NL2030675B1 - Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device - Google Patents
Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- NL2030675B1 NL2030675B1 NL2030675A NL2030675A NL2030675B1 NL 2030675 B1 NL2030675 B1 NL 2030675B1 NL 2030675 A NL2030675 A NL 2030675A NL 2030675 A NL2030675 A NL 2030675A NL 2030675 B1 NL2030675 B1 NL 2030675B1
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- NL
- Netherlands
- Prior art keywords
- hydraulic
- cavity
- loading plate
- loading device
- sample
- Prior art date
Links
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 123
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims description 40
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 claims description 18
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 238000012806 monitoring device Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000010720 hydraulic oil Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000000700 radioactive tracer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011797 cavity material Substances 0.000 description 49
- 230000009977 dual effect Effects 0.000 description 13
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035882 stress Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910001208 Crucible steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 206010017076 Fracture Diseases 0.000 description 2
- 239000004568 cement Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000003292 glue Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000006004 Quartz sand Substances 0.000 description 1
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 208000002925 dental caries Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052602 gypsum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010440 gypsum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003384 imaging method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003340 mental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005464 sample preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005070 sampling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000547 structure data Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012780 transparent material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B43/00—Methods or apparatus for obtaining oil, gas, water, soluble or meltable materials or a slurry of minerals from wells
- E21B43/25—Methods for stimulating production
- E21B43/26—Methods for stimulating production by forming crevices or fractures
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E21—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; MINING
- E21B—EARTH OR ROCK DRILLING; OBTAINING OIL, GAS, WATER, SOLUBLE OR MELTABLE MATERIALS OR A SLURRY OF MINERALS FROM WELLS
- E21B49/00—Testing the nature of borehole walls; Formation testing; Methods or apparatus for obtaining samples of soil or well fluids, specially adapted to earth drilling or wells
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Geology (AREA)
- Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
- Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
The present application discloses a triaXial multi—crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device, so that a law of stress and water injection pressure changes and a crack propagation law in a hydraulic fracturing process can be obtained through a comprehensive analysis of pressure of a fracturing fluid, pressure recording information of hydraulic loading devices, acoustic emission monitoring information and a fracturing process Video.
Description
P926/NLpd
TRIAXIAL MULTI-CRACK HYDRAULIC FRACTURING EXPERIMENTAL DEVICE
The present disclosure relates to the field of indoor multi- crack hydraulic fracturing experimental techniques, and in partic- ular, to an experimental device that can simulate multi-crack hy- draulic fracturing of reservoirs with different developed struc- tures under a three-dimensional in-situ stress field.
A hydraulic fracturing technology is an important technology for reconstruction and stimulation of oil and gas reservoirs. Due to an excessive cost of fracturing field testing and detection, indoor experiments are used as the preliminary research work for field construction. Selecting primary rock of a real reservoir or making similar material model of the real reservoir, and perform- ing multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experiments is an important means to study a crack propagation law under multi-crack fractur- ing. Therefore, it is necessary to design a triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental system to conduct multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental research on a complex geological reservoir.
To overcome the shortcomings of the foregoing prior art, the present disclosure provides a triaxial multi-crack hydraulic frac- turing experimental device, including a pressure chamber, a water injection system, a pressure sensor group, and an information ac- quisition system, where the information acquisition system in- cludes a multi-channel information recorder, an eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device, and signal probes; the pressure chamber includes a triaxial cavity, an observa- tion window, a rear loading plate, an upper loading plate, a left loading plate, a first hydraulic loading device, a second hydrau- lic loading device, and a third hydraulic loading device, and the triaxial cavity is hollow square cavity with only a front side open; the observation window is fixed to the front side of the tri- axial cavity, the first hydraulic loading device, the second hy-
draulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device are fixed to an inner top, a rear side and a right side of the triaxi- al cavity respectively, the upper loading plate, the rear loading plate and the left loading plate are fixed to pressure output por- tions of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device respectively, the upper load- ing plate, the rear loading plate and the left loading plate apply pressure to an upper side, a rear side and a left side of a sample to fix the sample and provide pressure, and the sample is located in a space enclosed by the upper loading plate, the rear loading plate, the left loading plate, and the triaxial cavity;
the observation window is provided with one or more wellholes running through the observation window in front-rear directions;
the water injection system includes a power source, a water tank, a pneumatic booster dual pump, a liquid storage cavity, a simulated liquid injection cylinder, and an electromagnetic con- trol valve, the power source is connected to the pneumatic booster dual pump through a pipeline, the water tank is connected to a suction port of the pneumatic booster dual pump through a pipe- line, a bottom of the liquid storage cavity is provided with a liquid injection hole, a cavity cover is fixed to a top of the liquid storage cavity, the cavity cover is provided with a liquid outlet hole, an output port of the pneumatic booster dual pump is connected to the liquid injection hole provided at the bottom of the liquid storage cavity through a pipeline, the liquid storage cavity contains hydraulic oil with an added tracer as a fracturing fluid and distilled water, a density of the hydraulic oil is smaller than that of the distilled water, the fracturing fluid is located above the distilled water and is immiscible with the dis- tilled water, the liquid outlet hole is connected to the simulated liquid injection cylinder through a pipeline, the liquid injection cylinder is connected to wellbores by using pipelines running through the wellholes, electromagnetic control valves are disposed on the pipelines for connecting the liquid injection cylinder to the wellbores, the electromagnetic control valves are each con- nected to a control switch through a line, and the wellbores are fixed in holes of the sample; the pressure sensor group includes a fracturing fluid pres- sure sensor, and hydraulic sensors of the first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydrau- lic loading device, and the multi-channel information recorder is connected to the fracturing fluid pressure sensor and the hydrau- lic sensors in the pressure sensor group through lines; and the signal probes are attached to a surface of the sample, and the probes on the surface of the sample are all connected to the eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device through lines.
The structure in which the first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic load- ing device are fixed to the inner top, the rear side and the right side of the triaxial cavity respectively is as follows: two upper grooves disposed in left-right directions are fixed to the top in- ner side of the triaxial cavity and configured to fix the first hydraulic loading device at the top, two rear grooves are fixedly disposed at the rear side inside the triaxial cavity and config- ured to fix the second hydraulic loading device, and one right groove is fixedly disposed at the right inner side of the triaxial cavity and configured to fix the third hydraulic loading device.
The first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device are all hydraulic jacks, and one hydraulic jack is fixed in each of the foregoing grooves.
The structure in which the upper loading plate, the rear loading plate and the left loading plate are fixed to the pressure output portions of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device respectively is as follows: the upper loading plate, the rear loading plate and the left loading plate are fixed to piston rods of hydraulic jacks of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device respectively.
The triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device further includes a loading device control system. The hy- draulic jacks of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device are each connected to a hydraulic pump, an oil inlet of each hydraulic jack is provided with one hydraulic sensor, and the hydraulic sensors in the pres- sure sensor group and hydraulic pump are connected to the loading device control system 3 through lines.
The triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device further includes a video imager, the observation window is an acrylic plate, and the video imager is disposed in front of the observation window and configured to collect an image of a frac- turing situation of the sample.
At least four signal probes are provided, and the four probes cannot be in the same plane of the sample, so as to locate a crack.
The triaxial cavity or the observation window is provided with a through hole for lines for connecting the signal probes to the eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device.
The external dimension of the triaxial cavity is 1300 mm x 550 mm x 550 mm, the dimension of the sample is 1200 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm, each hole in the sample has a diameter of 10 mm and a depth of 260 mm, and the number of the holes is the same as that of wellbores.
The present disclosure has the following beneficial effects: (1) The present disclosure has a simple structure, is easy to machine, and has a low cost. (2) In the present disclosure, a law of crack initiation and propagation of hydraulic fracturing cracks under different in-situ stress field conditions, different crack numbers and different crack spacing may be studied. (3) Each component of the experimental system according to the present disclosure has independent functions, can be used for various experiments, and has a wide range of functions.
FIG. 1 is a schematic structural diagram of a triaxial multi-
crack hydraulic fracturing experimental system according to the present disclosure;
FIG 2 is a schematic structural diagram of a pressure chamber according to the present disclosure; and 5 FIG 3 is a schematic structural diagram of a water injection system according to the present disclosure.
Reference numerals: 1: pressure chamber, 2: water injection system, 3: loading device control system, 4: multi-channel infor- mation recorder, 5: pressure sensor group, 6: eight-channel acous- tic emission signal monitoring device, 7: video imager, 101: tri- axial cavity, 102: observation window, 103: wellhole, 104: rear loading plate, 105: upper loading plate, 106: left loading plate, 107: right groove, 108: rear groove, 109: upper groove 201: power source, 202: water tank, 203: pneumatic booster dual pump, 204: liquid outlet hole, 205: cavity cover, 206: fracturing fluid, 207: distilled water, 208: liquid storage cavity, 209: liquid injection hole, 210: cavity support, 211: tee joint, 212:fracturing fluid pressure sensor, 213: simulated liquid injection cylinder, 214: electromagnetic control valve.
A direction toward an observation window 102 in FIG. 1 is de- fined as a front side, a left side in FIG. 1 is defined as a left side, and a top of a triaxial cavity 101 is defined as an upper side.
As shown in FIG. 1 to FIG. 3, a triaxial multi-crack hydrau- lic fracturing experimental system includes a pressure chamber 1, a loading device control system 3, a water injection system 2, and an information acquisition system. The information acquisition system includes a multi-channel information recorder, a pressure sensor group 5, an eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitor- ing device 6, signal probes, and a video imager 7.
The pressure chamber 1 includes a triaxial cavity 101, an ob- servation window 102, a rear loading plate 104, an upper loading plate 105, and a left loading plate 106. The triaxial cavity 101, the rear loading plate 104, the upper loading plate 105 and the left loading plate 106 are made of cast steel. The external dimen-
sion of the triaxial cavity 101 excluding a right groove 107, a rear groove 108 and an upper groove 109 is 1300 mm x 550 mm x 550 mm, and the triaxial cavity 101 is a hollow square cavity.
Two upper grooves 109 disposed in left-right directions are fixed to the top inner side of the triaxial cavity 101 and config- ured to fix the first hydraulic loading device at the top, two rear grooves 108 are fixedly disposed at the rear side inside the triaxial cavity 101 and configured to fix the second hydraulic loading device in front-rear directions, and one right groove 107 is fixedly disposed at the right inner side of the triaxial cavity and configured to fix the third hydraulic loading device in left- right directions. The first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device are all hydraulic jacks, and one hydraulic jack is fixed in each of the foregoing grooves.
The observation window 102 with a dimension of 800 mm x= 300 mm x 300 mm is fixed to the front side of the triaxial cavity 101, and the video imager 7 is disposed in front of the observation window 102. The observation window 102 is provided with n {ín = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) wellholes 103 with a diameter of 20 mm. The observa- tion window 102 is made of an acrylic plate or a cast steel plate.
When the observation window 102 is made of a non-transparent mate- rial, the video imager 7 cannot be used for imaging, and only the eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device can be used to detect a crack propagation situation of a sample. The num- ber and spacing of the wellholes 103 are set based on an experi- mental scheme.
A bottom surface of the triaxial cavity 101 is closed. A cu- boid sample with a dimension of 1200 mm x 500 mm = 500 mm, the rear loading plate 104, the upper loading plate 105 and the left loading plate 106 are placed in the triaxial cavity 101. The upper loading plate 105, the rear loading plate 104 and the left loading plate 106 are fixed to piston rods of hydraulic jacks of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device respectively. The upper loading plate 105, the rear loading plate 104 and the left loading plate 106 apply pressure to an upper side, a rear side and a left side of the sample to fix the sample. When the observation window 102 is made of the acrylic plate, the loading pressure of the rear loading plate 104 is smaller than the pressure that causes the observation window 102 to break.
The water injection system 2 includes a power source 201, a water tank 202, a pneumatic booster dual pump 203, a cavity cover 205, a liquid storage cavity 208, a cavity support 210, a tee
Joint 211, a fracturing fluid pressure sensor 212, a simulated liquid injection cylinder 213, and electromagnetic control valves 214. The power source 201 is connected to the pneumatic booster dual pump 203 through a pipeline to provide power for the pneumat- ic booster dual pump 203. The water tank 202 is connected to a suction port of the pneumatic booster dual pump 203 through a pipeline. The pneumatic booster dual pump 203 can implement a con- stant-flow and constant-pressure uninterrupted output mode of dou- ble pumps alternating under high pressure.
A bottom of the liquid storage cavity 208 is provided with a liquid injection hole 209, a cavity cover 205 is fixed to a top of the liquid storage cavity, the cavity cover 205 is provided with a liquid outlet hole 204, an output port of the pneumatic booster dual pump 203 is connected to the liquid injection hole 209 pro- vided at the bottom of the liquid storage cavity 208 through a pipeline, the liquid storage cavity 208 contains hydraulic oil with an added tracer as a fracturing fluid 206 and distilled water 207, a density of the hydraulic oil is smaller than that of the distilled water 207, and the fracturing fluid 206 is located above the distilled water 207 and is immiscible with the distilled wa- ter.
The fracturing fluid 206 can reduce the damage to a pump by using the pneumatic booster dual pump 203. The density of the dis- tilled water 207 is greater than that of the hydraulic oil 206, and the two are immiscible with each other. Based on this feature, the distilled water 207 is used to push the fracturing fluid 206 for a fracturing experiment.
The cavity support 210 is fixed below the liquid storage cav- ity 208, and configured to stably install and support the liquid storage cavity 208. The liquid outlet hole 204 is connected to the simulated liquid injection cylinder 213 through a pipeline, and the pipeline for connecting the two is provided with the tee joint, which is configured to install the fracturing fluid pres- sure sensor 212.
The liquid injection cylinder 213 is connected to wellbores that are in the same quantity as that of the wellholes 103 through pipelines, electromagnetic control valves 214 are disposed on the pipelines for connecting the liquid injection cylinder 213 to the wellbores, and the electromagnetic control valves 214 can be con- trolled remotely in real time.
The pressure sensor group 5 includes the fracturing fluid pressure sensor 212, and hydraulic sensors for measuring hydraulic oil pressure of each hydraulic cylinder of the first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device, and is configured to collect pressure of a fracturing fluid during a fracturing experiment by the fractur- ing fluid pressure sensor 212 and loads of the first hydraulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device.
A multi-channel information recorder 4 is connected to the fracturing fluid pressure sensor 212 and the hydraulic sensors in the pressure sensor group 5, and can collect data of up to 64 channels simultaneously.
The hydraulic jacks of the first hydraulic loading device, the second loading device, and the third loading device are each connected to a hydraulic pump, and the hydraulic sensors in the pressure sensor group 5 and hydraulic pump are connected to the loading device control system 3 through lines.
The eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device 6 is attached to a surface of the sample by using at least four probes, and the four probes cannot be in the same plane, so as to locate a crack.
The video imager 7 can implement real-time high-frequency im- aging and recording on the surface of the sample.
A triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental method includes the following steps. (1) Sampling or sample preparation: Machine an extracted rock sample into a cuboid block with a dimension of 1000 mm x 500 mm x 500 mm, drill holes with a diameter of 10 mm and a depth of 260 mm at corresponding positions of the sample with reference to a mul- ti-crack experimental scheme (number of cracks, spacing, and the like), where a reserved open hole section is provided 20 mm below the holes, and then glue wellbores to the rock sample firmly and tightly by using high-strength epoxy resin glue to prevent a frac- turing fluid from leaking from a well wall.
In addition, a rock- like material sample may alternatively be made by using cement,
quartz sand, gypsum, and retarder based on mechanical properties of rock and complex geological structure data.
During sample prep- aration, wellbores are pre-embedded in the wellbore positions, and the periphery of the well wall is filled with pure cement to pre- vent leakage of the fracturing fluid.
(2) Loading: After the sample is placed in a pressure chamber and the wellbores are fixed, place loading plates, and slowly ap- ply loads of a first hydraulic loading device, a second hydraulic loading device and a third hydraulic loading device to a set value simultaneously based on experimental requirements until the loads are stable.
Because a triaxial cavity 101 is a hollow square cavi- ty with only a front side open, and an observation window 102 is fixed at the open front side, during the loading of the first hy- draulic loading device, the second hydraulic loading device and the third hydraulic loading device, an inner wall of the triaxial cavity 101 opposite to the loading devices or the observation win- dow supports the sample.
(3) Hydraulic fracturing fluid injection: Start a multi- channel information recorder 4, an eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device 6 and a video imager 7, and set a pneu-
matic booster dual pump 203 to a constant-flow mode for a required flow, switch on electromagnetic control valves 214 on designated wellbore connection pipelines simultaneously or in sequence based on the multi-crack experimental scheme, inject the fracturing flu- id into the sample through the wellbores, and when cracks propa-
gate to the surface of the sample or the pressure sensed by a fracturing fluid pressure sensor 212 drops to 0.5 MPa or below, stop injecting the fluid.
(4) Perform analysis and summary on information collected by the multi-channel information recorder, information collected by the eight-channel acoustic emission signal monitoring device in the fracturing process, information collected by the video imager 7, crack morphologies of the sliced and fractured sample, and dis- tribution of a tracer, to obtain stress change and crack propaga- tion laws during the fracturing process.
Claims (1)
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2030675A NL2030675B1 (en) | 2022-01-24 | 2022-01-24 | Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2030675A NL2030675B1 (en) | 2022-01-24 | 2022-01-24 | Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| NL2030675B1 true NL2030675B1 (en) | 2023-08-04 |
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ID=87569291
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| NL2030675A NL2030675B1 (en) | 2022-01-24 | 2022-01-24 | Triaxial multi-crack hydraulic fracturing experimental device |
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| Country | Link |
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| NL (1) | NL2030675B1 (en) |
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116591653A (en) * | 2023-05-18 | 2023-08-15 | 西南石油大学 | Dynamic monitoring method for natural cracks under true triaxial hydraulic fracturing and related equipment |
-
2022
- 2022-01-24 NL NL2030675A patent/NL2030675B1/en active
Cited By (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN116591653A (en) * | 2023-05-18 | 2023-08-15 | 西南石油大学 | Dynamic monitoring method for natural cracks under true triaxial hydraulic fracturing and related equipment |
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