NO150303B - PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF FOR DRUGS - Google Patents
PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF FOR DRUGS Download PDFInfo
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- NO150303B NO150303B NO783067A NO783067A NO150303B NO 150303 B NO150303 B NO 150303B NO 783067 A NO783067 A NO 783067A NO 783067 A NO783067 A NO 783067A NO 150303 B NO150303 B NO 150303B
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- raw material
- straw
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 7
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 title 1
- 229940079593 drug Drugs 0.000 title 1
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 claims description 17
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 241000282849 Ruminantia Species 0.000 claims description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012978 lignocellulosic material Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000007062 hydrolysis Effects 0.000 description 10
- 238000006460 hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 10
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 8
- 235000019621 digestibility Nutrition 0.000 description 8
- 235000013339 cereals Nutrition 0.000 description 6
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 241001465754 Metazoa Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010903 husk Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000006400 oxidative hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 3
- 241000283690 Bos taurus Species 0.000 description 2
- 241000209140 Triticum Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000021307 Triticum Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Urea Chemical compound NC(N)=O XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000009754 Vitis X bourquina Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 235000012333 Vitis X labruscana Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 240000006365 Vitis vinifera Species 0.000 description 2
- 235000014787 Vitis vinifera Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004202 carbamide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012467 final product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000013312 flour Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000000227 grinding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229920005610 lignin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 210000002784 stomach Anatomy 0.000 description 2
- -1 0.5-5% Chemical compound 0.000 description 1
- 240000007124 Brassica oleracea Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000003899 Brassica oleracea var acephala Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011301 Brassica oleracea var capitata Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000001169 Brassica oleracea var oleracea Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 241000207836 Olea <angiosperm> Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000007594 Oryza sativa Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007164 Oryza sativa Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241001494479 Pecora Species 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000219094 Vitaceae Species 0.000 description 1
- 208000021017 Weight Gain Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005904 alkaline hydrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 150000001735 carboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 210000002421 cell wall Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000001913 cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920002678 cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910000366 copper(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000021051 daily weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000013399 edible fruits Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000004459 forage Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011389 fruit/vegetable juice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000021021 grapes Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000003301 hydrolyzing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-] XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011835 investigation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005416 organic matter Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010422 painting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012286 potassium permanganate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000009566 rice Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 210000004767 rumen Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002699 waste material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019786 weight gain Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 230000004584 weight gain Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23K—FODDER
- A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
- A23K10/30—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms
- A23K10/32—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of plant origin, e.g. roots, seeds or hay; from material of fungal origin, e.g. mushrooms from hydrolysates of wood or straw
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P60/00—Technologies relating to agriculture, livestock or agroalimentary industries
- Y02P60/80—Food processing, e.g. use of renewable energies or variable speed drives in handling, conveying or stacking
- Y02P60/87—Re-use of by-products of food processing for fodder production
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Animal Husbandry (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Mycology (AREA)
- Physiology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Botany (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Fodder In General (AREA)
- Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)
- Formation And Processing Of Food Products (AREA)
- Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
- Acyclic And Carbocyclic Compounds In Medicinal Compositions (AREA)
Description
Den foreliggende oppfinnelse vedrører en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av for til drøvtyggere, hvor et råmateriale av halm, strå eller liknende lignocelluloseholdig materiale behandles med en vannløsning av natriumhydroksyd ved en temperatur på The present invention relates to a method for producing feed for ruminants, where a raw material of straw, straw or similar lignocellulosic material is treated with an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide at a temperature of
over 60°C. above 60°C.
Det har vært kjent i mer enn 50 år at fordøyeligheten av halm kan økes ved hjelp av alkalibehandling. Denne fremgangsmåte som har vært utført i praksis i Tyskland og i Norge og som er kjent som Beckmanns metode (behandling med oppløsning, vasking av overflødig alkali med vann), er nå trengt unna f.eks. av de nyere metoder som er angitt av danskene Rexe, Stigsen og Kristersen. It has been known for more than 50 years that the digestibility of straw can be increased by alkali treatment. This method, which has been carried out in practice in Germany and Norway and which is known as Beckmann's method (treatment with solution, washing excess alkali with water), is now forced out of e.g. of the newer methods indicated by the Danes Rexe, Stigsen and Kristersen.
En fremgangsmåte av den ovenfor angitte type til fremstilling av for til drøvtyggere er kjent fra fransk patentskrift 2.126.365, hvor det beskrives en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av dyrefor av en blanding som inneholder lignocellulose og vandig oppløsning av alkali. Denne kjente fremgangsmåte kjenne-tegnes ved av at blandingen, som har.et tørrstoffinnhold på minst 30%, blandes mekanisk ved en temperatur på minst 60°C. Derved oppnår man dyrefor hvis organiske stoffer har en forholds-vis høy fordøyelighetsprosent. A method of the above-mentioned type for producing feed for ruminants is known from French patent document 2,126,365, which describes a method for producing animal feed from a mixture containing lignocellulose and an aqueous solution of alkali. This known method is characterized by the fact that the mixture, which has a dry matter content of at least 30%, is mixed mechanically at a temperature of at least 60°C. This results in animal feed whose organic substances have a relatively high digestibility percentage.
De ovenfor anførte tidligere kjente fremgangsmåter har ulemper. Vanskeligheter forårsakes særlig av de ufordøyelige bestanddeler i de lignocelluloseholdige produkter, såsom av lignin, som ren alkalihydrolyse ikke har noen innvirkning på under vedkommende forhold. Idet disse substanser er fiksert i celleveggene begrenser de alkalihydrolysens effekt betydelig. The above-mentioned previously known methods have disadvantages. Difficulties are caused in particular by the indigestible components of the lignocellulosic products, such as lignin, on which pure alkali hydrolysis has no effect under the relevant conditions. As these substances are fixed in the cell walls, they significantly limit the effect of alkali hydrolysis.
Formålet med den foreliggende oppfinnelse er å avhjelpe The purpose of the present invention is to remedy
de ovenfor angitte ulemper og å frembringe en fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av for, hvis fordøyelighet og forverdier ligger betydelig høyere enn hos tidligere fremstilt for av halm,, strå the above-mentioned disadvantages and to produce a method for the production of lining, whose digestibility and feed values are significantly higher than previously produced lining from straw, straw
eller liknende lignocelluloseholdlg materiale. or similar lignocellulose-containing material.
Dette oppnås ved at råmaterialet kuttes opp til lengder på høyst 5 cm og eventuelt oppmales, at råmaterialet blandes med 1-10 vekt% natriumhydroksyd og 0,5 - 5 vekt% oksydasjonskatalysator ved et fuktighetsinnhold i blandingen pir 10 - 30 vekt%, samt at den oppnådde blanding rives kraftig mekanisk ved en temperatur på 60 - 100°C og den derved oppnådde masse granuleres på i og for seg kjent måte. This is achieved by cutting the raw material to lengths of no more than 5 cm and possibly grinding it, mixing the raw material with 1-10% by weight sodium hydroxide and 0.5-5% by weight oxidation catalyst at a moisture content in the mixture of 10-30% by weight, and that the obtained mixture is vigorously shredded mechanically at a temperature of 60 - 100°C and the resulting mass is granulated in a manner known per se.
Oppfinnelsen er basert på utført forskningsarbeid hvor det på basis av dyreundersøkelser og -forsøk er funnet at tilsetning av oksyderende stoffer og oksydasjonskatalysatorer i forbindelse med den halvtørre alkalihydrolysefremgangsmåte nedsetter lignin-innholdet i produktet som oppnås og bedrer dettes anvendelses-muligheter. Det har i utførte forsøk vist seg at det i drøvtyg-gerens mage frigjøres mere flyktige fettsyrer (karboksylsyre med 1-6 karbonatomer) ved anvendelse av for fremstilt med den oksyderende, halvtørre hydrolyse ifølge oppfinnelsen enn i det til-felle hvor man anvender for som er fremstilt bare ved alkalihydrolyse eller bare ved halvtørr hydrolyse. For som er fremstilt ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen kan tilsettes til forkon-sentråter, f.eks. opptil 45%. Best fordøyelighet oppnås ved ca. 35%, og på dette nivå gir hvetehalm som er behandlet ved fremgangsmåten ifølge oppfinnelsen fordøyelig energi til og med 90% av den mengde som korn gir. The invention is based on carried out research work where, on the basis of animal studies and experiments, it has been found that the addition of oxidizing substances and oxidation catalysts in connection with the semi-dry alkali hydrolysis method reduces the lignin content in the product obtained and improves its application possibilities. It has been shown in experiments that more volatile fatty acids (carboxylic acid with 1-6 carbon atoms) are released in the ruminant's stomach when using fur produced with the oxidizing, semi-dry hydrolysis according to the invention than in the case where fur is used as is produced only by alkali hydrolysis or only by semi-dry hydrolysis. For which is produced by the method according to the invention can be added to pre-concentrate feeds, e.g. up to 45%. Best digestibility is achieved at approx. 35%, and at this level, wheat straw that has been treated by the method according to the invention provides digestible energy up to and including 90% of the amount that grain provides.
i utførte undersøkelser har det videre vist seg at også tilsetning av urea, f.eks. 0,5-5%, hensiktsmessig 1-3%, til råmateriale som inneholder lignocellulose, under den pågående halvtørre, alkaliske, oksyderende hydrolyse bedrer produktets fordøyelighet. Dessuten bedrer tilsetning av urea forets forverdier på tidligere kjent måte. in carried out investigations it has also been shown that the addition of urea, e.g. 0.5-5%, suitably 1-3%, to raw material containing lignocellulose, during the ongoing semi-dry, alkaline, oxidizing hydrolysis improves the digestibility of the product. In addition, the addition of urea improves the feed's preliminary values in a previously known manner.
Oppfinnelsen er basert på alkalisk hydrolyse av et materiale som inneholder lignocellulose. Hydrolysen utføres ifølge oppfinnelsen i nærvær av en oksyderende katalysator og halv-tørt, dvs. ved 10-30% fuktighetsinnhold. Dessuten omfatter fremgangsmåten en kraftig mekanisk riving i blandingsfasen av blandingen som skal dannes, hvorved råmaterialets celler brytes i stykker og alkali får adgang til å innvirke effektivt hydro-lyserende på lignocellulosen. Det er særlig overraskende ved fremgangsmåten at oksydasjonskatalysatoren virker effektivt også under de aktuelle halvtørre betingelser. The invention is based on alkaline hydrolysis of a material containing lignocellulose. According to the invention, the hydrolysis is carried out in the presence of an oxidizing catalyst and semi-dry, i.e. at 10-30% moisture content. In addition, the method includes a strong mechanical tearing in the mixing phase of the mixture to be formed, whereby the cells of the raw material are broken into pieces and alkali is allowed to have an effective hydrolyzing effect on the lignocellulose. It is particularly surprising in the method that the oxidation catalyst works effectively even under the relevant semi-dry conditions.
Råmaterialet anvendes hensiktsmessig i tørr tilstand, dvs. med vanlig fuktighetsinnhold på 8-12%, vanligvis ca. 10%. Før behandlingen.findeles råmaterialet f.eks. ved skjæring, til et opphakket materiale som nevnt med høyst.5.cm lengde, og eventuelt maling til mel. Ved behov siktes det findelte råmateriale. The raw material is suitably used in a dry state, i.e. with a normal moisture content of 8-12%, usually approx. 10%. Before processing, the raw material is found, e.g. when cutting, into a chopped material as mentioned with a maximum length of 5 cm, and possibly grinding into flour. If necessary, the finely divided raw material is sieved.
Oksydasjonskatalysatoren som kommer til .anvendelse i fremgangsmåten er en vilkårlig i og for seg kjent fysiologisk tole-rert katalysator, fortrinnsvis minst én av de fysiologisk aksep-r The oxidation catalyst used in the method is any physiologically tolerated catalyst known per se, preferably at least one of the physiologically acceptable
table oksydasjonskatalysatorer, CuS04, KMnO^, KN02, KN03, Na2S04, K2Cr207, Co203, Ni203, V20 og V205. Mengden katalysator som til-, settes er hensiktsmessig 1-3%, regnet av halmmengden. table oxidation catalysts, CuS04, KMnO^, KN02, KN03, Na2S04, K2Cr207, Co203, Ni203, V20 and V205. The amount of catalyst that is added is suitably 1-3%, calculated from the amount of straw.
Mengden natriumhydroksyd som kommer til anvendelse i fremgangsmåten er 1-10%, hensiktsmessig 2-8%, fortrinnsvis ca. 5%, regnet av halmmengden. Natriumhydroksydet tilsettes hensiktsmessig til råmaterialet i en konsentrasjon på over 30%, fortrinnsvis over 50%, såsom i tørr tilstand. The amount of sodium hydroxide used in the method is 1-10%, suitably 2-8%, preferably approx. 5%, calculated from the amount of straw. The sodium hydroxide is suitably added to the raw material in a concentration of over 30%, preferably over 50%, such as in the dry state.
Til råmaterialet som inneholder lignocellulose tilsettes det med oksydasjonskatalysatoren og natriumhydroksydet og/eller utover disse fuktighet på 10-20%, hvorved mengden lignocelluloseholdig råmateriale og av tørrstoff i hele blandingen er minst 70%, med fordel over 75-% eller over 80% eller over 85% og under 90%. Vannmengden i blandingen -er i overensstemmende med dette henholdsvis mindre enn 30%, med fordel mindre enn 25%, under 20%, eller under 15%, eller under 12% og over 10%. To the raw material containing lignocellulose, it is added with the oxidation catalyst and sodium hydroxide and/or in addition to these moisture of 10-20%, whereby the amount of lignocellulose-containing raw material and of dry matter in the whole mixture is at least 70%, preferably above 75% or above 80% or above 85% and below 90%. The amount of water in the mixture is accordingly less than 30%, preferably less than 25%, less than 20%, or less than 15%, or less than 12% and more than 10%.
Reaksjonen mellom det iignocelluloseholdige råmateriale, oksydasjonskatalysatoren og natriumhydroksydet, dvs. hydrolysen, som f.eks. utføres i et separat kar etter blanding av råstoffene, tar vanligvis 2-120 minutter, hensiktsmessig 10-90 minutter eller 20-60 minutter, med fordel ca. 20-30 minutter. The reaction between the iignocellulose-containing raw material, the oxidation catalyst and the sodium hydroxide, i.e. the hydrolysis, which e.g. carried out in a separate vessel after mixing the raw materials, usually takes 2-120 minutes, suitably 10-90 minutes or 20-60 minutes, preferably approx. 20-30 minutes.
Råstoffenes pg tilsetningsstoffenes mekaniske behandling, rivingen, utføres fordelaktig med en vanlig granuleringspresse som man pleier å anvende i forbindelse med fremstillingen av for, hvorved blandingen innføres i en sylinder hvor det er utformet boringer i veggene. Videre utføres riving og granulering av blandingen ved hjelp av såkalte koller, dvs. stort sett sylind-riske granuleringsorganer som er parallelle med sylinderen, ved at man trykker og dreier disse kraftig mot sylinderens innerflate. Behandlingen utføres fortrinnsvis ved en temperatur .på 80-100°C. Ved riving av vedkommende blanding i granuleringsapparatet varie-rer det momentane trykk som innvirker på råmaterialet fra 0 til flere titalls,'tii og med hundretalls atmosfærers overtrykk. Derved brytes råmaterialets cellévev ned ytterst effektivt, og: hydrolysen kan finne sted hurtig. Behandlingstiden kan variere fra noen titalls sekunder opptil noen titalls minutter, f.eks. i intervallet 0,5-10 minutter, med fordel 1-5 minutter. The mechanical treatment of the raw materials and the additives, the shredding, is advantageously carried out with a normal granulating press which is usually used in connection with the production of lining, whereby the mixture is introduced into a cylinder where bores have been designed in the walls. Tearing and granulation of the mixture is also carried out with the help of so-called collers, i.e. largely cylindrical granulating bodies which are parallel to the cylinder, by pressing and turning these strongly against the inner surface of the cylinder. The treatment is preferably carried out at a temperature of 80-100°C. When tearing the mixture in question in the granulation apparatus, the instantaneous pressure acting on the raw material varies from 0 to several tens,'tii and hundreds of atmospheres of overpressure. Thereby, the cell tissue of the raw material is broken down extremely efficiently, and: the hydrolysis can take place quickly. The processing time can vary from a few tens of seconds up to a few tens of minutes, e.g. in the interval 0.5-10 minutes, preferably 1-5 minutes.
Oppfinnelsen vil bli nærmere beskrevet i det etterfølgende ved hjelp av eksempler. The invention will be described in more detail below by means of examples.
Eksempel 1 Example 1
880 deler malt eller opphakket halm med lengde 0,1-5 cm ble i en melblander blandet med 20 deler oksyderende blanding bestående av 1-5 deler CuS04.5H20, 1-5 deler KMnO^, 5-10 deler KNO^ samt 5-10 deler vannfritt Na2S04. I samme blander ble det ved hjelp av en egnet væsketilsetningsmetode tilsatt 100 deler NaOH-løsning (30-70 vekt%j. Etter at blandingen var homogen (2-20 minutter avhengig av blandertype), ble den overført til en granuleringspresse av vanlig type som anvendes ved forfrem-stilling, med eller uten damp. Produktet vil derved oppholde 880 parts of ground or chopped straw with a length of 0.1-5 cm were mixed in a flour mixer with 20 parts of an oxidizing mixture consisting of 1-5 parts CuS04.5H20, 1-5 parts KMnO^, 5-10 parts KNO^ and 5- 10 parts anhydrous Na2S04. In the same mixer, by means of a suitable liquid addition method, 100 parts of NaOH solution (30-70% by weight) were added. After the mixture was homogeneous (2-20 minutes depending on the type of mixer), it was transferred to a granulating press of the usual type which used in pre-production, with or without steam.The product will thereby remain
seg i noen minutter ved en temperatur på 80-100°C. Avhengig av anvendelsesformålet og av findelingen av det opphakkete halm-materialé granuleres sluttproduktet ..til korn med diameter på 5-20 mm. Etter at kornene var avkjølt i en vandig anordning inneholdt de 10-16% fuktighet. For kornenes anvendelse i forblandinger kan de males i en vanlig hammermølle. for a few minutes at a temperature of 80-100°C. Depending on the purpose of use and the fineness of the chopped straw material, the final product is granulated into grains with a diameter of 5-20 mm. After the grains had cooled in an aqueous device, they contained 10-16% moisture. For the grains' use in premixes, they can be ground in a normal hammer mill.
Sluttproduktet kan kombineres til forblandinger for drøv-tyggere,, opptil 4 5% avhengig av type formel og formål. The final product can be combined into premixes for ruminants, up to 4-5% depending on the type of formula and purpose.
Istedenfor halm og som erstatning for denne kan man også anvende andre produkter som inneholder lignocellulose, såsom risskall, fruktavfall (vindruer, tomater, oliven), kaffe, kål, palme, sagspon, høy av dårlig kvalitet m.m. Instead of straw and as a substitute for this, other products containing lignocellulose can also be used, such as rice husks, fruit waste (grapes, tomatoes, olives), coffee, cabbage, palm, sawdust, hay of poor quality, etc.
Før malingen kan man også tilsette et oksydasjonsmiddel, såsom nitrat eller permanganat. Ved anvendelse av kaliumperman-ganat funksjonerer dette samtidig både som oksydasjonsmiddel og som oksydasjonskatalysator. Before painting, you can also add an oxidizing agent, such as nitrate or permanganate. When using potassium permanganate, this functions simultaneously both as an oxidizing agent and as an oxidation catalyst.
E ksempel 2 Example 2
1) Ved sammenlikning når det gjelder den brukbare energi-verdi hos storfe og får av vanlig halm, halm som har gjennomgått den oksyderende hydroksydbehandling og korn av mellomkvalitet ble følgende verdier oppnådd: 2) Omdannelsen som finner sted i magen. Frigjøringen av flyktige syrer-, indikatoren for cellulosens nedbrytbarhet, gir følgende verdier 1, 2, 4 og 8 timer etter at foret er inntatt: 3) Når det gjelder storfeets vekst, var de oppnådde daglige vektøkninger mellom 300 og 370 kg levende vekt og forets virkningsgrad (inntatt for/vektøkning) identitet som følgende: 1) When comparing the usable energy value in cattle and sheep of ordinary straw, straw that has undergone the oxidizing hydroxide treatment and grain of intermediate quality, the following values were obtained: 2) The transformation that takes place in the stomach. The release of volatile acids, the indicator of the degradability of the cellulose, gives the following values 1, 2, 4 and 8 hours after the feed has been consumed: 3) Regarding the growth of the cattle, the daily weight gains achieved were between 300 and 370 kg live weight and the feed efficiency (including for/weight gain) identity as the following:
Eksempel 3 Example 3
Fremgangsmåten i eksempel 1 ble utført under anvendelse av følgende katalysatorer: The procedure in Example 1 was carried out using the following catalysts:
Blandingen hadde et fuktighetsinnhold på 10-12%. Reaksjons-fasen ble utført ved en temperatur på over 60°C i 40 minutter. Kornene som kom ut av granuleringsapparatet hadde en temperatur på ca. 85°C. Reaksjonsblandingens pH var over 7. Produktenes fordøyelighet tilsvarte fordøyeligheten til det oksyderte produkt i eksempel 2. The mixture had a moisture content of 10-12%. The reaction phase was carried out at a temperature of over 60°C for 40 minutes. The grains that came out of the granulation device had a temperature of approx. 85°C. The pH of the reaction mixture was above 7. The digestibility of the products corresponded to the digestibility of the oxidized product in example 2.
Eksempel 4 Example 4
Hvetehalm som var malt i en hammermølle ble behandlet på følgende måte: 1) med fireprosentig natriumhydroksyd ved absolutt fuktighetsinnhold på 10-12%, produktet ble granulert umiddelbart etter blanding, ingen katalysator, 2) som under punkt 1), med anvendelse av katalysator og reaksjonstid, 3) som under punkt 2), men fuktighetsinnhold på 27%. Wheat straw that had been ground in a hammer mill was treated as follows: 1) with four percent sodium hydroxide at an absolute moisture content of 10-12%, the product was granulated immediately after mixing, no catalyst, 2) as under point 1), using a catalyst and reaction time, 3) as under point 2), but moisture content of 27%.
Forbedringen av fordøyeligheten (i %) til tørrstoffet og den organiske substans ble bestemt for de fremstilte produkter, og for ubehandlet halm ifølge en modifisert Tilley-Terry-metode. Resultatene er -gjengitt i tabell 1. The improvement in digestibility (in %) of the dry matter and organic matter was determined for the manufactured products and for untreated straw according to a modified Tilley-Terry method. The results are reproduced in table 1.
Eksempel 5 Example 5
A) Havreskall A) Oat husks
Feltforsøk med for som inneholdt 25% havreskall eller oksydativt hydrolyserte havreskall ble utført med følgende resultater: Field trials with forage containing 25% oat hulls or oxidatively hydrolysed oat hulls were carried out with the following results:
13% større vektøkning og en minskning på 12% i virkningsgrad gjør at man kan anse den oksydative hydrolyse for å ha bedret havreskallenes biologiske verdi med mer enn 50%. A 13% greater increase in weight and a 12% reduction in efficiency mean that the oxidative hydrolysis can be considered to have improved the biological value of the oat husks by more than 50%.
Eksempel 6 Example 6
B) Tørkete druerester B) Dried grape residues
Forsøk in vitro med saft fra dyrevommer viste at forverdien for ubehandlete druerester var ca. 0,20. Denne verdi skyldes hovedsakelig fettet i dette produkt. Fibrene er ikke tilgjenge-lige. Experiments in vitro with juice from animal rumen showed that the value for untreated grape pomace was approx. 0.20. This value is mainly due to the fat in this product. The fibers are not available.
Etter oksydativ hydrolysebehandling ble det oppnådd verdier på opptil 0,40 forenheter. Behandlingens innvirkning på fiberfraksjonen fremgår således klart. After oxidative hydrolysis treatment, values of up to 0.40 units were obtained. The treatment's impact on the fiber fraction is thus clearly evident.
Eksempel 7 Example 7
C) Kaffemask - kaffemasse C) Coffee mask - coffee pulp
Med disse to kaffebiprodukter var ved den oksydative hydrolyse to effekter additative: With these two coffee by-products, two effects were additive during the oxidative hydrolysis:
Mye mer velsmakende, Much more tasty,
Bedre oppslutning av fiberfraksjonen (bedre utnyttelse av kaffemaskfett). Better absorption of the fiber fraction (better utilization of coffee mask fat).
I begge tilfeller ble den opprinnelige verdi for fiber-oppslutning fordoblet. In both cases, the original value for fiber uptake was doubled.
Claims (3)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CH1118577A CH614844A5 (en) | 1977-09-13 | 1977-09-13 | Process for producing a foodstuff for ruminants |
Publications (3)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
NO783067L NO783067L (en) | 1979-03-14 |
NO150303B true NO150303B (en) | 1984-06-18 |
NO150303C NO150303C (en) | 1984-09-26 |
Family
ID=4370912
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
NO783067A NO150303C (en) | 1977-09-13 | 1978-09-11 | PROCEDURE FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF FOR DRUGS |
Country Status (8)
Country | Link |
---|---|
CH (1) | CH614844A5 (en) |
DK (1) | DK149544C (en) |
ES (1) | ES473881A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI61989C (en) |
FR (1) | FR2402418A1 (en) |
NO (1) | NO150303C (en) |
OA (1) | OA06055A (en) |
SE (1) | SE427717B (en) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK153432B (en) * | 1979-04-24 | 1988-07-18 | Crina | PROCEDURE FOR TREATING A PRODUCT MANUFACTURED BY PRESSURE OIL FROM OIL PLANTS |
Families Citing this family (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE3682386D1 (en) * | 1985-12-16 | 1991-12-12 | Us Commerce | |
FI875798A (en) * | 1987-12-31 | 1989-07-01 | Cultor Oy | FODER OCH FOERFARANDE FOER FRAMSTAELLNING AV DETSAMMA. |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE305090C (en) * | 1900-01-01 | |||
DE307616C (en) * | 1900-01-01 | |||
GB1366138A (en) * | 1971-02-24 | 1974-09-11 | Unilever Ltd | Treatment of lignocellulose materials |
-
1977
- 1977-09-13 CH CH1118577A patent/CH614844A5/en not_active IP Right Cessation
-
1978
- 1978-09-04 FR FR7825382A patent/FR2402418A1/en active Granted
- 1978-09-05 FI FI782712A patent/FI61989C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-09-11 NO NO783067A patent/NO150303C/en unknown
- 1978-09-12 DK DK400778A patent/DK149544C/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-09-12 ES ES473881A patent/ES473881A1/en not_active Expired
- 1978-09-12 SE SE7809600A patent/SE427717B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1978-09-14 OA OA56609A patent/OA06055A/en unknown
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DK153432B (en) * | 1979-04-24 | 1988-07-18 | Crina | PROCEDURE FOR TREATING A PRODUCT MANUFACTURED BY PRESSURE OIL FROM OIL PLANTS |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
DK149544C (en) | 1986-12-29 |
FR2402418A1 (en) | 1979-04-06 |
SE7809600L (en) | 1979-03-14 |
FR2402418B1 (en) | 1984-11-30 |
DK149544B (en) | 1986-07-21 |
ES473881A1 (en) | 1979-04-16 |
FI782712A (en) | 1979-03-14 |
OA06055A (en) | 1981-06-30 |
CH614844A5 (en) | 1979-12-28 |
FI61989B (en) | 1982-07-30 |
DK400778A (en) | 1979-03-14 |
NO783067L (en) | 1979-03-14 |
NO150303C (en) | 1984-09-26 |
FI61989C (en) | 1982-11-10 |
SE427717B (en) | 1983-05-02 |
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