NO165254B - ANCHORING OF FREE-FLOATING TENSION ELEMENTS OF STEEL IN ENDYNAMIC LOADED BUILDING PART. - Google Patents
ANCHORING OF FREE-FLOATING TENSION ELEMENTS OF STEEL IN ENDYNAMIC LOADED BUILDING PART. Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NO165254B NO165254B NO85851532A NO851532A NO165254B NO 165254 B NO165254 B NO 165254B NO 85851532 A NO85851532 A NO 85851532A NO 851532 A NO851532 A NO 851532A NO 165254 B NO165254 B NO 165254B
- Authority
- NO
- Norway
- Prior art keywords
- endynamic
- anchoring
- steel
- free
- algin
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000004873 anchoring Methods 0.000 title 1
- 235000010443 alginic acid Nutrition 0.000 claims description 31
- 229920000615 alginic acid Polymers 0.000 claims description 31
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000976 ink Substances 0.000 claims description 12
- FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 6-{[2-carboxy-4,5-dihydroxy-6-(phosphanyloxy)oxan-3-yl]oxy}-4,5-dihydroxy-3-phosphanyloxane-2-carboxylic acid Chemical compound O1C(C(O)=O)C(P)C(O)C(O)C1OC1C(C(O)=O)OC(OP)C(O)C1O FHVDTGUDJYJELY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 229940072056 alginate Drugs 0.000 claims description 9
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000985 reactive dye Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000000783 alginic acid Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 229960001126 alginic acid Drugs 0.000 claims description 5
- 150000004781 alginic acids Chemical class 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000011872 intimate mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002349 favourable effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004043 dyeing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008707 rearrangement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011550 stock solution Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012209 synthetic fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002994 synthetic fiber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004753 textile Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Joining Of Building Structures In Genera (AREA)
Description
Alginpreparat for anvendelse i pastaer for trykkfarger. Algin preparation for use in pastes for printing inks.
Denne oppfinnelse vedrører alginpreparater, og befatter seg særlig med et alginpreparat som er særlig egnet for anvendelse i pastaer for trykkfarger. This invention relates to algin preparations, and relates in particular to an algin preparation which is particularly suitable for use in pastes for printing inks.
Ved trykkfarging blir som kjent fargestoffet i oppløst, dispergert eller emulgert tilstand påført på stoffet som skal betryk-kes, sammen med forskjellige tilsetninger, derunder fortykningsmidler. For å oppnå klare trykk er det nødvendig at disse fortykningsmidler har ganske spesielle viskositetsegenskaper. Således må viskositeten ikke falle for sterkt ved fortynning. Heller ikke bør fortykningsmidlet oppvise for stor grad av tixotropi. Det mest ønskelige er at viskositeten nærmer seg mest mulig en Newton'sk løsning. In print dyeing, as is known, the dye in a dissolved, dispersed or emulsified state is applied to the fabric to be printed, together with various additives, including thickeners. In order to achieve clear prints, it is necessary that these thickeners have quite special viscosity properties. Thus, the viscosity must not drop too much during dilution. Nor should the thickener exhibit too great a degree of thixotropy. The most desirable thing is for the viscosity to come as close as possible to a Newtonian solution.
Et annet viktig trekk ved fortyknings-midlene er at de ikke må påvirkes av tilsetninger som er nødvendige for å gjøre fargestoffene oppløselige eller disperger-bare eller for å fremkalle fargene. Likeledes bør de kunne stå i oppløst tilstand i lengre tid uten å nedbrytes. Another important feature of the thickeners is that they must not be affected by additives which are necessary to make the dyes soluble or dispersible or to develop the colours. Likewise, they should be able to stand in a dissolved state for a longer time without breaking down.
Alginpreparater har vært adskillig anvendt i konvensjonelle trykkfarger, men deres egenskaper har ikke alltid vært helt Algin preparations have been used several times in conventional printing inks, but their properties have not always been perfect
tilfredsstillende. Det er i de senere år frembragt en spesiell gruppe fargestoffer, de såkalte reaktive fargestoffer hvor de tidligere mest anvendte fortykningsmidler ikke kan brukes, enten av den ene eller den annen årsak. Derimot har det vist seg at alginpreparater har kunnet brukes. satisfactory. In recent years, a special group of dyes has been produced, the so-called reactive dyes where the previously most commonly used thickeners cannot be used, either for one reason or another. In contrast, it has been shown that algin preparations have been able to be used.
Imidlertid har alginater sterkt veks-lende viskositetsegenskaper, alt etter deres herkomst og de fremstillingsprosesser som har vært anvendt for å renfremstille algi-natene. Ved bruk av visse arter råstoff oppnås det således forholdsvis lavmolekylære produkter med relativt lav viskositet. Når det opparbeides andre arter råstoff, oppnås det høymolekylære produkter med høy viskositet. I den senere tid har man til trykkfarger med de reaktive fargestoffer hovedsakelig anvendt lavmolekylære alginater. Disse har imidlertid hatt blant annet den ulempe at deres viskositet faller sterkt ved fortynning. Dette skyldes stor spred-ning av molekylstørrelsen. Likeledes har skarpheten for betrykkingen latt adskillig tilbake å ønske. However, alginates have greatly varying viscosity properties, depending on their origin and the manufacturing processes that have been used to cleanly manufacture the alginates. By using certain types of raw material, relatively low molecular weight products with a relatively low viscosity are thus obtained. When other types of raw material are processed, high molecular weight products with high viscosity are obtained. In recent times, low molecular weight alginates have mainly been used for printing inks with reactive dyes. However, these have had, among other things, the disadvantage that their viscosity falls sharply when diluted. This is due to a large spread of the molecular size. Likewise, the sharpness of the printing has left a lot to be desired.
De høymolekylære alginater har på sin side den ulempe at de i adskillig grad opp-viser pseudoplastisk viskositet hvilket er uønsket under betrykkingen. The high molecular weight alginates, on the other hand, have the disadvantage that they exhibit pseudo-plastic viscosity to a considerable extent, which is undesirable during printing.
Formålet med den foreliggende oppfinnelse er å avhjelpe disse ulemper og å skaffe et alginpreparat som er utmerket egnet for anvendelse i trykkfarger, særlig for trykkfarger med reaktive fargestoffer. The purpose of the present invention is to remedy these disadvantages and to obtain an algin preparation which is excellently suitable for use in printing inks, in particular for printing inks with reactive dyes.
Det har overraskende vist seg at et egnet alginpreparat for anvendelse i pastaer for trykkfarger, særlig for trykkfarger med reaktive fargestoffer, er kjennetegnet ved at preparatet består av en intim blanding av alginat med middelshøy viskositet, fortrinnsvis fremstilt ved kontrollert nedbygning av alginsyre i nærvær av en syre ved en temperatur på 70 til 88° C og en foretrukket pH på 1,0—3,0, med urinstoff i en mengde av mellom 30 og 70 % urinstoff basert på tørrvekten av sluttproduktet. It has surprisingly turned out that a suitable algin preparation for use in pastes for printing inks, in particular for printing inks with reactive dyes, is characterized by the fact that the preparation consists of an intimate mixture of alginate with medium high viscosity, preferably produced by controlled breakdown of alginic acid in the presence of a acid at a temperature of 70 to 88°C and a preferred pH of 1.0-3.0, with urea in an amount of between 30 and 70% urea based on the dry weight of the final product.
Alginatet med middelshøy viskositet kan oppnås på flere måter. En måte kan bestå i at man blander sammen alginat med lav molekylvekt og alginat med høyere molekylvekt inntil man har fått den øns-kete midlere molekylvekt hos alginatet. The medium viscosity alginate can be obtained in several ways. One method can consist of mixing alginate with a low molecular weight and alginate with a higher molecular weight until the desired average molecular weight of the alginate has been obtained.
En annen metode kan bestå i at alginatet med høyere molekylvekt underkastes en behandling for kontrollert nedbygning til den ønskede verdi. Det har vist seg ved gjennomføringen av denne metode i prak-sis at man herved oppnår særlig gunstige resultater, som ikke utelukkende kan tilskrives nedbygningen. Another method can consist in the alginate with a higher molecular weight being subjected to a treatment for controlled degradation to the desired value. It has been shown by the implementation of this method in practice that particularly favorable results are achieved, which cannot be exclusively attributed to the downsizing.
Kontrollert nedbygning til en ønsket midlere molekylvekt kan oppnås på flere måter. Den viktigste er å underkaste alginet en varmebehandling i nærvær av syre. Herunder må man sørge for at varmebehandlingen foretas innenfor ganske snevre temperaturgrenser. Foretas varmebehandlingen ved temperaturer under 70° C går reaksjonen for langsomt til at der oppnås noen nevneverdig forbedring av egenska-pene. Foretas derimot varmebehandlingen over 88° C vil avbygningen gå for raskt, og sluttproduktet vil være et altfor lavmoleky-lært alginat. Controlled degradation to a desired average molecular weight can be achieved in several ways. The most important is to subject the algin to a heat treatment in the presence of acid. Here, it must be ensured that the heat treatment is carried out within fairly narrow temperature limits. If the heat treatment is carried out at temperatures below 70° C, the reaction proceeds too slowly for any significant improvement in the properties to be achieved. If, on the other hand, the heat treatment is carried out above 88° C, the degradation will proceed too quickly, and the end product will be an alginate that is too low in molecular weight.
Som nevnt foran, vil man med et slikt produkt oppnå særlig overraskende resultater, som ikke utelukkende kan tilskrives at man har fått en ønsket molekylvekt. Det må også antas, selvom dette er en forkla-ring man ikke ønsker å være bundet av, at man ved varmebehandlingen på den ene side oppnår en bedre fordelt molekylvekt, det vil si at molekylvektfordelingen er jev-nere. På den annen side er det også mulig at det finner sted omleiringer i alginmole-kylet. As mentioned above, with such a product you will achieve particularly surprising results, which cannot be exclusively attributed to having obtained a desired molecular weight. It must also be assumed, even if this is an explanation that one does not want to be bound by, that the heat treatment on the one hand achieves a better distributed molecular weight, that is to say that the molecular weight distribution is more even. On the other hand, it is also possible that rearrangements take place in the algin mole cooler.
En således behandlet alginsyre har vist seg å gi alginpreparater for anvendelse i trykkfarger som har vesentlig gunstigere viskositetsegenskaper. Dette er meget viktig hos slike preparater. Alginic acid treated in this way has been shown to give algin preparations for use in printing inks which have significantly more favorable viscosity properties. This is very important with such preparations.
Ved at man som nevnt blander alginet med urinstoff, oppnås det en utmerket holdbarhet hos preparatet. Det har vist seg at stammoppløsninger fremstilt med algin-preparatet ifølge oppfinnelsen har kunnet stå i månedsvis uten endring av viskositeten. En annen fordel er at man ved denne blanding oppnår en lavere pris pr. kg fer-dig trykkfarge, men med samme kvalitet. By mixing the algin with urea, as mentioned, an excellent durability of the preparation is achieved. It has been shown that stock solutions prepared with the algin preparation according to the invention have been able to stand for months without a change in viscosity. Another advantage is that this mixture achieves a lower price per kg of finished printing ink, but with the same quality.
Oppfinnelsen vil nå bli illustrert ved de følgende eksempler. The invention will now be illustrated by the following examples.
Eksempel 1. Example 1.
100 kg alginsyre med et tørrstoffinn-hold på 30 % ble underkastet en varmebehandling ved 80° C i iy2 time i en fuktig luftstrøm og i nærvær av omtrent 1/10 N svovelsyre. Etter varmebehandling ble sy-ren dosert inn i en syrefast homogenise-ringsapparatur, for eksempel av den art som er beskrevet i norsk patent nr. 93 362. Det ble tilsatt urinstoff i en mengde som svarer til ca. 50 % av alginatet. Det ble videre tilsatt soda i støkiometrisk mengde for nøytralisering av alginsyren. 100 kg of alginic acid with a solids content of 30% was subjected to a heat treatment at 80° C. for 1y2 hours in a moist air stream and in the presence of approximately 1/10 N sulfuric acid. After heat treatment, the acid was dosed into an acid-resistant homogenising apparatus, for example of the type described in Norwegian patent no. 93 362. Urea was added in an amount corresponding to approx. 50% of the alginate. A stoichiometric amount of soda was also added to neutralize the alginic acid.
Det oppnådde produkt ble anvendt som fortykningsmiddel for reaktive fargestoffer under betrykking av celluloseholdige tek-stilstoffer og syntetiske fibre og ga klare, skarpe trykk. The product obtained was used as a thickener for reactive dyes when printing cellulose-containing textiles and synthetic fibers and produced clear, sharp prints.
Eksempel 2. Example 2.
Eksempel 1 ble gjentatt, men med den forskjell at det istedenfor 50 % urinstoff ble anvendt 35 % urinstoff og 15 % alkali-sulfat. Det oppnådde produkt ble anvendt som fortykningsmiddel i en trykkeprosess hvor utfellingen av fargestoffet ble påskyn-det elektrolytisk, og hvor det derfor var ønskelig å ha avpasset mengde elektrolyt tilstede. Også her fikk man klare og skarpe trykk. Example 1 was repeated, but with the difference that instead of 50% urea, 35% urea and 15% alkali sulfate were used. The product obtained was used as a thickening agent in a printing process where the precipitation of the dye was accelerated electrolytically, and where it was therefore desirable to have an appropriate amount of electrolyte present. Here too, clear and sharp prints were obtained.
Claims (1)
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH4567/83A CH662595A5 (en) | 1983-08-22 | 1983-08-22 | ANCHORING OF FREELY SWINGING STEEL ELEMENTS OF A DYNAMICALLY STRESSED COMPONENT. |
PCT/CH1984/000128 WO1985001080A1 (en) | 1983-08-22 | 1984-08-15 | Anchoring of free traction steel element of a construction part subjected to dynamic strength |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO851532L NO851532L (en) | 1985-04-17 |
NO165254B true NO165254B (en) | 1990-10-08 |
NO165254C NO165254C (en) | 1991-01-16 |
Family
ID=25695777
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO851532A NO165254C (en) | 1983-08-22 | 1985-04-17 | ANCHORING OF FREE-FLOATING TENSION ELEMENTS OF STEEL IN ENDYNAMIC LOADED BUILDING PART. |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
KR (1) | KR910000324B1 (en) |
HK (1) | HK18791A (en) |
NO (1) | NO165254C (en) |
-
1984
- 1984-08-15 KR KR1019850700013A patent/KR910000324B1/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1985
- 1985-04-17 NO NO851532A patent/NO165254C/en unknown
-
1991
- 1991-03-14 HK HK18791A patent/HK18791A/en not_active IP Right Cessation
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
HK18791A (en) | 1991-03-22 |
NO165254C (en) | 1991-01-16 |
NO851532L (en) | 1985-04-17 |
KR910000324B1 (en) | 1991-01-24 |
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