NO882865L - PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN EMULSION EXPLOSION. - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN EMULSION EXPLOSION.Info
- Publication number
- NO882865L NO882865L NO882865A NO882865A NO882865L NO 882865 L NO882865 L NO 882865L NO 882865 A NO882865 A NO 882865A NO 882865 A NO882865 A NO 882865A NO 882865 L NO882865 L NO 882865L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- emulsion
- bentonite
- fuel
- weight
- approx
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 title claims description 44
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 238000004880 explosion Methods 0.000 title 1
- SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N bentoquatam Chemical compound O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O SVPXDRXYRYOSEX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 33
- 229910000278 bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 27
- 229940092782 bentonite Drugs 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000440 bentonite Substances 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000002360 explosive Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 9
- PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(3-bromo-2-fluorophenyl)acetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC1=CC=CC(Br)=C1F PAWQVTBBRAZDMG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000003638 chemical reducing agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012188 paraffin wax Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- ONCZQWJXONKSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;disodium;oxygen(2-);silicon(4+);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Na+].[Na+].[Al+3].[Al+3].[Si+4].[Si+4].[Si+4].[Si+4] ONCZQWJXONKSMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- -1 liquid paraffin Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002480 mineral oil Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229940080314 sodium bentonite Drugs 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910000280 sodium bentonite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- DYSXLQBUUOPLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dinitrotoluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O DYSXLQBUUOPLBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N O-Xylene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1C CTQNGGLPUBDAKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000295 fuel oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940057995 liquid paraffin Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010687 lubricating oil Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000010446 mineral oil Nutrition 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 235000019271 petrolatum Nutrition 0.000 claims 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 9
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 9
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 6
- LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium nitrite Chemical compound [Na+].[O-]N=O LPXPTNMVRIOKMN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 6
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000004005 microsphere Substances 0.000 description 5
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000002585 base Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 4
- VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium nitrate Chemical compound [Na+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O VWDWKYIASSYTQR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiourea Chemical compound NC(N)=S UMGDCJDMYOKAJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000004200 microcrystalline wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229940114937 microcrystalline wax Drugs 0.000 description 3
- 235000019808 microcrystalline wax Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 235000010288 sodium nitrite Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 3
- NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N Sorbitan monooleate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O NWGKJDSIEKMTRX-AAZCQSIUSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N calcium nitrate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-][N+]([O-])=O.[O-][N+]([O-])=O ZCCIPPOKBCJFDN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000010344 sodium nitrate Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000004317 sodium nitrate Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 description 2
- CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N (2r,3r,4r,5s)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol;(z)-octadec-9-enoic acid Chemical compound OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.OC[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@H](O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O CUNWUEBNSZSNRX-RKGWDQTMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IIZBNUQFTQVTGU-PTTKHPGGSA-N (z)-octadec-9-enoic acid;propane-1,2,3-triol Chemical compound OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.OCC(O)CO.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O.CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC(O)=O IIZBNUQFTQVTGU-PTTKHPGGSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-difluorocyclohexane Chemical compound FC1(F)CCCCC1 ZORQXIQZAOLNGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JLPULHDHAOZNQI-ZTIMHPMXSA-N 1-hexadecanoyl-2-(9Z,12Z-octadecadienoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@H](COP([O-])(=O)OCC[N+](C)(C)C)OC(=O)CCCCCCC\C=C/C\C=C/CCCCC JLPULHDHAOZNQI-ZTIMHPMXSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-bromo-3,3-difluoroprop-1-ene Chemical compound FC(F)(Br)C=C GDDNTTHUKVNJRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004166 Lanolin Substances 0.000 description 1
- TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)OCC(CO[N+]([O-])=O)(CO[N+]([O-])=O)CO[N+]([O-])=O TZRXHJWUDPFEEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000026 Pentaerythritol tetranitrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002202 Polyethylene glycol Substances 0.000 description 1
- IYFATESGLOUGBX-YVNJGZBMSA-N Sorbitan monopalmitate Chemical compound CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)OC[C@@H](O)[C@H]1OC[C@H](O)[C@H]1O IYFATESGLOUGBX-YVNJGZBMSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MEESPVWIOBCLJW-KTKRTIGZSA-N [(z)-octadec-9-enyl] dihydrogen phosphate Chemical compound CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCCOP(O)(O)=O MEESPVWIOBCLJW-KTKRTIGZSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HOAKDRHIAARPFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O HOAKDRHIAARPFN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001963 alkali metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001485 alkali metal perchlorate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001964 alkaline earth metal nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 238000004581 coalescence Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000470 constituent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005474 detonation Methods 0.000 description 1
- GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N dialuminum;dioxosilane;oxygen(2-);hydrate Chemical compound O.[O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3].O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O.O=[Si]=O GUJOJGAPFQRJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dodecylazanium;acetate Chemical compound CC(O)=O.CCCCCCCCCCCCN HBRNMIYLJIXXEE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000010304 firing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000008282 halocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052500 inorganic mineral Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940039717 lanolin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000019388 lanolin Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011707 mineral Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052901 montmorillonite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229960004321 pentaerithrityl tetranitrate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229920001223 polyethylene glycol Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229920005652 polyisobutylene succinic anhydride Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium octadecanoate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC([O-])=O RYYKJJJTJZKILX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001593 sorbitan monooleate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011069 sorbitan monooleate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229940035049 sorbitan monooleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 235000011071 sorbitan monopalmitate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001570 sorbitan monopalmitate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229940031953 sorbitan monopalmitate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229960005078 sorbitan sesquioleate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229940083466 soybean lecithin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004094 surface-active agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008961 swelling Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003672 ureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229940099259 vaseline Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 239000007762 w/o emulsion Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B23/00—Compositions characterised by non-explosive or non-thermic constituents
- C06B23/001—Fillers, gelling and thickening agents (e.g. fibres), absorbents for nitroglycerine
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
- C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
- C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase
- C06B47/14—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase comprising a solid component and an aqueous phase
- C06B47/145—Water in oil emulsion type explosives in which a carbonaceous fuel forms the continuous phase
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
- Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
- Pharmaceuticals Containing Other Organic And Inorganic Compounds (AREA)
- Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
Description
Foreliggende oppfinnelse gjelder et sprengstoff. Det gjelder spesielt fremstilling av et emulsjonssprengstoff omfattende en diskontinuerlig fase som danner en bestanddel som inneholder oksyderende salt og en kontinuerlig fase som er ublandbar med den diskontinuerlige fasen og som danner en brenselbestanddel. The present invention relates to an explosive. This applies in particular to the production of an emulsion explosive comprising a discontinuous phase which forms a component containing oxidizing salt and a continuous phase which is immiscible with the discontinuous phase and which forms a fuel component.
Når bestanddelen som inneholder det oksyderende saltet, inneholder vann og foreligger i form av en vandig løsning er slike sprengstoffer kjent som<H>vann-i-brensel"-emulsjoner, og når den bestanddel som inneholder det oksyderende saltet, inneholder lite eller intet vann, kan de betraktes som "smelte-i-brensel"-emulsj oner. When the component containing the oxidizing salt contains water and is in the form of an aqueous solution, such explosives are known as "water-in-fuel" emulsions, and when the component containing the oxidizing salt contains little or no water , they can be considered "melt-in-fuel" emulsions.
Ved fremstilling av et emulsjonssprengstoff omfattende en diskontinuerlig fase som danner en bestanddel som inneholder et oksyderende salt, og en kontinuerlig fase som er ublandbar med den diskontinuerlige fasen og som danner en brenselbestanddel, tilveiebringes ifølge oppfinnelsen en fremgangsmåte for fortykning eller økning av viskositeten i emulsjonen som omfatter å dispergere uløselig, partikkelformig bentonitt eller et derivat derav i minst én av bestanddelene i emulsjonen. In the production of an emulsion explosive comprising a discontinuous phase which forms a component containing an oxidizing salt, and a continuous phase which is immiscible with the discontinuous phase and which forms a fuel component, the invention provides a method for thickening or increasing the viscosity of the emulsion which comprises dispersing insoluble, particulate bentonite or a derivative thereof in at least one of the components of the emulsion.
Bentonitten eller bentonitt-derivatet tilsettes fortrinnsvis til den emulsjon som er dannet etter sammenblanding av bestanddelene, i en mengde på fra ca. 1,0 til ca. 5,0 vekt% basert på emulsjonsvekten. Søkeren har funnet at bentonitten eller derivatet derved dispergeres i emulsjonen uten oppløsning i noen av bestanddelene, og uten å forårsake krystallisasjon. The bentonite or bentonite derivative is preferably added to the emulsion formed after mixing the components, in an amount of from approx. 1.0 to approx. 5.0% by weight based on the emulsion weight. The applicant has found that the bentonite or derivative thereby disperses in the emulsion without dissolving in any of the components, and without causing crystallization.
Bentonitten eller bentonitt-derivatet kan dispergeres i emulsjonen ved sammenblanding av pulvere med emulsjonen i en blandemaskin med lav skjærkraft. The bentonite or bentonite derivative can be dispersed in the emulsion by mixing powders with the emulsion in a mixing machine with low shear.
Bentonitten er fortrinnsvis svellbar natrium-bentonitt somThe bentonite is preferably swellable sodium bentonite which
i hovedsak består av mineralet montmorillonitt. Den kan væremainly consists of the mineral montmorillonite. It can be
av den såkalte USA tight-spec-typen med en finhetsgrad for de tørre partiklene som følger: minimum 90 vekt% finere enn US-sikt nr. 40 og maksimum 10 vekt% finere enn US-sikt nr. 200. of the so-called USA tight-spec type with a degree of fineness for the dry particles as follows: minimum 90% by weight finer than US sieve No. 40 and maximum 10% by weight finer than US sieve No. 200.
Med andre ord kan minst 90 vekt% av bentonittpartiklene ha en partikkelstørrelse mindre enn 425 pm og høyst 10 vekt% av bentonittpartiklene kan ha en partikkelstørrelse mindre enn 75 pm. Bentonittpartiklenes gjennomsnittlige partikkelstørrelse kan være fra ca. 75 til ca. 425 pm, fortrinnsvis fra ca. 75 til ca. 350 pm. In other words, at least 90% by weight of the bentonite particles may have a particle size smaller than 425 pm and at most 10% by weight of the bentonite particles may have a particle size smaller than 75 pm. The average particle size of the bentonite particles can be from approx. 75 to approx. 425 pm, preferably from approx. 75 to approx. 350 p.m.
Natrium-bentonitten kan være den som er kommersielt tilgjengelig i pulverform under varemerket MX-80 VOLCLAY WESTERN BENT0NITE-13T fra American Colloid Co., og som har et vanninnhold på mellom 5 og 10 vekt%, en tørrpartikkelfinhet på maksimalt 10 vekt% som tilbakeholdes på US-sikt nr. 40 og maksimalt 10 vekt% som passerer US-sikt nr. 200, og en våt-partikkelfinhet på minst 94 vekt% som er finere enn US-sikt nr. 200 og minst 92 vekt% finere enn US-sikt nr. 325. The sodium bentonite may be that commercially available in powder form under the trademark MX-80 VOLCLAY WESTERN BENT0NITE-13T from American Colloid Co., and having a water content of between 5 and 10% by weight, a dry particle fineness of a maximum of 10% by weight retained on US sieve No. 40 and a maximum of 10% by weight passing US sieve No. 200, and a wet particle fineness of at least 94% by weight finer than US sieve No. 200 and at least 92% by weight finer than US- view No. 325.
Egnede bentonitt-derivater omfatter de kvaternære ammonium-bentonittsaltene, spesielt de som har minst én langkjedet alkylgruppe med minst 10 C-atomer. (Kommersielt tilgjengelige bentoner) som er svellbare i metanol og fortrinnsvis forhånds-behandlet med metanol. Suitable bentonite derivatives include the quaternary ammonium bentonite salts, especially those having at least one long-chain alkyl group of at least 10 C atoms. (Commercially available bentones) which are swellable in methanol and preferably pre-treated with methanol.
Den diskontinuerlige fasen kan omfatte minst ett oksyderende salt valgt fra gruppen bestående av ammoniumnitrat, alkalimetall-nitrater, jordalkalimetallnitrater, ammonium-perklorat, alkalimetall-perklorater og jordalkalimetall-perklorater. The discontinuous phase may comprise at least one oxidizing salt selected from the group consisting of ammonium nitrate, alkali metal nitrates, alkaline earth metal nitrates, ammonium perchlorate, alkali metal perchlorates and alkaline earth metal perchlorates.
Den diskontinuerlige fasen kan omfatte ammoniumnitrat med minst én ytterligere forbindelse valgt fra gruppen bestående av oksygen-avgivende salter og brensler som, sammen med ammoniumnitratet, danner en smelte som har et smeltepunkt som er lavere enn smeltepunktet til ammoniumnitrat. Nevnte ytterligere forbindelse kan være natriumnitrat, kalsiumnitrat, urea, urea-derivater som f.eks. tiourea eller lignende. Den diskontinuerlige fasen kan i noen tilfeller omfatte vann, som holdes på et minimum for å unngå bortkastet energi som oppstår ved damp-generering, men som anvendes for å lette smelting/oppløsning av den oksyderende saltbestanddelen for å unngå for høye behand-lingstemperaturer under dannelse av basis-emulsjonen. The discontinuous phase may comprise ammonium nitrate with at least one additional compound selected from the group consisting of oxygen-releasing salts and fuels which, together with the ammonium nitrate, form a melt having a melting point lower than the melting point of ammonium nitrate. Said additional compound can be sodium nitrate, calcium nitrate, urea, urea derivatives such as e.g. thiourea or the like. The discontinuous phase may in some cases include water, which is kept to a minimum to avoid wasted energy arising from steam generation, but which is used to facilitate melting/dissolution of the oxidizing salt component to avoid excessive processing temperatures during formation of the base emulsion.
Brenselbestanddelen i emulsjonen kan utgjøre fra 2 tilThe fuel component in the emulsion can amount from 2 to
25 vekt% av emulsjonen, fortrinnsvis ca. 3-12 vekt%.25% by weight of the emulsion, preferably approx. 3-12% by weight.
Brenslet i brenselbestanddelen vil være ublandbar med og uløselig i vann. Fortrinnsvis er brenslet i brenselbestanddelen ikke selv-eksplosivt og velges fra minst ett medlem av gruppen bestående av hydrokarboner, halogenerte hydrokarboner og nitrerte hydrokarboner. Typisk omfatter nevnte brensel minst én voks valgt fra gruppen bestående av paraffinvoks, mikro-krystallinsk voks og råparaffinvoks og det kan omfatte minst ett medlem av gruppen bestående av mineraloljer, brenseloljer, smøreoljer, flytende paraf f, in, xylen, toluen, vaselin og dinitrotoluen. The fuel in the fuel component will be immiscible with and insoluble in water. Preferably, the fuel in the fuel component is not self-explosive and is selected from at least one member of the group consisting of hydrocarbons, halogenated hydrocarbons and nitrated hydrocarbons. Typically, said fuel comprises at least one wax selected from the group consisting of paraffin wax, micro-crystalline wax and crude paraffin wax and it may comprise at least one member of the group consisting of mineral oils, fuel oils, lubricating oils, liquid paraffin, in, xylene, toluene, vaseline and dinitrotoluene .
Brenslet kan omfatte en emulgator eller en blanding av egnede emulgatorer. Brenselbestanddelen kan således omfatte minst én emulgator valgt fra gruppen bestående av sorbitanseskvi-oleat, sorbitanmonooleat, sorbitanmonopalmitat, natrium-monostearat, natrium-tristearat, mono- og diglyceridene av fett-dannende fettsyrer, soyabønnelecitin, derivater av lanolin, alkylbenzensulfonater, surt oleylfosfat, laurylamin-acetat, dekaglycerol-dekaoleat, dekaglycerol-dekastearat, 2-oleyl-4,4'-bis(hydroksymetyl)-2-oksazolin, polymere emulgatorer inneholdende polyetylenglykol-hovedkjeder med fettsyre-sidekjeder og derivater av polyisobutylen-ravsyreanhydrid. The fuel may comprise an emulsifier or a mixture of suitable emulsifiers. The fuel component can thus comprise at least one emulsifier selected from the group consisting of sorbitan sesquioleate, sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sodium monostearate, sodium tristearate, the mono- and diglycerides of fat-forming fatty acids, soybean lecithin, derivatives of lanolin, alkylbenzenesulfonates, acid oleyl phosphate, laurylamine -acetate, decaglycerol-decaoleate, decaglycerol-decastearate, 2-oleyl-4,4'-bis(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxazoline, polymeric emulsifiers containing polyethylene glycol main chains with fatty acid side chains and derivatives of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.
Emulgatorene virker som overflateaktive midler og stabili-satorer for å fremme dannelsen av emulsjonen og for å motstå krystallisasjon og/eller koalescens av den diskontinuerlige fasen. The emulsifiers act as surfactants and stabilizers to promote the formation of the emulsion and to resist crystallization and/or coalescence of the discontinuous phase.
Fremgangsmåten kan omfatte trinnet å dispergere et densitets-reduserende middel i emulsjonen for å danne en emulsjon med en densitet på fra 1,10 til 1,15 g/cm<3>ved 25°C. The method may comprise the step of dispersing a density-reducing agent in the emulsion to form an emulsion having a density of from 1.10 to 1.15 g/cm<3>at 25°C.
Det densitets-reduserende midlet kan velges fra gruppen bestående av mikroballonger, mikrokuler og gassbobler. I én utførelsesform kan den endelige emulsjonen således omfatte glass-mikroballonger, mikrokuler av polymert materiale eller en annen form av densitets-reduserende middel, for å tilveiebringe en emulsjon med en sluttdensitet på 1,10 - 1,15 g/cm<3>ved 25°C. Emulsjonen kan da omfatte opp til ca. 10 vekt% glass-mikroballonger (f.eks. C15/250 glass-mikroballonger tilgjengelig fra 3M Syd-Afrika (Pty) Limited) eller mikrokuler av et polymert materiale (f.eks. EXPANCEL 642 DE-mikrokuler tilgjengelig fra KemaNord AB, Sverige), som ytterligere kan virke til å sensi-bilisere sprengstoffet. Selv om vekten av mikroballonger eller mikrokuler som er tilsatt, kan være opp til 10%, foretrekkes det at den er mindre enn 4,5 vekt%, basert på vekten av emulsjonen som de er tilsatt til. I en annen utførelsesform kan det densitets-reduserende midlet omfatte luftbobler i emulsjonen. Boblene kan da mekanisk induseres, f.eks. ved fysisk blanding eller blåsing, og/eller kjemisk indusert, f.eks. ved hjelp av et kjemisk skumdannelsesmiddel som f.eks. natriumnitritt tilsatt emulsjonen. The density-reducing agent can be selected from the group consisting of microballoons, microspheres and gas bubbles. Thus, in one embodiment, the final emulsion may comprise glass microballoons, microspheres of polymeric material or another form of density-reducing agent, to provide an emulsion with a final density of 1.10 - 1.15 g/cm<3>at 25°C. The emulsion can then comprise up to approx. 10 wt% glass microballoons (e.g. C15/250 glass microballoons available from 3M Syd-Afrika (Pty) Limited) or microspheres of a polymeric material (e.g. EXPANCEL 642 DE microspheres available from KemaNord AB, Sweden ), which can further act to sensitize the explosive. Although the weight of microballoons or microspheres added may be up to 10%, it is preferred that it be less than 4.5% by weight, based on the weight of the emulsion to which they are added. In another embodiment, the density-reducing agent may comprise air bubbles in the emulsion. The bubbles can then be mechanically induced, e.g. by physical mixing or blowing, and/or chemically induced, e.g. by means of a chemical foaming agent such as sodium nitrite added to the emulsion.
Oppfinnelsen strekker seg til et emulsjonssprengstoff som er fremstilt ifølge den fremgangsmåte som er beskrevet ovenfor. The invention extends to an emulsion explosive which is produced according to the method described above.
Oppfinnelsen skal nå beskrives ved hjelp av de følgende, ikke-begrensende eksempler. The invention will now be described using the following, non-limiting examples.
EksemplerExamples
Patronerte vann-i-olje-emulsjonssprengstoffer ble fremstilt med følgende sammensetninger i hvilke alle enheter er uttrykt som prosenter på vektbasis: Cartridged water-in-oil emulsion explosives were prepared with the following compositions in which all units are expressed as percentages by weight:
Mineraloljen P95® ble oppnådd fra BP Syd-Afrika (privat A/S) Ltd., og Crill 4® fra Croda Chemicals Syd-Afrika (privat A/S) Ltd. Praffinvoksen var Aristo®-voks oppnådd fra Sasol Chem. The mineral oil P95® was obtained from BP Syd-Afrika (private A/S) Ltd., and Crill 4® from Croda Chemicals Syd-Afrika (private A/S) Ltd. The paraffin wax was Aristo® wax obtained from Sasol Chem.
(privat A/S) Ltd., og den mikrokrystallinske voksen var(privat A/S) Ltd., and the microcrystalline wax was
BE SQUARE Amber® 175 oppnådd fra Bareco Inc. USA. Mikroballongene var 3M B23/500® glassmikroballonger fra 3M Syd-Afrika (privat A/S) Ltd. Bentonitten var MX-80-VOLCLAY WESTERN BENTONITE-13T® oppnådd fra-American Colloid Co., som typisk har følgende kjemiske analyse: Si0260,0-62,0% vekt/vekt, A12C>3 21,0-23,0% vekt/vekt, Fe2033,0-4,0 vekt/vekt, MgO 2,0-3,0% vekt/vekt, Na20 2,0-3,0% vekt/vekt, CaO 0,1-0,7% vekt/vekt, BE SQUARE Amber® 175 obtained from Bareco Inc. USA. The microballoons were 3M B23/500® glass microballoons from 3M South Africa (private A/S) Ltd. The bentonite was MX-80-VOLCLAY WESTERN BENTONITE-13T® obtained from-American Colloid Co., which typically has the following chemical analysis: Si0260.0-62.0% w/w, A12C>3 21.0-23.0% w/w, Fe2033.0-4.0 w/w, MgO 2.0-3.0% w/w, Na20 2.0-3.0% w/w, CaO 0.1-0.7% weight/weight,
K20 0,4-0,5% vekt/vekt, og med en pH-verdi på 8,5-10,0.K20 0.4-0.5% weight/weight, and with a pH value of 8.5-10.0.
Den mengde vann som er angitt inkluderer det vann som anvendes for å fremstille natriumnitritt-løsningen. The amount of water indicated includes the water used to prepare the sodium nitrite solution.
Emulsjonssprengstoffene ble fremstilt ved å danne en premiks av vann, ammoniumnitrat, natriumnitrat og tiourea ved ca. 80-90°C, og en annen premiks av den mikrokrystallinske voksen, paraffinvoksen, P95-oljen og Crill 4 ved ca. 70-80°C. Den første premiksen ble så langsomt tilsatt den annen premiks ved omrøring for å danne en basis-emulsjon. Bentonitten ble deretter blandet med basis-emulsjonen i en blandemaskin med lav skjærkraft i ca. 1 min. for å tilveiebringe en fortykket emulsjon. Prøver 1 og 2 ble fremstilt ved henholdsvis å dispergere natriumnitritten eller mikroballongene i basis-emulsjonen i en blandemaskin ved normale, forhøyede arbeidstempe-raturer, fulgt av patronering og rask avkjøling. Sammenlignings-prøver, identiske med prøvene 1 og 2, bortsett fra at de ikke inneholdt bentonitt, ble også fremstilt. The emulsion explosives were prepared by forming a premix of water, ammonium nitrate, sodium nitrate and thiourea at approx. 80-90°C, and another premix of the microcrystalline wax, the paraffin wax, the P95 oil and Crill 4 at approx. 70-80°C. The first premix was then slowly added to the second premix with stirring to form a base emulsion. The bentonite was then mixed with the base emulsion in a low shear mixer for approx. 1 min. to provide a thickened emulsion. Samples 1 and 2 were prepared by respectively dispersing the sodium nitrite or the microballoons in the base emulsion in a mixing machine at normal, elevated working temperatures, followed by cartridge and rapid cooling. Comparative samples, identical to samples 1 and 2, except that they did not contain bentonite, were also prepared.
Prøver 1 og 2, med og uten bentonitten, ble testet ifølge Stanhope kjegle-penetrometermetoden (med 150 g kjegle), og de oppnådde resultater fremgår av tabell I. Samples 1 and 2, with and without the bentonite, were tested according to the Stanhope cone penetrometer method (with a 150 g cone), and the results obtained appear in Table I.
Prøve 2, med og uten bentonitten, ble også testet på minimum initiering (MI) og detonasjonshastighet (VOD) ved 4 0°C, og resultatene fremgår av tabell III. Tabell III viser også resultatene av tester på MI og VOD ved 40 "C for en ytterligere prøve kalt prøve 3, som er en blanding i det vesentlige lik prøve 2, men som inneholder 4 vekt% av bentonitt basert på emulsjonens vekt. I tabell III, indikerer 'M' feiltenning, og '3D', '4D' og '5D' indikerer at sprengstoffet kunne detoneres med en detonator inneholdende henholdsvis 45 mg, 90 mg og 180 mg pentaerytritol-tetranitrat. Sample 2, with and without the bentonite, was also tested for minimum initiation (MI) and velocity of detonation (VOD) at 40°C, and the results appear in Table III. Table III also shows the results of tests on MI and VOD at 40 "C for a further sample called sample 3, which is a mixture substantially similar to sample 2, but containing 4% by weight of bentonite based on the weight of the emulsion. In Table III , 'M' indicates misfire, and '3D', '4D' and '5D' indicate that the explosive could be detonated with a detonator containing 45 mg, 90 mg and 180 mg of pentaerythritol tetranitrate respectively.
Prøve 2, med og uten bentonitt, ble testet på følsomhet Sample 2, with and without bentonite, was tested for sensitivity
for sjokk-krystallisasjon, og resultatene fremgår av tabell IV (temperaturøkning ved sjokk-krystallisasjon) og tabell V (boble-energi etter sjokk-krystallisasjon). Temperaturhevning ved sjokk-krystallisasjon ble målt ved å plassere et termoelement i sentrum av en patron som er suspendert loddrett ved 6,7 m under vannoverflaten. En 150 g overdrager ble avfyrt på samme dybde med en avstand på 2,8 m fra patronen og den resulterende temperaturhevningen på grunn av krystallisasjon ble nedtegnet. Gjennomsnittet av tre resultater er angitt i tabell IV. Boble-energi etter sjokk-krystallisasjon ble målt ved å avfyre en 150 g overdrager i varierende avstander fra fem patroner som er suspendert loddrett på en vanndybde på 6,7 m. Patronene ble detonert 13 sek. senere og deres boble-energi nedtegnet som angitt i tabell V. Samme fremgangsmåte for sjokk-krystallisasjon ble brukt for prøve 2 (uten bentonitt) og prøve 2 (med bentonitt) . for shock crystallization, and the results appear in table IV (temperature increase during shock crystallization) and table V (bubble energy after shock crystallization). Temperature rise by shock crystallization was measured by placing a thermocouple in the center of a cartridge suspended vertically at 6.7 m below the water surface. A 150 g transferrer was fired at the same depth at a distance of 2.8 m from the cartridge and the resulting temperature rise due to crystallization was recorded. The average of three results is given in Table IV. Bubble energy after shock crystallization was measured by firing a 150 g transmitter at varying distances from five cartridges suspended vertically in a water depth of 6.7 m. The cartridges were detonated for 13 sec. later and their bubble energy recorded as indicated in Table V. The same procedure for shock crystallization was used for sample 2 (without bentonite) and sample 2 (with bentonite).
Uten å ønske å være bundet til noen teori antar søkeren at den ønskede økning i viskositet ved tilsetning av bentonitt til emulsjonssprengstoffer oppnås ved at bentonitten virker på bestanddeler som f.eks. voksen ved avkjøling, og derved forårsaker svelling av disse bestanddelene (indikerer modifika-sjon av deres krystallstruktur) og derfor fortykning av emulsjonen. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, the applicant assumes that the desired increase in viscosity when adding bentonite to emulsion explosives is achieved by the bentonite acting on components such as e.g. wax on cooling, thereby causing swelling of these constituents (indicating modification of their crystal structure) and therefore thickening of the emulsion.
Den økede emulsjonsviskositet gir fordeler som f.eks. The increased emulsion viscosity provides advantages such as
høyere grad av gass-, eller luftbobleretensjon og derfor lengre holdbarhet. higher degree of gas or air bubble retention and therefore longer shelf life.
Tilsetningen av bentonitt til emulsjonssprengstoffer forårsaker en økning i stiyhet ved alle temperaturer, men motstanden mot mykning ved høyere temperaturer økes betydelig, som det kan sees fra viskositeten (se tabell II) og kjegle-inntrengningsverdiene (se tabell I). The addition of bentonite to emulsion explosives causes an increase in stiffness at all temperatures, but resistance to softening at higher temperatures is significantly increased, as can be seen from the viscosity (see Table II) and cone penetration values (see Table I).
Claims (10)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| ZA874690 | 1987-06-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NO882865D0 NO882865D0 (en) | 1988-06-28 |
| NO882865L true NO882865L (en) | 1988-12-30 |
Family
ID=25578896
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NO882865A NO882865L (en) | 1987-06-29 | 1988-06-28 | PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF AN EMULSION EXPLOSION. |
Country Status (8)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0297740A3 (en) |
| AU (1) | AU616892B2 (en) |
| CA (1) | CA1330397C (en) |
| GB (1) | GB2206574B (en) |
| MW (1) | MW1888A1 (en) |
| NO (1) | NO882865L (en) |
| NZ (1) | NZ225094A (en) |
| ZW (1) | ZW8688A1 (en) |
Families Citing this family (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| NZ227918A (en) * | 1988-02-23 | 1992-03-26 | Ici Australia Operations | Emulsion explosive composition containing primary amine-poly(alk(en)yl)succinic acid condensate as emulsifier |
| ZA89991B (en) * | 1988-02-23 | 1989-10-25 | Ici Australia Operations | Explosive composition |
| US5389146A (en) * | 1993-04-12 | 1995-02-14 | Baroid Technology, Inc. | Grouting composition and method |
| AUPO679297A0 (en) * | 1997-05-15 | 1997-06-05 | Ici Australia Operations Proprietary Limited | Rheology modification and modifiers |
| CN108689784A (en) * | 2018-06-15 | 2018-10-23 | 中国矿业大学 | A kind of high density high-energy emulsion and preparation method thereof |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3126701A (en) * | 1964-03-31 | Process for generating gases | ||
| US2984556A (en) * | 1954-03-19 | 1961-05-16 | Shell Oil Co | Fuel composition and process for its manufacture |
| GB1306546A (en) * | 1970-06-09 | 1973-02-14 | Explosives & Chem Prod | Blasting explosive composition |
| GB1602187A (en) * | 1977-11-30 | 1981-11-11 | Nl Industries Inc | Method of increasing the viscosity of liquid organic systems and organophilic clay having enhanced dispersibility therein |
| US4426238A (en) * | 1979-09-14 | 1984-01-17 | Ireco Chemicals | Blasting composition containing particulate oxidizer salts |
| DE3380302D1 (en) * | 1983-03-18 | 1989-09-07 | Prb Nobel Explosifs Societe An | Compositions of the "emulsion explosive" type, process for their manufacture and use of these compositions |
| IE59303B1 (en) * | 1985-08-21 | 1994-02-09 | Ici Australia Ltd | Composition |
| US4678524A (en) * | 1986-06-18 | 1987-07-07 | Ireco Incorporated | Cast explosive composition and method |
| IN168892B (en) * | 1986-12-12 | 1991-07-06 | Ici India Ltd |
-
1988
- 1988-05-30 MW MW18/88A patent/MW1888A1/en unknown
- 1988-06-02 CA CA000568451A patent/CA1330397C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-06-08 EP EP88305235A patent/EP0297740A3/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1988-06-08 GB GB8813578A patent/GB2206574B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1988-06-20 NZ NZ225094A patent/NZ225094A/en unknown
- 1988-06-23 AU AU18319/88A patent/AU616892B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1988-06-27 ZW ZW86/88A patent/ZW8688A1/en unknown
- 1988-06-28 NO NO882865A patent/NO882865L/en unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| MW1888A1 (en) | 1989-03-08 |
| EP0297740A3 (en) | 1989-04-05 |
| NO882865D0 (en) | 1988-06-28 |
| GB8813578D0 (en) | 1988-07-13 |
| GB2206574B (en) | 1990-10-03 |
| CA1330397C (en) | 1994-06-28 |
| ZW8688A1 (en) | 1989-03-08 |
| AU616892B2 (en) | 1991-11-14 |
| AU1831988A (en) | 1989-01-05 |
| EP0297740A2 (en) | 1989-01-04 |
| GB2206574A (en) | 1989-01-11 |
| NZ225094A (en) | 1990-12-21 |
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