MX2008004192A

MX2008004192A - System, apparatus, and method for increasing particle density and energy by creating a controlled plasma environment into a gaseous media

Info

Publication number: MX2008004192A
Application number: MXMX/A/2008/004192A
Authority: MX
Inventors: Chrysler Brennan Robert; Stuart Penny L; Iso Higman Kumiko
Original assignee: Scalpel Drive Innovation Llc
Priority date: 2005-09-27
Filing date: 2008-03-27
Publication date: 2008-09-26

Abstract

The present invention provides a method, apparatus, and system to overcome the space charge limitations in a gaseous media by introducing a controlled plasma environment into the gaseous media. The present invention uses the gaseous media to provide the energy thereto and create an electrical field, but can energize the field by several orders of magnitude without substantially discharging the field. This extraordinary increase in energy is accomplished in part by increasing plasma density, plasma energy (and an equivalent plasma temperature) and related particle velocity, or a combination thereof. The increase allows the use of ionic energy for practical applications that heretofore has been unavailable.

Description

SYSTEM. APPARATUS AND METHOD TO INCREASE DENSITY AND THE ENERGY OF PARTICLES CREATING AN ENVIRONMENT OF CONTROLLED PLASMA IN A GASEOUS MEDIUM FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to increasing the limitation of charged space of a gaseous medium by increasing the density and energy of the charged particles. More particularly, the invention relates to increased density and charged particle energy by introducing a controlled plasma environment into a gaseous medium. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electrical energy applied to gaseous particles in a given volume of space creates the possibility of electric potential difference (PD) for discharge between the cathode or cathodes and the anode or anodes that apply the PD. This is known as "electric arc formation" and is analogous to a lightning discharge between the cloud and the earth, or between clouds that have a substantial PD. Arc flash formation is a phenomenon by which electrical current can travel through a space between electrically charged surfaces. While lightning produces high voltage plasma, arc formation is detrimental to many applications and has a very short duration that is unsuitable for many purposes. Arc formation can occur only when the electrical PD between two surfaces exceeds the "minimum voltage for arcing". The value of the minimum voltage for arcing is not absolute and depends on many factors, such as, but not limited to: the material that maintains the electric PD; the distance between the material and the media between the material. The term "means" includes a group of particles of one or more elements. As an example, in atmosphere and standard pressure, the atmosphere has a minimum voltage for generally accepted arc formation of 1, 000,000 volts per meter of distance between the charged surfaces. It has long been known that a limitation is presented for practical applications in the amount of PD that can be applied to a given space before the arc formation. This limitation is known as the saturation point of the "limited charge current in space" (also referred to as "charged space limits") or the limit of PD that a given volume of space can accommodate. The arc formation effectively discharges the difference, effectively eliminating the PD through the electric field. For some applications, the download is beneficial. For others, the discharge neutralizes the desired benefit of the input of electrical energy to the environment and limits the electrical energy that can be applied before the arc formation occurs. For example, it is known that asymmetric capacitors show a net force when enough energy is applied in which the electric field creates charged particles and the charged particles respond to the electric field according to the Law of Lorenz. An asymmetric capacitor is generally a capacitor having geometrically dissimilar electrode surface areas. The electric PD surrounding an energized asymmetric capacitor creates an unbalanced force and therefore a small motive force. The challenge during the past decades has been the amount of electrical energy required to produce the driving force, also known as the thrust index with respect to energy consumption, without forming an electric arc in the gaseous medium. Although lightweight asymmetric condenser models have demonstrated the ability to produce enough force to overcome the effect of gravity on their own mass, the application of the level of electrical energy required to make practical and commercial use of them has been denied. this feature, due to the limits of loaded space. In part, the required level of electrical power has been restricted below the level at which arc discharge discharges the PD. Various researchers have used ions and their movements to produce motive forces for a variety of reasons. Some US patents describe electrostatic charges in relation to driving forces in various environments. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. For example, US Patent No. 1, 974,483, issued in September 1934 to Brown, refers to a method for producing motion force by applying and maintaining electrostatic charges with high potential in a chargeable mass system and associated electrodes.

U.S. Patent No. 2,460,175, issued in January 1949 to Hergenrother, refers to ionic vacuum pumps that ionize the gas molecules and then extract the molecules by an attractive force between the molecules and a conductive member energized with a negative potential. U.S. Patent No. 2,585,810, issued in February 1952 to Mallinckrodt, refers to a jet propulsion apparatus and an electric arc apparatus for propelling airplanes. US Patent No. 2,636,664, issued in April 1953 to Hertzler, refers to pumping methods that subject the molecules of a gas to ionizing forces that move them in a predetermined direction. U.S. Patent No. 2,765,975, issued in October 1956 to Lindenblad, refers to the movement of a gas without moving parts through the corona discharge effects in the gas. U.S. Patent No. 2,949,550, issued in August 1960 to Brown, refers to an electro-kinetic apparatus that uses electrical potentials for the production of forces to produce relative motion between a structure and the surrounding means. US Patent No. 3,120,363, issued in February 1964 to Gehagen, refers to a flying apparatus lighter than air and to methods of propulsion and control using ion discharge. US Patent No. 6,317,310, issued in November 2001 to Campbell, refers to methods and apparatuses, describes two-dimensional asymmetric capacitors, charged with high potentials to generate thrust.

A non-ionic use of air molecules through an aerodynamic section to produce a lift can be seen in U.S. Patent No. 2,876,965, issued in March 1995 for Streib. This patent relates to an airplane with circular wings capable of flying vertically and horizontally using the radial cross-section of the wing as an efficient aerofoil section. Brown observed the non-zero network force of an asymmetric capacitor system in a vacuum environment. It seems that this phenomenon can be explained by considering the pressure on the electrode surfaces due to the charged ions evaporated from the electrodes in the absence of the charged ions created in a medium (air). Brown also noted that the force produces relative movement between the apparatus and the dielectric medium of surrounding fluid, ie, the dielectric medium is caused to move the apparatus if the apparatus is held in a fixed position. Furthermore, if the apparatus is free to move, the relative movement between the medium and the apparatus produces a forward movement of the apparatus. These phenomena can be explained by the theory that the moment transfer of the charged ions to the electrode surfaces is the mechanism to produce the propulsive force of the network, because the energetic ions are redirected and move through and around the condenser without losing any time if the system is held in a fixed position. If the system is free to move, there will still be ions flowing through and around the capacitor as a result of collisions but this flow has to be much weaker than it would be in the case of fixing the system, since the ions lose their energy kinetics and momentum through collisions with electrode surfaces. In addition, Klaus Szielasko (GENEFO www.qenefo.org "High Voltage Lifter Experiment: Biefield-Brown Effect or Simple Physics?" Final Report, April 2002) observed that there was no difference in the movement of the device when the polarity of the system was reversed, thus establishing that the electrostatic force experienced by charged ions is not the propulsion mechanism. Additional guidance can be obtained that supports the underlying principles in Canning, Francis X., Melcher, Cory, and Winet, Edwin, Assymmetric Capacitors for Propulsion, Glenn Research Center of NASA (NASA / CR-2004-213312), Institute for Scientific Research, October 2004, published after the provisional application for which this application claims the benefit. The kinetic fields generated before the present invention have suffered greatly from relatively high energy input which produces low output or net force. While the general concept of asymmetric capacitors and the use of ionic forces are known, the inability to produce sufficient motive power has eliminated many potential uses. Thus, the dilemma so far has been the requirement of a high electrical potential both for ionizing the media and for providing the electric field for dynamic ion electrokinesis without penalties and without undesirable side effects associated with the high voltage electrical potential. These effects include, among others, electric arc formation, a substantial electromagnetic field and interference, accumulation of static electricity in the surrounding objects, X-ray radiation, ozone production, and other negative effects. Therefore, there remains a need to increase the energy level of a given space having a gaseous medium therein without unintentionally discharging that energy through arcing, so that the space loading limitations are overcome in order to produce higher forces, intensified heat and other beneficial use of gaseous media. Brief description of the invention The present invention provides a method, an apparatus and a system for overcoming the limitations of space charge in a gaseous medium by creating a controlled plasma environment in the gaseous medium. The present invention uses controlled plasma in the gaseous medium to provide it with energy and energizes the media by up to several orders of magnitude when compared to the application of electric power alone, and does this substantially without unloading the field. This extraordinary increase in energy levels of the medium is achieved in part by increasing plasma density, plasma energy (and equivalent plasma temperature) and related particle velocity, or a combination of them. The increase allows the use of ionic energy levels for practical applications that were not available until now.

In one embodiment, the energy level of the medium is increased by applying a system to introduce a controlled plasma environment into the medium contained by electromagnetic radiation, such as with a laser, an annular array of light-emitting diodes (LED), or other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The introduction of photons in the contained gaseous medium creates an increase in the amount of ionized particles when compared to the particles that are being ionized by electrical energy alone. The present invention significantly improves the total energy of the medium at substantially reduced voltage levels by using electromagnetic radiation compared to the voltage levels previously required without electromagnetic radiation. Advantageously, the reduced voltage can substantially eliminate the negative effects of arcing caused by hitherto high voltage levels. The description provides a method for overcoming the spatial load limitations for gaseous media, which comprises: applying electromagnetic radiation to contained particles without discharging the electric field by electric arc formation; the electric field has a higher space charge limiting capacity compared to an electric field applied to the particles without the electromagnetic radiation applied to the particles. The description further provides a system for overcoming the limitations of space charge for gaseous media, comprising: a contained gaseous particle medium; a source of electromagnetic radiation adapted to apply electromagnetic radiation to the contained medium; an electric field source adapted to apply an electric field to the contained medium; and a controller coupled to at least the source of electromagnetic radiation from the source of the electric field. The description also provides a system for overcoming the limitations of space charge for gaseous media, comprising: means for applying electromagnetic radiation to particles contained in a gaseous medium, and means for applying an electric bonnet to the contained particles without discharging the electric field by means of For electric arc formation, the electric field has a higher space charge limiting capacity compared to an electric field applied to the particles without the electromagnetic radiation applied to the particles. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS A more particular description of the invention, briefly summarized above, may be made by reference to its embodiments, which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and are described herein. It should be kept in mind, however, that the appended drawings illustrate only some embodiments of the invention and therefore are not considered to be limiting in their scope, since the invention can admit other equally effective modalities.

Figure A is a schematic view of a medium existing in a given space that has particles in it. Figure 1 B is a schematic view of a medium existing in a given space having an increased particle density therein produced by the addition of electromagnetic radiation to provide an increased total energy. Figure 1 C is a schematic view of an existing medium in a given space having an increased particle density with increased rates for a further general increase in the energy of the medium compared to Figure 1 B. Figure 1 D is a schematic view of an electromagnetic field environment created from an asymmetric capacitor and related system of the present disclosure. Figure 2A is a schematic diagram of charged particle of the asymmetric base line capacitor in a more simplified form with respect to Figure 1. Figure 2B is a schematic diagram of charged particle of the asymmetric capacitor with applied electromagnetic radiation, illustrating the increased particle density. Figure 2C is a schematic loaded particle diagram of the improvement of the present invention with electromagnetic radiation, which illustrates the resulting increased particle density and velocity. Figure 2D is a schematic diagram showing the volt-ampere characteristic of a Langmuir electrostatic probe. Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a motive force of neutral particle moments that experienced collisions with charged particles. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a mode of an asymmetric capacitor motor. Figure 5A is a schematic diagram of a cross sectional view of one embodiment of a system using the asymmetric capacitor. Figure 5B is a schematic top view of the embodiment shown in Figure 5A. Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the power balance for an exemplary embodiment. Figure 7A is a schematic perspective view of a modality of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Figure 7B is a schematic top view of the embodiment of Figure 7A Figure 7C is a side schematic view of the embodiment of Figure 7A. Figure 8A is a schematic perspective view of a modality of a manned aerial vehicle (MAV). Figure 8B is a front schematic view of the embodiment of Figure 8A. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a system, method and apparatus that can overcome the limitations of space loading of a gaseous medium for a given pressure and temperature by applying electromagnetic radiation to particles within a given space for either ionizing or heating, or to ionize and heat gaseous particles. Electromagnetic radiation generates a highly energized state, such as a plasma, in space to produce an increased energy level compared to previous efforts, while reducing or preventing arcing that would normally occur without applied electromagnetic radiation. This increase in energy is achieved by controlling plasma density, plasma energy or particle velocity, plasma temperature, or a combination of them. In at least one application, overcoming the spatial load limitations can be applied to generate a force from an asymmetric capacitor, as described herein. However, the invention is not limited to exceeding the limited space charge current for a given space, but may have other applications, such as generation of intense heat sources, biological sterilization of a container or room by introducing ionized gases, and other industrial, military, medical applications, as will be evident to other people with ordinary skills in the art, given the details, teachings and description contained here. In at least one application, an asymmetric capacitor, having different electrodes with different surface areas, obtains a net force in the axial direction, ie in the direction of the line from the large or negative electrode to the small or positive electrode. This direction of force is applied without considering the polarity of the supply voltage, because the directions of these net forces do not change when the polarity is changed. The net force on the large or negative electrode is much greater than that of the small or positive electrode due to large differences in surface area. In general, the description provides application of electrical energy at favorable frequencies to excite particles in ions, or ions in more energetic ions, to create a plasma condition. The description provides a relatively low energy input for a comparatively large force output creating plasma that can be manipulated. The term "plasma" is well known and is intended to include a high-energy collection of electrons and free-moving ions, that is, atoms that have lost electrons. Energy is necessary to deduce electrons from atoms to produce plasma. The energy input to the particles for the plasma can have different origins: thermal, electric or light (ultraviolet light or intense light from a laser). Without enough continuous energy, the plasmas recombine into a neutral gas. Figure 1A is a schematic view of a medium existing in a given space having particles therein. A medium 1 of particles 16 in a given space has a first defined energy level represented by the length of the vector 24 with a given pressure and temperature. The gaseous particle medium can exist in an atmosphere, or from a gaseous medium injected into liquids, such as underwater or exoatmospheric environments, such as outer space. For the purposes of the present disclosure, the given space contains the particles unless forcibly ejected, for example as described below, by a jet of ionic particles. The term "contains" includes any restriction on the movement of most particles beyond a certain perimeter of space. These restrictions include, without limitation, a physical limit, such as a wall, non-contact limits, such as a magnetic limit produced by a magnetic field, or electrical limits, produced by Lorenz forces in an electric field or other types of limits of contact and of no contact. For the given medium in the given pressure and temperature, the particles (16) have some energy represented by the length of the vector (24) (and hence the temperature) and the particle density represented by the counting of particles in the medium ( 1 ). There is a space charge current through the movement of particles within space. The value of the space charge current can be increased by applying energy, usually by applying a voltage, in the middle. However, the amount of energy that can be applied before the electric arc (3) is formed is limited, and therefore the term "limited space charge current" is applied. The arc (3) discharges the energy, that is, makes a short and reduces the energy level in the middle. A high level of energy in the medium before the formation of the electric arc is beneficial, and can be used in applications such as those described here and in others. Figure 1 B is a schematic view of a medium existing in a given space (1) having an increased ionized particle density therein, produced by adding electromagnetic radiation in a first range of wavelengths through a source of electromagnetic radiation (20) to provide a general increase in ionized particles. Figure 1 C is a schematic view of a medium existing in a given space (1) having an increased ionized particle density from an addition of electromagnetic radiation from the source (20) with increased rates by the addition of electromagnetic radiation in a second range of lengths through a source of electromagnetic radiation (20A) for a further general increase in energy, represented by the vector (24), of the medium particles (16) compared to Figure 1B. The figures will be described together with each other. The inventors have discovered that the limitations of the limited current of space charge can be overcome, that is, increased, by applying a source or source of energy independent of electromagnetic radiation to the medium having the particles therein. The previous efforts were concentrated in the application of a voltage to the medium or in the increase of pressure or temperature, as reported by Canning et al in NASA / CR-2004-02133412. However, relatively high voltages still resulted in a limited amount of energy that could be applied to the medium and higher pressures were unsuitable for many applications. The electromagnetic radiation applied to the medium can be of a variety of wavelengths, which is described in more detail below. Electromagnetic radiation can increase particle density by allowing more particles in the given space, or the particle velocity that generally produces an increase in temperature of the medium, or a combination of them, for an overall increase in energy for the given space. Importantly, any force experienced by the electric field acting on the particles can be increased by several orders of magnitude. Figure D is a schematic view of an electromagnetic field environment created from an asymmetric capacitor and related system of the present disclosure, merely as an example of the benefits of increasing the limited current in the space charge under the present invention. The figure provides some understanding of the operation of an asymmetric capacitor to better understand the inventive improvement. The size of the vectors (ie, forces in a certain direction) representing the moment transfer from the charged particles is not to scale or is accurate. The electromagnetic field lines are approximate.

An asymmetric capacitor (2) generally includes a first electrode (4) and a second electrode (6) separated by a distance through a medium (1 1), which includes a gas, such as air, a vacuum, such as space , or a liquid. The operation in the vacuum of the space generally could advantageously use the medium injection. For operation in liquids, the engine will generally be energized and will operate with a plasma between the electrodes, and will be fed with evaporated liquid, such as water vapor, which has sufficient gas properties to ionize with associated collisions described herein. The first electrode has a first surface area calculated around the part exposed to the medium and the second electrode likewise has a second surface area. For an asymmetric capacitor, the surface areas are different. Additionally, the absolute size of each electrode and the relative size of one electrode with respect to the other electrode, can produce a difference in the net force generated with the electrodes. Generally, the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode with the anode with a positive charge (voltage) greater than the cathode. Generally, the cathode will have the largest surface area. The electrodes may have any geometric shape or combination with other shapes and may have geometrical patterns formed within one or more of the electrodes, such as openings and the like. The anode, for example and without limitation, may be wire (s), sheet (s) or emitter disk (s), and the cathode may be sheet (s), sheet (s) or disk (s). The electrodes can be of any suitable material, including copper, aluminum, steel or other materials capable of establishing the electromagnetic field between the electrodes. Generally, the electrodes include conductive materials to establish the electromagnetic field. For some applications, weight, costs, conductivity, structural integrity and other factors can determine the materials or the exact combination of materials for a particular electrode. For example, and without limitation, a first material having a higher density and / or more conductivity, can be applied on a material of lower density and / or of lower conductivity to create a composite electrode. In addition, the electrodes may be a plurality of surfaces electrically coupled together to alter the surface area of the particular electrode. By convention, a positive voltage is applied to the anode through a power source (8) and the cathode is negative in relation to the anode, although it is possible to reverse the polarity. In general, the power source (8) can provide the source of the electric field for space (1), referenced in Figures 1A-1C. In some embodiments, voltage can be applied to both electrodes with the anode generally with a more positive potential. Alternating current (AC) and direct current (DC) can be used. When a voltage is applied to at least one of the electrodes, for example the anode, an electromagnetic field is created between the electrodes because the medium between them is relatively non-conductive as compared to the electrodes. For the purposes of the present invention, the field is described in terms of an electric field (12) having electric field lines of varying intensity which at a central point between the electrodes are generally parallel to a line (9) drawn between the electrodes and that bends and still reverses near the electrodes. The magnetic field (14) has magnetic field lines that are generally perpendicular to the lines of the electric field at any particular point of the electric field lines. Thus, at the center point between the electrodes, the lines of the magnetic field will be generally perpendicular to line 9. The electric field serves to energize the particles (16) in the middle, creating ions with some charge value and the magnetic field serves to attract the ions in the direction of the magnetic field at the particular location of the ion. Because electric and magnetic fields extend beyond a straight line from electrode to electrode, the particles beyond the straight line and surrounding the electrodes, can also be affected. Thus, these particles surrounding the electrodes can be included in the volume defined here broadly as "between" the electrodes, as shown in the electromagnetic field region (28). The term "particle" is used here broadly, and includes both neutral particles and charged (ie, "ionized") particles, unless the particular context dictates otherwise. The particles can be molecules or atoms or subatomic particles such as electrons, neutrons and protons, and other subatomic particles.

More specifically, when a voltage is applied to the asymmetric capacitor (2), the conducting current runs from the smallest electrode or positive electrode (4) to the largest electrode or negative electrode (6). According to the Ampere Law, this conductive current creates a magnetic field that azimuthally surrounds the capacitor. For clarity, cylindrical coordinates are applied in this system by taking the axial direction in the direction of line 9 from the negative electrode to the positive electrode. Charged "daughter" particles are created in the medium, usually air, or air vapor or other introduced medium described here, and evaporate or if they are not emitted from the electrode surfaces due to collisions with electrons and ions " originating ", they experience a Lorentz force (jxB or in VxB) in addition to the force due to the prescribed electric field (eE), where the vector quantities are expressed in bold letters. Here, "original" means the original charged particle carrying the conductive current, and "daughter" means the charged secondary particle created by collisions with the original charged particles. In the upper and lower part of the electrode (6), the ions are pushed radially inward due to this Lorentz force (in inductive cylindrical coordinates: -zx-F = -r, where (z) represents the axial component of the field electric, (F) represents the direction of the magnetic field, and (r) represents the direction of ion movement). On the upper plane surface of the electrode (6), the ions are pushed upwards due to their force (-rx-F = -z), where the upward direction is the direction towards the positive electrode (4) relatively smaller . In the region closest to the upper surface, the ions are pushed in the direction radially inward and in the direction radially outward. The movements of the ions upwards are reversed in the lower surface of the negative or larger electrode (6) due to the inverted directions (F) of the axial component (z) of the electric field in the lower part of the electrode and this in turn reverses the direction (F) of the magnetic field. The forces in this region are considered weaker than those in the upper region, since they are further away from the first electrode (4), which produces a net force in the direction of the axial component (z). The ions near the most positive, smallest electrode (4), experience similar motion, but in the opposite direction to the axial component (z). A driving force (ie thrust) is the net force of pressure (created by collisions with energetic ions) all over the body surface of the particular electrode, which produces the net force (5) at the electrode (4) and the net force (7) in the electrode (6) in the opposite direction to the net force (5) in the first electrode (4). The net forces for each electrode are aligned in the direction of the line (9), but in the opposite direction (that is, along the z-axis in a system of coordinated axes). The net force in the electrode (6) is greater than that of the electrode (4) due to differences in the surface area of the electrode. The complete system using an asymmetric capacitor gains a net resultant force (28) by the vector sum of the forces (5, 7) in the axial direction of the line (9), that is, in the direction of the line from the Negative or larger electrode towards the positive or smaller electrode, regardless of the polarity of the supplied voltage. Although the movements of the associated electrodes are completely opposite to those of the ions, the moment transfer of the electrons is considered trivial and insignificant in comparison with the moment transfer of the ions. Thus, the moment transfer of ions into neutral particles is considered the main mechanism that contributes to a net driving force. An ionic jet (18) of particles, it is created in a direction that moves away from the largest electrode (6) distal of the smallest electrode (4), which can also emanate a force from the condenser. The order of magnitude of the Lorentz force due to the magnetic field created by the conductive current is generally negligible compared to that of the electrostatic force. However, it is believed that Lorentz forces can be significant at local points where a strong electromagnetic field is possible when the local current density of the plasma is increased appreciably from ohmic heating and improved conductivity. At these points, the order of magnitude can be mega amps per square centimeter, such that the Lorentz force is comparable to the electrostatic force or greater. With the basic understanding of the functioning of an asymmetric capacitor, attention is directed to an additional discussion of the aspects of the invention. In at least one embodiment, creating an improved ionized environment of particles within a volume of medium between the capacitor electrodes improves the charged particle density, the temperature of the particles, or both. The enhanced charged particles can be raised to a plasma level environment, which can be controlled in terms of plasma density and average plasma temperature (and therefore affect the particle velocity). The term "plasma" generally means a highly ionized, electrically neutral gas composed of ions, electrons and neutral particles. It is a phase of matter other than solids, liquids and normal gases. The enhanced ionized environment of the particles can be created by providing electromagnetic radiation, such as ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, radio frequency radiation, other frequencies or a combination thereof, in the particles. The environment generally includes at least partial plasma. One or more sources of electromagnetic radiation (20, 20A) can be used to provide this radiation. Advantageously, certain wavelengths of radiation depending on the particles to be ionized can be used to bring the particles to a plasma state. The sources (20, 20A) may be energized by one or more energy sources (22, 22A), which may be the same as the power source (8). The value of the net forces from the asymmetric capacitor according to the teachings of this invention can be raised without increasing the input energy to the capacitor from the power source (8). Naturally, power is required for the sources of electromagnetic radiation to be ionized, and perhaps for them to create the controlled plasma environment. However, the net increase in the system can energize the electric field by a significant margin, and still by an order of magnitude or more. The particles in the electromagnetic field created by the feed to the electrodes can be further energized by applying electromagnetic radiation to the volume between the electrodes. Electromagnetic radiation can increase the plasma density between the electrodes, including the volume of particles within the electric field. Electromagnetic radiation can also increase the plasma temperature that increases particle velocities using alternative sources of electromagnetic radiation. In some embodiments, the electric field can be increased in both plasma density and temperature. In addition, the electric field can be energized before developing a significant asymmetric energy field. The increase in the plasma density and / or the temperature of the plasma allows an increase in what until now has been a limiting factor in the output of energy through the net force coming from an asymmetric condenser system, despite many decades of effort. A term known as "limited current in space charge" described later in more detail, is the maximum amount of ion charge within a given space before saturation occurs and limits additional charges. The increase in the saturation value can allow an increase of the net force and of the energy output. Previous efforts focused on high voltage with limitations and complications present. The inventors developed an alternative and improved method for increasing the density and / or temperature of the plasma with the increase in the level of saturation present, allowing the use of a relatively low voltage level for the asymmetric capacitor and amplifying the energy towards the particles to through electromagnetic radiation of one or more wavelengths. The result was an unexpected non-linear response that greatly increased the net force as an asymmetric capacitor output over any known arrangement with asymmetric capacitor using the same voltage. In some modalities, the increase was an order of magnitude or more. Advantageously, the low voltage can reduce or eliminate the negative effects that have hitherto resulted from the high voltage levels required to energize the motor with asymmetric capacitor. Additionally, the inventors determined that the injection of particles in the electric field increases the generated force that the system of the present description can accommodate, due to the increased ability to use additional particles by an increased saturation value. The injected particles can include gaseous particles, such as hydrogen, helium or other gases and materials. The injection may be complementary to the medium in which the asymmetric condenser operates or in place of this medium. Additionally, particle injection can improve the capacity of the asymmetric capacitor to operate under pressure conditions below standard (1 atmosphere), such as relative spatial vacuum or other low or essentially no pressure conditions. Figures 2A, 2B, 2C are schematic diagrams of an asymmetric capacitor with charged particles that contrast with significant improvements with respect to the vector sum of forces according to the present teachings. Figure 2A is a schematic diagram of charged particles of the initial asymmetric capacitor in a more simplified form of Figure 1. A first electrode (4) and a second electrode (6) have different surface areas exposed to particles that are to be energized and form the basic asymmetric configuration of the capacitor (2). The particles (16) between the electrodes (ie, the particles in the electromagnetic field (28), have a certain density and speed (24).) The speed is indicative of the energy level of the particular particle, and therefore of The temperature As described in Figure 1, the interactions between particles create a net force on the asymmetric capacitor as a whole, illustrated as force 26. Figure 2B is a schematic diagram of the charged particle of the asymmetric capacitor with electromagnetic radiation. applied, which illustrates the increased particle density.The application of electromagnetic radiation to the particles provides a significantly increased energy output in the form of net force resulting with the asymmetric capacitor.It is believed that the application of electromagnetic radiation increases the density of plasma The electrodes (4, 6) can operate at a given energy level.A source of electronic radiation omagnetic (20) can apply electromagnetic radiation to the particles (16) to provide energy to the particles. More specifically, in at least one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation can be applied with a laser, one or more light-emitting diodes (LED) or other sources of photon emission. The radiation is used to create at least a partial ionization of the medium between the electrodes, generally including the medium in which the asymmetric capacitor operates. Advantageously, the wavelength used by the laser may be a relatively short wavelength, such as infrared (IR) and ultraviolet (UV) rays or less. For exa, research into photo ionization indicates that at specific frequencies of about 1024 nm or less for O2 and about 798 nm or less for N2, both of these atmospheric molecules I picture ionize and ready for handling will become fielded in the same way that you read similar molecules ionized by high voltage. While the frequencies may vary with different ionization efficiencies, it is believed that a commercially viable frequency range is from about 750 nm to about 1024 nm for O2, and from about 248 nm to about 798 nm for N2. These specific frequencies for gas are sometimes referred to as Fanuhofer frequencies. These harmonic frequencies cause the specific gas to ionize with relatively low input energy. Less energy to ionize the particles to prepare the creation of plasma, contributes to a greater output of force per unit of input energy. Additionally, a combination of frequencies can be provided to the medium. In the previous exa, if the medium is air that contains a lot of oxygen and nitrogen, then energy can be applied at the specific frequency for each component to the medium, to achieve a more efficient ionization. Still further, other electromagnetic radiation can be applied at various frequencies, some short wave and others long wave, which can add additional energy to the particles. The frequencies can be applied simultaneously to the particles or in a staggered manner and in different separate sequences or in combination with a voltage sequence applied to the capacitor. This simultaneous or sequential application advantageously leads to a higher efficiency for the motor. Another source of radiation is the use of a 248 nm laser with a pulse of high energy in femtoseconds to ionize the air (possibly in an order of 101 1 particles / cm3). In addition, the system can use a larger wavelength, for exa 750 nm IR, to stabilize plasma by reducing a neutralization of plasma that appears undesirably by recombination with other particles to produce neutral particles that may not contribute to strength in any form substantial. The frequency or frequencies to be applied are exery, and greatly depend on the environment in which the asymmetric capacitor operates and the particles to be energized in particular, as could be determined by a person with ordinary training in the given technique the guide and description contained here without undue experimentation. This person could generally include a person trained in physics, for exa in plasma physics. The description generally provides an increase in energy efficiency in the particles, by way other than the voltage across the electrodes of the asymmetric capacitor, to create the plasma and to produce a relatively large force. By ionizing the particles in the volume in and around the asymmetric capacitor with electromagnetic radiation, such as UV or IR light, the density and energy of the medium increases to the point where at least one partial plasma is produced. The plasma can be accelerated and directed by electric and magnetic fields, allowing it to be controlled and applied. An increased density and plasma temperature have a double benefit: they provide a large number of particles to produce molecular collisions and therefore additional ionization within the same volume; and the energy of the particles also increases by imparting more energy during collisions. The increased ionization capacity produces more impacts and a higher net force (26) compared to Figure 2A. The increased plasma density can allow a reduction in voltage towards the electrodes for a given net force and reduction of the negative effects of high voltage. The lower voltage is possible because the UV or IR frequency or other electromagnetic energy is applied to the particles. It is believed that the present invention also faces two different limiting physical laws involved in limited current saturation at space loading. One type is the emission saturation of electrons from the negative electrode, and it is believed that it includes the ion emission from the positive electrode as well. For example, this phenomenon can be observed in a vacuum diode. Generally, the cathode electron emission rate governs a limited current saturation in space charge, since this emission rate is limited by the thermionic emission from a hot cathode. This means that the emission rate seems to reach its maximum value with a certain applied voltage.

A second type of saturation is the saturation of the electron density (and the ion density as well) in the plasma envelope region surrounding the electrode. It is believed that this second saturation is more dominant for the case of the asymmetric capacitor than the first mentioned saturation, because the medium (such as air) is ionized to form plasma by collisions with the charged original particles. Below is a brief explanation of a general phenomenon that presents the plasma near the surface of a structure (in this case, the surface of the electrode). Plasma tends to protect its electrical potentials that are applied based on the density and temperature of the plasma. The thickness of this protection is called the "Debye length" and the region within this plasma shield is called the "Debye sphere" (not necessarily near the wall) or the "plasma sheath" for the region near the wall . The Debye length is proportional to the square root of the electronic temperature and is inversely proportional to the square root of the plasma density. For example: consider an approximate estimate of this length using the ionic density of 1 .0 E + 15 particles per cubic meter ("# / m3") and the electronic temperature of 10 KeV with the result obtained of approximately 2.3 cm for the length Debye (or thickness of ionic clouds). If the temperature of the plasma, especially the electrons, is increased without changing its density, the expansion of the length or the Debye sheath should be observed. On the other hand, if the plasma density increases without changing the temperature, then the shrinkage of the Debye length or sheath should be observed. In the plasma envelope, there is a potential gradient due to the difference in the velocities of the electrons and the ions. The sheath created in the negative electrode tends to repel the excess of electrons that enter and the sheath created in the positive electrode tends to repel the excessive amount of electrons that enter. This protection results in the stable state of the ionic and electronic densities inside the sheaths. Referring now to figure 2D before describing figure 2C, figure 2D shows the volt-ampere characteristic of a Langmuir electrostatic probe as a possible explanation of the change in saturation that seems to occur from the supply of electromagnetic radiation to the asymmetric capacitor . The current is not in scale correctly, since the actual electronic current is much larger (about three orders of magnitude) than that of the ions. To generate the graph, the voltage applied to a probe is varied (not shown) and the current collected by the probe is measured. Vf is the plasma flotation potential (ie, the potential of the probe for the net zero current) and Vp is the plasma potential. An analogy of this feature can be made in the case of the asymmetric capacitor. Consider the point of Vf as the condition just before voltage is applied to the system, that is, zero. If a variable voltage is applied to the system, the following is likely to occur. In the initial stage, the current increases as both the ion and electron currents increase. This can be seen by the line V-l characteristic of Vf towards B for the negative electrode and from Vf towards C for the positive electrode. When the applied voltage reaches the point at which the potential of the negative electrode becomes -Vf, the ionic current reaches its stable state, that is, saturation of ionic current. This current is called the "Bohm current". This steady state is reached, although the total current still increases, since the electron current is still increasing at the point where the potential of the positive electrode is + Vf, assuming that Vp - 2Vf > 0. When the applied voltage reaches the point where the potential of the positive electrode becomes Vp, then the total current becomes saturated, since the electron current reaches its stable state. However, if the applied voltage is further increased to the value at which the potential drop within the plasma sheath is greater than the potential energy for ionizing atoms, then the current increases abruptly at point D. In some capacitors without the improvements described here, point D corresponds to a range from 23 kV to 30 kV. Increasing the voltage beyond that point does not produce a substantial and corresponding benefit. Consider two different examples of asymmetric capacitor performances with different voltages applied, 1 gram / watt for 30 kV as in case 1 and 324 grams / watt for 1 10 V as case 2, can be located in characteristic curve V-1. Case 2 is located at a point somewhere on the curve between Vf and C for the positive electrode and at a point somewhere on the curve between Vf and B for the negative electrode. In some cases, the point may move away from point B, but generally it must be symmetrical to the point for the positive electrode to achieve larger forces. Case 1 is located at some point on the state of saturated electron current, that is, between C and D for the positive electrode and at the symmetric point to the left for the negative electrode. It is believed that photo-ionization, heating or a combination of them using UV, IR or RF or other electromagnetic radiation of 02 and N2 molecules increases the energy levels sufficiently to cause one or more electrons to leave the respective atom (the which is called "ionization" here), which will facilitate the manipulation of particles by electric fields in the same way as similar molecules ionized by high voltage. Enough energy creates plasma. It is believed that ionization changes the saturation of the current limited by the space charge, since it appears that the ionization should change the plasma density and change the plasma state within the sheath. Now, considering this characteristic curve V-l, the ionization will increase the potential of the plasma Vp as well as Vf. Therefore, the curve will be shifted to the right. This displacement will increase the values of the saturated current. The Bohm current is expressed as where n0 is the density of the background plasma, e is the charge of electrons, A is the surface area of the probe, K is the Boltsmann constant, Te is the temperature of the electron and M is the ionic mass. This equation also indicates that the saturated value of the ionic current can be increased by increasing the density of the plasma and the temperature of the electrons. It is believed that this is also true for the electron stream. Figure 2C is a schematic diagram of charged particles of the improvement of the present invention with electromagnetic radiation, illustrating the resulting increased particle density and velocity. The speed increases by an increase in energy. Ionization by the use of UV and / or I R light can create a weakly ionized (ie, partially) plasma. In addition, UV light and / or I R as a form of electromagnetic radiation can increase plasma density significantly. In addition to applying electromagnetic radiation from a source of electromagnetic radiation (20), if some other methods are applied to heat the plasma, the value of the saturated current will increase more. Heating of the plasma can be carried out independently of the increase in plasma density by the application of electromagnetic radiation of a different frequency by another source of electromagnetic radiation (20A). Advantageously, both plasma density increase and plasma heating can be used using multiple wavelengths of the sources (20, 20A). In one embodiment, the sources (20, 20A) can be a single unit capable of radiating multiple wavelengths, or multiple units. The total momentum (p) imparted to neutral particles by transfer of charged particles is the product of mass x velocity (p = mv). Therefore, the total moment is transferred to the neutral particles (shown in Figure 3 as particles 16A, 16B, 16C) from charged particles (16) in Figure 2C has both a larger number for greater mass within the region (28), as greater energy due to the increase in temperature for greater speed. There are several methods to add energy to the plasma. One of them is to use electromagnetic radiation by radio frequency (RF). In this method, there may generally be three different frequency amplitudes to apply: a cyclotron frequency in electrons, a lower hybrid frequency and a cyclotron frequency in ions. Another approach is to use the injection method of neutral in the plasma. In this method, neutral particles are injected at high speed into the plasma, and these neutral energetic particles become high-energy (energetic) ions by losing electrons by collisions with less energetic (low-velocity) ions, which in turn they become neutral particles of low speed when receiving these electrons. This method, however, requires a device to create a high-speed neutral beam, and this in turn requires a large power supply. On the other hand, plasma heating with RF can be carried out using a magnetron and a power source similar to, for example, a microwave oven. These heating methods mentioned use external sources. Without these external sources, it is reasonable to expect that part of the plasma heating can be done internally by ohmic heating and by compression heating, due to the magnetic pressure in the system. However, ohmic heating becomes less effective as the plasma temperature increases, since the resistivity of the plasma depends inversely on the 3/2 energy of its (electronic) temperature. Therefore, it will be very effective to use an external heating source at this point. After the current in the system increases by this method, then the plasma can be further heated by magnetic compression, because it is expected that a sufficiently strong magnetic field is created in the system at this point. The sequencing or joining of these different heating methods can be a very efficient method for systematic heating. In at least one embodiment, the present disclosure utilizes UV and / or IR photo-ionization combined with RF heating. By increasing the density of the plasma, especially in combination with the increase in plasma energy and therefore the equivalent speed and temperature, using the methods outlined above, the motive power of the system will improve. The increase in net force (26) (not to scale) is illustrated as greater in Figure 2C compared to Figures 2B, 2A. It is believed that these methods can improve the motive power by several orders of magnitude. In addition to a medium having particles in which the asymmetric condenser (2) operates, other gases can be supplied to the asymmetric condenser to supplement the medium or instead of the medium. The need for complementation may appear, for example, when the medium is space or other medium without particles or with low content of particles. For example, hydrogen or helium could be used with the advantages of being independent of the atmosphere, having reduced complexity of UV or IR wavelength up to a single frequency for UV or IR photo ionization, and allowing RF frequency optimization for the effect of increased hydrogen ion temperature. In addition, a combination of gases could be used instead of a single gas. Still further, particles such as evaporated mercury or other particles useful for creating and maintaining propulsive and other forces could be injected into a volume in which the asymmetric capacitor operates.

Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of a driving force of moments of neutral particles that experience collisions with charged particles. The diagram illustrates how the neutral particles contribute to the net force with the capacitor. This illustrates the derivation of the primary force as moment transfer from the charged particles (16) in Figure 2B, 2C, to the neutral particles 16A, 16B, 16C. The particles 16A with a vector in an upward direction have a positive contribution for the upward thrust. The particles 16B with a vector in the downward direction have a negative contribution to the upward thrust. The particles 16C with only one horizontal vector have no contribution to the thrust. The net force 5A of the first electrode (4) is generally downward, the net force (7A) in the second electrode (6) is generally in the upward direction and the new force resulting in the asymmetric capacitor (2) is the vector sum of the forces (5A) and (7A) that produce the net force (26A). This force may be related to the thrust performance in the physical propulsion unit. Part of the additional force may come from ionic jets and be associated with pumping of air by redirected charged particles. In addition, greater efficiency can be obtained by producing an energy in impulses, instead of stable energy. The system can boost the electromagnetic radiation applied to the particles, the voltage applied to at least one of the electrodes, or a combination of them. There are several options to produce the current in pulses. The impulse current can be more efficient, since it decreases the average energy consumption. For example, and without limitation, experiments and modeling of a standard asymmetric capacitor powered by DC of ~ 25 kV at ~ 1 mA, shows no measurable reduction in force when the applied current is in pulses (~ 1 00 Hz programming with pulse duration of - 10 ms). Another variation is to control the surface area of one or more of the electrodes by the texture of the surface, its porosity or openings provided through it. For example, the surface area of an electrode can be increased by providing openings through the electrode. Advantageously, the openings may be located on the electrode to help affect the flow of particles in and out of the field between the electrodes. In addition, an oxide or other material may be used to coat the electrodes, to increase the force by supplying a source of additional particles. The coating can be bombarded with energetic ions and neutral particles and particle coating can be added to the other particles in the plasma. The asymmetric capacitor can function as a "motor" for a structure coupled to the capacitor or to direct the energy emanating from the capacitor. The engine can be used in virtually any field, including, without limitation, air, ground, space vehicles (enhanced by injecting particles into the engine system) and marine, both manned and unmanned, and into virtually any device or system that need a motive force to move or a volume of energy that can be emanated and directed from the condenser. Additionally, the present invention can be applied to small particles, including nano-sized articles and relatively large articles. Another use for the invention is to generate a flow of energy or plasma directed out of the apparatus. In at least one embodiment, the asymmetric capacitor has few moving parts, if any, and the motor can be turned off and on at will with little concern for it to die, as in typical rotary motors that produce motive power. . The present invention uses atmospheric air, and / or a discrete medium, such as hydrogen, helium or other medium instead of atmospheric air, has the characteristics of a "digital" push system, since it can be solid state with few or no analog components, such as pumps, ignition systems, fuel fluid control, compressors, turbines and nozzle controls. The electrical energy of the fuel cells can be changed to cathode and anode, UV and / or IR in the solid state, light emitting diodes and lasers, and RF emitters in the solid state. The thrust can be controlled from any value starting at zero to a maximum on a timeline commensurate with the demands of the vehicle's general control system. The analog equivalent usually has a long start cycle, and it can also have a minimum dead condition and a significantly longer acceleration time line than the general requirements of the control system might need. Therefore, the asymmetric capacitor with the improvements envisaged here as a motor of motive power can be called a "digital" motor. Additionally, the system may include portable power for the asymmetric capacitor (2) and / or the electromagnetic sources (20, 20A), as shown in Figure 2C. One method to provide capacity to be portable is the use of chemical energy conversion in electrical. These techniques include, among others: fuel cells energized by hydrogen, paraffin, petroleum and other fuels; capture of photons or solar panels; artificially enhanced photosynthesis and genetically modified organisms. Other techniques include solar energy, energy stored, for example in batteries, fusion or controlled fission, and other sources that can provide a power supply from a fixed location attached to a moving object using the asymmetric capacitor in the manner described herein. The term "fixed location" is widely used and includes for example, the earth, a fixed structure or a structure moving in a different direction or speed in relation to the asymmetric capacitor and any structure coupled to the capacitor. The prediction of performance, its optimization and synchronization, can be achieved empirically. Another approach is to use a plasma simulation. The aspects related to the analysis of this system are highly non-linear and it seems that a magneto-hydrodynamic plasma treatment (MHD) is appropriate, because the evolution of the plasma in time around the electrodes complicates the structure of the electric field and magnetic in a consistent way by itself. Since the plasma in this system is a weakly ionized, partial plasma, a MHD treatment of two fluids or three fluids may be useful to predict performance. The kinetic treatment of plasma is probably not necessary for this effect, because it is believed that the velocity distributions of electrons and ions behave like a Maxwellian distribution. However, this treatment can be useful to design a more practical device in terms of efficiency, scale increase and control, given that the energy losses due to radiation, including black body, Bremsstrahlung and radiation with impurities, and micro Instability in the plasma that the MHD treatment can not predict, can be considered. Example 1 In at least one embodiment, electromagnetic radiation, for example photonics (including UV and / or IR) and RF energy, can be provided in a volume of the asymmetric capacitor system. The electrodes may be at least partially copper, aluminum, or other conductive material. One or more porous electrodes can be used to increase the total surface and current of Bohm. One or more sources of electromagnetic radiation (eg an annular array of LEDs) are attached to locations on the anode, between the anode and the cathode, under the cathode or in any combination thereof to energize the particles between the electrodes (i.e. , at least somewhere in the fields surrounding the electrodes). A source of additional electromagnetic radiation can be an RF emitting device that uses magnetrons in pulses with variable frequency. In some embodiments, magnetrons with 10 kW pulses with variable frequency are preferred. A custom-made commercial laser array and an RF device can be used. Advantageously, the method of attaching the sources of electromagnetic radiation to the asymmetric capacitor allows the sources to treat the plasma in a uniform manner. A commercially available laser uses the 248 nm laser line with high-energy femtosecond pulses to ionize the air (possibly in the order of 1011 # / cm3) and also uses a laser with longer wavelength (for example an infrared laser) 750 nm) to stabilize the plasma. By stabilizing, it is meant that this laser with relatively greater wavelength, reduces or prevents the plasma from neutralizing itself by the recombination of the ions. However, the frequency generated from this device has to be varied in order to heat the surrounding plasma uniformly, because the cyclotronic frequency in the electrons and the cyclotronic frequency in the ions depends on the intensity of the magnetic field and it is expected that this intensity varies in the system. The modulation of the waveform of the DC current improves the ionization. The tuning of the performance is improved by the output voltage of the variable current. Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of a mode of an asymmetric condenser motor (100). The components listed are merely exemplary and without limitation. Other components can be substituted, added or removed. In general, the motor (100) includes an asymmetric capacitor (1 10) including an anode (1 12) and a cathode (1 14), as described above. One or more sources of electromagnetic radiation (120, 122) may be used to provide radiation of one or more wavelengths for particles in a volume in proximity to the electrodes, also as described above. For example, and without limitation, the source of electromagnetic radiation (120) may include a photonic source of UV or I R light provided by one or more lasers. Similarly, and without limitation, the source of electromagnetic radiation (122) may include an RF source, such as may be provided by one or more magnetrons. The frequency generated from this device can be varied in order to heat the surrounding plasma uniformly, because the frequency of the cyclotron in the electrons and the frequency of the cyclotron in the ions depends on the intensity of the magnetic field and this intensity varies in the system . A power source (1 18) can be coupled to the asymmetric capacitor (1 10) to provide power to at least one of the electrodes. The energy source (18) can be any suitable energy source capable of supplying the anode and the cathode with energy. The power source (18) can also provide power to one or more of the sources of electromagnetic radiation (120, 122). Alternatively, the power supply can be by multiple units capable of supplying power to the individual elements. A source (126) of particles may be coupled to the asymmetric capacitor to provide particles additional to the particles that are in the medium in which the motor operates or in place of these particles. For example, the source may be a compressed gas cylinder or other storage device for the delivery of particles. Figure 5a is a schematic diagram of a cross-sectional view of one embodiment of a system using the asymmetric capacitor. The motor (100) includes an asymmetric capacitor (1 10) having an anode (1 12) and a cathode (1 14). In one embodiment, the anode can be made of one or more relatively thin, relatively porous discs, sheets or cables, as compared to the cathode, which generally has a larger surface area. Without limitation, the cathode (14) can be made from a relatively thick aluminum disk. The level of porosity is determined based on the structural integrity limit of the system including the electrodes, and other considerations such as stability. The electrode surfaces may be coated with a material such as an oxide film or other coating to further increase performance. A source of electromagnetic radiation (120), such as a laser or LED device, can be any laser or other appropriate device that supplies the required wavelength to the particles to be ionized. For these particles, examples of wavelengths could be without limitation in the range of UV and IR, less than or equal to 1024 nm for O2 and less than or equal to 798 nm for N2. A source of electromagnetic radiation (122) such as an RF heating device can also be used, as described above. Additionally, one or more reflectors (124) may be placed in or around the area to be ionized. The reflectors can increase the efficiency of the laser device and / or the RF heating device by photo-ionizing molecules more uniformly, and heat the plasma and redirect the energy that would otherwise be dissipated from the capacitor fields. Generally, one or more supports (1 16a, 1 16b, 1 16c, 1 16d) will hold at anode, cathode, reflectors, or any combination thereof, either directly or indirectly through other supports that are being coupled to other structures surrounding, such as a motor housing (128). The motor (100) may be further coupled to a larger structure, described later. To facilitate coupling, one or more motor supports (106) may be used. An energy source (1 18) can supply power to the anode (1 12), to the cathode (1 14), to the source of electromagnetic radiation (120) (such as a laser or LED), to the source of electromagnetic radiation (122) such as an RF source), or any combination thereof. A source of particles (126) can be coupled directly or indirectly to the asymmetric capacitor (1 1 0) to provide complementary or primary particles (for example in space) to the capacitor. One or more injection nozzles (1 26A) and / or (126B) can direct the particles from the source of particles (126) to any of the inlet or volume between the electrodes to provide uniform and controlled particle injection. A power supply conduit (1 02) can be provided from a fixed location (1 04). Alternatively, the power source (1 1 8) can be a portable power source that is self-contained independent of a fixed location for at least a period of time before being replaced or recharged. Figure 5B is a schematic top view of the embodiment shown in Figure 5A. In at least one embodiment, the anode (1 1 2) and / or the cathode (1 14) of the motor (1 00) may include one or more openings (1 36) in order to increase the electrode outlet surface area or particular electrodes that have the openings. The openings can be placed in a pattern to create a ring vortex or other stops to improve the efficiency and resultant strength of the condenser. The openings (1 36) can allow the air or other medium in which the cathode or anode operates, to pass through the electrodes in the region between the anode, the cathode or both. The increased surface area can provide greater efficiency to the motor (100). Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the power balance for an exemplary embodiment. The power source (1 1 8), referenced above, can be used to supply power to the asymmetric capacitor through a first part of the power source (130), specifically towards the anode and the cathode, referenced above. Without limitation, an exemplary wattage range is approximately 200 watts (W) or more, but these values can be appropriately scaled to optimize performance for the specific application. A second part of the power source (1 32) can be used to provide power to the laser device or to the LED array referred to above. Similarly, an exemplary energy range is approximately 300 W or more. A third part of the power source (1 34) can be used to supply power to the RF heating device, referred to above. The parts of the power source can be formed as a source of unitary power or as multiple sources of power. Naturally, other modalities may have different energy balances and this modality is only illustrative. The description provides a structure to be coupled to the asymmetric capacitor in such a way that a driving force from the asymmetric capacitor can provide a thrust to the structure. The structure may hold equipment, one or more persons, or other living organisms, or other items of interest, here referred to broadly as "cargo." Figure 7A is a schematic perspective view of a modality of an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). Figure 7B is a schematic top view of the embodiment of Figure 7A. Figure 7C is a schematic side view of the embodiment of Figure 7A. The figures will now be described in conjunction with each other. The UAV (150) includes a frame (152) coupled to one or more motors with asymmetric capacitor (100). Each motor can have the shape of an engine described above with an anode, a cathode and one or more sources of electromagnetic radiation, such as one or more photon emitting devices (such as lasers), and heating devices or some combination thereof. The UAV also includes various electronic components (154) suitable for the control of the UAV. In at least one embodiment, power can be supplied to the UAV by an energy conduit (102), which can be coupled to a remote power source, for example at ground level or another fixed location (104). In some embodiments, the power supply (1 18) can be provided in the UAV itself. The UAV also includes sensors (156), (103) for housing images, electromagnetic, and data capture for processing and deployment. Advantageously, the UAV (150) and other elements energized by the motor (100) are of cross section with acoustic, electromagnetic and / or relatively low radar recording. This feature can be particularly useful for certain vehicles and ships. Naturally, other modalities could include manned aerial or terrestrial floating vehicles, and guided vehicles, as well as a host of other particles on land, in or under the sea, or in the air or in space. The present invention creates a universal driving force system, generally used for propulsion. The invention can also generate a flow of plasma energy directed outward from the apparatus. In one embodiment, the engine has no moving parts and can reduce the total cost of ownership, including acquisition and maintenance costs. In at least one embodiment, some example design features are variable and of wide range, high speed and variable speed capacity, under acoustic, electromagnetic and RCS recording, variable pulse power supply, in the range from about 120 -160 VDC or VCA, 1 .6-1 6+ A, -2 + kW; and low maintenance because they have few moving parts, if any, with light maintenance for the nodes due to erosion. Figure 8A is a schematic perspective view of a modality of a manned aerial vehicle (MAV) (1 70). Figure 8B is a schematic front view of the embodiment of Figure 8A. The figures will be described in conjunction with each other. The MAV can also be used as a floating land vehicle. The MAV (1 70) generally includes a frame (1 72), a subframe (1 74) and one or more motors (1 00) coupled to it with appropriate controls. The frame (1 72) generally has an appropriate shape and size for one or more people. Ergonomics may vary and in at least one modality it may resemble an aircraft flight seat. The sub frame 174 is formed of structural elements and is coupled to the frame (172). The sub frame (174) can provide support for one or more motors (100) coupled to the MAV (170). The motors can be mounted at various elevations, such as under or on top of the frame (172) or at an elevation between them. In some embodiments, a higher elevation may provide greater stability having a lower center of gravity with respect to the load. While the number of motors may vary, advantageously multiple motors (100) may provide positional control for the MAV (170). In at least one embodiment, the motors (100) may be inclined on one or more axes relative to the subframe (174) to create a variety of thrust vectors having a magnitude and direction. This inclination can be automatic or manual. The position control can be done automatically, manually or a combination of them. For example, a controller (176), lim like a "joystick" can provide a control in the plane, such as a pitch and roll control. A controller (178) can provide steering control and can be activated by the foot of an operator in the MAV (170). The controllers may include the electronic, wiring, control and other necessary components, as would be known to those of ordinary skill in the art. In addition, the MAV (170) may include a power controller (180) for controlling the power to the one or more motors (100). Additionally, the control of the MAV (1 70) can be increased using gyroscopes or other stability control systems. In some modalities, the MAV (1 70) can also include a rescue parachute (1 82). The rescue parachute can be applied in an emergency for the safety of the person or persons in the MAV. Various basic features of the invention have been described herein. The various techniques and devices described represent a part that those skilled in the plasma physics art could easily understand from the teachings of this application. Those trained in the art can add details for its implementation. The attached drawings may contain additional information not specifically described in the text, and this information may be described in a subsequent application without adding new material. Additionally, you can create and present various combinations and permutations of all elements or requests. Everything can be done to optimize performance in a specific application. The term "coupled", "coupling", and similar terms, is widely used herein and may include any method or device for securing, binding, pasting, attaching, attaching, attaching, inserting into, forming on, or he, communicate, or otherwise, associate, for example, mechanically, magnetically, electrically, chemically, directly or indirectly with intermediate elements, one or more pieces or members together, and may further include integrally forming one functional member with another. The various steps described here can be combined with other steps, they can appear in a variety of sequences unless specifically limited in another way, you can enter several steps between the indicated steps, and the indicated steps can be divided into multiple steps. Unless the context requires otherwise, the word "comprises" or variations thereof such as "comprising" or "includes" shall be understood as implying the inclusion of at least the element or step or group of elements or steps or equivalent of them indicated, and not as the exclusion of any other elements or steps or groups of elements or steps or equivalent of them. In addition, any documents referenced in the application for this patent, as well as all references listed in any list of references presented with the application, are incorporated herein by reference. However, to the extent that the statements may be considered inconsistent with the patentability of this invention, these statements should not be expressly considered as made by the applicant or applicants. Also, any directions, such as "upper", "lower", "left", "right", "up", "down" and other directions and orientations described herein for clarity in reference to the figures, will not be limiting. of the device or system or use of the actual device or system. The device or system can be used in a number of directions and orientations.

REFERENCES 1 . Szielasko, Klaus, High Voltage "Lifter" Experiment: Biefeld-Brown Effect or Simple Physics ?, Genefo, April 2002. 2. Stein, William B. , Electrokinetic Propulsion: The Ionio Wind Argument, Purdue University, Energy Conversion Lab, September 5, 2000. 3. Bahder, Thomas B. and Bazi, Chris, Forcé on an Asymmetric Capacitor, Army Research Laboratory, September 27, 2002. 4. Bahder, Thomas B. and Bazi, Chris, Forcé on an Asymmetric Capacitor, Army Research Laboratory, March 2003. 5. Bilen, Sven, G., Domonkos, Mathew T., and Gallimore, Alee D., The Far-Field Plasma Environment of a Hollow Cathode Assembly, University of Michigan, AIAA Conference, June 1999. 6. Canning, Francis X., Melcher, Cory, and Winet, Edwin, Asymmetrcal Capacitors for Propulsion, Glenn Research Center of NASA (NASA / CR-2004- 21 3312), Institute for Scientific Research, October 2004.

Claims

1 . A method to overcome the limitations of space charge for gaseous media, comprising: a. apply electromagnetic radiation to particles contained in a gaseous medium; and b. applying an electric field to the contained particles without unloading the electric field by means of the formation of electric arc, the electric field has a capacity of limitation of greater space charge in comparison with an electric field applied to the particles without the electromagnetic radiation applied to the particles . The method of claim 1, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation to the particles ionizes at least a part of the contained particles. 3. The method of claim 2, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation to the particles creates a plasma in the contained medium. 4. The method of claim 3, further comprising stabilizing the plasma with electromagnetic radiation of wavelength greater than the wavelength used to create the plasma. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation to the particles increases the particle density for a given volume, the energy of the plasma, or a combination thereof. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation includes applying ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, or a combination thereof. The method of claim 6, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation includes applying the radiation at frequencies that ionize the particles by emitting photons. The method of claim 6, further characterized in that applying the ultraviolet radiation, the infrared radiation, or a combination thereof includes applying each type of radiation at one or more wavelengths. 9. The method of claim 1, further comprising supplying particles to the contained medium. The method of claim 9, further comprising supplementing atmospheric particles with selected complementary gaseous particles. eleven . The method of claim 1, further comprising pulsing the electromagnetic radiation to the particles. The method of claim 1, further comprising changing the electromagnetic radiation from an off state to an on state and then returning to an off state. The method of claim 1, further comprising energizing the medium under atmospheric pressure under standard conditions and providing particles complementary to the medium. The method of claim 1, further comprising a contained medium surrounded by a liquid medium, further characterized in that the liquid is supplied to the container in an evaporated form. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that the application of the electromagnetic radiation includes applying the radiation at a frequency that ionizes the particles by emitting photons. 16. A system to overcome the limitations of space charge for gaseous media, which includes: a. a medium contained with gaseous particles; b. a source of electromagnetic radiation adapted to apply electromagnetic radiation to the contained medium; c. an electric field source adapted to apply an electric field to the contained medium; and d. a controller coupled to at least the source of electromagnetic radiation or the source of the electric field. The system of claim 16, further comprising a power source coupled to the controller and subject to a fixed location on the ground. 18. The system of claim 16, further comprising a portable power source coupled to the controller, independent of a fixed location on the ground. The system of claim 16, further comprising a supply of particles coupled to the contained medium to deliver particles to the medium. The system of claim 16, further characterized in that the source of electromagnetic radiation includes a photon emitter directed toward the contained medium. twenty-one . A system to overcome the limitations of space loading for gaseous media, which includes: a. Means for applying electromagnetic radiation to particles contained in a gaseous medium; and b. Means to apply an electric field to the contained particles without unloading the electric field by means of the formation of electric arc, the electric field has a capacity of limitation of greater space charge in comparison with an electric field applied to the particles without the electromagnetic radiation applied to the particles. 2

2. The method of claim 1, further characterized in that applying electromagnetic radiation further includes heating the particles with a magnetron. The system of claim 16, further characterized in that the source of electromagnetic radiation includes a magnetron adapted to heat the particles. The system of claim 21, further characterized in that the means for applying electromagnetic radiation includes a magnetron adapted to heat the particles.