protein respectively. At a protein permeation rate of approximately 70% through the 20 microfiItration membrane this should yield a final product with less than 10 mg and 30 mg of Na+ and K+ respectively per gram of pure protein.
The volume of the reaction mixture was made up to 195 litres with 25 deionised water. The proteolytic enzyme mixture was added once the heat denatured WPC slurry had equilibrated at 50°C and pH 8.0 for a minimum of 30 minutes. The enzyme [320 g of food grade trypsin (PTN 3.OS, Novo)] was dissolved in 5 litres of deionised water before addition to the reaction mixture. In this instance the enzyme to 30 substrate ratio (E/S) was equivalent to 2%. The pH stat was immediately activated and the remaining KOH/NaOH mixture continuously added to maintain pH at 8.0. When the allowable concentration of K+ and Na+ was reached in the crude hydrolysate, the enzyme reaction was continued without pH control. The reaction was stopped (by thermal 35 inactivation) when the required DH and molecular weight profile had been achieved, which typically took 5-6 hours. Thermal inactivation was achieved by increasing the temperature of the crude hydrolysate to 80°C and maintaining this temperature for 20 minutes. The
jL ',
k
hydrolysate was then chilled to 4°C held overnight for further processing.
Membrane Processing
The temperature of the crude hydrolysate was adjusted to 50°C and transferred to the balance tank of the microfiltration unit. In this example, the microfiItration module consisted of an Abcor hollow fibre
2
tangential flow membrane, 5m , and with a nominal molecular weight 10 cutoff of 0.1 jjm (Koch International).
MicrofiItration was continued in batch mode with the retentate recycled to the feed tank, the permeate was collected in 25 litre plastic containers, weighed and pooled to form a bulk permeate. 150 litres of 15 permeate was collected, which represents a volume concentration reduction (VCR) of 4. The pooled permeate was heated to 75°C for 15 mins, evaporated to 40% T.S., and spray dried to yield a 'clarified' whey protein hydrolysate powder. The physico-chemical properties of the powder are outlined in Table 5, and the molecular weight profile is 20 shown in Table 6. The hydrolysate satisfied the criteria for hypoallergenic baby formulae. The antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate was reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate not subjected to any modifications.
y u .
*■ 4 «. i
Table 5: Product profile of a spray dried hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC.
Component Concentration
Protein 77.15%
Ash 7.26%
Fat 0.2%
Moisture 2.30%
Lactose 4.83%
Na+ 8.14 mg/g (pure protein)
K+ 21.92 mg/g (pure protein)
pH(10% soln.) 6.97
Table 6: Molecular weight profile of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC.
Molecular weight (Daltons) %of total
>50,000 0
50,000 - 5,000 4.9
,000 - 1,500 24
1,500 - 1,000 11
1,000 - 100 53.9
<100 5.6
Example 4
Essentially the same process as in Example 3 was used except that lactose was added to the reaction mixture after the heat denaturation step. Additional lactose was added to give a final ratio of 2.2:1
lactose: protein in the crude hydrolysate mixture. This was calculated taking into account, the permeation rates of the protein and lactose through the microfiItration membrane, i.e. 70% and 95% are typical permeation rates for protein and lactose respectively when using the 5 0.1 urn Abcor spiral membrane. It was aimed to have a protein content in the finished product of 22% protein and 70% lactose.
Lactose is added to the hydrolysis mixture before enzyme addition so that any residual protein remaining from the crystallisation process 10 during the manufacture of lactose is hydrolysed along with the heat denatured WPC.
A solution of whey protein concentrate (WPC 80, Mieli West Germany) was prepared by adding 20 kg WPC 80 (80% protein) to 150 litres water in a 15 210 litre batch stirred tank reactor (BSTR) at 50°C with the aid of a Silverson mixer. The concentrated WPC solution was allowed to dissolve completely with continuous stirring at 50°C for 2 hours. The solution of WPC was then heat denatured by increasing the temperature to 95°C and maintaining this temperature for 30 minutes. The mixture 20 was stirred vigorously during the heat treatment to prevent clumping of aggregates. After the heat treatment the temperature of the WPC slurry was reduced to 50°C. Commercial food grade lactose (35.45 kg) was then added to the reaction mixture and allowed to dissolve thoroughly. The pH of the mixture was increased to pH 8.0 with automatic addition 25 of a titrant mixture consisting of 2.56 M K0H and 1.44 M NaOH (3:1 w/w, K+/Na+), using an industrial pH stat. The total quantity of titrant mixture added to the hydrolysis reaction was calculated so that the final concentrations of Na+ and K+ in the crude hydrolysate mixture did not exceed 7 mg and 21 mg per gram of pure protein 30 respectively. At a protein permeation rate of approximately 70%
through the microfiItration membrane this should yield a final product
+ +
with less than 10 mg and 30 mg for Na and K respectively per gram of pure protein.
The volume of the reaction mixture was made up to 195 litres with deionised water. The proteolytic enzyme mixture was added once the slurry of heat-denatured WPC/lactose had equilibrated at 50°C and pH 8.0 for a minimum of 30 minutes. The enzyme [320 g of food grade
trypsin (PTN 3.OS, Novo)] was dissolved in 5 litres of deionised water before addition to the reaction mixture. In this instance the enzyme to substrate ratio (E/S) was equivalent to 2%. The pH stat was immediately activated and the remaining KOH/NaOH mixture continuously 5 added to maintain pH at 8.0. When the allowable concentration of K+ and Na+ was reached in the crude hydrolysate, the enzyme reaction was continued without pH control. The reaction was stopped by thermal inactivation of the enzyme when the required DH and molecular weight profile had been achieved, which typically took 5-6 hours. Thermal 10 inactivation was achieved by increasing the temperature of the crude hydrolysate to 80°C and maintaining this temperature for 20 minutes. The hydrolysate was then chilled to 4°C and held overnight for further processing.
Membrane Processing
The temperature of the crude hydrolysate was adjusted to 50°C and transferred to the balance tank of the microfiItration unit. In this example, the microfiltration module consisted of an Abcor hollow fibre
2
tangential flow membrane, 5m , and with a nominal pore size of 0.1 jjm (Koch International).
MicrofiItration was continued in batch mode with the retentate recycled to the feed tank, the permeate was collected in 25 litre plastic 25 containers, weighed and pooled to form a bulk permeate. 150 litres of permeate was collected, which represents a volume concentration reduction (VCR) of 4. The pooled permeate was heated to 75°C for 15 mins, evaporated to 40% T.S., and spray dried to yield a 'clarified' whey protein hydrolysate powder. The physico-chemical properties of 30 the powder are outlined in Table 7, and the molecular weight profile is shown in Table 8. The hydrolysate satisfied the criteria for hypoallergenic baby formulae. The antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate was reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate not subjected to any 35 modifications.
C £V
Table 7: Product profile of a spray dried hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC with added lactose.
Component Concentration
Protein 20.83%
Ash 2.10% Fat < 0.2%
Moisture 1.73%
Lactose 68.7%
Na+ 8.0 mg/g (pure protein)
K+ 27.27mg/g (pure protein)
pH (10% soln) 6.97
Table 8: Molecular weight profile of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC with added lactose.
Molecular weight (Daltons) % of total
>50,000 0
50,000 - 5,000 4.8
,000 - 1,500 23.8
1,500 - 1,000 10.6
1,000 - 100 54.5
<100 6.3
Example 5
Essentially the same process as in Example 4 was used except that an enzyme/substrate ratio of 0.5% was used, and the hydrolysis reaction
I
was continued for 16 hours. The enzyme [80g food grade trypsin (PTN 3.05, Novo)] was dissolved in 5 litres of deionised water before addition to the reaction mixture. Apart from the lower enzyme/substrate ratio and increased hydrolysis time, all other process 5 variables were identical to Example 4.
The physico-chemical properties of the powder are outlined in Table 9 and the molecular weight profile is shown in Table 10. The hydrolysate satisfied the criteria for hypoallergenic baby formulae. The 10 antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate was reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate not subjected to any modifications.
In all the described examples, the concentration of enzyme is 15 optional. Where a lower concentration is used, a longer reaction time is necessary to achieve the desired degree of hydrolysis, and vice versa.
Table 9: Product profile of a spray dried hypoallergenic whey protein 20 hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC with added lactose.
Component
Protein
Ash
Fat
Moi sture
Lactose
Na+
pH (10% soln)
Concentration
.07%
1.79%
0.2%
4.0%
70.96%
9.80 mg/g (Pure Protein) 28.0 mg/g (Pure Protein) 6.9
C. \
Table 10: Molecular weight profile of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate powder prepared from WPC with added lactose.
Molecular weight (Daltons) % of total
>50,000 .04
50,000 - 5,000 4.99
,000 - 1,500 26.16
1,500 - 1,000 14.99
1,000 - 100 50.28
<100 3.55
Because the hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolyate of the present 15 invention contains molecules of molecular weight up to 50,000 daltons, a lower degree of hydrolysis is required in the manufacturing process than is required to produce previously known hypoallergenic hydrolysates.
This lower degree of hydrolysis means that less salts have to be added to the product for neutralization. Additionally, the more hydrolysed a product is, the more difficult it is to achieve emulsion stability when utilizing the product, and stabilising agents must be used. Obviously, it is desirable, when producing a food product, to minimise the amount 25 of stabilising agents or added salts which must be added to the product. The product and process of the present invention thus offer considerable advantages over the prior art products and processes.
A feature of the hydrolysates produce by this invention is the 30 excellent flavour of the hydrolysate. A panel of trained tastes judged the product to have very low bitterness or other off-flavour.
The level of bitterness was assessed by a scaling method. A taste panel was presented with two standards representing the extremes of 35 bitterness to be tasted. These were water and a solution of caffeine (0.03%) and were allocated a score of 0 and 10 respectively. Various reference samples of different bitterness were then presented and the panel was asked to allocate a score from 0 to 10 to them. When the
c, -:
panel were confident in their ability to rank the reference samples consistently, they were presented with the test hydrolysate samples (1% solution in water) and asked to allocate them a score in the same way. The samples consistently scored 2 or less, and on that basis were 5 adjudged to have a very low level of bitterness.
A further benificial property is that the product forms a solution which is visually clear.
REFERENCES
0 r ~
' i
Asselin, J., Herbert, J., and Amiot, J. (1989). Effect of in vitro proteolysis on the allergenicity of major whey proteins. J. Food Sci.. 5 54. 1037.
Adler-Nissen, J. (1986). Enzyme Hydrolysis of Food Proteins. Elsevier Applied Science.
Baldo, B.A. (1984). Milk allergies. Aust. J. Dairy Technol. Sept. 120.
Clein, N.W. (1954). Cow's milk allergy in infants. Ped. Clin. N.
Amer., 4, 949.
Coll ins-Williams, C. (1962). Cow's milk allergy in infants and children. Int. Arch All erg., 20, 38.
Eastham, E.J. and Grady, M.l. (1978). Antigenicity of infant formulas: Role of immature intestine on protein permeability. J. Paediatrics. 93, 20 561.
Frier, S., and Kletter, B. (1970). Milk allergy in infants and young children. CI in Ped.. 9, 449.
Ishikava, E., Kawal, T., Miyai, K. (1981). Enzyme Immunoassay Igaku-Shoin Tokyo - New York.
Jost, R., Monti, J.C. and Pahud, J.J. (1987). Whey protein Allergenicity and its reduction by technological means. Food Technol.. 30 41, (10), 118.
Kilshaw, P.J., Heppel, L.M.J, and Ford, J.E. (1982). Effects of heat treatment of cow's milk and whey on the nutritional quality and antigenic properties. Arch Pis Child. 57, 842.
Packard, V.S. (1982). Human Milk and Infant Formula. Academic Press, New York.
Pahud, J.J., Monti, J.C., and Jost, R. (1985). Allergenicity of whey proteins: Its modification by tryptic in-vitro hydrolysis of the protein. J. Pediatr. Gastro. and Nutr. 4, 408.
Ratner, B. Dworetzky, M., Satoko, 0. and Aschheirn, L. (1958). Studies on the allergenicity of cow's Milk, 2: Effect of heat treatment on the allergenicity of milk and protein fractions from milk as tested in guinea pigs by parenteral sensitization and challenge. Paediatrics. 22, 548.
Saperstein, S. and Anderson, D.W. (1962). Antigenicity of milk proteins of prepared formulas measured by precipitin ring test and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in the guinea pig. J, Paediatrics. 61, 196.
Takase, M., Fukuwatari, Y., Kawase, K., et al. (1977). Antigenicity of casein enzymatic hydrolysates. J.Dv.Sci. 62. 1570.
Voller, A., Bidwell, D.E. and Bartlett, A. (1976). Enzyme Immunoassays 20 in Diagnostic Medicine. Bull W.H.O. 53 55-63.
Wisdom, B.G. (1981). Recent progress in the Development of Enzyme Immunoassay. The Liqand Review. 3. 44-49.
24 4157
Claims (26)
1. A process for the production of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising hydrolysing a substrate with a proteolytic enzyme, thermally inactivating the enzyme and microfiItering the product of hydrolysis, the microfiItration step allowing the passage of molecules at least a portion of which are between 10,000 and 50,000 Daltons.
2. A process as claimed in claim 1 wherein a microfiItration membrane having a pore size of between 0.075 and 0.3pm is used.
3. A process as claimed in claim 2 wherein the membrane pore size is 0.lpm.
4. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the substrate is chosen from lactalbumin, whey protein concentrate, demineralized whey powder and a mixture thereof.
5. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein lactose is added to the substrate before hydrolysis by the proteolytic enzyme.
5. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the substrate is subjected to a preliminary heat treatment to denature protein.
7. A process as claimed in claim 6 wherein the substrate is heated to at least 50°C at pH 8 for at least 30 minutes.
8. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the proteolytic enzyme is chosen from pancreatic, fungal, bacterial and plant proteases.
9. A process as claimed in claim 8 wherein the protease is pancreatic trypsin. - 27 -
10. A process as claimed in claim 9 wherein hydrolysis is carried out at pH 8 at 50°C.
11. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the pH is maintained by the addition of a mixture of potassium-hydroxide and sodium hydroxide.
12. A process as claimed in claim 11 wherein the ratio of Na+:K+ in the mixture is 3:1 (w/w).
13. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims in which thermal inactivation of the proteolytic enzyme takes place at a temperature of at least 79°C for at least 20 minutes.
14. A process as claimed in any one of the preceding claims wherein the antigenicity of the whey protein hydrolysate is reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate.
15. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising peptides at least a portion of which have a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 50,000 Daltons.
16. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate as claimed in claim 15 also containing lactose.
17. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate which is visually clear and has a non-bitter taste comprising peptides at least a portion of which have a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 50,000 Daltons.
18. A foodstuff comprising a hydrolysate as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 17.
19. A foodstuff composition for infants containing a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising peptides at least a portion of • which have a molecular weight of from 10,000 to 50,000 and having a protein •r content of between 22% and 80% by weight, with or without added lactose.\ " * - 28 -
20. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising by weight, 77.15% protein, 7.26% ash, 0.2% fat, 2.30% moisture and 4.83% lactose and 8.14mg/g (pure protein) Na+ and 21.92mg/g (pure protein) K+, having a pH of 6.97 in a 10% (w/v) solution and wherein 4.9% of total peptides have a molecular weight of between 5,000 and 50,000 Daltons.
21. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate comprising by weight, 20.83% protein, 2.10% ash, less than 0.2% fat, 1.73% moisture and 68.7% lactose and 8.0mg/g (pure protein) Na+ and 27.27mg/g (pure protein) K+, having a pH of 6.97 in a 10% (w/v) solution and wherein 4.8% of total peptides have a molecular weight of between 5,000 and 50,000 Daltons.
22. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate having an antigenicity reduced by approximately 5 orders of magnitude compared with a standard whey protein concentrate.
23. A process for the production of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate substantially as described herein with reference to the Examples.
24. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate whenever prepared by a method as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 14 and 23.
25. A hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate substantially as described herein with reference to the Examples.
26. Use of a hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate as claimed in any one of claims 15 to 17, 20 to 22, 24, and 25 in the manufacture of a hypoallergenic infant milk formulation. OA 1 fcD THIS DAY OF f» A. J. PARK A SON i V:
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
IE305791A IE913057A1 (en) | 1991-08-30 | 1991-08-30 | Hypoallergenic Whey Protein Hydrolysate |
US78611191A | 1991-11-04 | 1991-11-04 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NZ244157A true NZ244157A (en) | 1995-03-28 |
Family
ID=26319315
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NZ244157A NZ244157A (en) | 1991-08-30 | 1992-08-31 | Hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP0604467A1 (en) |
AU (1) | AU2468292A (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ244157A (en) |
WO (1) | WO1993004593A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (27)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK71292D0 (en) * | 1992-05-27 | 1992-05-27 | Novo Nordisk As | |
US5405637A (en) * | 1993-06-30 | 1995-04-11 | Bristol-Myers Squibb Company | Milk protein partial hydrolysate and infant formula containing same |
US6919314B1 (en) * | 1998-06-17 | 2005-07-19 | New Zealand Dairy Board | Bioactive whey protein hydrolysate |
NZ506866A (en) * | 2000-09-11 | 2003-05-30 | New Zealand Dairy Board | Bioactive whey protein hydrolysate free of bitter flavours wherein the enzyme used is a heat labile protease |
AU2003242695B2 (en) * | 2002-07-01 | 2007-12-06 | Unilever Plc | Satiety inducing composition |
EP1571925A1 (en) * | 2002-12-20 | 2005-09-14 | Unilever N.V. | Blood glucose regulating composition |
US7618669B2 (en) | 2005-06-01 | 2009-11-17 | Mead Johnson Nutrition Company | Low-lactose partially hydrolyzed infant formula |
EP1973429B1 (en) * | 2006-01-04 | 2013-08-21 | Leprino Foods Company | Protein hydrolysates and method of making |
ES2436145T3 (en) * | 2007-11-07 | 2013-12-27 | Mjn U.S. Holdings Llc | Method to reduce bitterness and improve the taste of infant formula without protein and hydrolyzed |
US8557297B2 (en) * | 2008-09-12 | 2013-10-15 | Olympic Seafood, As | Method for processing crustaceans and products thereof |
US9055752B2 (en) | 2008-11-06 | 2015-06-16 | Intercontinental Great Brands Llc | Shelf-stable concentrated dairy liquids and methods of forming thereof |
RU2011133071A (en) * | 2009-01-06 | 2013-02-20 | Нестек С.А. | PROCESSING MACRONUTRIENTS |
BRPI1013708B1 (en) | 2009-04-02 | 2020-01-14 | Novozymes As | process for preparing a milk-based protein hydrolyzate |
UA112972C2 (en) | 2010-09-08 | 2016-11-25 | Інтерконтінентал Грейт Брендс ЛЛС | LIQUID DAIRY CONCENTRATE WITH A HIGH CONTENT OF DRY SUBSTANCES |
EP2436389A1 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2012-04-04 | Nestec S.A. | Milk-based protein hydrolysates and infant formulae and nutritional compositions made thereof |
CA2809916A1 (en) | 2010-10-01 | 2012-04-05 | Novozymes A/S | Polypeptides having endopeptidase activity and polynucleotides encoding same |
FI125332B (en) * | 2011-11-11 | 2015-08-31 | Valio Oy | Process for the preparation of a milk product |
EP2730170B1 (en) | 2012-11-13 | 2016-02-10 | DMK Deutsches Milchkontor GmbH | Food compositions free of allergens |
JP6748099B2 (en) | 2015-03-30 | 2020-08-26 | ソシエテ・デ・プロデュイ・ネスレ・エス・アー | Milk-based protein hydrolyzate and compositions made therefrom |
EP3356544A4 (en) | 2015-10-02 | 2019-08-14 | Glanbia Nutritionals (Ireland) Ltd. | Protein hydrolysate, method for making, and use |
WO2019141662A1 (en) * | 2018-01-16 | 2019-07-25 | Frieslandcampina Nederland B.V. | Hypoallergenic infant formula and methods for preparing the same |
WO2021074375A1 (en) | 2019-10-17 | 2021-04-22 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Infant formula |
CA3153077A1 (en) | 2019-10-17 | 2021-04-22 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Extensively hydrolysed infant formula |
CA3163781A1 (en) | 2019-12-30 | 2021-07-08 | Societe Des Produits Nestle S.A. | Infant formula |
CN116249537A (en) | 2020-10-16 | 2023-06-09 | 雀巢产品有限公司 | Infant or young child formula |
CN116261398A (en) | 2020-10-16 | 2023-06-13 | 雀巢产品有限公司 | Nutritional composition comprising human milk oligosaccharides |
AU2021376858A1 (en) | 2020-11-10 | 2023-04-13 | Société des Produits Nestlé S.A. | Nutritional composition |
Family Cites Families (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2459620B1 (en) * | 1979-06-26 | 1983-08-05 | Agronomique Inst Nat Rech | TOTAL ENZYMATIC HYDROLISATE OF WHEY PROTEINS, OBTAINMENT AND APPLICATION |
EP0357776A4 (en) * | 1987-05-14 | 1991-01-30 | Terumo Kabushiki Kaisha | Egg white hydrolyzate |
FR2634104B1 (en) * | 1988-07-18 | 1991-10-18 | Union Coop Agricole | PARTIAL WHEY PROTEIN HYDROLYSAT, ENZYMATIC PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME, AND HYPOALLERGENIC DIET FOOD CONTAINING THE SAME |
ATE113441T1 (en) * | 1989-10-02 | 1994-11-15 | Sandoz Nutrition Ltd | PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES. |
-
1992
- 1992-08-28 WO PCT/IE1992/000006 patent/WO1993004593A1/en not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1992-08-28 EP EP92918198A patent/EP0604467A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1992-08-28 AU AU24682/92A patent/AU2468292A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1992-08-31 NZ NZ244157A patent/NZ244157A/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
EP0604467A1 (en) | 1994-07-06 |
WO1993004593A1 (en) | 1993-03-18 |
AU2468292A (en) | 1993-04-05 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
NZ244157A (en) | Hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate | |
EP0226221B1 (en) | A peptide preparation, a process for producing it and use of the peptide preparation | |
AU2002325890B2 (en) | Process for the hydrolysis of milk proteins | |
Lee | Food-processing approaches to altering allergenic potential of milk-based formula | |
EP1146794B1 (en) | A hypoallergenic composition containing tolerogenic peptides inducing oral tolerance | |
JP3236011B2 (en) | Hypoallergenic dairy product and method for producing the same | |
AU2002325890A1 (en) | Process for the hydrolysis of milk proteins | |
EP1236405B1 (en) | Hypoallergenic formulae inducing oral tolerance to soy proteins | |
EP2034851B1 (en) | Hydrolysed egg proteins | |
US20100233318A1 (en) | Process for the hydrolysis of milk proteins | |
AU2007259231B2 (en) | Induction of tolerance to egg proteins | |
IES922622A2 (en) | Hypoallergenic whey protein hydrolysate | |
IE913057A1 (en) | Hypoallergenic Whey Protein Hydrolysate | |
UA144410U (en) | MILK WITH WHEAT PROTEIN HYDROLYSATE | |
NO873481L (en) | PEPTIDE PREPARATION, PROCEDURE FOR PREPARING THEREOF AND USE OF THE PEPTIDE PREPARATION. | |
UA125466C2 (en) | Milk with whey protein hydrolysate |