NO119294B - - Google Patents
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- NO119294B NO119294B NO166171A NO16617166A NO119294B NO 119294 B NO119294 B NO 119294B NO 166171 A NO166171 A NO 166171A NO 16617166 A NO16617166 A NO 16617166A NO 119294 B NO119294 B NO 119294B
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- dust
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- USOYOVIXFHOMRI-BMRNFGFJSA-N 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-[(1e,3e,5e,7z,11e,13e,15e,17e)-3,7,12,16-tetramethyl-18-(2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexen-1-yl)octadeca-1,3,5,7,11,13,15,17-octaen-9-ynyl]cyclohexene Chemical compound CC=1CCCC(C)(C)C=1/C=C/C(/C)=C/C=C/C(/C)=C/C#C/C=C(/C)\C=C\C=C(/C)\C=C\C1=C(C)CCCC1(C)C USOYOVIXFHOMRI-BMRNFGFJSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000012442 inert solvent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 abstract 36
- JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N phencyclidine Chemical class C1CCCCN1C1(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CCCCC1 JTJMJGYZQZDUJJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 20
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 abstract 17
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 abstract 12
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 abstract 8
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 abstract 8
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 239000003546 flue gas Substances 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000001556 precipitation Methods 0.000 abstract 3
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract 2
- UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon monoxide Chemical compound [O+]#[C-] UGFAIRIUMAVXCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003556 assay Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004364 calculation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000012159 carrier gas Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000029142 excretion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011152 fibreglass Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005194 fractionation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003517 fume Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000014509 gene expression Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000003780 insertion Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000037431 insertion Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000004062 sedimentation Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005303 weighing Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 5
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 5
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Pentane Chemical compound CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Quinoline Chemical compound N1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C21 SMWDFEZZVXVKRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Cyclohexane Chemical compound C1CCCCC1 XDTMQSROBMDMFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N carbon disulfide-14c Chemical compound S=[14C]=S QGJOPFRUJISHPQ-NJFSPNSNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004090 dissolution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006317 isomerization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011981 lindlar catalyst Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 229930195734 saturated hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010902 straw Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000006257 total synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
- G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
- G01N15/0255—Investigating particle size or size distribution with mechanical, e.g. inertial, classification, and investigation of sorted collections
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
- Cyclones (AREA)
Abstract
Fremgangsmåte ved og anordning for bestemmelse av kornstørrelsesfordelingen i et støv.Denne oppfinnelse vedrorer en fremgangsmåte ved og en anordning for bestemmelse av kornstbrrelsesfordelingen i et stbv som er frembragt i en industriell prosess og dispergert i en fra prosessen avgående gasstrom.Ved prosjektering av et stbvfraskillingsaggregat for eksi-sterende eller planlagte prosessanlegg er det vesentlig å kjenne egenskapene ved det stbv som aggregatet skal fraskille,. En av de egenskaper som karakteriserer et stbv, er dets fordeling av for-skjellige kornstbrrelser. Bestemmelse av denne fordeling, kornstbrrelsesfordelingen, har tidligere skjedd ved uttak av stbvprbve fra et aktuelt anlegg og transport av prover til et laboratorium for analyse ved regning og måling under mikroskop, ved fraksjoner-ing i stbvsentrifuge, ved sedimentering eller dispergering i en gass og fraskill ing i analysesykloner. De oppregnede metoder be-lastes samtlige av ulempene ved at stovets egenskaper under uttak av prover og fraskillelse av den bærende gass samt under transpor-ten til laboratoriet og den dermed forbundne tidsforsinkelse - ledsaget av temperatur- og fuktighetsendringer - kan undergå vi-tale forandringer som for visse stbv, fieks. stbv i rbkgasser fra oljefyrte kjelanlegg, helt kan forrykke resultatet av analysen». Oppfinnelsen kjennetegnes derfor ved at en for den stbv-bærende gasstrbm representativ delstrbm uttas og umiddelbart bringes til i serie å passere to transportable analysesykloner med identisk lik utformning og identisk like fraskillingskarakteri-stikker, og et hoyfraskillende filter med kjent vekt, hvoretter de i syklonene og filtret utskilte stbvmengder veies og de derved erholdte verdier på kjent måte vurderes.Ved anvendelse av denne fremgangsmåte kan stbvforvansk-ende mellomledd i behandlingen unngåes og kornstbrrelsesanalysen derfor utfores på nbyaktig det stbv med hvilket det prosjekterte stbvfraskillingsaggregat i virkeligheten kommer til å arbeide og under nbyaktig samme betingelser med hensyn til gasstemperatur, fuktighett stbvkonsentrasjon osv.En anordning for uttagning og separering av atbvprbver ved ut fbrei sen av fremgangsmåten består av en utsugningssondeto med denne forbundne, seriekoblede analysesykloner og et etterfølg-ende filter tilsluttet sugesiden av en vifte, og kjennetegnes ved at analysesyklonene har identisk lik utformning og identisk like utskillingskarakteristikker og er oppstilt i et felles, ned opp-varmninganordning forsynt, transportabelt hus eller dekke*. Med denne anordning oppnåes at kondensasjon av damper kan unngåes på veggene i de apparatdeler som den utsugede delstrbm passerer for filtret. Hvis kondensasjon på noen av disse steder kommer i stand, kan dette medfbre at stbv festes i kondensatet og at såvel stbvkonsentrasjon som -sammensetning vil påvirkes, hvilket ikke kan tolereres. Det er med anordningen mulig A analysere stbv i f.eks. rbkgasser fra ildsteder eller i avgående behandlings-medium fra pneumatiske tbrkeanlegg.Oppfinnelsen skal beskrives nærmere i tilslutning til tegningene, på hvilke fig. i viser en oppstilling av de forskjel-lige i anordningen inngående elementer og deres innbyrdes sammen-kobling ved bestemmelsen av kornstbrrelsesfordelingen i stbvet i rbkga8sene fra et ildsted, fig. 2 viser et snitt gjennom analysesyklonene og deres hylster og fig. 3 viser et snitt gjennom filterhuset.Fig. 1 viser en rbkgasskanal 1, gjennom hvis vegg 2 en rbrformet utsugningssonde 3 er fbrt inn. Sonden 3 er forbundet med et med kjbleribber forsynt kjblerbr 4 som er forbundet med innlbpet til en fbrste analysesyklon 5 som nedentil er forsynt med en stbvbeholder 6 for oppsamling av utskilt stbv. Syklonens rengassutlbp er tilkoblet innlbpet til en annen med den fbrste identisk analysesyklon 7 som likeledes nedentil er forsynt med en stbvbeholder 8 for utskilt stbv. Denne syklons rengassutlbp er tilsluttet innlbpet til et filterhus 9 som inneholder et planfilter. Filterhuset 9 er på planfiltrets annen side ved en bbyelig slange 10 forbundet med sugesiden av en av en elektrisk motor drevet vifte 11 som blåser til omgivelsen og hvis motor 12 mates fra en dreie-transformator 13, således at viftens 11 turtall kan reguleres trinn-lost fra null.Ifblge fig. 2 er syklonene 5 og 7 stilt ovenpå sine respektive stbvbeholdere 6 og 8 i et varmeisolert hus 14 med et avtagbart lokk 15. Også syklonene 5 og 7 har avtagbart lokk 16 og 17 fastholdt av enkle spenneanordninger. På samme måte fast-holdes stbvbeholderne 6 og 8 til syklonene. Inne i huset 14 er der anbragt et elektrisk motstandselement 18 på 750 W for oppvarm-ning, kontrollert av en mellom 70° og 350° C innstillbar termostat 19 vist på fig. 1. Motstandselementet får strbm gjennom en kabel 20, fig. 1. På utsiden av husets 14 ene sidevegg finnes en ned-fellbar hylle 21 for oppstilling av filterhuset 9.Fig. 3 viser filterhuset 9 i snitt. Huset består av en overdel 22 med gas8inniop 23, varmeisolering 24 og et elektrisk motstandselement 25 på 200 W for oppvarming, samt en underdel 26 med strupeftens 27, trykkuttak 28 og 29 og et gassutlbp 30. Mellom over- og underdelene er der fastklemt en skive 31 av glassfiberpapp stbttet av et nett 32 og virkende som filter. Over- og underdelene holdes sammen av skruer med vingemuttere. Motstandselementet får strbm gjennom kabelen 33, fig. I, og trykkuttakene 28 og 29 er over slanger 34 og 35 forbundet med et mikromanometer 36, fig. i. I underdelens 26 vegg finnes et redskap for innstikning og fast-holdelse av et termometer 37.Ved anvendelse av anordningen måles fbrst gasshastigheten i kanalen 1 med et pitotrbr forbundet med mikromanometeret 36. Deretter velges i forhold til gasshastigheten en passende utsugningssonde 3. Kriteriet for dette valg er at sondens areal skal være således at når gasshastigheten i sonden er like stor som gasshastigheten i kanalen, innsuges den for syklonene normale gass-strbm, 25 m /h. Gassens temperatur og duggpunkt måles med termometer og på grunnlag av resultatet avgjbres om kjblerbret 4 behbver å anvendes for å skåne syklonene fra alt for hby temperatur, eller om syklonene 5 og 7 og filterhuset 9 behbver å oppvarmes med motstandselementene 18 og 25 for å unngå kondensasjon.Etter igangsetning av viften 11 og innfbring av sonden 3 i gasskanalen er det ved hjelp av dreietransformatoren 13 mulig å innstille et sådant vifteomdreiningstall at syklonene får sin normale tilfbrsel. Målingen av denne utfbres over filterhusets 9 kali-brerte strupeflens 27 ved hjelp av mikromanometret 36 og termome-teret 37. Anordningen av strupeflensen 27 muliggjbr også bestemmelse av stbvkonsentrasjonen i rbkgassene, hvilket skjer ved måling av den tid utsugningen pågår.Når tilstrekkelig meget stbv er samlet i atbvbeholderne 6 og 8 og i filtret 31 til å tillate akseptabel veienbyaktighet, veies de respektive stbvmengder. Hvis den i fbrste syklon utskilte stbvmengdes masse kalles B, den i annen syklon utskilte stbvmengdes masse kalles S>2 og den i filtret utskilte stbvmengdes masse kalles Bfåes, under forutsetning av at filtret er tilstrekkelig effek-tivt til ikke å slippe gjennom noe stbv, at total utskillingsgradhos den fbrste syklon blirog totalutskillingsgraden 7.nos <*en annen syklon blir. Hvis utsugningen har pågått tiden t med volumstrbmmen Q fåes stbvkonsentrasjonen o i gassen. Forutsatt at stbvets kornstbrrelser er fordelt ifblge en kjent funksjon som lar seg entydig fastlegge mot to parametrer, er det teoretisk mulig med kjennskap til analysesyklonenes utskillings karakteristikker og deres totale utskillingsgrader ? ^ og ^ på stbvet å beregne de to stbvparametrer som fastlegger kornstbr-relsesfordel ingen. Særlig enkelt blir dette hvis kornstbrrelsen er logaritmisk normalfordelt - hvilket erfaringsmessig er tilfellet med et stort antall industrielle stbv - og samtidig de to seriekoblede analysesykloner er identisk like og har en utskillingskarakteristikk som også er logaritmisk normalt fordelt, hvilket viser seg å være tilfellet for ordinære sykloner og spesielt for analysesykfconene iflge oppfinnelsen.Sannsynligheten ?(0<^ 5*1) for «t en stbvpartikkel med diameter D skal utskilles når den passerer en syklon, kan derfor skrivesaa °S Da er ner ^e parametrer som entydig fastlegger funksjonen p(D). Indeks a sikter til utskiller. 2 pleier å kalles for utskillingskarakteristikk. På samme måte kan et stbvs kornstor-relsesfordeling beskrives vedHer kalles parametrene for aog Dg, hvor s sikter til stbvet. p(D) (0p <.l) angir hvor stor del av hele stbvmengden det er som har en diameter > D og pleier å kalles for stbvets rest funk? sjon. En metode og en anordning for å bestemme restfunksjonen er gjenstand for oppfinnelsen.Hvis et antall identiske sykloner - dvs. sykloner med identiske (men vilkårlige) utskillingskarakteristikker - serie-kobles og den fbrste mates med stbv, hvis sammensetning beskrives av en funksjon p(D), blir totalutskillingsgraden ?y fbr den ^-te syklon.hvor begge integraler skal gjelde fra D = 0 til D = W . For fbrste oe annen syklon fåes derforhenholdsvis. Ved innsetning av de ovenfor angitte logaritmiske sannsynlighets-funksjoner for ty og p lar tyog ty2eanalytisk lose. Løsnin-gen får dog en innviklet analytisk form og presenteres derfor hen-siktsmessig grafisk. Som de eneste parametre i lbsningen forekom-mer ^ og ty> Da °SDs °aDerav erL og ty2 allerede bestemte ved veiningen av i syklonenes stbvbeholdere ansamlet stbv. Da og aa er for syklonene karakteristiske konstanter. Således kan de to ukjente Dg og ag loses av de to sist tegnede uttrykk og dermed er stbvets restfunksjon, dvs. den sbkte kornstbrrelsesfordel-ing, kjent.This invention relates to a method and apparatus for determining the grain size distribution in a dust generated in an industrial process and dispersed in a gas stream leaving the process. existing or planned process plants, it is essential to know the properties of the dust that the unit is to separate. One of the characteristics that characterizes a dust is its distribution of different grain sizes. Determination of this distribution, the grain size distribution, has previously taken place by taking a dust sample from a relevant plant and transporting samples to a laboratory for analysis by calculation and measurement under a microscope, by fractionation in a dust centrifuge, by sedimentation or dispersion in a gas and separation. ing in assay cyclones. The listed methods are all burdened by the disadvantages in that the properties of the dust during sampling and separation of the carrier gas as well as during transport to the laboratory and the associated time delay - accompanied by temperature and humidity changes - can undergo vital changes such as for certain stbv, fieks. stbv in rbk gases from oil-fired boiler plants, can completely upset the result of the analysis ». The invention is therefore characterized in that a substream representative of the dust-carrying gas stream is taken out and immediately brought to pass in series two transportable analysis cyclones with identical identical design and identical identical separation characteristics, and a high-separation filter of known weight, after which those in the cyclones and The amount of dust excreted in the filter is weighed and the values thus obtained are evaluated in a known manner. Using this method, dust-distorting intermediates in the treatment can be avoided and the grain size analysis can therefore be performed on conditions for gas temperature, humidity and dust concentration, etc. A device for taking and separating atbv samples during the execution of the method consists of an exhaust probe with this connected, series-connected analysis cyclones and a subsequent filter connected to the suction side of a fan, and is characterized in that the analysis cyclones have identical design and identical separation characteristics and are arranged in a common, down-heating device provided, transportable housing or cover *. With this device it is achieved that condensation of vapors can be avoided on the walls of the apparatus parts through which the extracted partial stream passes for the filter. If condensation occurs at any of these sites, this may mean that dust is trapped in the condensate and that both dust concentration and composition will be affected, which cannot be tolerated. With the device it is possible to analyze stbv in e.g. flue gases from fireplaces or in effluent treatment medium from pneumatic drying plants. The invention will be described in more detail in connection with the drawings, in which fig. FIG. 1 shows an arrangement of the various elements included in the device and their interconnection in determining the grain size distribution in the dust in the fumes from a fireplace, FIG. 2 shows a section through the analysis cyclones and their casing and fig. 3 shows a section through the filter housing.Fig. 1 shows a flue gas duct 1, through whose wall 2 a tubular extraction probe 3 is inserted. The probe 3 is connected to a bucket rib 4 provided with cooling fins which is connected to the inlet of a first analysis cyclone 5 which is provided at the bottom with a dust container 6 for collecting separated dust. The clean gas outlet of the cyclone is connected to the inlet of another with the first identical analysis cyclone 7 which is also provided at the bottom with a dust container 8 for separated dust. The clean gas outlet of this cyclone is connected to the inlet of a filter housing 9 which contains a planar filter. The filter housing 9 is connected on the other side of the plane filter by a flexible hose 10 to the suction side of a fan 11 driven by an electric motor which blows to the environment and whose motor 12 is fed from a rotary transformer 13, so that the speed of the fan 11 can be regulated steplessly. from zero. According to FIG. 2, the cyclones 5 and 7 are placed on top of their respective dust containers 6 and 8 in a heat-insulated housing 14 with a removable lid 15. The cyclones 5 and 7 also have a removable lid 16 and 17 held by simple clamping devices. In the same way, the dust containers 6 and 8 are held to the cyclones. Inside the housing 14 there is arranged an electrical resistance element 18 of 750 W for heating, controlled by a thermostat 19 adjustable between 70 ° and 350 ° C shown in fig. 1. The resistor element receives current through a cable 20, fig. 1. On the outside of one side wall of the housing 14 there is a fold-down shelf 21 for setting up the filter housing 9.Fig. 3 shows the filter housing 9 in section. The housing consists of an upper part 22 with gas inside 23, thermal insulation 24 and an electrical resistance element 25 of 200 W for heating, as well as a lower part 26 with the throat 27, pressure outlets 28 and 29 and a gas outlet 30. Between the upper and lower parts a disc is clamped 31 of fiberglass board supported by a net 32 and acting as a filter. The upper and lower parts are held together by screws with wing nuts. The resistance element receives current through the cable 33, fig. I, and the pressure outlets 28 and 29 are connected via hoses 34 and 35 to a micromanometer 36, fig. i. In the wall of the lower part 26 there is a tool for insertion and holding of a thermometer 37. When using the device, the gas velocity in the channel 1 is first measured with a pitot tube connected to the micromanometer 36. Then a suitable extraction probe is selected in relation to the gas velocity. for this choice is that the area of the probe should be such that when the gas velocity in the probe is equal to the gas velocity in the duct, it is sucked in for the cyclones normal gas flow, 25 m / h. The temperature and dew point of the gas are measured with a thermometer and on the basis of the result it is decided whether the switchboard 4 needs to be used to protect the cyclones from too high a temperature, or whether the cyclones 5 and 7 and the filter housing 9 need to be heated with resistance elements 18 and 25 to avoid condensation. After starting the fan 11 and inserting the probe 3 into the gas duct, it is possible by means of the rotary transformer 13 to set such a fan speed that the cyclones receive their normal supply. The measurement of this is performed over the calibrated throttle flange 27 of the filter housing 9 by means of the micromanometer 36 and the thermometer 37. The arrangement of the throttle flange 27 also makes it possible to determine the dust concentration in the flue gases, which takes place by measuring the sufficient time. collected in the atbv containers 6 and 8 and in the filter 31 to allow acceptable road exchange, the respective amounts of dust are weighed. If the mass of dust separated in the first cyclone is called B, the mass of dust separated in another cyclone is called S> 2 and the mass of dust separated in the filter is called Bfåes, provided that the filter is sufficiently efficient not to let any dust through, that the total degree of separation at the first cyclone becomes and the total degree of separation at 7.nos <* another cyclone becomes. If the extraction has been going on for time t with the volume flow Q, the dust concentration o is obtained in the gas. Assuming that the grain sizes of the dust are distributed according to a known function that can be unambiguously determined against two parameters, is it theoretically possible to know the precipitation characteristics of the analysis cyclones and their total degrees of precipitation? ^ and ^ on the dust to calculate the two dust parameters which determine the grain size distribution no. This becomes particularly easy if the grain size is logarithmically normally distributed - which in experience is the case with a large number of industrial stbv - and at the same time the two series-connected analysis cyclones are identically similar and have a precipitation characteristic that is also logarithmically normally distributed, which turns out to be the case for ordinary cyclones and especially for the analysis cyclones according to the invention. The probability? (0 <^ 5 * 1) for a dust particle with diameter D to be separated when it passes a cyclone, can therefore be written as ° S Then there are n ^ parameters that unambiguously determine the function p ( D). Index a refers to separator. 2 tend to be called excretion characteristics. In the same way, the grain size distribution of a dust can be described by Here the parameters are called aog Dg, where s refers to the dust. p (D) (0p <.l) indicates how large a part of the entire amount of dust is that has a diameter> D and is usually called the remaining funk of the dust? sjon. A method and a device for determining the residual function are the subject of the invention. If a number of identical cyclones - i.e. cyclones with identical (but arbitrary) separation characteristics - are connected in series and the first is fed with dust, the composition of which is described by a function p (D ), the total degree of separation becomes? y fbr the ^ -te cyclone.where both integrals shall apply from D = 0 to D = W. For the first and second cyclone are therefore obtained accordingly. By inserting the above logarithmic probability functions for ty and p, tyog allows ty2analytically. However, the solution takes an intricate analytical form and is therefore conveniently presented graphically. As the only parameters in the solution occur ^ and ty> Da ° SDs ° aDerav erL and ty2 are already determined by the weighing of in the cyclone dust containers accumulated dust. Da and aa are characteristic constants for the cyclones. Thus, the two unknown Dg and ag can be solved by the two last drawn expressions and thus the residual function of the dust, i.e. the desired grain size distribution, is known.
Description
Fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av lS^S^cis-^-karotin. •Nærværende oppfinnelse vedrører en forbedret fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av 15, 15'-cis-|3-karotin, som anvendes som mellomprodukt ved totalsyntesen av (3-karotin. Process for the production of 1S^S^cis-^-carotene. • The present invention relates to an improved method for the production of 15, 15'-cis-|3-carotene, which is used as an intermediate in the total synthesis of (3-carotene.
Som bekjent kan 15, 15'-cis-fS-karotin utvinnes ved at 15,15'-dehydro-|3-karotinet for partialhydrering av den tredobbelte binding hydreres i benzoloppløsning i nærvær av en katalysator inntil opptagelse av 1 mol vannstoff. Denne, fremgangsmåte gir imidlertid et utbytte på mindre enn 40 pst. og egner seg ikke for den tekniske utfø-relse. As is known, 15,15'-cis-fS-carotene can be recovered by hydrogenating the 15,15'-dehydro-β-carotene for partial hydrogenation of the triple bond in benzene solution in the presence of a catalyst until 1 mol of hydrogen is absorbed. This method, however, gives a yield of less than 40 per cent and is not suitable for the technical implementation.
Det ble funnet at man kan oppnå nesten kvantitative utbytter av 15,15'-cis-|3-karotin, når man hydrerer 15,15'-dehydro-(3-karotinet istedenfor i oppløsning i form av en suspensjon. Gjenstand for oppfinnelsen er også en fremgangsmåte for fremstilling av 15,15'-cis-|3-karotin, som karak-teriseres ved at man lar 1 mol vannstoff innvirke på en suspensjon av 15,15'-dehydro'-[3-karotin i et inert oppløsningsmid-del, i hvilket 15,15'-cis-|3-karotin er tyngre oppløselig enn 15,15'-dehydro-p-karotin, f. eks. i petroleter. It was found that almost quantitative yields of 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene can be obtained when the 15,15'-dehydro-(3-carotene is hydrated instead of in solution in the form of a suspension. The object of the invention is also a method for the production of 15,15'-cis-[3-carotene, which is characterized by allowing 1 mol of hydrogen to act on a suspension of 15,15'-dehydro'-[3-carotene in an inert solvent -del, in which 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene is more soluble than 15,15'-dehydro-p-carotene, e.g. in petroleum ether.
Som inerte oppløsningsmidler kommer mettede eller umettede kullvannstoffer eller blandinger av samme på tale. Mettede kullvannstoffer, som pentan, heksan, cyk-loheksan osv. egner seg godt. Særlig hen-siktsmessig er petroleter av kokepunkt 80— 120° C. For å nå det mål man streber etter vil man fortrinsvis gå frem slik at bestan-dig tiare en forholdsvis liten del av 15,15'-dehydro-P-karotinet er oppløst i det an-vendte oppløsningsmiddel; så vil man f.eks. på fordelaktig måte anvende 10—20 deler petroleter på hver del 15,15'-dehydro-(3-karotin. Som katalysator benytter man- hen-siktsmessig en med bly og cnmolin iorgntet panaaiumKatalysator (f. eks. Lindlar-kata-lysator, Helvetica Chim. Acta, 35, 446 [1952] ug arbeider best ved romtemperatur. Med xortsatt hydrering går 15,15'-dehydro-(3-ka-rotinet i oppløsning, hvorved samtidig hy-arermgsproauktet, som er meget tungt opp-løselig, utkrystalliserer. Derved beskyttes aet dannede 15,15'-cis-|3-karotin mot vide-re hydrering, hva har til følge den store øk-ning i utbyttet. Hydreringen stanser av seg selv så snart et lite overskudd av den teo-retiske mengde vannstoff er tatt opp. Suitable inert solvents are saturated or unsaturated coal water substances or mixtures thereof. Saturated hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, cyclohexane, etc. are suitable. Particularly expedient is petroleum ether with a boiling point of 80-120° C. In order to reach the goal you are striving for, you will preferably proceed so that a relatively small part of the 15,15'-dehydro-P-carotene is dissolved at a constant rate in the solvent used; then you will e.g. advantageously use 10-20 parts of petroleum ether for each part of 15,15'-dehydro-(3-carotene. As a catalyst, mannequin uses a panaaium catalyst composed of lead and cinmoline (e.g. Lindlar catalyst, Helvetica Chim. Acta, 35, 446 [1952] and works best at room temperature. With shortened hydrogenation, the 15,15'-dehydro-(3-carotene) goes into solution, whereby at the same time the hydrogen product, which is very poorly soluble , crystallizes out. Thereby, the formed 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene is protected against further hydrogenation, which results in the large increase in yield. The hydrogenation stops by itself as soon as a small excess of the thio- significant amount of water is taken up.
Forsåvidt man vil isolere det lett iso-meriserbare hydreringsprodukt, filtreres nydreringsblandingen, fraskilles 15,15'-cis-|3-karo tinet ved oppløsning i et oppløsnings-middel, som metylenklorid, svovelkullstoff, osv., fra katalysatoren og hvis ønsket befris ved lav temperatur fra oppløsningsmidlet. 15,15'-cis-(3-karotin kan hvis ønsket også uten isolering før eller etter fraskillingen av katalysatoren overføres ved isomerise-ring i all-trans-|3-karotinet. Provided that one wants to isolate the easily isomerizable hydrogenation product, the hydrogenation mixture is filtered, the 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene is separated by dissolution in a solvent, such as methylene chloride, carbon disulfide, etc., from the catalyst and, if desired, liberated by low temperature from the solvent. 15,15'-cis-(3-carotene can, if desired, also be transferred without isolation before or after the separation of the catalyst by isomerization into the all-trans-13-carotene.
Fremgangsmåten etter oppfinnelsen leverer 15,15'-cis-|3-karotin i stor renhet og i nesten kvantitativt utbytte. Overfor den foranbeskrevne fremstillingsmåte1 har den nye fremgangsmåte fordelen av stor en-kelhet og mer enn fordoblet utbytte. The method according to the invention delivers 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene in great purity and in almost quantitative yield. Compared to the production method described above1, the new method has the advantage of great simplicity and more than double the yield.
Eksempel. Example.
100 vektdeler 15,15'-dehydro-|3-karotin suspenderes i 1000 romdeler petroleter (ko- 100 parts by weight of 15,15'-dehydro-|3-carotene are suspended in 1000 parts by volume of petroleum ether (co-
kepunkt 80—120° C). Man tilsetter nå 12 vektdeler av en med bly desaktivert palladiumkatalysator (Helvetica Chimica Acta 35 (1952 446) og 6 romdeler chinolin. Blandingen rystes i en vannstoffatmosfære ved romtemperatur. Hydreringen kommer til stillstand etter opptagelse av litt mer enn 1 mol vannstoff. Blandingen filtreres og 15,15'-cis-|3-karotinet fraskilles ved oppløs-ning i 3600 romdeler metylenklorid og fil-trering av katalysator. Metylenklqridopp-løsningen inndampes ved 20° C i vannstrå-levakuum, og resten rystes med 1000 romdeler petroleter (kokepunkt 30—70° C) i 30 minutter. Derpå filtreres fra og produktet tørkes i vakuum. Man får 95 vektdeler 15, 15'-cis-|3-karotin med smeltepunkt 150— 151° C; absorpsjonsmaksimum i ultra- boiling point 80—120° C). 12 parts by weight of a palladium catalyst deactivated with lead (Helvetica Chimica Acta 35 (1952 446)) and 6 parts by volume of quinoline are now added. The mixture is shaken in a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The hydrogenation comes to a standstill after taking up a little more than 1 mol of hydrogen. The mixture is filtered and The 15,15'-cis-|3-carotene is separated by dissolving in 3,600 parts by volume of methylene chloride and filtering the catalyst. The methylene chloride solution is evaporated at 20° C in a water-straw vacuum, and the residue is shaken with 1,000 parts by volume of petroleum ether (boiling point 30 —70° C) for 30 minutes. The product is then filtered off and dried in vacuum. 95 parts by weight of 15, 15'-cis-|3-carotene are obtained with a melting point of 150— 151° C; absorption maximum in ultra-
violettspektrum: 338 m|x (Éi<1> 1040), 450 mjj. violet spectrum: 338 m|x (Éi<1> 1040), 450 mjj.
(Ei<1> 1765), 477 mn (Ei<1> 1430) i petroleter. (Ei<1> 1765), 477 mn (Ei<1> 1430) in petroleum ether.
Claims (1)
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Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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SE1704065A SE357441B (en) | 1965-12-30 | 1965-12-30 |
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NO119294B true NO119294B (en) | 1970-04-27 |
Family
ID=20303168
Family Applications (1)
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NO166171A NO119294B (en) | 1965-12-30 | 1966-12-28 |
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BE (1) | BE692033A (en) |
CH (1) | CH446770A (en) |
DE (1) | DE1598009B2 (en) |
DK (1) | DK139398B (en) |
ES (1) | ES335088A1 (en) |
FI (1) | FI50474C (en) |
FR (1) | FR1507024A (en) |
GB (1) | GB1118047A (en) |
NL (1) | NL158295B (en) |
NO (1) | NO119294B (en) |
SE (1) | SE357441B (en) |
Families Citing this family (4)
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CH636444A5 (en) * | 1978-10-04 | 1983-05-31 | Von Roll Ag | METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING THE DUST CONTENT in flowing gases. |
GB2265847B (en) * | 1992-03-31 | 1995-08-02 | Ind Tech Res Inst | Particle content monitoring device |
DE102010037425B4 (en) * | 2010-09-09 | 2012-06-06 | Eurofins Wej Contaminants Gmbh | Method for taking a representative sample of bulk particles to determine mycotoxin contamination of the bulk material |
CN107907388A (en) * | 2017-12-12 | 2018-04-13 | 华南理工大学 | The device of micro dust and the method for detection grain diameter and content in a kind of collection gas |
-
1965
- 1965-12-30 SE SE1704065A patent/SE357441B/xx unknown
-
1966
- 1966-12-23 GB GB5779366A patent/GB1118047A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-12-28 DE DE1966A0054493 patent/DE1598009B2/en active Granted
- 1966-12-28 NO NO166171A patent/NO119294B/no unknown
- 1966-12-29 DK DK672866A patent/DK139398B/en unknown
- 1966-12-29 FI FI347566A patent/FI50474C/en active
- 1966-12-29 ES ES335088A patent/ES335088A1/en not_active Expired
- 1966-12-30 FR FR89549A patent/FR1507024A/en not_active Expired
- 1966-12-30 CH CH1880766A patent/CH446770A/en unknown
- 1966-12-30 NL NL6618433A patent/NL158295B/en not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1966-12-30 BE BE692033D patent/BE692033A/xx unknown
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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CH446770A (en) | 1967-11-15 |
FI50474B (en) | 1975-12-31 |
DK139398C (en) | 1979-07-23 |
DE1598009A1 (en) | 1970-10-22 |
GB1118047A (en) | 1968-06-26 |
NL158295B (en) | 1978-10-16 |
ES335088A1 (en) | 1968-06-01 |
FR1507024A (en) | 1967-12-22 |
BE692033A (en) | 1967-05-29 |
DE1598009B2 (en) | 1976-05-26 |
SE357441B (en) | 1973-06-25 |
NL6618433A (en) | 1967-07-03 |
FI50474C (en) | 1976-04-12 |
DK139398B (en) | 1979-02-12 |
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