MX2008006029A - Method of controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion - Google Patents

Abstract

The invention provides a method of controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion, comprising combusting a fuel containing a dispersion, the dispersion comprises:(a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant;and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. The invention provides a method of controlling by-products or pollutants from fuel combustion, comprising combusting a fuel containing a dispersion, the dispersion comprises:(a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant;and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. Methods and compositions to induce cell death of invasive tumors, for example, induction of melanoma cell death by administering an oncolytic virus such as HSV in combination with and by administering an anti-ECM antibody such as for example, an anti- fibronectin antibody or an anti-laminin antibody, or a combination thereof are disclosed. Anti-fibronectin antibody reduces tumor invasiveness and tumor growth. Anti-gel binding domain fibronectin antibody minimizes tumor growth and also destroys preformed or established rumor growth. Highly invasive tumor cells in a matrigel assay exhibited phenotypic reversion to normal cells upon treatment with an anti-extracellular antibody such as an anti-fibronectin antibody.

Description

METHOD OF CONTROL OF SUB-PRODUCTS OR CONTAMINANTS OF THE COMBUSTION OF COMBUSTIBLES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method of supplying the fuel with a dispersion, the dispersion of which consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases has an average state of oxidation of (+2) or higher. The method is able to control the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION In recent years, attempts have been made to reduce the amount of pollutants / emissions released from fuel combustion. Examples of contaminants include sulfur oxides (e.g., sulfur trioxide), nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and particulate matter. It is known that these pollutants adversely affect greenhouse gas levels or contribute to other problems, such as smog. In the case of particulate matter, studies have also indicated adverse effects on humans, animals and plants. Other byproducts of combustion Fuel oils include vanadate deposits. It is thought that vanadate deposits form corrosive low melting point slags that form deposits. It would be desirable to burn fuels keeping contaminants to a minimum. International Publication WO 2005/097952 describes obtaining a combustible composition containing a metal base with a solids content of more than about 35% by weight of the dispersion. The composition described uses a metallic base by dispersion. International Publication WO 04/026996 describes a composition of combustible additives capable of reducing vanadate deposits. The composition contains a metal compound containing inorganic oxygen, an oil soluble liquid and a dispersant including a fatty acid or ester derivatives thereof. However, none of the dispersions provide an improved method of reducing the numerous pollutants emitted during combustion of fuels. Therefore, it would be advantageous to have a method for controlling the combustion contaminants of fuels. The present invention provides said method by presenting a dispersion which synergistically reduces numerous pollutants emitted during combustion of fuels. COMPENDIUM OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion, consisting of burning a fuel containing a dispersion, whose dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases , wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the medium organic In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion, consisting of burning a fuel containing a dispersion, whose dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or above (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, wherein the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. In one embodiment, the invention provides a dispersion consisting of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at less a surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition consisting of: (i) a fuel and (ii) a dispersion, wherein the dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. In one embodiment, the invention provides a composition consisting of: (i) a fuel and (ii) a dispersion, the dispersion of which consists of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the bases Metals have an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. In one embodiment, the invention provides the use of a dispersion (the dispersion of which consists of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or top, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metallic bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium) in a fuel for the reduction of by-products or pollutants formed in the combustion of fuels. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion as described above. The invention further provides a composition as described above. In one embodiment, the invention is different from an emulsion containing water.

As used herein, the term "free of" for all chemistry described herein, except for the metal base, as used in the description and in the claims, defines the absence of a material, except for the amount that is present. as impurities, eg, a trace amount or an ineffective amount. Typically in this embodiment, the amount present will be less than about 0.05% or less than about 0.005% by weight of the dispersion. As will be appreciated by a person skilled in the art, impurities in the metal base are typically from about 1% by weight to about 3% by weight of the metal base. The reason that the impurities are typically from about 1% by weight to about 3% by weight of the metal base is believed to be due to the mining processes. Typically, the main impurities in the metal base include calcium carbonates, silica or silicates. In different embodiments, the dispersion may be opaque or semitranslucent or translucent or transparent, or any graduation between said descriptions. Gas The fuel consists of a liquid fuel, biofuel, a solid fuel or its mixtures. In one embodiment, the fuel is a solid fuel. In another embodiment, the fuel is a liquid combus-tibie. As an example of a suitable solid fuel, coal is included. When the fuel consists of a liquid fuel, the liquid fuel can also be used as an adequate organic medium to prepare the dispersion. Therefore, to avoid duplication of the description, a more detailed description of the liquid fuel is presented below in the section of the organic medium. Metallic base The dispersion of the metal base includes a di-, tri- or tetravalent metal or a mixture thereof. In one embodiment, the metal base may further include a monovalent metal base. In one embodiment, the metal base is derived from monovalent metal, including lithium, potassium, sodium, copper or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the oxidation state of the metal of the metal base is different from (+1). In another embodiment, the average oxidation state The metal base varies from approximately (+2) to approximately (+4), or from approximately (+2) to approximately (+3). Typically, the metal of the metal base is a divalent or trivalent metal. In one embodiment, the metal base is derived from a divalent metal, including magnesium, calcium, barium or mixtures thereof. The metal can also have multiple valences, e.g., mono- or di- or trivalent, with examples being cerium, copper or iron. In one embodiment, the metal base is derived from a tetravalent metal, including cerium. In different embodiments, the base of the metal base consists of oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates (e.g., carboxylates of linear or branched C1_30 or C8_24 alkyls), nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, sulfites, nitrites, phosphonates or mixtures thereof. In different embodiments, the base of the metal base consists of oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates or mixtures thereof. Even on a metallic basis, the metal base also includes water of crystallization or water adsorbed (or absorbed). In one embodiment, the metal base is crystalline.

In different embodiments, a first metal base consists of iron oxide (Fe203, FeO or Fe304), iron carboxylates (eg, a salt of octadeca-noic acid with iron), magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide or their mixtures. In different embodiments, a second metal base consists of cerium oxide (CeO or Ce02), cerium sulfonate, iron oxide (Fe203, FeO or Fe304), iron carboxylates (eg, a salt of octadecanoic acid with iron), copper oxide (CuO) or chromium oxides. In one embodiment, the metal base is substantially free of metal bases other than two or three bases selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide. , cerium oxide (CeO or Ce02), iron oxide (Fe203, FeO or Fe304), copper oxide (CuO) or chromium oxides, and their mixtures. In one embodiment, a first metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof, and a second Metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and their mixtures, with the proviso that the first metal base is different from the second metal base. In one embodiment, when there are at least two metal bases in the mixture, each metal of the metal bases has an oxidation state of about (+2) or greater and the metals can be selected from: (i) a first metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and their mixtures; (ii) a second metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and. its mixtures, with the proviso that the first metal base is different from the second metal base, and (iii) eventually another metal base other than the metal base of (i) or (ii). In one embodiment, the first metal base It is present in a weight greater than the second metal base. The weight of the first metal base present may be greater than about 50% by weight, or greater than about 75% by weight, or greater than about 95% by weight, of the total amount of metal base present. The weight of the second metal base present may be less than about 50% by weight, or less than about 25% by weight, or less than about 5% by weight, of the total amount of metal base present. In one embodiment, when there are at least three metal bases in the mixture, each metal of the metal bases has an oxidation state of about (+2) or higher and the metals can be selected from: a first metal base contains a selected metal between the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and their mixtures; a second metallic base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and their mixtures, with the proviso that the first metallic base is different from the second metallic base; and at least one other metal base, where the metal of the metal base is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium, platinum, lead, manganese, strontium and their mixtures; with the proviso that the third metallic base is different from the metallic base already used in (i) and (ii). In one embodiment, the metal of the metal base of (iii) is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and their mixtures; with the proviso that the third metallic base is different from a metallic base already used in (i) and (ii). When at least three metal bases are used, in one embodiment two of the metal bases are derived from a calcium and magnesium base. The third (or higher, that is, fourth or fifth) metal base can be derived from a metal selected from the group consisting of cerium, iron, copper, chromium and their mixtures. The amount of metal base present in the dispersion, ie, the solids content, is greater than about 15% by weight and can vary from about 17% by weight to about 90% by weight, or from about 25% by weight to about 80% by weight, or from about 35% by weight to about 70% by weight, or from about 40% by weight to about 65% by weight of the dispersion. This amount is determined on the basis of the original dispersion and does not include any additional diluent in which the dispersion could then be mixed to form, for example, a fully formulated lubricant composition, nor include solids or non-volatile components from other sources. The metal base is typically in the form of a solid and is not appreciably soluble in the organic medium. In different embodiments, the metal base has an average particle size in the dispersion of about 20 nanometers to less than about 1 μ? T ?, or of about 30 nanometers to about 0. 7? P ?, or of about 50 nanometers to about 0.4 μp ?, or about 80 nanometers to about 0.3 μt? . The metal base generally includes at least one of oxides, hydroxides or carbonates. As examples of a suitable metal base, magnesium hydroxide is included nesium, calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, cerium oxide, iron oxide or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment of the invention, the metal base is present in a mixture, for example dolimitic lime, which is marketed. If the invention further includes a metal base with an oxidation state of (+1), examples of a suitable metal base include sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium hydroxide, hydroxide. of sodium, anhydrous lithium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide monohydrate, lithium carbonate, lithium oxide or their mixtures. In one embodiment, the dispersion further includes a coordination compound, such as ferrocene (based on cyclopentadienyl), carboxylates or sulfonates. . Surfactant The surfactant includes an ionic (cationic or anionic) or non-ionic compound. In general, the surfactant stabilizes the dispersion of the metal base in the organic medium. As suitable surfactant compounds, the include those having a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of about 1 to about 40, or about 1 to about 20, or about 1 to about 18, or about 2 to about 16, or about 2.5 to approximately 15. In different embodiments, the HLB may be from about 11 to about 14, or less than about 10, such as from about 1 to about 8, or from about 2.5 to about 6. Combinations of surfactants may be used with individual HLB values outside these ranges, provided that the composition of a final surfactant mixture is within these ranges. When the surfactant has an available acid group, the surfactant can be converted to the metal salt of the acid group, and where the metal is derived from the metal base. Examples of surfactants suitable for the invention are described in McCutcheon's Emulsifiers and Detergents, 1993, North American and International Edition. As generic examples, alkanolamides, alkylaryl sulfonates, amine oxides, poly (oxyalkylene) compounds, including block copolymers are included. contain repeating alkylene oxide units (e.g., Pluronic ™), carboxylated alcohol ethoxylates, ethoxylated alcohols, ethoxylated alkylphenols, ethoxylated amines and amides, ethoxylated fatty acids, ethoxylated fatty esters and oils, fatty esters, glycerol esters, glycol esters, imidazoline derivatives, phenates, lecithin and derivatives, lignin and derivatives, monoglycerides and derivatives, olefin sulfonates, phosphate esters and derivatives, fatty acids or alcohols or propoxylated and ethoxylated alkylphenols, sorbitan derivatives, sucrose esters and derivatives, sulfates or alcohols or ethoxylated alcohols or fatty esters and polyisobutylenesuccinicimide and derivatives. In one embodiment, the surfactant consists of polyesters, as defined in column 2, line 44, to column 3, line 39, of the USA. 3,778,287. Examples of suitable polyester surfactants are prepared in the USA. 3,778,287, as described in Examples of Polyesters A to F (including its salts). In one embodiment, the surfactant is a hydrocarbyl-substituted arylsulfonic acid (or sulfonate) of an alkali metal, an alkaline earth metal or mixtures thereof. He The aryl group of the arylsulfonic acid can be phenyl or naphthyl. In one embodiment, the substituted hydrocarbyl arylsulphonic acid consists of alkyl-substituted benzenesulphonic acid. The hydrocarbyl group (especially an alkyl) typically contains from about 8 to about 30, or from about 10 to about 26, or from about 10 to about 15, carbon atoms. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a mixture of C10 to C1C alkylbenzenesulfonic acids. Examples of sulfone-coughs include dodecyl and tridecyl benzenesulphonates or condensed naphthalenes or petroleum sulfonates, as well as sulphosuccinates and derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the surfactant is in the form of a neutral or overbased surfactant, typically salified with an alkaline or alkaline earth metal. The alkali metal includes lithium, potassium or sodium and the alkaline earth metal includes calcium or magnesium. In one embodiment, the alkali metal is sodium. In one embodiment, the alkaline-earth metal is calcium. In one embodiment, the surfactant is a derivative of a polyolefin. As typical examples of a polio- Lefine include polyisobutene, polypropylene, polyethylene, a copolymer derived from isobutene and butadiene, a copolymer derived from isobutene and isoprene or mixtures thereof. Typically, the polyolefin derivative consists of a polyolefin-substituted acylating agent that has eventually reacted to form an ester and / or amino ester. The acylating agent can be prepared from carboxylic reagents (which, when reacted with a polyolefin, give the desired acylating agent, i.e., substrate for the surfactant). Carboxylic reagents include functional groups, such as a carboxylic acid or anhydride thereof. Examples of carboxylic reagents include an alpha, beta-unsaturated mono- or polycarboxylic acid, an anhydride ester or its derivatives. As examples of carboxylic reagents, there is therefore included (meth) acrylic acid, (meth) acrylate. of methyl, maleic acid or anhydride, fumaric acid, itaconic acid or anhydride or mixtures thereof, each of which may typically be in the form of saturated materials (e.g., succinic anhydride) upon reaction with the polyolefin. In one embodiment, the polyolefin is a polyisobutene derivative with a number average molecular weight of at least 250, 300, 500, 600, 700 or 800 to 5,000 or more, often up to 3,000, 2,500, 1,600, 1,300 or 1,200. Typically, less than about 5% by weight of the polyisobutylene used to prepare the derivative molecules have an Mn less than about 250; more often, the polyisobutylene used to prepare the derivative has an Mn of at least about 800. The polyisobutylene used to prepare the derivative preferably contains at least about 30% terminal vinylidene groups, more often at least about 60% or at least about 75% or about 85% of terminal vinylidene groups. The polyisobutylene used to prepare the derivative can have a polydispersity, Mw / Mn, greater than about 5, more often from about 6 to about 20. In various embodiments, the polyisobutene is substituted with succinic anhydride, the polyisobutene substitute having an number average molecular weight from about 1,500 to about 3,000, or from about 1,800 to about 2,300, or from about 700 to 1,700, or from approximately 800 to approximately 1,000. The proportion of succinic groups per equivalent weight of the polyisobutene typically ranges from about 1.3 to about 2.5, or from about 1.7 to about 2.1, or from about 1.0 to about 1.3, or about 1.0 to about 1.2. In one embodiment, the surfactant is polyisobutenyldihydro-2,5-furandione ester with pentaerythritol or mixtures thereof. In an embodiment, the surfactant. is a. derivative of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride, such as a polyisobutylensuccinimide or its derivatives. In one embodiment, the surfactant is substantially free to free from a basic nitrogen. Other typical polyisobutylenuccinic anhydride derivatives include hydrolyzed anhydrides, esters or succinic diacids. The polyisobutylene succinate derivatives are preferred for preparing the metal base dispersions. A large group of polyisobutylene succinic anhydride derivatives is shown in the USA. 4,708,753 and US 4,234,435. In another embodiment, the surfactant consists of a salixareno (or salixarato if it is in the form of metallic salt). Salixarene is defined as an organic substrate of a salicyanate. The salixarene may be represented by a substantially linear compound that includes at least one unit of the formulas (I) or (II): each end of the compound having a terminal group of the formulas (III) or (IV) (III) (IV) said groups being linked by divalent bridge groups, which may be the same or different for each joint; where f is about 1, 2 or 3, in one embodiment about 1 or 2; R 2 is hydroxyl or a hydrocarbyl group, and j is about 0, 1 or 2; R3 is hydrogen or a hydrocarbyl group; R 4 is a hydrocarbyl group or a substituted hydrocarbyl group; g is approximately 1, 2 or 3, provided that at least one group R4 contains 8 or more carbon atoms; and where the compound, on average, contains at least one of the units (I) or (III) and at least one of the units (· ??) or (IV) and the ratio of the total number of -units (I) and (III) the total number of units (II) and (IV) in the composition is from about 0.1: 1 to about 2: 1. The group U in the formulas (I) and (III) can be a group -OH or -NH2 or -NHR1 or -NIR1) - located in one or more positions ortho, meta or para to the group -COOR3. R1 is a hydrocarbyl group containing from 1 to 5 carbon atoms. When the group U includes a -OH group, the formulas (I) and (III) are derived from 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (often called salicylic acid), 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxybenzoi -co acid or mixtures thereof. When U is a group -NH2, formulas (I) and (III) are derived from 2-aminobenzoic acid (often called anthranilic acid), 3-amino-benzoic acid, amino-amino acid or mixtures thereof. The divalent bridge group. which may be the same or different in each case, includes a non-methylene or alkylene bridge, such as -CH2- or -CH (R) -, and an ether bridge, such as -CH2OCH2- or -CH (R) OCH (R) -, where R is an alkyl group of 1 to 5 carbon atoms and where the methylene and ether bridges are derived from formaldehyde or from an aldehyde of 2 to 6 carbon atoms. Frequently, the terminal group of the formulas ( III) or (IV) further contains 1 or 2 hydroxymethyl groups ortho to a hydroxy group. In one embodiment of the invention, there is a presence of hydroxymethyl groups. In one embodiment of the invention, there is no presence of hydroxymethyl groups. A more detailed description of the chemistry of salixarene and salixarate in EP 1,419,226 Bl, including methods of preparation, as defined in Examples 1 to 23 (page 11, line 42, to page 13, line 47). In one embodiment, the surfactant is substantially free to free from a fatty acid or derivatives thereof, such as esters. In one embodiment, the surfactant is other than a fatty acid or derivatives thereof. In one embodiment, the surfactant consists of at least hydrocarbyl-substituted arylsulfonic acids, polyolefin derivatives, polyesters or salixarenes (or sa-lexarates). In different embodiments, the surfactant is substantially free to phospholipid-free (such as lecithin) and / or amino acids (such as sarcosynes). In one embodiment, the surfactant has a molecular weight less than 1,000, in another embodiment less than about 950, for example about 250, about 300, about 500, about 600, about 700 or about 800.

The amount of surfactant and metal base in the dispersion can vary, as shown in Table 1, the remainder being the organic medium and eventually water. In one embodiment, the amount of the organic medium present in the dispersion ranges from about 25% by weight to about 55% by weight. Table 1 Organic medium • The organic medium may consist of a lubricating viscosity oil, a liquid fuel, a hydrocarbon solvent or mixtures thereof. Typically, the organic solvent consists of a lubricating viscosity oil or a liquid fuel. Eventually, the organic medium contains water, typically up to about 1% by weight, or approximately about 2% by weight, or about 3% by weight, of the dispersion. In different embodiments, the organic medium is substantially free of water. Lubricating viscosity oils In one embodiment, the organic medium consists of an oil of lubricating viscosity. These oils include natural and synthetic oils, oil derived from hydrocracking, hydrogenation and hydrofinishing and unrefined, refined and re-refined oils and their mixtures. The unrefined oils are those obtained directly from a natural or synthetic source generally without (or with little) more purification treatment. Refined oils are similar to unrefined oils, except for having been still treated in one or more purification steps to improve one or more properties. Purification techniques are known in the art and include solvent extraction, secondary distillation, extraction with acids or bases, filtration, percolation and the like. Re-refined oils are also as regenerated or reprocessed oils and are obtained by procedures similar to those used to obtain refined oils.

They are often processed further by techniques aimed at the elimination of spent additives and oil degradation products. Natural oils useful in the production of the lubricants of the invention include animal oils, vegetable oils (eg, castor oil, shortening oil), mineral lubricating oils such as liquid petroleum oils and mineral lubricating oils treated with solvents or treated with solvents. acids of the pa-raffinic, naphthenic or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic types and oils derived from coal or shale, or mixtures thereof. Synthetic lubricating oils are useful and include hydrocarbon oils, such as polymeric tetrahydrofluorides, polymerized olefins, and interpropelled olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene-isobutylene copolymers); poly (1-hexes), pol i (1-octenes), pol i (1 -decenes) and mixtures thereof; alkylbenzenes (e.g., dodecylbenzenes, tetradecylbenzenes, dinonylbenzenes, di (2-ethylhexyl) benzene); polyphenyls (e.g., biphenyls, terphenyls, alkylated polyphenyls); alkylated diphenyl ethers and alkylated diphenyl sulfides and the derivatives, analogs and homologs thereof or mixtures thereof.

Other synthetic lubricating oils include. Synthetic oils can be produced by Fischer-Tropsch reactions and typically can be Hydrocarbons or hydroisomerized Fischer-Tropsch waxes. Lubricating viscosity oils can also be defined as specified in the American Petroleum Institute (API) Base Oil Interchangeability Gui-delines. The five groups of base oils are the following: Group I (sulfur content> 0.03% by weight and / or <90% by weight of saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group II (sulfur content < 0.03% by weight &> 90% by weight of saturates, viscosity index 80-120); Group III (sulfur content <0.03% by weight and> 90% by weight of saturates, viscosity index > 120); Group IV (all poly-alpha-olefins (PAO)), and Group V (all others not included in Groups I, II, III or IV). Lubricating viscosity oil consists of an API oil of Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV or Group V and their mixtures. Frequently, lubricating viscosity oil is an API oil of Group I, Group II, Group III or of Group IV and their mixtures. Alternatively, lubricating viscosity oil is frequently an oil API of Group I, Group II or Group III or their mixtures. Liquid fuel Liquid fuel is normally a liquid under ambient conditions. The liquid fuel includes a hydrocarbon fuel, a biofuel (such as biodiesel), a non-hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture thereof. Hydrocarbon fuel can be an oil distillate, as defined by the ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) specification D4814, or a diesel fuel, as defined by the ASTM D975 specification. In one embodiment, the liquid fuel is a gasoline and in another embodiment the liquid fuel is a leaded gasoline, or an unleaded gasoline. In another embodiment, the liquid fuel is a diesel fuel. The hydrocarbon fuel includes a hydrocarbon prepared by a gas-to-liquid process, for example hydrocarbons prepared by a process such as the Fischer-Tropsch process. The non-hydrocarbon fuel includes an oxygen-containing composition (often referred to as an oxygenate), an alcohol, an ether, a ketone, an ester of a carboxylic acid, a nitroalkane or a mixture of these. The non-hydrocarbon fuel includes methanol, ethanol, methyl t-butyl ether, methyl ethyl ketone, oils and / or transesterified fats of plants and animals such as rapeseed methyl ester and soybean methyl ester, and nitromethane. Mixtures of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon fuels include gasoline and methanol and / or ethanol, diesel fuel and ethanol and diesel fuel and a transesteri fi ed vegetable oil, such as rapeseed methyl ester. In one embodiment, the liquid fuel is a non-hydrocarbon fuel or a mixture thereof. The dispersion can be used as a single additive for a combustible composition. In one embodiment, the dispersion is used as an additive in combination with other performance additives to obtain a combustible composition. In one embodiment, the invention provides a fuel composition consisting of (i) a dispersion including: (a) a metal base, (b) a surfactant and (c) an organic medium in which the metal base is dispersed; (ii) an oil of lubricating viscosity, and (iii) other performance additives.

The fuel composition may thus contain an oil of lubricating viscosity as defined above, in addition to the amount that may be present as the organic medium of the dispersion. Other performance additives The fuel composition optionally contains other performance additives. The other performance additives consist of at least one of metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, foam inhibitors, demulsifiers, pour point depressants, seal swelling agents, biocides, anti-fouling, flow improvers (including polymethacrylates, interpolymers of maleic anhydride-styrene, poly-alpha-olefins and ethylene vinyl acetates), improved flow fluids or mixtures thereof. Typically, the fully formulated fuel will contain one or more of these performance additives. Performance additives, such as anti-wear agents, are typically included in a fuel in a lubricant for 2-ton marine diesel cylinders.

D semul signantes The demulsifiers are known. In one embodiment, the dispersion further contains demulsifiers, or mixtures thereof. Examples of demulsifiers include trialkyl phosphates, polyethylene glycols, polyethylene oxides, polypropylene oxides and polymers of (ethylene oxide-propylene oxide), alkoxylated alkyl phenol resins or mixtures thereof. Dispersants Dispersants are often known as ash-free type dispersants, since, before mixing them in a lubricating oil composition, they do not contain ash-forming metals and normally do not contribute to any ash-forming metals when added to an ash. lubricant. The dispersants also include polymeric dispersants. Dispersants of the ash-free type are characterized by a polar group attached to a relatively high molecular weight hydrocarbon chain. Typical ash-free dispersants include N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides. As examples of N-substituted long chain alkenyl succinimides, polyisobutylene succinimide is included with a number average molecular weight of the polyisobu-tylene substituent from 350 to 5,000, or from 500 to 3,000. Succinimide dispersants and their preparation are described, for example, in US Pat. 4,234,435. Succinimide dispersants are typically the imide formed from a polyamine, typically a poly (ethyleneamine). In one embodiment, the invention further includes at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylensuccinimide with a number average molecular weight of from 350 to 5,000, or from 500 to 3,000. I read polyisobutylensuccinimide can be used alone or in combination with other dispersants. In an embodiment, the invention further includes at least one dispersant derived from polyisobutylene, an amine and zinc oxide, to form a polyisobutylene succinimide complex with zinc. The polyisobutylene succinimide complex can be used with zinc alone or in combination. Another class of ash-free dispersant are the Mannich bases. Mannich dispersants are the reaction products of alkylphenols with aldehydes (especially formaldehyde) and amines (especially polyalkylene glypolyamines). The alkyl group typically contains at least 30 carbon atoms.

In one embodiment, the dispersant includes a polyisobutyleneamine as described in US Pat. 5,567,845 and 5,496,383 and marketed by BASF. The dispersants can also be post-treated by conventional methods by reaction with any of a variety of agents. Among these are boron sources such as boric acid or borates, urea, thiourea, dimercaptothiadiazoles, carbon disulfide, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, succinic anhydrides, hydrocarbon subsides, maleic anhydride, nitriles, epoxides and phosphorus compounds. Detergents The combustible composition also optionally includes neutral or overbased detergents. Suitable detergent substrates include sulfonates, sa-lexarates, salicylates, carboxylates, salts of phosphorus acids, salts of mono- and / or di-phosphonic acids, fats, including alkyl phenates and alkyl phenates. copulated to sulfur, or saligenins. In different embodiments, the fuel composition also contains at least one of sulfonates and phenates. When present, detergents are typical camente sobrebasados. The TBN ratio supplied by the dispersion with respect to that supplied by the detergent may vary from 1:99 to 99: 1, or from 15:85 to 85:15. Antioxidant Antioxidant compounds are known and include an antioxidant amine (such as an alkylated diphenylamine), a blocked phenol, a mo-libdene dithiocarbamate and mixtures thereof. The antioxidant compounds can be used alone or in combination. The blocked phenol antioxidant frequently contains a secondary butyl group and / or tertiary butyl as the spherically blocking group. The phenol group is frequently still substituted with a hydrocarbyl group and / or a bridging group joining a second aromatic group. Examples of suitable blocked phenol antioxidants include 2,6-di-tert.-butylphenol, 4-methyl-2,6-di-tere-butyl phenol, 4-ethyl-2,6-di-tere- butyl phenol, 4 - . 4-propyl-2,6-di-tere-bu-1 i 1 phenol or 4-butyl -2,6-di-tere-butylphenol. In one embodiment, the blocked phenol antioxidant is an ester and may include, e.g., Irganox ™ L-135, from Ciba. In U.S. Pat. 6.559.105 is a more detailed description of the chemistry of anti- blocked phenol oxidants containing suitable ester. Suitable examples of molybdenum dithiocarbamates which can be used as an antioxidant include commercial materials sold under trade names such as Vanlube 822 ™ and Molyvan ™ A, from R. T. Vanderbilt Co. , Ltd., and Adeka Sakura-Lube ™ S-100, S-165 and S-600, by Asahi Denka Kogyo K. K., and mixtures thereof. Anti-wear agent The fuel composition also optionally includes at least one anti-wear agent. Examples of suitable anti-wear agents include a sulfur-containing olefin, sulfur-containing ash-free anti-wear additives, metal dihydrocarbyldithiophosphates (such as zinc dialkyldithiophosphates), thiocarbamate-containing compounds, such as t-carbamate esters, amides of t iocarbamate, thiocarbamate ethers, thiocarbamates coupled to alkylene and disulfides of bis (S-alkyldithiocarbamyl). The compounds containing dithiocarbamate can be prepared by reacting a di-thiocarbamic acid or salt with an unsaturated compound. The compounds containing dithiocarbamate can also be prepared by simultaneously reacting an amine, carbon disulfide and an unsaturated compound. In general, the reaction occurs at a temperature of 25 ° C to 125 ° C. US Patents 4,758,362 and 4,997,969 disclose dithiocarbamate compounds and methods for preparing them. Examples of suitable olefins that can be sulfurized to form the sulfur olefin include propylene, butylene, isobutylene, pentene, hexane, hepte-no, octane, nonene, decene, ndecet, dodecene, undecyl, tridecene., tetradecene, pentadecene, hexadecene, heptade-ceno, octadecene, octadecenene, nonodecene, eicosene or their mixtures. In one embodiment, especially useful olefins are hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecenene, nonodecene, eicosene or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, especially useful olefins are hexadecene, heptadecene, octadecene, octadecenene, nonodecene, eicosene or their mixtures and their dimers, trimers and tetramers. Alternatively, the olefin can be a Diels-Alder adduct of a diene, such as 1,3-butadiene, and an unsaturated ester, such as butyl (meth) acrylate.

Another class of sulfur olefin includes fatty acids and their esters. Fatty acids are frequently obtained from vegetable oil or animal oil and typically contain from 4 to 22 carbon atoms. Examples of suitable fatty acids and their esters include triglycerides, oleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitoleic acid or mixtures thereof. Frequently, fatty acids are obtained from lard oil, resin oil, peanut oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, sunflower oil or mixtures thereof. In one embodiment, the fatty acids and / or esters are mixed with olefins. In an alternative embodiment, the ash-free anti-wear agent can be a mono-ester of a polyol and an aliphatic carboxylic acid, often an acid containing from 12 to 24 carbon atoms. Often, the monoester of a polyol and a The aliphatic carboxylic acid is in the form of a mixture with a sunflower oil or the like, which may be present in the friction modifier mixture in a 5 to 95, in different embodiments in a 10 to a 90, or in a 20 a 85, or 20 to 80 weight percent of said mixture. The carboxylic acids aliphatic (especially a monocarboxylic acid) which the esters form are those acids which typically contain 12 to 24 or 14 to 20 carbon atoms. As examples of carboxylic acids, dodecanoic acid, stearic acid, lauric acid, behenic acid and oleic acid are included. The polyols include diols, triols and alcohols with higher numbers of alcoholic OH groups. Polyhydric alcohols include ethylene glycols, including -di-, tri- and tetraethylene glycols; propylene glycols, including di-, tri- and tetrapropylene glycols; glycerol; butane diol; hexanediol; sorbitol; arabitol; mannitol; saccharose; fructose; glucose; cyclohexanediol; erythritol; and pentaerythritols, including di- and tripentaerythritol. Frequently, the polyol is diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, glycerol, sorbitol, pentaerythritol or dipentaerythritol. It is believed that the commercialized monoester known as "glycerol monooleate" includes 60 ± 5 weight percent of the glycerol monooleate chemical species, together with 35 ± 5 weight percent glycerol dioleate and less than 5 weight percent. percent trioleate and acid oleic Other performance additives, such as corrosion inhibitors, including octylamine octanoate, condensation products of dodecenylsuccinic acid or anhydride and a fatty acid such as oleic acid with a polyamine, may also be used in the lubricant composition; metal deactivators, including derivatives of benzotriazoles, 1, 2, 4-triazoles, benzimidazoles, 2-alkyldithiobenzimidodazoles or 2-alkyldi-thiobenzothiazoles; foam inhibitors, including ethyl acrylate copolymers and 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and optionally vinyl acetate; pour point depressants, including esters of maleic anhydride-styrene, polyether-free esters, polyacrylates or polyacrylamides; and friction modifiers, including fatty acid derivatives such as amines, esters, epoxides, fatty imidazolines, condensation products of carboxylic acids and polyalkylene polyamines and amine salts of alkyl phosphoric acids. Procedure for the preparation of the dispersion The dispersion can be prepared by physical procedures, that is, by one or more of various processes. physical transfers, that is, stages of physical processing. Examples of physical processes include agitation, grinding, crushing, crushing or mixing thereof. Typically, the process shreds the metal base to an average particle size of at least 10 nanometers to less than 1 μp ?. The milling processes include the use of a rotor-stator mixer, a vertical bead mill, a horizontal bead mill, a basket mill, a ball mill, bead mill or their blends. In one embodiment, the physical procedures for preparing the dispersion consist of the use of a vertical or horizontal bead mill. In one embodiment, the invention further provides a method for preparing a dispersion consistent in the following steps: (1) mixing (a) at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher; (b) a surfactant, and (c) an organic medium, to form a suspension; (2) grinding the suspension of step (1) to form a dispersion.

In another embodiment, the dispersion can be prepared by forming a single metal dispersion, as shown in O 2005/097952, with the additional step of combining multiple dispersions of individual metal bases (mixing them together) to form a dispersion containing at least two metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) a surfactant and (c) an organic medium. When preparing a multiple-dispersion dispersion of individual metal bases, it is common for all dispersions of individual metal bases to contain identical or compatible surfactant compounds and organic media. If surfactants and organic media are not compatible, they can be form unstable dispersions. In different embodiments, the milling process can be carried out in a vertical or horizontal bead mill. Either of the two ball mill processes causes the reduction of the particle size of the metal base by high-energy collisions of the metal base with at least one bead, and / or other metal-based agglomerates, aggregates, particles solid or its mixtures The beads typically have an average particle size and mass greater than the desired average particle size of the metal base. In some cases, the pearls are a mixture of different average particle size. The beads used in the grinding may be of materials known to those skilled in the art, such as metal, ceramics, glass, stone or composite materials. The mill typically contains beads present in "at least about 40% by volume, or at least about 60% by volume, of the mill." A range includes, for example, from about 60% by volume to about 95% by weight. A more detailed description of dispersion preparation is set forth in US Patent Application Number US05 / 010631. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION The method of controlling by-products or contaminants from fuel combustion is useful for numerous combustion systems. open or closed flame, as suitable combustion systems, include power stations, internal combustion engines, industrial and marine compression engines and turbines (commonly you with combustion of a distillate or residual oils or heavy fuels). In different embodiments, a suitable dispersion is added to the fuel in ranges from about 1 ppm to about 10,000 ppm, or from about 20 ppm to about 7,500 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 5,000 ppm, or from about 200 ppm to about 3,000 ppm, or from about 500 ppm to about 2,000 ppm. In one embodiment, the invention provides a method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion, it consists of supplying a fuel that includes the dispersion described herein. The use of dispersion in a fuel can impart a means of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. Typically, by-products or fuel combustion contaminants have two or more properties of modified sulfur oxide emissions, modified nitrogen oxides emissions, modified particulate matter production, modified vanadate production or its mixtures In one embodiment, the dispersion of the fuel It contains a base of calcium and the base is able to modify the emissions of sulfur oxides and the production of particulate matter. In one embodiment, the fuel dispersion contains a magnesium base and the base is capable of modifying the production of vanadate, sulfur oxide emissions and the production of particulate matter. The following examples provide an illustration of the invention. These examples are not exhaustive and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention. EXAMPLES Preparation Examples of the Dispersions A series of dispersions (Preparative Examples 1 to 3) containing a metal base were prepared., an organic medium and a surfactant from a suspension weighing approximately 15 kg using a Dyno-Mill ECM Multi-Lab horizontal bead mill at a laboratory scale marketed by W.A.B. A.G., Basel, using 0.3 mm 0 zirconia / yttria beads and a residence time of approximately 10 minutes at a rotation speed of approximately 8 ms-1. When appropriate, the average particle size of the particles is determined. dispersion particles after cooling using a Coulter® LS230 Particle Size Analyzer. The dispersions prepared are fluid. Preparative Example 1: Dispersion of Magnesium Oxide A dispersion is prepared by grinding approximately 50% by weight of magnesium oxide, Magchem 40 from Martin Marietta, in the presence of about 40% by weight of 100 N base oil and about 10% by weight of an alkylbenzene sulphonic acid surfactant. Preparative Example 2: Scattering of Iron Oxide A dispersion is prepared by grinding about 70% by weight of iron oxide (Fe203), marketed by Bayer as Bayferrox®160, about 18% by weight of 100 N base oil and about 12% by weight of an alkylbenzenesulfonic acid surfactant. Preparative Example 3: Dispersion of cerium oxide A dispersion is prepared by grinding approximately 50% by weight of cerium oxide (CeO), approximately 40% by weight of base oil 100 N and approximately 10% by weight of a surfactant (polyolefin aminoester esterified with 2 - (dimethylamine) ethanol). Example 1: Dispersion of three metals A dispersion of three metals is prepared by mixing the product of Preparative Example 1 with a commercial powder of cerium sulfonate and an iron salt of octadecanoic acid. The final product has a weight ratio of magnesium metals: cerium: iron of approximately 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that shows no significant stratification after 12 weeks. Example 2: Dispersion of three metals A dispersion of three metals is prepared by mixing portions of the products formed in Preparative Examples 1 to 3. The final product has a weight ratio of magnesium metals: cerium: iron of about 150: 10: 5. The product forms a stable dispersion that shows no significant stratification after 12 weeks. The dispersion has more than about 85% of particles having a particle size of less than about 0.46 microns. Example 3: Dispersion of three metals A dispersion of three metals is prepared by mixing magnesium oxide, calcium hydroxide and iron oxide (Fe203) in powder form. Then the pol- of three resulting metals to about 10% by weight of a succinimide surfactant and about 39.6% by weight of base oil SN 100 and about 0.4% by weight of a demulsifier. The final dispersion contains 37.5% by weight of magnesium oxide, approximately 10.5% by weight of calcium hydroxide and approximately 2% by weight of iron oxide. The resulting dispersion is fluid and with an average particle size of about 0.14 to about 0.2 microns. Fuel Compositions 1-3 Examples 1 to 3 are treated to obtain a liquid fuel at approximately 1,000 ppm, respectively. The resulting fuel is burned and the use of the dispersion provides a reduction of by-products or contaminants from fuel combustion. Fuel compositions 4-6 Examples 4 to 6 are treated to obtain a liquid fuel at approximately 1300 ppm, respectively. The resulting fuel is burned and the use of the dispersion provides a reduction of the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. Fuel compositions 7-9 Examples 7 to 9 are treated to obtain a liquid fuel at approximately 1,500 ppm, respectively. The resulting fuel is burned and the use of the dispersion provides a reduction of the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. Fuel Compositions 10-12 Examples 10 to 12 are treated to obtain a liquid fuel at about 700 ppm, respectively. The resulting fuel is burned and the use of dispersion provides a reduction of the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. Fuel Compositions 13-15 Examples 13 to 15 are treated to obtain a liquid fuel at approximately 1750 ppm, respectively. The resulting fuel is burned and the use of the dispersion provides a reduction of the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion. Although the invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that various modifications thereof will be apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the description. Therefore, it must be understood that the invention disclosed herein It is intended to cover such modifications, insofar as they fall within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims (14)

1. CLAIMS 1. A method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion, consisting of burning a fuel containing a dispersion, whose dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases have an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. The method of claim 1, wherein the average oxidation state of each metal base ranges from about (+2) to about (+4), or from about (+2) to about (+3). 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal base consists of oxides, carbonates, bicarbonates, hydroxides, sulfonates, carboxylates or mixtures thereof. The method of claim 1, wherein the mixture of at least two metal bases consists of: (i) a first metal base containing a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof; (ii) a second metal base containing a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the first metal base is different from the second metal base, and (iii) optionally another metal base other than the metal base of (i) or (ii). 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the first metal base is present in more than about 50% in. The weight of the total metal base weight present and the second metal base is present in less than about 50% by weight of the total weight of metal base present. The method of claim 1, wherein the metal base has an average particle size in the dispersion of about. 20 nanometers less than approximately 1 μ? T? and wherein the surfactant has a hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of from about 1 to about 40. The method of claim 1, wherein the surfactant consists of at least one of hydrocarbyl-substituted arylsulphones, a polyole acylating agent. - fine-substituted or salixarenos. The method of claim 1, wherein the dispersion contains: (a) 40-65% by weight of a metal base, (b) 5-25% by weight of a surfactant and (c) an organic medium in the one that is dispersed the metallic base. The method of claim 1, wherein the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion have two or more properties of the modified sulfur oxide emissions, of the modified nitrogen oxide emissions, of the modified particulate matter production , of the production of modified vanadate or its mixtures. 10. A method of controlling the by-products or contaminants of fuel combustion, consisting of burning a fuel containing a dispersion, whose dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases has a mean state of oxidation of (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium, where the mixtures of at least three metallic bases consist of: (i) a first metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of iron, magnesium, calcium and mixtures thereof; (ii) a second metal base contains a metal selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium and mixtures thereof, with the proviso that the first metal base is. different from the second metal base, and (iii) at least one other metal base, where the metal of the metal base is selected from the group consisting of calcium, magnesium, cerium, iron, copper, chromium, barium, platinum, lead, manganese , strontium and its mixtures, with the proviso that the third metallic base is different from the metallic base already used in (i) and (ii). 11. A composition consisting of: (i) a fuel and (ii) a dispersion, whose dispersion consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases has an average state of oxidation of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. The composition of claim 11, which further includes at least one other performance additive selected from the group consisting of metal deactivators, detergents, dispersants, friction modifiers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, demulsifying foam inhibitors, depressants. of the pour point, seal swelling agents, biocides, antifoulants, flow improvers, cold flow improvers and their mixtures. 13. A dispersion consisting of: (a) a mixture of at least three metal bases, wherein each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant and (c) at least one organic medium, where the metal bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium. 14. The use of a dispersion in a fuel for the reduction of by-products or pollutants formed by fuel combustion, where the dispersion This consists of: (a) a mixture of at least two metal bases, where each metal of the metal bases has an average oxidation state of about (+2) or higher, (b) at least one surfactant, and (c) less an organic medium, where the metallic bases are uniformly dispersed in the organic medium.