NO871116L - PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PERLITIC CASTLE IRON. - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PERLITIC CASTLE IRON.Info
- Publication number
- NO871116L NO871116L NO871116A NO871116A NO871116L NO 871116 L NO871116 L NO 871116L NO 871116 A NO871116 A NO 871116A NO 871116 A NO871116 A NO 871116A NO 871116 L NO871116 L NO 871116L
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- added
- stabilizing element
- perlite
- pearlite
- casting
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 19
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 8
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title description 4
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 title description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 claims description 15
- 229910001018 Cast iron Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910001562 pearlite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 229910052787 antimony Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 235000019362 perlite Nutrition 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000010451 perlite Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002054 inoculum Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Tin Chemical compound [Sn] ATJFFYVFTNAWJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N antimony atom Chemical compound [Sb] WATWJIUSRGPENY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 11
- 229910052718 tin Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910005347 FeSi Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007664 blowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000155 melt Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010309 melting process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010079 rubber tapping Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/08—Manufacture of cast-iron
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
- C21C—PROCESSING OF PIG-IRON, e.g. REFINING, MANUFACTURE OF WROUGHT-IRON OR STEEL; TREATMENT IN MOLTEN STATE OF FERROUS ALLOYS
- C21C1/00—Refining of pig-iron; Cast iron
- C21C1/10—Making spheroidal graphite cast-iron
- C21C1/105—Nodularising additive agents
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Refinement Of Pig-Iron, Manufacture Of Cast Iron, And Steel Manufacture Other Than In Revolving Furnaces (AREA)
- Continuous Casting (AREA)
- Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Thin Magnetic Films (AREA)
- Silicates, Zeolites, And Molecular Sieves (AREA)
Description
Oppfinnelsen angår en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av perlittiske støpejernskvaliteter, som GG, GGG og GGV. The invention relates to a method for producing pearlitic cast iron qualities, such as GG, GGG and GGV.
En av de hittidige muligheter for fremstilling av perlittisk GG, GGG og GGV består i at man tilsetter et perlittstabiliserende element, som for eksempel kobber, One of the current possibilities for the production of pearlitic GG, GGG and GGV consists in adding a pearlite stabilizing element, such as copper,
i støpejernsmelten som befinner seg i en smelteovn eller i en øse. Dette utføres spesielt når den behandlede støpe-jernsmelte støpes direkte inn i støpeformene ved anvendelse av en automatisk støpeovn eller en støpeøse. Denne metode byr imidlertid på vanskeligheter når en og den samme smelteovn anvendes for ferrittiske og perlittiske kvaliteter av støpejern. En fullstendig tømming av for eksempel en trykk-gassbetjent støpeovn tar forholdsvis lang tid og kan føre til at hele støpelinjen må stanses. Likevel er enhver om- ' stilling fra en perlittisk til en ferritisk støpejerns-kvalitet forbundet med risiko da eventuelle gjenværende forurensninger fra ovntilførselen på grunn av de perlittstabiliserende elementer kan virke negativt for de etter-følgende charger av de ferrittiske støpejernskvaliteter. in the cast iron melt located in a melting furnace or in a ladle. This is carried out in particular when the treated cast iron melt is cast directly into the molds using an automatic casting furnace or a ladle. However, this method presents difficulties when one and the same melting furnace is used for ferritic and pearlitic qualities of cast iron. A complete emptying of, for example, a pressure-gas operated casting furnace takes a relatively long time and can lead to the entire casting line having to be stopped. Nevertheless, any change from a pearlitic to a ferritic cast iron quality is associated with risk as any remaining contamination from the furnace supply due to the pearlite stabilizing elements can have a negative effect on the subsequent charges of the ferritic cast iron qualities.
Dette blir ifølge oppfinnelsen løst ved hjelp av den foreliggende fremgangsmåte som er særpreget ved de i krav l's karakteriserende del angitte trekk. According to the invention, this is solved by means of the present method, which is characterized by the features indicated in the characterizing part of claim 1.
Ytterligere fordelaktige utførelsesformer av fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen er angitt i de uselvstendige patentkrav. Further advantageous embodiments of the method according to the invention are indicated in the independent patent claims.
Fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen består i at minst ett perlittstabiliserende element tilsettes til støpejern-smelten som mellom tappestedet for en støpeovn henholdsvis en støpeøse og en støpeforms indre fremdeles befinner seg i smeltet tilstand. Tilsetningen av det perlittstabiliserende element blir fortrinnsvis gjort i støpestrålen. Derved blir smelte- og støpeaggregatene ikke utsatt for forurensning fra de perlittstabiliserende elementer. Da det perlittstabiliserende element som tilsettes som ympemiddel ikke får belaste støpestrålen termisk altfor meget, blir istedenfor kobber (Cu) tinn (Sn) henholdvis antimon (Sb) tilsatt i vesentlig mindre mengder enn kobbermengden. Derved sikres det at den tilsatte mengde av ympemiddel og perlittstabiliserende element straks og jevnt blir smeltet av støpestrålen. Også de lave smeltetemperaturer og de lavere spesifikke varmeverdier for Sn og Sb sammenlignet med Cu bidrar til dette. The method according to the invention consists in at least one perlite stabilizing element being added to the cast iron melt which is still in a molten state between the tapping point for a casting furnace or a casting ladle and the interior of a mold. The addition of the pearlite stabilizing element is preferably done in the casting jet. Thereby, the melting and casting aggregates are not exposed to contamination from the perlite stabilizing elements. Since the pearlite-stabilizing element that is added as an inoculating agent must not put too much thermal strain on the casting jet, instead of copper (Cu) tin (Sn) or antimony (Sb) is added in significantly smaller amounts than the amount of copper. This ensures that the added amount of inoculant and pearlite stabilizing element is immediately and evenly melted by the casting jet. The low melting temperatures and the lower specific heat values for Sn and Sb compared to Cu also contribute to this.
Eksempel 1Example 1
For fremstilling av sfærogodskvaliteten GGG 50 blir vanligvis 0,3% Cu innlegert for å få de nødvendige perlitt-innhold. Forutsatt at Cu-innholdet i utgangsjernet (fra skrap) ligger under 0,1% Cu, trengs en tilsats av bare For the production of the spheroid quality GGG 50, 0.3% Cu is usually incorporated to obtain the required pearlite content. Provided that the Cu content in the starting iron (from scrap) is below 0.1% Cu, an addition of only
ca. 0,015% Sn for forskjellen på 0,2% Cu.about. 0.015% Sn for the difference of 0.2% Cu.
Eksempel 2Example 2
For fremstilling av sfærogodskvaliteten GGG 60 blir vanligvis 0,5-0,7% Cu innlegert. Under de samme beting-elser som i eksempel 1 er derefter ytterligere 0,4-0,6%, gjennomsnittlig 0,5%, Cu nødvendig, og dette blir erstattet ved tilsetning av ca. 0,015% Sb. For the production of the spheroid quality GGG 60, 0.5-0.7% Cu is usually added. Under the same conditions as in example 1, a further 0.4-0.6%, on average 0.5%, of Cu is then required, and this is replaced by the addition of approx. 0.015% Sb.
Tilsetningen av perlittstabiliserende elementer, som for eksempel Sn og/eller Sb, kan finne sted ved anvendelse av pulver, tråder eller i trådform ved omhylling av pul-veret med en metallisk henholdsvis ikke-metallisk kappe etc. Sn henholdsvis Sb kan tilsettes i kombinasjon med et ympemiddel (blant andre FeSi), for eksempel i form av en pulverblanding (ved innblåsing), som en legering, for eksempel i trådform, hvorved pulverblandingen er omhyllet med en metallisk henholdsvis ikke-metallisk kappe. Det pulverformige ympemiddel kan være omhyllet med en metallisk kappe på hvilken Sn henholdsvis Sb er påført utenpå eller innvendig. Dersom tilsetningen foretas med materialet i trådform, kan det pulverformige ympemiddels kappe bestå The addition of pearlite-stabilizing elements, such as Sn and/or Sb, can take place by using powder, threads or in thread form by encasing the powder with a metallic or non-metallic sheath, etc. Sn or Sb can be added in combination with an inoculating agent (among others FeSi), for example in the form of a powder mixture (by blowing in), as an alloy, for example in wire form, whereby the powder mixture is enveloped with a metallic or non-metallic sheath. The powdered inoculant can be encased in a metallic sheath on which Sn or Sb is applied externally or internally. If the addition is made with the material in thread form, the coat of the powdery inoculant can remain
av Sn henholdsvis Sb. Tråden kan også være innleiret i det pulverformige ympemiddel, hvorved kappen kan bestå av et metallisk henholdsvis ikke-metallisk materiale. Tilsetningen av Sb er spesielt fordelaktig fordi koketempera-turen til Sb ligger ved 1440°C, dvs. lavere enn smeltens vanlige temperatur før behandlingen. Derved kan sir- of Sn and Sb respectively. The thread can also be embedded in the powdery grafting agent, whereby the sheath can consist of a metallic or non-metallic material. The addition of Sb is particularly advantageous because the boiling temperature of Sb is at 1440°C, i.e. lower than the normal temperature of the melt before treatment. Thereby, sir-
kulasjonsmaterialet av perlittiske kvaliteter for de ferritiske kvaliteter av støpejern anvendes fordi eventuelle forekommende Sb-rester fordamper ved smelteprosessen. the culation material of pearlitic qualities for the ferritic qualities of cast iron is used because any Sb residues present evaporate during the melting process.
En spesiell fordel ved den beskrevne fremgangsmåte består i at det er mulig å fremstille ferritiske og perlittiske støpejernskvaliteter i den samme smelteovns- og støpeovnsanordning uten avbrytelse av produksjonen på grunn av fullstendig tømming av disse aggregater. Derved faller den iboende risiko i forbindelse med kjente prosesser bort som beror på at rester av perlittstabiliserende elementer som er tilbake i tilførselsmaterialet, uheldig innvirker på den påfølgende produksjon av ferritisk støpejern. Tilsetningen av Sn henholdsvis Sb sammen med ympemidlet i den beskrevne trådform til støpestrålen er meget fordelaktig da en nøyaktig dosering av Sn henholdsvis Sb derved sikres. A particular advantage of the described method consists in the fact that it is possible to produce ferritic and pearlitic cast iron grades in the same melting furnace and casting furnace arrangement without interruption of production due to complete emptying of these aggregates. Thereby, the inherent risk in connection with known processes is eliminated, which is due to residues of pearlite stabilizing elements remaining in the feed material having an adverse effect on the subsequent production of ferritic cast iron. The addition of Sn or Sb together with the inoculating agent in the described wire form to the casting beam is very advantageous as an accurate dosage of Sn or Sb is thereby ensured.
Claims (12)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH1131/86A CH665851A5 (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1986-03-20 | METHOD FOR PRODUCING PERLITIC CAST IRON TYPES. |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO871116D0 NO871116D0 (en) | 1987-03-18 |
NO871116L true NO871116L (en) | 1987-09-21 |
Family
ID=4203222
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO871116A NO871116L (en) | 1986-03-20 | 1987-03-18 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF PERLITIC CASTLE IRON. |
Country Status (20)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS62230926A (en) |
KR (1) | KR910001353B1 (en) |
CN (1) | CN1005994B (en) |
AT (1) | AT398984B (en) |
AU (1) | AU594439B2 (en) |
CH (1) | CH665851A5 (en) |
DD (1) | DD259001A5 (en) |
DE (1) | DE3706901A1 (en) |
ES (1) | ES2002591A6 (en) |
FI (1) | FI85507C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2601039B1 (en) |
GB (1) | GB2187985B (en) |
IN (1) | IN168111B (en) |
IT (1) | IT1204930B (en) |
NO (1) | NO871116L (en) |
NZ (1) | NZ219725A (en) |
PL (1) | PL264592A1 (en) |
SE (1) | SE462976B (en) |
YU (1) | YU41487A (en) |
ZA (1) | ZA871685B (en) |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6973954B2 (en) * | 2001-12-20 | 2005-12-13 | International Engine Intellectual Property Company, Llc | Method for manufacture of gray cast iron for crankcases and cylinder heads |
NO20045611D0 (en) * | 2004-12-23 | 2004-12-23 | Elkem Materials | Modifying agents for cast iron |
CN102296226A (en) * | 2011-07-28 | 2011-12-28 | 徐州胜海机械制造科技有限公司 | Post inoculant for large-scale ductile iron casting and manufacture method thereof |
CN102936679A (en) * | 2012-11-22 | 2013-02-20 | 宁夏共享集团有限责任公司 | Gray cast iron electric-furnace smelting method |
CN106676250A (en) * | 2016-12-15 | 2017-05-17 | 广西大学 | Thermal treatment method for chilled cast iron roll |
CN112962018B (en) * | 2021-01-29 | 2022-04-01 | 宁波日星铸业有限公司 | Chilling process manufacturing method of non-label QT600-7 nodular cast iron |
Family Cites Families (32)
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GB728402A (en) * | 1951-11-16 | 1955-04-20 | Boehler & Co Ag Geb | An improved method of grain-refining during the casting of high-melting-point metals especially iron and steel in chill moulds |
GB829375A (en) * | 1956-07-06 | 1960-03-02 | Koppers Co Inc | Improvements in or relating to coke oven door closure apparatus |
US2955933A (en) * | 1958-11-17 | 1960-10-11 | Union Carbide Corp | Inoculants for cast iron |
NL299266A (en) * | 1963-10-15 | |||
DE1483619B2 (en) * | 1965-01-11 | 1974-10-31 | Paderwerk Gebr. Benteler, 4794 Schloss Neuhaus | Continuous casting of killed steel |
NL6511874A (en) * | 1965-09-10 | 1967-03-13 | ||
DE1458899A1 (en) * | 1965-11-17 | 1969-02-13 | Metallgesellschaft Ag | Method of inoculating cast iron |
LU50927A1 (en) * | 1966-04-19 | 1967-10-19 | ||
GB1127486A (en) * | 1966-03-01 | 1968-09-18 | Edgar Allen & Co Ltd | Apparatus for the introduction of particulate material into molten metals |
AU441280B2 (en) * | 1969-12-11 | 1973-10-09 | Meehanite Metal Corporation | Improved method of making nodular iron |
DE2132417A1 (en) * | 1971-06-30 | 1973-01-11 | Schwaebische Huettenwerke Gmbh | High tensile pearlitic cast iron prodn - contg aluminium as replacement for silicon |
CH584075A5 (en) * | 1973-04-11 | 1977-01-31 | Fischer Ag Georg | |
DE2318078A1 (en) * | 1973-04-11 | 1974-10-31 | Buderus Eisenwerk | Pearlitic flake graphite cast iron - having superior hardness and tensile strength, by addition of antimony |
GB1446947A (en) * | 1973-09-08 | 1976-08-18 | Pont A Mousson | Method for obtaining spheroidal graphite castings and a device for carrying out said method |
US3911993A (en) * | 1974-07-12 | 1975-10-14 | Caterpillar Tractor Co | Method and apparatus for adding treating agents to molten metal |
US3991810A (en) * | 1974-07-15 | 1976-11-16 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Method and apparatus for introducing additives into a casting mold |
US3991808A (en) * | 1974-07-15 | 1976-11-16 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Method and apparatus for the introduction of additives into a casting mold |
US4028099A (en) * | 1975-04-17 | 1977-06-07 | Ford Motor Company | Continuous stream - inclined trough treatment of ductile iron |
US4191563A (en) * | 1976-03-08 | 1980-03-04 | Ford Motor Company | Continuous stream treatment of ductile iron |
US4107393A (en) * | 1977-03-14 | 1978-08-15 | Caterpillar Tractor Co. | Inoculation article |
GB1527054A (en) * | 1977-05-11 | 1978-10-04 | British Cast Iron Res Ass | Producing nodular graphite iron |
JPS5524980A (en) * | 1978-08-14 | 1980-02-22 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | Cast iron and spheroidal graphite cast iron surface hardening |
JPS5575855A (en) * | 1978-11-30 | 1980-06-07 | Hitachi Metals Ltd | Adding method of inoculant |
EP0032282B1 (en) * | 1980-01-15 | 1985-07-24 | Materials and Methods Limited | Process for manufacture of cast iron with vermicular graphite and cast iron so produced |
GB2069898A (en) * | 1980-02-26 | 1981-09-03 | Metal Research Corp | Inoculation to a molten cast iron during pouring |
GB2073072B (en) * | 1980-04-08 | 1984-04-18 | British Steel Corp | Introducing reactants into a steel melt |
GB2078784A (en) * | 1980-06-27 | 1982-01-13 | British Aluminium Co Ltd | Alloying Additive |
GB2096032A (en) * | 1981-04-07 | 1982-10-13 | Mitsubishi Steel Mfg | Continuously casting lead-containing steel |
US4363661A (en) * | 1981-04-08 | 1982-12-14 | Ford Motor Company | Method for increasing mechanical properties in ductile iron by alloy additions |
FR2511044A1 (en) * | 1981-08-04 | 1983-02-11 | Nobel Bozel | FERRO-ALLOY FOR THE TREATMENT OF INOCULATION OF SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE FONT |
JPS5861209A (en) * | 1981-10-08 | 1983-04-12 | Kubota Ltd | Production of spheroidal graphite cast iron |
JPS59208030A (en) * | 1983-05-12 | 1984-11-26 | Hirotoshi Taniguchi | Method and device for continuous treatment of molten metal |
-
1986
- 1986-03-20 CH CH1131/86A patent/CH665851A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1987
- 1987-03-02 GB GB8704816A patent/GB2187985B/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-03-04 DE DE19873706901 patent/DE3706901A1/en active Granted
- 1987-03-05 AT AT0049787A patent/AT398984B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-09 ZA ZA871685A patent/ZA871685B/en unknown
- 1987-03-09 IN IN187/CAL/87A patent/IN168111B/en unknown
- 1987-03-12 PL PL1987264592A patent/PL264592A1/en unknown
- 1987-03-13 YU YU00414/87A patent/YU41487A/en unknown
- 1987-03-13 JP JP62058705A patent/JPS62230926A/en active Pending
- 1987-03-13 IT IT19681/87A patent/IT1204930B/en active
- 1987-03-13 KR KR1019870002274A patent/KR910001353B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-18 NO NO871116A patent/NO871116L/en unknown
- 1987-03-18 DD DD87300906A patent/DD259001A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-18 ES ES8700760A patent/ES2002591A6/en not_active Expired
- 1987-03-19 SE SE8701146A patent/SE462976B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-19 FR FR8703842A patent/FR2601039B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1987-03-19 FI FI871214A patent/FI85507C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1987-03-20 AU AU70424/87A patent/AU594439B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1987-03-20 CN CN87102216.8A patent/CN1005994B/en not_active Expired
- 1987-03-20 NZ NZ219725A patent/NZ219725A/en unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
GB8704816D0 (en) | 1987-04-08 |
DE3706901C2 (en) | 1989-02-16 |
IT1204930B (en) | 1989-03-10 |
KR910001353B1 (en) | 1991-03-04 |
PL264592A1 (en) | 1988-02-04 |
KR870009036A (en) | 1987-10-22 |
GB2187985B (en) | 1990-12-12 |
DD259001A5 (en) | 1988-08-10 |
DE3706901A1 (en) | 1987-10-01 |
YU41487A (en) | 1990-02-28 |
AU594439B2 (en) | 1990-03-08 |
CN87102216A (en) | 1987-09-30 |
NZ219725A (en) | 1990-03-27 |
ES2002591A6 (en) | 1988-08-16 |
FI871214A0 (en) | 1987-03-19 |
NO871116D0 (en) | 1987-03-18 |
FI85507B (en) | 1992-01-15 |
FI85507C (en) | 1992-04-27 |
CN1005994B (en) | 1989-12-06 |
FR2601039B1 (en) | 1992-12-31 |
SE462976B (en) | 1990-09-24 |
FR2601039A1 (en) | 1988-01-08 |
IT8719681A0 (en) | 1987-03-13 |
SE8701146L (en) | 1987-09-21 |
SE8701146D0 (en) | 1987-03-19 |
IN168111B (en) | 1991-02-09 |
AU7042487A (en) | 1987-09-24 |
AT398984B (en) | 1995-02-27 |
JPS62230926A (en) | 1987-10-09 |
FI871214A (en) | 1987-09-21 |
ZA871685B (en) | 1987-08-31 |
CH665851A5 (en) | 1988-06-15 |
GB2187985A (en) | 1987-09-23 |
ATA49787A (en) | 1994-07-15 |
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