MX2007002642A - Polyester polymer and copolymer compositions containing metallic molybdenum particles - Google Patents

Abstract

Polyester compositions are disclosed that include polyester polymers or copolymers having incorporated therein metallic molybdenum particles that improve the reheat properties of the compositions. Processes for making such compositions are also disclosed. The molybdenum particles may be incorporated in the polyester by melt compounding, or may be added at any stage of the polymerization, such as during the melt-phase of the polymerization. A range of particle sizes may be used, as well as a range of particle size distributions. The polyester compositions are suitable for use in packaging made from processes in which a reheat step is desirable.

Description

POLYMER COMPOSITIONS AND POLYESTER COPOLYMER CONTAINING METALLIC MOLYBDENUM PARTICLES FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to polyester compositions that are useful in packaging, such as in the manufacture of beverage containers by blow-molding reheating, or other hot forming processes in which the polyester is reheated. The compositions exhibit improved reheating, while maintaining acceptable visual appearance, such as clarity and color. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Many plastic containers, such as those made of poly (ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and used in beverage containers, are formed by blow molding overheating, or other operations requiring heat softening of the polymer. In the reheat blow molding, the bottle preforms, which are extrusion molding in the form of a test tube, are heated above the glass transition temperature of the polymer, and then placed in a bottle mold to receive air pressurized through its open end. This technology is well known in the art, as shown, for example in U.S. Patent No. 3,733,309, incorporated herein by reference. In a typical blow molding operation, the radiation energy from quartz infrared heaters is generally used to reheat the preforms. In the preparation of packaging containers using operations that require polymer heat softening, the reheat time, or the time required for the preform to reach the proper temperature for stretch blow molding (also called the heating time), it affects both the productivity and the energy required. As the processing equipment has been improved, it has become possible to produce more units per unit time. Thus, it is desirable to provide polyester compositions that provide improved reheat properties, by faster reheat (increased reheat ratio), or with less reheat energy (increased reheat efficiency), or both, compared to conventional polyester compositions. The reheating properties mentioned in the above vary with the absorption characteristics of the polymer itself. The heat lamps used to reheat polymer preforms are typically infrared heaters, such as infrared quartz lamps, which have a broad spectrum of light emission, with wavelengths ranging from about 500 nm to greater than 1,500 nm. However, polyesters, especially PET, deficiently absorb in the region of 500 nm to 1, 500 nm. So in order to maximize the energy absorption of the lamps and increase the reheat ratio of the preform, materials that will increase the absorption of infrared energy are sometimes added to the PET. Unfortunately, these materials tend to have a negative effect on the visual appearance of PET containers, for example by increasing the level of haze and / or causing the article to have a dark appearance. In addition, since compounds with absorbance in the range of 400-700 nm appear colored to the human eye, materials absorbing in this wavelength range will impart color to the polymer. A variety of black and gray body absorbent compounds have been used as reheating agents to improve the reheating characteristics of polyester preforms under reheat lamps. These reheat additives include carbon black, graphite, antimony metal, black iron oxide, red iron oxide, inert iron compounds, spinel pigments, and infrared light absorbing dyes. The amount of the absorbent compound that can be added to the polymer is limited by its impact on the visual properties of the polymer, such as brightness, which can be expressed as a value L *, and color, which is measured and expressed as a value a * and a value b *, as described further below. To retain an acceptable level of brightness and color in the preform and the resulting blown articles, the amount of reheat additive can be decreased, which in turn decreases the reheat ratio. Thus, the type and amount of the reheat additive added to a polyester resin is adjusted to give the desired balance between the increase in reheat ratio and the retention of acceptable brightness and color levels. It would be ideal to simultaneously increase the reheat ratio and decrease the rate at which color and brilliance are degraded as the concentration of the reheat additive in a thermoplastic composition increases. A need still remains in the art for polyester compositions containing reheat additives that improve reheating without the problems associated with known reheat additives, such as unacceptable reductions in brightness, clarity and color. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to polyester compositions comprising polyester polymers or copolymers, and especially thermoplastic polyester polymers or copolymers, having metal molybdenum particles incorporated therein that improve the reheating properties of the compositions. The molybdenum particles can be incorporated into the polyester by the melt composition, or they can be added at any stage of the polymerization, such as during the melt phase of the polymerization. A range of particle sizes can be used, as well as a range of particle size distributions. The polyester compositions according to the invention are suitable for use in packaging in which a reheating step is desirable or necessary, and are provided with metal molybdenum particles to improve the reheat efficiency. These compositions can be provided as a molten material, in solid form, as preforms such as for blow molding, as sheets suitable for thermoforming, as concentrates, and as bottles, compositions comprising a polyester polymer, with particles of molybdenum metal dispersed in the polyester. Suitable polyesters include polyalkylene terephthalates and polyalkylene naphthalates. The invention also relates to processes for the manufacture of polyester compositions in which metal molybdenum particles can be added at any stage of a polyester polymerization process, such as during the melt phase for the manufacture of polyester polymers. . The metal molybdenum particles can also be added to the polyester polymer which is in the form of pellets formed in the solid state, or to an injection molding machine for the manufacture of preforms from the polyester polymers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Fig. 1 represents the molybdenum particle size distribution of the sample used in Examples 1 to 3 as revealed by scanning electron microscopy; Fig. 2 represents the relationship between the reheat index and the concentration of molybdenum metal particles used as a reheat additive; Fig. 3 represents the impact of the reheat index on the L * value for a polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles; Fig. 4 represents the impact of the reheat index on the nebulosity for a polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles; Fig. 5 represents the relationship between the reheat index and the value a * for a polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles; Fig. 6 represents the relation between the reheat index and the b * value of a polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles; Fig. 7 shows the effect of the additive concentration on the reheat index for the metal molybdenum particles added during the polyester polymerization process; Fig. 8 represents the relationship between the value L * and the reheat index for the polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles added during the polyester polymerization process; Fig. 9 represents the relationship between the cloudiness and the reheat index for polyesters containing metal molybdenum particles added during the polyester polymerization process; Fig. 10 shows the relation between the value a * and the reheat index for metallic molybdenum particles added by two different methods: addition to the polymerization process (pzn) and by the composition in the molten state in a polyester (cmpd) . Fig. 11 represents the relation between the b * value and the reheat index for metallic particles of molybdenum added with two different methods: addition to the polymerization process (pzn) and by the composition in the molten state in a polyester (cmpd). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention can be more easily understood by reference to the following detailed description of the invention, including the accompanying figures, and to the examples provided. It is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the specific processes and conditions described, because the processes and process conditions specific to processing plastic articles may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used is for the purpose of describing particular modalities only and is not intended to be limiting. As used in the specification and in the claims, the singular forms "a", "an", and "the" include plural references unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. For example, with respect to the processing of a "preform", "container" or "bottle" thermoplastic it is proposed to include the processing of a plurality of preforms, articles, containers or thermoplastic bottles. By "comprising" or "containing" the inventors propose that at least the compound, element, particle, etc. mentioned; must be present in the composition or article, but does not exclude the presence of other compounds, materials, particles, etc., even if the other compounds, materials, particles, etc. They have the same function as the one mentioned. As used herein, a "d5o particle size" is the average diameter, where 50% of the volume is composed of particles larger than the established dso value, and 50% of the volume is composed of particles smaller than the value d $ o established. As used herein, the average particle size is the same as the particle size d50. In accordance with the invention, molybdenum metal particles are used in which the molybdenum metal is provided in the elemental state. These particles are to be distinguished from molybdenum compounds, including compounds or complexes of molybdenum (II), molybdenum (III) and molybdenum (IV). The molybdenum compounds are also described in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol 16, 4th edition, (1995) pp. 940-962, incorporated herein by reference. Thus molybdenum compounds that can be used as condensation catalysts are not proposed to fall within the definition of metallic molybdenum particles. That is, if the molybdenum (II) to molybdenum (IV) compounds are used as condensation catalysts to form the polymer in the compositions of the claimed invention, such polymers will additionally contain molybdenum metal particles in which molybdenum is provided in the elementary state, as is further described herein. Molybdenum and molybdenum alloys are furthermore described in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol. 16, 4th edition, (1995) p. 925-936, incorporated herein by reference. The metal molybdenum particles useful according to the claimed invention may comprise predominantly, in terms of weight percent, elemental molybdenum metal, with typical impurities, in which the molybdenum metal may be predominantly elemental molybdenum, or an alloy of molybdenum metal in which the molybdenum can be alloyed with one or more other metals, semi-metals, and / or non-metals, while the alloys substantially retain the metallic properties of molybdenum. In addition, the phase or phases present in the metal molybdenum alloy particles according to the invention can include amorphous phases, solid solution phases, or solid solutions of intermetallic compound phase and thus can be distinguished from compositions comprised predominantly of compounds of molybdenum such as those in which molybdenum has a higher oxidation state, although the alloys may, of course, include molybdenum compounds resulting from the alloying process, again as long as the alloys substantially retain their metallic properties. The alloys useful according to the invention thus include those in which the molybdenum and one or more other metals or non-metals are intimately mixed with the molybdenum, such as when melted, so that they melt together and dissolve with each other. to form, at least in part, a solid solution. The inventors do not, of course, want to exclude molybdenum alloys having median amounts of molybdenum compounds present, up to about 50% by weight, as long as such alloys retain the substantial metallic properties, and in any event, the molybdenum present retains substantially its metallic properties, notwithstanding the presence of molybdenum compounds in the alloy. The alloys are thus suitable for use according to the invention - as long as such alloys comprise at least 20% by weight molybdenum metal, or at least 30% by weight molybdenum, or at least 50% by weight of molybdenum, or at least 60% by weight of molybdenum, or at least 90% by weight of molybdenum, or at least 95% by weight of molybdenum, as determined, for example, by elemental analysis, especially when Molybdenum is the main alloying element. Not wishing to be bound by any theory, the inventors believe that the effectiveness of molybdenum as a reheat additive can be a function of the absorptive properties of molybdenum itself, such as the optical constants at the wavelength of interest, so that the molybdenum alloys are also suitable for use according to the invention, while such alloys have a significant amount of molybdenum, such as the minimum amounts of molybdenum as already described. The metal molybdenum particles can thus be elemental molybdenum, or they can be a molybdenum metal alloy in which the molybdenum is alloyed with one or more other materials, such as other metals, so long as such other materials do not substantially affect the ability of the particles to increase the reheating properties of the polymer compositions. The inventors note that molybdenum metal particles can be produced by numerous techniques, as described in Powder Metallurgy in Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology Vol. 16, 4th ed., (1995) pp 353-392, incorporated herein by reference. For example, the molybdenum metal particles according to the invention can be formed by atomization, reduction, decomposition, electrolytic deposition, precipitation, electrode rotation, high energy impaction, mechanical crushing, condensation, decomposition of metal hydrides, or rapid solidification technology. According to the reference of the Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (Kirk-Othmer, Vol 16, pp. 925-936), the molybdenum powder can be produced as follows: technical grade molybdenum trioxide or ammonium molybdate is reduced to powder of molybdenum by hydrogen at 500 ° C to 1,150 ° C in a can-type or tube-type furnace. Molybdenum metal powder forms that can be used in this invention include, but are not limited to, the following; acicular powder, angular powder, dendritic powder, powder of equal axes, flake powder, fragmented powder, granular powder, irregular powder, nodular powder, platelet powder, porous powder, rounded powder and spherical powder. The particles can be of a filamentary structure, where the individual particles can be loose aggregates of smaller particles joined together to form an account or structure similar to a chain. The full size of the particles can be variable, due to the variation in chain length and degree of branching. The metal molybdenum particles useful according to the invention for improving reheating and color in polyester compositions include those having a range of particle sizes and particle size distributions, although the inventors have found certain particle sizes and distributions of relatively narrow particle sizes to be especially suitable in certain applications. For example, in some embodiments, especially those in which the polyester comprises PET, metallic molybdenum particles having an average particle size of about 0.15 microns (μ), and a relatively narrow particle size distribution, are advantageous. The size of the metallic molybdenum particles can thus vary within a wide range depending on the production method, and the numerical values for the particle sizes can vary according to the shape of the particles and the measurement method. The particle sizes useful according to the invention can be from about 0.005 μ a to about 10 μ p ?, or 'from 0.05 μm to 1 μ p, or 0.5 μ p? at 0.9 μp ?. When the polyester composition comprises PET, the inventors have found that particle sizes of 0.08 μ? at 1.1 μp? They are especially suitable. The particles useful according to the invention can likewise be hollow molybdenum spheres or molybdenum-coated spheres, in which the core is comprised of molybdenum, mixtures of molybdenum with other materials, or other materials in the substantial absence of molybdenum. Again, not wishing to be bound by any theory, the inventors probably think that the effectiveness of molybdenum as a reheat additive is a function of the absorptive properties of molybdenum by itself, so that the molybdenum-coated particles are suitable for the use according to the invention, while the coating thickness is sufficient to provide adequate reheating properties. Thus, in various embodiments, the thickness of the coating can be approximately 0.005 μ? to approximately 10 μ ?? or 0.01 μ ??? at 5 μp ?, or 0.10 μ ?? to 0.5 μ? a. Such molybdenum coatings can also comprise molybdenum alloys, as already described. Metal particles, which have a medium particle size suitable for the invention, may have irregular shapes and form chain-like structures, although approximately spherical particles may be preferred. The particle size and the particle size distribution can be measured by methods such as those described in the entry Size Measurement of Particles by Kirk Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 4th ed. , vol 22, pp. 256-278, incorporated herein by reference. For example, particle size and particle size distributions can be determined using a Fisher Subsieve sizer or a Microtrac Particle Size analyzer manufactured by Leeds and Northrop Company, or by microscopic techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy or microscopy. transmission electronics. The amount of metallic molybdenum particles present in the polyester compositions according to the invention can vary within a wide range, for example from about 0.5 ppm to about 1000 ppm, or from 1 to 500 ppm, or from 5 ppm to 100 ppm, or from 5 ppm to 50 ppm. The thermoplastic concentrates according to the invention, of course, may have larger amounts than these, as is further described elsewhere herein. · The metal molybdenum particles according to the claimed invention can be pure molybdenum, or they can be particles coated with molybdenum, or can be molybdenum alloyed with one or more other metals. Metals that can be alloyed with molybdenum in amounts of up to 50% by weight or more include germanium, iron, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, titanium, vanadium, carbon and tantalum. Metals that may be present in smaller amounts, for example up to about 105 weight or more, include gold, silver, copper, aluminum, manganese and silicon. The metal molybdenum particles can thus be elemental molybdenum, or can include other materials, such as other metals, as long as such other metals do not substantially affect the ability of the particles to increase the reheating properties of the polymer compositions. The molybdenum metal particles may be coated with a thin layer of molybdenum oxide or other coating, so long as the oxide coating does not substantially affect the ability of the molybdenum particles to increase the reheat efficiency of the polymer compositions. A range of particle size distributions may be useful according to the invention. The particle size distribution, as used in the present, can be expressed by "space (S)", where S is calculated by the following equation: g - ^ 90 ~ ^ 10 where d90 represents a particle size in which 90% of the volume is composed of particles smaller than the established dong; and dio represents a particle size in which 10% of the volume is composed of particles smaller than the established dio; and d50 represents a particle size in which 50% of the volume is composed of particles larger than the d50 value established, and 50% of the volume is composed of particles smaller than the established dso value. Thus, the particle size distributions in which the space (S) is from 0 to 10, from 0 to 5, or from 0.01 to 2, can be used according to the invention. In order to obtain a good dispersion of the metallic molybdenum particles in the polyester compositions, a concentrate, containing for example about 500 ppm of molybdenum metal particles, can be prepared using a polyester such as a commercial grade of PE. The concentrate can then be left in a polyester at the desired concentration, varying, for example, from 1 ppm to 500 ppm. The amount of metallic molybdenum particles used in the polyester will depend on the particular application, the desired reduction in reheat time, and the tolerance level on the reduction of a * and b * away from zero along with the movement of the values of brightness L * far from 100. Thus, in various embodiments, the amount of the metallic molybdenum particles can be at least 1 ppm, or at least 5 ppm, or at least 50 ppm. In many applications, the amount of metallic molybdenum particles can be at least 50 ppm, in some cases at least 60 ppm, and even at least 70 ppm. The maximum amount of metallic molybdenum particles can be limited by one or more of the desired reheat ratio or maintenance in L *, b * and cloudiness, which may vary between applications or customer requirements. . In some embodiments, the amount may be less than 500 ppm, or may be at or below 300 ppm, or may not exceed 250 ppm. In these applications where color, nebulosity, and brilliance are not important features to the application, however, the amount of metallic molybdenum particles used can be up to 1000 ppm, or up to 5000 ppm or even up to 10,000 ppm. The amount may exceed 10,000 ppm when the formulation of a concentrate with the metallic molybdenum particles as discussed elsewhere in this application. The method by which metallic molybdenum particles are incorporated into the polyester composition is not limited. The metal molybdenum particles can be added to the polymer reagent system, during or after the polymerization, to the polymer melt material, or to the molding powder or pellets or to the molten polyester in the injection molding machine from the which bottle preforms are made. They can be added in locations. which include, but are not limited to, near the inlet of the esterification reactor, near the outlet of the esterification reactor, at a point between the inlet and outlet of the esterification reactor, any place along the recirculation coil , near the entrance to the prepolymer reactor-, near the outlet of the prepolymer reactor, at a point between the inlet and outlet of the prepolymer reactor, close to the entrance to the polycondensation reactor, or at a point between the inlet and the output of the polycondensation reactor. The molybdenum metal particles can be added to a polyester polymer, such as PET, and fed to an injection molding machine by any method, including feeding the molybdenum metal particles to the molten polymer in the injection molding machine , or by combining metallic molybdenum particles with a PET feed to the injection molding machine, either by melt mixing or by dry mixing pellets. Alternatively, the metal molybdenum particles can be added to an esterification reactor, such as with and through the feeding of ethylene glycol optionally combined with phosphoric acid, to a prepolymer reactor, to a polycondensation reactor, or to the solid pellets in a reactor for solid state training, or at any point in or between any of these stages. In each of these cases, the molybdenum metal particles can be combined with PET or its pure precursors, as a concentrate containing PET, or diluted with a carrier. The carrier may be reactive to the PET or may not be reactive. The molybdenum metal particles, either pure or in a concentrate or in a carrier, and the crude polyester, can be dried before being mixed together. These can be dried in an atmosphere of dry air or other inert gas, such as nitrogen, and if desired, under sub-atmospheric pressure. The impact of a reheat additive on the color of the polymer can be judged using a tristimulus color scale, such as the L * a * b * scale of CIE. The L * value varies from 0 to 100 and measures from dark to light. The value a * measures from red to green with positive values that are red and green negative values. The b * value measures from yellow to blue with the yellow that has positive values and the blue values negative. The theory of color measurement and practice are disclosed in more detail in Principies of Color Technology pp. 25-66 by Fred W. Billmeyer, Jr., John Wiley & amp;; Sons, New York (1981), incorporated herein by reference. The L * values for the polyester compositions as measured on twenty-ounce bottle preforms discussed herein should generally be greater than 60, more preferably at least 65, and more preferably still at least 70. The specification of a L * particular brilliance does not imply that a preform having a particular sidewall cross-sectional thickness is currently used, but only in the event that L * is measured, the polyester composition currently used is, for testing and evaluation purposes the L * of the composition, injection molded to be a preform that has a thickness of 0.154 inches. The color of a desirable polyester composition as measured in twenty-ounce bottle preforms having a nominal sidewall cross-sectional thickness of 0.154 inches, is generally indicated by a coordinate value a * preferably varying from about minus 2.0_ to about plus 1.0, or from about minus 1.5 to about plus 0.5. With respect to a coordinated value b *, it is generally desired to make a bottle preform having a value coordinate b * varying from minus 3.0 to the positive value of less than plus 5.0, or less than plus 4.0 or less than plus 3.8. Polyesters according to the invention having an acceptable bottle side wall nebulosity generally have a haze value, as measured on samples having a cross-sectional thickness of about 0.0125 inches, of less than 6.0%, or less of 5.0%, or less than 4.0%, or 3.0% or less. The measurements of the color values L *, a * and b * are conducted according to the following method. The instrument used to measure color b * must have the capabilities of an XE · UltraScan HunterLab model U3350 using the CIE laboratory scale (L *, a *, b *), illuminant D65 (ASTM), a 10 ° observer and an integration sphere geometry. The clear plates, films, preforms, bottles, and are tested in the transmission mode under ASTM of 1746"Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting". The instrument for measuring color is arranged under • ASTM E1164"Standard Practice for Obtaining Spectrophotometric Data for Object-Color Evaluation". More particularly the following test methods can be used, depending on whether the sample is a preform or a bottle. Color measurements should be made using an XE ülstraScan HunterLab (Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston VA) using the diffuse / 8 ° optical sphere geometry (lighting / angle of view), or equivalent equipment with these same basic capabilities . The color scale used is the L * a * b * CIE scale with the D65 illuminant and the specified 10 ° observer. Preforms that have an average outside diameter of 0.846 inches and a wall thickness of 0.154 inches, and bottle side wall sections that have a wall thickness of 0.115 inches to 0.012 inches are measured in the regular transmission mode using ASTM of 1746, "Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting." The preforms are kept in place in the instrument using a preform holder, available from HunterLab, and the measurements in triplicate are averaged, in this way the sample is rotated 90 ° approximately its central axis between each measurement. The intrinsic viscosity values (lt.V) described throughout this description are reported in unit dL / g as calculated from the inherent viscosity (Ih.V) measured at 25 ° C in 60/40 p / p phenol / tetrachloroethane . The inherent viscosity is calculated from the viscosity of the measured solution. The following equations describe these solution viscosity measurements, and the subsequent calculations at Ih.V. and from Ih-V- to lt.V: Tlinh = [ln (ts / t0)] / C where r ính = Inherent viscosity at 25 ° C at a polymer concentration of 0.50 g / 100 mL of 60% phenol and 40% of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane ln = Natural logarithm ts = Time of sample flow through a capillary tube tD = Time of flow of solvent white through a capillary tube C = Concentration of polymer in grams per 100 mL of solvent (0.50%).

The intrinsic viscosity is the limiting value in the infinite dilution of the specific viscosity of a polymer. This is defined by the following equation: Tiint = lim (Tlsp / C) = lim ln (? G / 0) C- > 0 C- 0 where r \ int - intrinsic viscosity r] r = relative viscosity = ts / to? 3? = specific viscosity = ¾ - 1 Instrument calibration involves the replication test of standard reference material and then applies the appropriate mathematical equations to produce the I.V. values. "Accepted" - Calibration Factor = Accepted IV of the Reference Material / Average of the Replication Determinations IhV Corrected = IhV Calculated x Factor Calibration The intrinsic viscosity (ItV or | int) can be estimated using the Billmeyer equation as follows: Tlint = 0.5 [e ° · 5 * ¾ corrected _?] + (0_? 5? Corrected) Thus, a beneficial feature produced by polyester compositions containing metallic molybdenum particles is that the compositions and preforms made from these compositions have an improved reheat ratio, as expressed by the surface temperature of the twenty ounce bottle preform (PST), relative to a control without a reheat additive. The higher the PST value, the higher the reheat ratio. In some embodiments, polyester compositions containing metallic molybdenum particles, and preforms made from these compositions, may have a b * of less than 5.0 or less than 3.8, or less than 3.7, or in any case larger than minus 3.0, to one in loads ranging from 100 ppm to 200 ppm. Similarly, the preforms of the polyester compositions according to the invention may have a brightness of L * of at least 60, or at least 70. The compositions may also result in an increase in the percent nebulosity of the wall Side of the bottle is much less than compositions containing other types of reheat additives in the same reheat ratio levels. The cloudiness value of the sidewall bottle measured at a thickness of 0.0125 inches (+/- 0.004) may be 6.0% or less, or 5.0% or less, or even 4.0% or less. According to the invention, in various embodiments, the concentrated compositions comprising molybdenum metal particles in an amount of at least 0.05% by weight, or at least 2% by weight, and up to about 20% by weight are provided. , or up to 35% by weight, and a normally solid thermoplastic polymer at 25 ° C and 1 atm such as a polyester, polyolefin or polycarbonate in an amount of at least 65% by weight, or at least 80% by weight, or up to 99% by weight or more, each based on the weight of the concentrated composition. The concentrate may be in liquid, molten or solid form. The polymer converter for preforms has the flexibility to add metal molybdenum particles to the raw polyester in the step of injection molding continuously, or intermittently, in the molten liquid form or as a solid mescal, and additionally adjusting the amount of the molybdenum metal particles contained in the preform when dosing the amount of concentrate to adjust the end-use application and the customer's requirements. The concentrate can be made by mixing the molybdenum metal particles with a polymer such as a polycarbonate, a polyester, a polyolefin, or mixtures thereof, in a single or double screw extruder, and optionally composing with other reheat additives. A suitable polycarbonate is polycarbonate bisphenol A. Suitable polyolefins include, but are not limited to, polyethylene and polypropylene, and copolymers thereof. The melt temperatures must be at least as high as the melting point of the polymer. For a polymer, such as PET, melt temperatures are typically in the range of 250 ° -310 ° C. Preferably, the temperature of the fusion compound is kept as low as possible. The extruded material can be removed in any way, such as a strand form, and recovered according to the usual manner such as cut. The concentrate can be prepared in a similar polyester as is used in the final article. However, in some cases it may be advantageous to use another polymer in the concentrate, such as a polyolefin. In the case where a polyolefin / metallic molybdenum particles concentrate is mixed with the polyester, the polyolefin can be incorporated as a nucleator additive for the raw polyester. The concentrate can be added to a raw polyester or anywhere along the different steps to manufacture the PET, in such a way that the concentrate is compatible with the raw polyester or its precursors. For example, the point of addition or the It.V. of the concentrate can be chosen such that the It.V. of polyethylene terephthalate and It.V. of the concentrate are similar, for example +/- 0.2 It.V. measured at 25 ° C in a solution of 60/40 w / w phenol / tetrachloroethane. A concentrate can be made with an It.V. that varies from 0.3 dL / g to 1.1 dL / g to equal the iT.V. typical of a polyethylene terephthalate under manufacture in the polycondensation stage. Alternatively, a concentrate can be made with an It.V. similar to that of the solid state pellets used in the injection molding stage (eg It.V. from 0.6 dL / g to 1.1 dL / g). Other components can be added to the polymer compositions of the present invention to increase the performance properties of the polyester composition. For example, crystallization aids, impact modifiers, surface lubricants, debonder agents, stabilizers, antioxidants, ultraviolet light absorbing agents, catalyst deactivators, colorants, nucleating agents, acetaldehyde reduction compounds, other reheat enhancers , fillers, anti-abrasion additives, and the like can be included. The resin may also contain small amounts of branching agents such as trifunctional or tetrafunctional comonomers such as trimellitic anhydride, trimethylol propane, pyromellitic dianhydride, pentaerythritol, and other polyester-forming polyacids or polyols generally known in the art. All these additives and many others and their use are well known in the art. Any of these compounds can be used in the present composition. The polyester compositions of the present invention are suitable for molding, and can be used to form preforms used to prepare packaging containers. The preform is typically heated above the vitreous transition temperature of the polymer composition by passing the preform through a bank of infrared quartz heating lamps, placing the preform in a bottle mold, and then blow pressurized air through the open end of the mold. A variety of other articles can be made from the polyester compositions of the invention. Items include sheet, film, bottles, trays, other containers, bars, lids, and injection molded items. Any type of bottle can be made from the polyester compositions of the invention. Thus, in one embodiment, a beverage bottle made of PET suitable for containing water is provided. In another embodiment, an appropriately heat-curing beverage bottle is provided for containing beverages that are hot filled. In yet another embodiment the bottle is suitable for containing carbonated soft drinks. The metallic molybdenum particle heating additives used in the invention affect the reheat ratio, brightness, and color of the preforms and the value of the nebulosity of the bottles made from these preforms. Any one or more of these performance characteristics can be adjusted by varying the amount of the reheat additive used, or by changing the particle size, or the particle size distribution. The invention also provides processes for preforming polyester comprising feeding a liquid or solid raw polyester or a liquid, the concentrated composition of molten or solid polyester to a machine for manufacturing the preform, the concentrate being as described elsewhere. . According to the invention, not only can the concentrate be added in the step to be preforms, but in other embodiments, the processes for the manufacture of the polyester compositions comprising adding a concentrated polyester composition to a molten phase are provided. the manufacture of virgin polyester polymers, the concentrate comprising metallic molybdenum particles and at least 65% by weight of a polyester polymer. Alternatively, the molybdenum particles can be added to the recycled PET. The polyester compositions according to the invention have a good reheat ratio with improved L * and b * ratios, and low sidewall bottle nebulosity. The resulting polymers also have excellent solid establishment stability. In yet another embodiment of the invention a polyester beverage bottle made of a preform is provided, wherein the preform has a PST of 112 ° C or more and an L * value of 60 ° or more. In each of the embodiments described, additional modalities are also provided which include the processes for the manufacture of each, and the preforms and articles, and in particular bottles, blow molded from the preforms, as well as their compositions containing particles of molybdenum metal. The polyester compositions of this invention can be any of the thermoplastic polymers, optionally containing any number of ingredients in any of the amounts, with the proviso that the polyester component of the polymer is present in an amount of at least 30% by weight, or at least 50% by weight, or at least 80% by weight, or even 90% by weight or more, based on the weight of the polymer, the polymer backbone typically includes terephthalate or naphthalate units. repetition. Examples of suitable polyester polymers include one or more of: PET, polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), poly (1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene) erephthalate (PCT), poly (ethylene-co-1,4-cyclohexanedimethylene) terephthalate (PETG) ), copoly (1,4-cyclohexylene dimethylene / ethylene tristalate (PCTG) and its mixtures or copolymers) The shape of the polyester composition is not limited, and includes a melt in the manufacturing process or in the molten state after the polymerization, such as can be found in an injection molding machine, and in the form of a liquid, pellets, preforms, and / or bottles. The polyester pellets can be isolated as a solid at 25 ° C and 1 atm for ease of transport and processing. The shape of the polyester pellet is not limited, and is represented by discrete particles of regular or irregular shape and can be distinguished from a sheet, film, or fiber. It should also be understood that as used herein, the term "polyester" is intended to include polyester derivatives, including, but not limited to, polyether esters, polyester amides and polyether ester amides. Therefore, for simplicity, throughout the specification and claims, the terms polyester, polyether ester, polyether amide, and polyether ester amide can be used interchangeably and are typically referred to as polyester, but it is understood that the particular polyester species is dependent on starting materials, ie reagents and / or polyester precursor components. The location of the metallic molybdenum particles within the polyester compositions is not limited. The molybdenum metal particles can be placed anywhere on or inside the polyester polymer, pellet, preform, or bottle. Preferably, the polyester polymer in the form of a pellet forms a continuous phase. When being distributed "inside" the continuous phase the inventors propose that the metallic molybdenum particles are in at least within a portion of a cut of cross section of the pellet. The metal molybdenum particles can be distributed within the polyester polymer randomly, distributed within the discrete regions, or distributed only within a portion of the polymer. In a preferred embodiment, the metal molybdenum particles are randomly placed throughout the polyester polymer composition as by way of adding the metal molybdenum particles to a molten material, or by mixing the molybdenum metal particles with a solid polyester composition. followed by melting and mixing. The molybdenum metal particles can be added in an amount to achieve a preform surface temperature of at least 112 ° C, or at least 115 ° C, or at least 120 ° C, while maintaining a brightness of L * of 60 or more, when measured as a PSR of 112 ° C. Suitable amounts of metallic molybdenum particles in the polyester compositions (other than the polyester concentrate compositions as discussed elsewhere), preforms, and containers, may vary from 0.5 to about 500 ppm, based on the weight of the polymer in the polyester compositions, or as already described. The amount of metallic molybdenum particles used may depend on the type and quality of the metal molybdenum particles, the particle size, the surface area, the morphology of the particle, and the level of the desired reheat ratio improvement. . The particle size can be measured with a laser diffraction type particle size distribution meter, or scanning electron microscopy or transmission methods. Alternatively, the particle size can be correlated by a percentage of particles screened through a mesh. The metal molybdenum particles having a particle size distribution in which at least 80%, preferably at least 90%, more preferably at least 95% of the particles fall through a 140 mesh screen of ASTM- E11 are suitable for use as reheating agents. The metal molybdenum particles having a particle size distribution in which at least 80% preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 95% of the particles fall through a 325 ASTM-Ell sieve also they are suitable for use as reheating agents. The. metallic molybdenum particles used in the invention not only improve the reheat ratio of a preform, but have only a minimal impact on the brightness of the preforms and bottles by not reducing the acceptable levels below L *. An acceptable L * value of preforms or bottles is considered 60 or more when measured at a PST of 112 ° C. In various other embodiments, polyester compositions are provided, either in the form of a molten material, pellets, sheets, preforms, and / or bottles, comprising at least 0.5 ppm, or at least 50 ppm, or at least less 100 ppm of molybdenum metal particles, having a particle size of 50 less than 100 μp ?, or less than 50 μp ?, or less than 1 μp? or less, wherein the polyester compositions have an L * value of 65 or more, or 68 or more, or even 70 or more, when measured at a PST of 112 ° C, or 115 ° C, or 120 ° C . According to various embodiments of the invention, the molybdenum metal particles can be added at any point by the polymerization, which includes the area of esterification, the polycondensation zone comprised of prepolymer and the finishing zone, before or after the pellet formation zone, and at any point between or in between these zones. The molybdenum metal particles can also be added to the solid state pellets as they leave the solid settling reactor. In addition, molybdenum metal particles can be added to the PET pellets in combination with other feeds to the injection molding machine, or they can be fed separately to the injection molding machine. For clarification, metallic molybdenum particles can be added in the molten phase or to an injection molding machine without the solidification and isolation of the polyester composition in the pellets. Thus, molybdenum metal particles can also be added in a melt-to-mold process at any point in the process to make the preforms. In each case at an addition point, the molybdenum metal particles can be added as a pure powder, or in a liquid, or a polymer concentrate, and can be added to the virgin or recycled PET, or added as a concentrate of polymer using virgin or recycled PER as the carrier of. PET polymer. In other embodiments, the invention relates to processes for manufacturing polyester compositions containing metal molybdenum particles, such as polyalkylene terephthalate or naphthalate polymers made by the transesterification of a dialkyl terephthalate or dialkyl naphthalate or by directly esterifying terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. Thus, processes are provided for making polyalkylene terephthalate or naphthalate polymer compositions by transesterifying a dialkylterephthalate or naphthalate or by directly esterifying a terephthalic acid or naphthalene dicarboxylic acid with a diol, adding metal molybdenum particles to the molten phase for the production of a polyalkylene terephthalate or naphthalate after the prepolymer zone, or to the polyalkylene terephthalate or naphthalate solids, or to an injection molding machine for the manufacture of bottle preforms. Each of one of these process modes, together with a description of the polyester polymers, is now explained in further detail. The polyester polymer suitable for molding can be PET, PEN, or copolymers, or mixtures thereof. A preferred polyester polymer is polyethylene terephthalate. As used herein, a polyethylene terephthalate polymer or alkylene naphthalate polymer means a polymer having polyalkylene terephthalate units or polyalkylene naphthalate units in an amount of at least 605 mol based on the total moles of units in the polymer, respectively. Thus, the polymer may contain ethylene terephthalate or naphthalate units in an amount of at least 85% mol, or at least 90% mol, or at least 92 mol%, or at least 96 mol%, as measured by the mole percent of ingredients added to the reaction mixture. Thus, a polyethylene terephthalate polymer may comprise a copolyester of ethylene terephthalate units and other units derived from an alkylene glycol or aryl glycol with an aliphatic or aryl, dicarboxylic acid. While reference is made in certain cases to polyethylene terephthalate, it will be understood that the polymer may also be a polyalkylene terephthalate or other polyester polymer described herein. · The polyethylene terephthalate can be manufactured by reacting a diacid or diester component comprising at least 60 mol% of terephthalic acid or C 1 -C 4 dialkylterephthalate, or at least 70 mol%, or at least 85% by weight mol, or at least 90 mol%, and for many applications at least 95 mol%, and a diol component comprising at least 60 mol% ethylene glycol, or at least 70 mol%, or at least 85 mol%, or at least 90 mol%, and for many applications at least 95 mol%. Preferably, the diacid component is terephthalic acid and the diol component is ethylene glycol. The mole percentage for the whole diol component (s) totals 100% mol.

The polyester pellet compositions may include mixtures of polyalkylene terephthalates, PEN or mixtures thereof, together with other thermoplastic polymers, such as polycarbonates (PC) and polyamides. It is preferred in many cases that the polyester composition comprises a majority of polyalkylene terephthalate polymers or PEN polymers, or in an amount of at least 80% by weight, or at least 95% by weight, based on the weight of polymers (which exclude fillers, compounds, inorganic compounds or particles, impact modifiers, or other polymers that can form a discontinuous phase). In addition to the units derived from terephthalic acid, the acid component of the present polyester can be modified with, or replaced, units derived from one or more additional dicarboxylic acids, such as aromatic-dicarboxylic acids, preferably having from 8 to 14 atoms. carbon aliphatic-dicarboxylic acids having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms, or cycloaliphatic dicarboxylic acids preferably having from 8 to 12 carbon atoms. Examples of useful dicarboxylic acid units for the acid component for the acid component are units of phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid, cyclohexanediacetic acid, diphenyl-, 4'-acid. -dicarboxylic acid, succinic acid, glutaric acid, adipic acid, azelaic acid, cebasic acid, and the like, with isophthalic acid, naphthalene-2,6-dicarboxylic acid, and cyclohexanedicarboxylic acid which is preferable. It should be understood that the use of the corresponding acid anhydrides, esters, and acid chlorides of these acids are included in the term "dicarboxylic acid". In addition to the units derived from ethylene glycol, the diol component of the present polyester can be modified, or replaced with, units of other diols including cycloaliphatic diols preferably having from 6 to 20 carbon atoms and preferably aliphatic diols having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms. carbon atoms. Examples of such diols include diethylene glycol · (DEG); triethylene glycol; 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol; propane-1,3-diol; butane-1,4-diol; pentane-1, 5-diol; hexane-1, 6-diol; 3-methylpentanediol- (2, 4); 2- methylpentanediol- (1,); 2, 2, 4-trimethylpentane-diol- (1, 3); 2,5-ethylenehexanediol- (1,3); 2, 2-diethylpropane-diol- (1,3): hexanediol- (1, 3); 1,4-di- (dihydroxyethoxy) -benzene; 2,2-bis- (4-hydroxycyclohexyl) -propane; 2,4-dihydroxy-1,3,3-tetramethylcyclobutane; 2, 2-bis- (3-hydroxyethoxyphenyl) -propane; and 2, 2-bis (4-hydroxypropoxyphenyl) -propane. The polyester compositions of the invention can be prepared by conventional polymerization procedures well known in the art sufficient to effect esterification and polycondensation. The polyester melt phase manufacturing processes include direct condensation of a dicarboxylic acid with one dioxide optionally in the presence of esterification catalysts in the esterification zone, followed by the polycondensation in the prepolymer and the finishing zones in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst; or other ester exchange usually in the presence of a transesterification catalyst in the esterification zone, followed by the polymerization and terminated in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst, and each may optionally be subsequently solidly established according to known methods. After the molten phase and / or the solid state polycondensation the polyester polymer compositions typically have an intrinsic viscosity (It.V.) ranging from 0.55 dL / g to about 0.70 dL / g as precursor pellets, and an It. V. which varies from about 0.70 dL / g to about 1.1 dL / g for solid state pellets. To further illustrate, a mixture of one or more carboxylic acids, preferably dicarboxylic aromatic acids, or ester forming derivatives thereof, and one or more diols, are continuously fed to an esterification reactor operated at a temperature between about 200 ° C and 300 ° C. typically between 240 ° C and 290 ° C, and at a pressure of about 1 psig to about 70 psig. The residence time of the reagents typically varies between about one to five hours. Normally, the dicarboxylic acid is directly etherified with diol (s) at elevated pressures and at a temperature of about 240 ° C to about 270 ° C. The esterification reaction is continued until an esterification degree of at least 60% is achieved, but more typically until an esterification degree of at least 85% is achieved to make the desired monomer. The esterification monomer reaction is typically not catalyzed in the direct esterification process and catalyzed in the transesterification process. The polycondensation catalysts can optionally be added in the esterification zone together with the esterification / transesterification catalysts. Typical esterification / transesterification catalysts that can be used include titanium alkoxides, dibutyltin dilaurate, used separately or in combination, optionally with zinc, manganese, or magnesium acetates or benzoates and / or other catalyst materials such as are well known to those skilled in the art. The phosphorus-containing compounds and cobalt compounds may also be present in the esterification zone. The resulting products formed in the esterification zone include bis (2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalate monomer (BHET), low molecular weight oligomers, DEG, and water as the condensation by-product, together with other very small amounts of impurities formed by the reaction of the catalyst and other components such as colorants or phosphorus-containing compounds. The relative amounts of BHET and oligomeric species will vary depending on whether the process is a direct esterification process, in which case the amount of the oligomeric species are significant and even present as the main species, or a process of transesterification, in such case the amount relative to BHET predominates over oligomeric species. The water is removed as the esterification reaction proceeds and the excess ethylene glycol is removed to provide favorable equilibrium conditions. The esterification zone typically produces the mixture of monomer and oligomer, if any, continuously in series of one or more reactors. Alternatively, the mixture of monomer and oligomer could be produced in one or more batch reactors. It is understood, however, in a process to do PEN, the reaction mixture will contain monomeric species such as bis (2-hydroxyethyl) naphthalate and their corresponding oligomers. Once the ester monomer is made to the desired degree of esterification, it is transported from the esterification reactors in the esterification zone to the polycondensation zone comprised of a prepolymer zone and a finishing zone. The polycondensation reactions are initiated and continued in the molten phase in a prepolymerization zone and terminated in the molten phase in a finishing zone, after the molten material solidifies in the precursor solids in the form of chips. pellets, or any other form. For convenience, solids are referred to as pellets, but it is understood that a pellet can have any shape, structure, or consistency. If desired, the polycondensation reaction can be continued by solidifying the precursor pellets in a solid state zone. Although the reference is made to a prepolymer zone and a finishing zone, it is to be understood that each zone may comprise a series of one or more different reaction vessels operating under different conditions, or the zones may be combined in a container of reaction that uses one or more sub-stages that operate in different conditions in a single reactor. That is, the pre-polymer stage may involve the use of one or more continuously operated reactors, one or more batch reactors or even one or more reaction stages or sub-stages performed in a single reactor vessel. In some reactor designs, the prepolymerization zone represents the first half of the polycondensation in terms of reaction time, while the finishing zone represents the second half of the polycondensation. While other reactor designs can adjust the residence time between the prepolymerization zone to the finishing zone in approximately a 2: 1 ratio, a common distinction in all designs between the prepolymerization zone and the finishing zone is that the posterior zone operates at a higher temperature, lower pressure, and a higher rate of surface renewal than the operating conditions in the prepolymerization zone. Generally, each of the polymerization and finishing zones comprises one or a series of more than one reaction vessel, and the polymerization and finishing reactors are sequenced in series as part of a continuous process for the manufacture of the polyester polymer. . In the prepolymerization zone, also known in the industry as the low polymerizer, the low molecular weight monomers and minor amounts of oligomers are polymerized via the polycondensation to form polyethylene terephthalate (or PEN polyester) polyester in the presence of a catalyst If the catalyst was not added in the monomer esterification step, the catalyst is added in this step to catalyze the reaction between the monomers and the low molecular weight oligomers to form the prepolymer and separate the diol as a by-product. If a polycondensation catalyst was added to the esterification zone, it is typically mixed with the diol and fed into the esterification reactor as the diol feed. Other compounds such as phosphorus-containing compounds, cobalt compounds, and dyes may also be added in the prepolymerization zone. These compounds, however, can be added in the finishing zone instead of or in addition in the prepolymerization zone. In a typical DMT-based process, those skilled in the art recognize that. other catalyst material and addition points of the catalyst material and other ingredients vary from a typical direct esterification process. Typical polycondensation catalysts include. the compounds of antimony, titanium, germanium, zinc and tin in an amount ranging from 0.1 to 1000 ppm based on the weight of the resulting polyester polymer. A common polymerization catalyst added to the prepolymerization zone is an antimony-based polymerization catalyst. Antimony based catalysts include antimony (III) and antimony (V) compounds recognized in the art, and in particular, antimony (III) and antimony (V) compounds soluble in diol with antimony (III) which is used much more commonly. Other suitable compounds include those-antimony compounds that react with, but not necessarily soluble in, the diols, with examples of such compounds that include antimony (III) oxide. Specific examples of suitable antimony catalysts include antimony (III) oxide and antimony (III) acetate, antimony (III) glycollates, antimony (III) ethylene glyoxide and mixtures thereof, with antimony (III) oxide which It is preferred. The preferred amount of the antimony catalyst (III which is preferred) The preferred amount of the antimony catalyst added is that effective to provide a level of between about 75 and about 400 ppm of antimony by weight of the resulting polyester. The prepolymer generally employs a series of two or more containers and is operated at a temperature of between about 250 ° C and 305 ° C for between about one and four hours.During this step, the It.V. of the monomers and oligomer is typically The diode by-product is removed from the molten prepolymer material using an applied vacuum ranging from 15 to 70 torr to drive the reaction to completion, in this respect, the polymer melt material. typically it is stirred to promote the escape of the diol from the molten polymer material and to assist the polymer melt material highly viscous in the movement through the polymerization vessels. As the molten polymer material is fed into the successive containers, the molecules weight and thus the intrinsic viscosity of the molten polymer material increases. The temperature of each container is generally increased and the pressure is lowered to account for a greater degree of polymerization in each successive container. However, to facilitate the removal of glycols, water, alcohols, aldehydes, and other reaction products, the reactors are typically run under a vacuum or purged with an inert gas. The inert gas is any gas that does not cause unwanted reaction or product characteristics under the reaction conditions. Suitable gases include, but are not limited to, carbon dioxide, argon, helium and nitrogen. Once an It.V. of typically not greater than 0.35 dL / g is obtained, the prepolymer is fed from the prepolymer zone to a finishing zone where the second half of polycondensation is continued in one or more finishing containers brought to higher temperatures than that present in the polymerization zone, to a value within a range of 28.0 ° C to 305 ° C until the It.V. of the molten material is increased from the It.V of the molten material in the prepolymerization zone (typically 0.30 dL / g but usually not more than 0.35 dL / g) to an It.V. in the range of about 0.50 dL / g to about 0.70dL / g. The final container, generally known in the industry as the "high polymerizer", "terminator" or "polycondenser", is operated at a lower pressure than that used in the polymerization zone, typically within a range of between about 0.8 and 4.0 torr. Although the finishing zone typically involves the same basic chemistry as the prepolymer zone, the fact that the size of the molecules, and thus the viscosity, differs, means that the reaction conditions also differ. However, similar to the prepolymer reactor, each of the finishing vessels (s) is connected to an instantaneous evaporation vessel and each is typically agitated to facilitate the removal of ethylene glycol. The residence time in the polycondensation containers and the feed ratio of ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid in the esterification zone in a continuous process is determined in part based on the target molecular weight of the polyethylene terephthalate polyester. Because the molecular weight can be easily determined based on the It.V. of the polymer melt material, the It.V. The polymer melt material is generally used to determine the polymerization conditions, such as. temperature, pressure, the proportion of feed of the reagents, and the residence time, inside the polycondensation vessels. Once the It.V. As desired, it is obtained in the terminator, the molten material is fed to a pelletizing zone where it is filtered and extruded into the desired shape. The polyester polymers of the present invention are filtered to remove particles of a designated size, followed by extrusion in the molten phase to form sheets, filaments, or polymer pellets. Although this area is called a "pelletizing zone", it is understood that this zone is not limited to the solidification of the molten material in the form of pellets, but includes solidification in any desired form. Preferably, the molten polymer material is extruded immediately after the polycondensation. After extrusion, the polymers are cooled rapidly, preferably when they are sprayed with water or submerged in water to promote solidification. The solidified condensation polymers are cut into any desired shape, including pellets. As is known to those of ordinary skill in the art, the pellets formed from the condensation polymers, in some circumstances, may be subjected to a zone to be put into a solid state where the solids first crystallize followed by the solid state polymerization ( SSP) to further increase the It.V. of the solids of the polyester composition of the It.V. that leaves the molten phase to the It.V. desired useful for the proposed end use. Typically, the It.V. of solid state polyester solids vary from 0.70 dL / g to 1.15 dL / g. In a typical SSP process, the crystallized pellets are subjected to a countercurrent flow of nitrogen gas heated at 180 ° C to 220 ° C, for a period of time as needed to increase the It.V: to the desired target. Therefore, the polyester polymer solids, if >; they are solid state or not, they turn to. melt and re-extrude to form articles such as containers (eg, beverage bottles), filaments, films or other applications. In this step, the pellets are typically fed into a suitable injection molding machine to make them preform that are blow molded into bottles. As mentioned, the metal molybdenum particles can be added at any point in the molten phase or after, such as to the esterification zone, to the prepolymerization zone, to the finishing zone, or to the pelletizing zone, or at any point between each of these zones, such as the dosing devices, tubes and mixers. The molybdenum metal particles can also be added to the pellets in a solid stage zone within the solid stage zone as the pellets exit the solid phase reactor. In addition, the metal molybdenum particles can be added to the pellets in combination with other feeds to the injection molding machine or fed separately to the injection molding machine. If metal molybdenum particles are added to the molten phase, it is desirable to use particle having a small enough particle size to pass through the filters in the molten phase, and in particular the pelletizing zone. In this way, the particles will not clog the filters as observed by an increase in the pressure of the gear pump necessary to drive the molten material through the filters. However, it is desired, that the molybdenum metal particles can be added after the filter of the pelletizing zone and before or to the extruder. Thus, according to the invention, metallic molybdenum particles of a wide range of particle sizes dso can be added either together with a phosphorus-containing compound to the esterification zone, the prepolymer zone or at any point in between. , or after the addition of a phosphorus compound to the esterification zone before the completion of the esterification reaction to the desired degree, or after the addition of the phosphorus compound to any zone and to a reaction mixture containing a compound of active phosphorus. The point at which metallic molybdenum particles are added, or the presence or absence of such other active compounds in the molten material, is not limited since the function of the metallic molybdenum particles improves the reheat ratio. The function of the metallic molybdenum particles as a superheat enhancing additive allows a wide operating window and flexibility to add the metallic molybdenum particles at any convenient point, even in the presence of compounds containing active phosphorus in the molten phase. Thus, metallic molybdenum particles can be added together with phosphorus compounds either as a mixture in a stream of feedstock to the esterification zone or prepolymer, or as separate feeds or additions to the reaction mixture within the zone. simultaneously. Alternatively, the metal molybdenum particles can be added to a reaction mixture within the esterification zone after a phosphorus compound has been added to the same zone and before the completion of the esterification reaction. Typical phosphorus-containing compounds added in the melt phase include acid-phosphorus-containing compounds recognized in the art. Suitable examples of such additives include phosphoric acid, phosphorous acid, polyphosphoric acid, carboxyphosphonic acids, and each of its derivatives including acidic phosphate esters such as phosphate mono- and di-ethers and non-acidic phosphate esters such as trimethyl phosphate, triethylphosphate, tributylphosphate, tributoxyethyl phosphate, tris (2-ethylhexyl) phosphate, trioctyl phosphate, triphenyl phosphate, tritolylphosphate, ethylene glycol phosphate, triethylphosphonoacetate, dimethylmethylphosphonate, tetraisopropylmethylene diphosphonate, mixtures of mono-, di-, and tri-esters of phosphoric acid with ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, and 2-ethylhexanol or mixtures of each, among others. In addition to the addition of metallic molybdenum particles to the virgin polymer, either to make a concentrate or pure added to the molten phase after the prepolymerization reactors or to an injection molding zone, the molybdenum metal particles can also be added to the post-consumer recycled polymer (PCR). The PCR containing molybdenum metal particles is added to the virgin raw polymers when solid / solid is mixed or both solids are fed to an extruder. Alternatively, PCR polymers containing metal molybdenum particles are advantageously added to the molten phase to make the virgin polymer between the prepolymerization zone and the finishing zone. The It.V. of the virgin molten phase after the pre-polymerization zone is sufficiently high at that point to allow the PCR to be melted mixed with the virgin molten material. Alternatively, the PCR can be added to the terminator. In any case, the PCR added to the virgin molten phase may contain the molybdenum metal particles. The molybdenum metal particles can be combined with the PCR by any of the methods mentioned in the foregoing, or fed separately to molten mixed to a heated vessel, followed by the addition of the molten PCR material containing the molybdenum metal particles to the virgin molten phase in these addition points. Other components may be added to the compositions of the present invention to improve the performance properties of polyester polymers. For example, crystallization aids, impact modifiers, surface lubricants, decoupling agents, compounds, antioxidants, ultraviolet light absorbing agents, catalyst deactivators, colorants, nucleating agents, acetaldehyde reduction compounds, other auxiliary agents. of reheat ratio, sticky bottle additives, such as talc and fillers and the like can be included. The polymer may also contain small amounts of branching agents such as trifunctional or tretrafunctional comonomers such as trimellitic anhydride, trimethylolpropane, pyromellitic dianhydride, pentaerythritol, and other polyester or polyester-forming polyacids generally known in the art. All these additives and many others and their use are well known in the art and do not require extensive discussion. Any of these compounds can be used in the present composition. It is preferable that the present composition be comprised essentially of a mixture of thermoplastic polymer and metal molybdenum particles, with only an amount of modification of other ingredients that are present. Examples of other additive reagent ratio additives that can be used in combination with molybdenum metal particles include carbon black, antimony metal, tin, copper, silver, gold, palladium, platinum, black iron oxide, and similar, as well as near-infrared absorbent dyes, and including, but not limited to, those disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 6,197,851, incorporated herein by reference. The iron oxide, which is preferably black, can be used in a very finely divided form, for example, from about 0.01 to about 200 μP ?, or from about 0.1 to about 10.0 μP ?, or from about 0.2 to about 5.0 μp? . Suitable forms of black iron oxide include, but are not limited to, magnetite and maghemite. The red iron oxide is less preferred since it imparts an undesirable red hue to the resulting polymer. Such oxides are described, for example, on pages 323-349 of Pigment Handbook, Vol. 1 (1973), John Wiley &; Sons, incorporated herein by reference. The compositions of the present invention optionally may additionally contain one or more UV absorbing compounds. An example includes UV absorbing compounds that are covalently linked to the polyester molecules as any comonomer, a side group, or a final group. Suitable UV absorbent composites are thermally stable at polyester processing temperatures, absorb in the range from about 320 nm to about 380 nm, and are not extractable from the polymer. The UV absorbing compounds preferably provide less than about 20%, more preferably less than about 10%, UV transmission having a wavelength of 370 nm through a bottle wall 305 μp? thick. Chemically suitable reactive UV absorbing compounds can include, for example, substituted methino compounds. Suitable compounds, their methods of manufacture and incorporation into polyesters are further disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,617,374, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The UV absorbing compound (s) may be present in amounts between about 1 ppm to about 5000 ppm by weight, preferably from about 2 ppm to about 1500 ppm, and more preferably between about 10 and about 500 ppm by weight. The dimers of the UV absorbent compounds can also be used. Mixtures of two or more UV-absorbing compounds can be used. On the other hand, because the UV absorbing compounds are reacted with or co-polymerized in the polymer backbone, the resulting polymers exhibit improved processability which includes reduced loss of the UV absorbing compound due to plating and / or volatilization and the like. The polyester compositions of the present invention, suitable for molding, can be used to form a variety of shaped articles, including film sheets, tubes, preforms, container molded articles, and the like. Suitable processes for forming articles are known and include extrusion, extrusion blow molding, casting casting, injection molding, stretch blow molding, thermoforming, and the like. The polyesters of this invention may also optionally contain color stabilizers, such as certain cobalt compounds. These cobalt compounds can be added as cobalt acetates or as cobalt alcoholates (cobalt salts or higher alcohols). They can be added as solutions in ethylene glycol. Polyester resins containing high amounts of cobalt additives can be prepared as a master bath for the addition of the extruder. The addition of cobalt additives as color tints is a process used to minimize or eliminate the yellow, b * color of the resin. Other cobalt compounds such as cobalt aluminate, cobalt benzoate, cobalt chloride and the like can also be used as color stabilizers. It is also possible to add certain diethylene glycol (DEG) inhibitors to reduce or prevent the formation of DEG in the final resin product. Preferably, a specific type of DEG inhibitor would comprise a composition containing sodium acetate to reduce the formation of DEG during the esterification and polycondensation of the diol applicable with the dicarboxylic or hydroxyalkyl acid, or hydroxyalkoxy-substituted carboxylic acid. It is also possible to add stress cracking inhibitors to improve the tensile crack resistance of the bottles, or the coating, produced from this resin. Regarding the type of polyester that can be used, any high clarity, neutral shade polyester, copolyester, etc., in the form of a resin, powder, sheet, etc., can be used whereby it is desired to improve in reheat time or the time of heating of the resin. Thus, polyesters made from either the dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid route or various homologs thereof as are well known to those skilled in the art in conjunction with conventional catalysts in conventional amounts and using conventional processes can be used. according to the present invention. On the other hand, the type of polyester can be made according to the molten polymerization, solid state polymerization, and the like. On the other hand, the present invention can be used to make powder coatings of low haze, high clarity. An example of a preferred type of high clarity polyester resin is set forth herein below where the polyester resin is produced using specific amounts of antimony catalysts, low amounts of phosphorus and a bluing agent which may be a cobalt compound .

As mentioned in the above, polyester is produced in a conventional manner from the reaction of a dicarboxylic acid having from 2 to 40 carbon atoms with polyhydric alcohols such as glycols or diols containing from 2 to about 20 carbon atoms. carbon. The dicarboxylic acids can be an alkyl having from two to 209 carbon atoms, or an aryl, or substituted alkyl aryl containing from 8 to 16 carbon atoms. An alkyl diester having from 4 to 20 carbon atoms or an alkyl substituted aryl diester, having from 10 to 20 carbon atoms can also be used. Desirably, the diols may contain from 2 to 8 carbon atoms and is preferably ethylene glycol. On the other hand, glycol ethers having from 4 to 12 carbon atoms can also be used. Generally, most commonly produced polyesters are made from either dimethyl terephthalate or terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol. When powder resin coatings are made, neopentyl glycol is often used in substantial amounts. The specific areas of use of the polyester include situations in which the preforms exist which are then heated to form a final product, for example, as in the use of preforms that are blow molded to form a bottle, for example, a bottle for drinks, and the like. Another use is in preformed trays, preformed cups and the like, which are heated and stretched to form the final product. Additionally, the present invention is applicable to coatings of highly transparent powders, clear and still of low nebulosity where a desired transparent film or the like is desired. This invention may be further illustrated by the following examples of preferred embodiments, although it will be understood that these examples are included merely for purposes of illustration and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention unless otherwise specifically indicated. EXAMPLES Example 1 In this example, metallic molybdenum particles were purchased from Alfa Aesar (Merchandise Number 44599) having an established particle size of less than 0.3 μt. The sample also had an established purity of 99.95%. The particles were found to have a dso of 0.56 μm, with a particle size range of about 0.25 jjm to about 1.4 μ ??, as measured by scanning electron microscopy. The molybdenum metal particles were added during the melt composition to a commercial PET resin, VORIDIAN ™ Polymer 9921 (a copolymer PET that has been crystallized and has an It.V. of 0.8 dL / g, available from Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, Tennessee). A concentrate containing 525 ppm of molybdenum was prepared using the VORIDIAN Polymer 9921 as the base resin. The extrusions were made using a one-inch individual screw extruder with a Saxton and Pineapple mixing head. The extruder was also equipped with pelletizing capability. The concentrates were then left in Polymer 9921 in different concentrations ranging from 50 ppm to 525 ppm. During the compounding process, Polymer 9921 was used to purge the extruder barrel several times to ensure non-cross contamination occurring between the different batches. After the composition in the molten state, disks with a diameter of 3 cm and a thickness of 0.17 cm were molded using a Daca® Microcomponent / Microinjector. The molded discs were also prepared from the Polymer 9921 as a control. The molded discs were then used for both color measurements (L *, a *, b * and nebulosity) and reheating. The measurement of the color of the molded discs was conducted in the following manner. An UltraScan HunterLab spectrophotometer was used to measure the L *, a * and b * in the three discs stacked together (approximately 0.51 cm thick). The instrument was operated using a D65 illuminating light source with an observation angle of 10 ° and the integration sphere geometry. The color measurements were made in the total transmission mode (TTRNA), in which both the light transmitted directly through the sample and the light that diffusely diffuses is measured. The discs were stacked together using a carrier in front of the light source, with the incident usually of light on the surface of the disc. The nebulosity was determined as the ratio of the diffuse light intensity to the total light intensity transmitted by the specimen. Nebulosity was calculated according to the following formula: Y Haze | xlOO where Y represents the intensity of light. The reheat measurement on the molded discs was carried out as follows. The disc was placed on a support that was in contact with the sample along its edges only. An actuator then automatically moved the disk under a pyrometer and measured the initial temperature (i). The disk was then measured at a fixed distance below a lamp housing equipped with a spotlight (GE DYH projection bulb, 250 W, 120 V) operating at 60V. The sample was exposed to a radiant light for 20 seconds. The color temperature of the lamp was approximately 2,200 ° C. After heating, the disk automatically returns to the pyrometer where the surface temperature (Tf) of the central area on the side facing the lamp (front side was recorded two seconds after the lamp was turned off). of 90 seconds between consecutive tests, during which one fan cooled the lamp housing before loading the next sample.The reheat rate (known as RHI) was then calculated to compare the temperature difference of a test sample with that of the control sample as shown in the following equation: As shown in Figure 1, Tables 1 and 2 below, the particle size of the molybdenum powder was in the range of 0.25 μp? at 1.4 μp? with an average value of 0.56 μ ?? and a standard deviation of 0.19 μp ?. Table 1. Quantities of the "particle size analysis" 50. 0% average 0.56 25.0% quartile 0.46 10.0% 0.37 2.5% 0.26 0.5% 0.25 0.0% minimum 0.25 Table 2. Moments of particle size analysis Medium 0.58 Det. Its T . 0.19 Medium Error Est. 0.028 Medium 95% higher 0.63 Medium 95% lower 0.52 N 49 The final molybdenum concentration in the polymers was determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) using an Optima 2000 Perkin- instrument. Elmer Molybdenum charge levels and color and reheat results are shown in Table 3. Table 3. Reheating and color results of molten composite samples molybdenum as a reheat additive Sample Concentration Additive RHI L * a * b * cloudyness of molybdenum reheating measured (ppm) 1 nothing 0 1.00 83.6 -0.8 4.2 2.3 2 MO 49.9 1.11 75.6 -0.9 4.3 13.1 3 MO 98.5 1.20 68.4 -1.0 4-0 22.9 4 MO 208.3 1.36 55.0 -1.1 3.6 39.0 MO 524.9 1.66 27.7 -1.3 1.3 66.7 Figure 2 shows the relationship between RHI and molybdenum concentration (note: in this example, RHI is calculated using polymer 9921 as the reference sample). These results show that metallic molybdenum particles are very effective in increasing the RHI of the base resin. In Figure 3, the relationship between the RHI and L * is illustrated 'for a polyester containing metallic molybdenum particles. The results show that when they are composed in the PET, the molybdenum metal particles provide satisfactory L * values. Figure 4 shows the correlation between RHI and nebulosity for Polymer 9921 containing metallic molybdenum particles. Figures 5 and 6 show that the addition of metallic molybdenum particles to polymer 9921 causes only insignificant changes in color results (a * and b *). Example 2 In this example, the Polymer 9921 concentrate containing 525 ppm of molybdenum particles as described in Example 1 was used to prepare preforms and bottles. The concentrate was combined with the polymer CM01 'Voridian ™, which is a PET copolymer. which contains no reheat additive, to give the final molybdenum concentrations of 31 ppm and 48 ppm. The standard twenty-ounce bottle preforms were prepared using a BOY (22D) injection molding machine operated under a melting temperature of 280 ° C and cycle time of 30s. Two sets of blow molding experiments were performed using the Sidel SB02 / 3 blow molding unit to verify the reheating of each composition. The first set of experiments was conducted in order to evaluate the reheat ratios, or the surface temperature of the preform (PST); of preforms that contain molybdenum particles. A series of five preforms was passed in front of the infrared quartz heaters and the PST of each composition was measured. The larger the PST value, the higher the reheat ratio (or RHI) of the composition. The infrared lamp settings for the SB02 / 3 Sidel blow molding unit are shown in Table 4. The reheat time of the preform in the heaters was 38 seconds, and the power output to the quartz infrared heaters was adjusted to 64%. Table 4. Lamp settings SB02 / 3 Sidel. Note that the lamps in zone 6 to 8 did not light.

In the second set of experiments, the furnace energy was changed to blow the bottles for the composition different from a similar PST to ensure the distribution of consistent material in the final bottles with the different level of molybdenum particles. The PST has been controlled to be 115 ° C in this set of experiments. Color measurements on the preforms were made using an UltraScan XE from HunterLab (Hunter Associates Laboratory, Inc., Reston VA), which employs the diffuse / 8 ° sphere optical geometry (illumination / angle of view). The color scale used was the CIE LAB scale with Illuminator D65 and the specified 10 ° observer. The twenty-ounce preforms, which have a sidewall thickness of 0.154 inches, total height of 3.93 inches, and outer diameter of 0.846 inches, were measured in the regular transmission mode using ASTM D1746, "Standard Test Method for Transparency of Plastic Sheeting ". The preforms were held in place on the instrument using a preform carrier, available from Hunter Lab, and the triplicate measurements were averaged, whereby the sample was rotated 90 ° about its central axis between each measurement. The nebulosity of the lateral wall of the bottle was measured using a Haze-Gard Plus from BYK-Gardner (Silver Spring MD) according to the STM D 1003 in the sections of the side walls of the bottle with a lateral wall thickness of 0.012 inches The results shown in Table 5 show that formulations containing molybdenum particles had high PST compared to CM01, indicating that the molybdenum particles were very efficient in absorbing the energy of the quartz infrared heaters of the blow molding machine .

Table 5. Preform surface temperature (PST) at 64% oven power adjustment and preform color results. Sample Additive Concentration Concentrate PST (° C) Color Results of Molybdenum Reheating Measured Preform (ppm) b * CM01 nothing 110 31.2 -0.4 2.8 CM01 Mo 31 119 74.5 -0.9 2.5 CM01 Mo 48 122 69.6 -1.0 2.6 As shown in Table 6, formulations containing molybdenum particles (inputs 10 and 11) required lower furnace energy to achieve a PST of 115 ° C compared to resin CM01 (input 9). This further illustrates that the molybdenum particles cause only a negligible increase in the side wall nebulosity of the bottle. Table 6. Side wall nebulosity for bottles blown at the same preform surface temperature (PST). Note that the furnace energy needed to reach the same PST in each sample is also given Sample Resin Additive Concentration Energy PST (° C) Nebulae of Furnace Molybdenum reheating Measured side wall (ppm) (%) of bottle 9 CMOl nothing 0 59 115 1.01 CMOl Mo 31 61 115 1.71 11 CMOl Mo 48 57 115 2.15 Example 3 The molybdenum particles as described in Example 1 were added to a PET polymerization process in order to determine their effect on reheat ratio and color. The polymers were prepared in the following manner. In the first step, a PET oligomer was prepared by charging purified terephthalic acid (PTA), purified isophthalic acid (PIA), ethylene glycol (EG), and antimony trioxide catalyst (ATO) to a 2-L autoclave. the formulation was- as follows: 651.0 g of PTA, 13.0 g of PIA, 396.0 g of EG and 0.249 g of ATO. The crude materials were reacted at 245 ° C and 40 psig for 200 minutes. At the end of the reaction, the resulting oligomer was discharged from the reactor and allowed to solidify at room temperature and then pulverized to a coarse powder. In the second step, a polymer was prepared from the oligomer in the following manner. The oligomer (121 g) was charged to a 500 mL polymerization flask equipped with a polymer head, an overhead stirrer, a nitrogen inlet, a dry ice condensing trap, and a vacuum source. A metal bath used as the heating source was used. The polymerization was carried out in three stages using the following conditions: Stage 1 (early prepolymer): 272 ° C, 140 torr, 70 minutes Stage 2 (prepolymer): 275 ° C, 20 torr, 70 minutes Stage 3 (polycondensation): 285 ° C, 2.5 torr, 100 minutes. The molybdenum powder was dispersed in EG (at a final concentration of 4.2% by weight of molybdenum in EG) and then a portion of the dispersion was added to the polymerization process during the prepolymer. The phosphorus was added as a solution of phosphoric acid in EG (1% by weight of P) immediately after loading. A series of polymers was prepared with molybdenum charges of 0 ppm (control) at 200 ppm. By following this procedure, the polymers were produced with an It.V. of 0.62 dL / g containing 220 ppm of antimony as catalyst, 30 ppm of phosphorus and 0 - 116 ppm of molybdenum. The concentrations of antimony and phosphorus in the polymer were determined by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and the final molybdenum concentration in the polymers was determined by ICP-OES. Molded discs were prepared, and RHI and color were prepared as described in Example 1. In the case of laboratory polymers, the reheat ratio was calculated by using a control polymer containing 0 ppm of reheat additive. . The results are given in Table 7. Table 7. Reheating and color results of polymerized laboratory samples with molybdenum as a reheat additive. Sample Concentration Additive RHI L * a * b * Measurement molybdenum overheating nebulosity (ppm) 11 nothing 0 1.00 83.1 -0.9 4.3 3.1 12 Mo 20.0 1.02 80.6 -4.2 21.0"7.9 13 Mo 71.6 1.10 73.7 -5.2 30.0 18.8 14 Mo 116.2 1.18 66.4 -4.6 38.0 26.3 Figure 7 shows that on a concentration basis, metallic molybdenum particles with an average particle size of about 0.56 μp? they were effective in increasing the polymer's overheating. Figure 8 shows that polymers containing metallic molybdenum particles have high L * values. Figure 9 shows the correlation between the reheat ratio and the cloudiness for polymers containing molybdenum particles. Figure 10 compares the results b * and RHI obtained when the molybdenum particles are compounded in the polymer 9921, as described in Example 1, and the results obtained when the molybdenum particles are added during the polymerization process, as described in Example 2. Figure 11 illustrates the a * and the RHI results obtained when the metallic molybdenum particles are compounded in the polymer 9921, as described in Example 1, and the results obtained when the molybdenum particles are addition during the polymerization process, as described in Example 2. The graphs show that a preferred mode of addition of molybdenum is during the composition process, because the impact on a * and b * is less. Without being related by any theory, the inventors believe that the reason for the poor color of b * and * in the polymerization process may be due to the presence of a coating of fine molybdenum oxide on the metal particles, which then it is solubilized in the polymer during the polymerization process, thereby producing poor color in the final polymer. If the metal did not contain the metal oxide coating, the inventors think that the polymer would probably not have poor color b * or a *. The invention has been described in detail with particular reference to preferred embodiments, but it will be understood that variations and modifications can be made within the spirit and scope of the invention. Although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the invention which is set forth in the following claims.

Claims (44)

1. CLAIMS 1. A polyester composition having improved reheating, characterized in that it comprises: a polyester polymer; and metallic molybdenum particles, which have an average particle size of about 0.005 μp? to about 10 μ ??, dispersed in the polyester polymer.
2. 2. A polyester composition having improved reheat, characterized in that it comprises: a polyester polymer; and metal molybdenum particles, which have an average particle size of about 0.5 μP? at about 5 μp ?, dispersed in the polyester polymer.
3. 3. A polyester composition having improved reheating, characterized in that it comprises: a polyester polymer; and metallic molybdenum particles, having an average particle size of about "0.05 μp to about 2 μp ?, dispersed in the polyester polymer 4. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the particles of molybdenum metal are present in an amount of about 0.5 ppm to about 500 ppm, based on the total weight of the polyester composition 5. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles are present in the an amount of about 1 ppm to 100 ppm, based on the total weight of the polyester composition 6. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles are present in an amount of about 5 ppm. at 50 ppm, with respect to the weight of the polyester composition. polyester position according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyester polymer comprises polyethylene terephthalate. 8. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyester composition is in the form of a beverage bottle preform. 9. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyester composition is in the form of a beverage bottle. The polyester according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyester composition is in the form of a molded article. 11. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the polyester polymer comprises a continuous phase, and wherein the molybdenum metal particles are dispersed within the continuous phase. 12. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the molybdenum metal particles have an average particle size of 0.08 um to 1.1 um, and provide the polyester composition with a reheat ratio rate of at least 1.05 while maintaining the polyester composition- at a brightness L * of 70 or more at a reheat ratio index of 1.05. 13. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the molybdenum metal particles comprise molybdenum-coated particles. 14. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles comprise hollow spheres comprised of molybdenum. 15. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the molybdenum metal particles comprise a molybdenum alloy, wherein the molybdenum is present in an amount of at least 30% by weight with respect to the total weight of the molybdenum. molybdenum alloy. 16. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles comprise a molybdenum alloy, wherein the molybdenum is present in an amount of at least 60% by weight with respect to the total weight of the molybdenum. molybdenum alloy. 17. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles comprise a molybdenum alloy, which includes molybdenum and one or more of: germanium, iron, chromium, tungsten, titanium, vanadium, carbon or tantalum. 18. The polyester composition according to claim 17, characterized in that the alloy further comprises, in an amount of not more than about 10% by weight, one or more of: gold, silver, copper, aluminum, manganese or silicon. 19. The polyester composition according to claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles have a particle size distribution in which the space (S) is from 0 to about 10. The polyester composition in accordance with with claim 1, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles have a particle size distribution in which the space (S) is 0.01 to 2. 21. A polyester composition having improved reheat, characterized in that it comprises: a polyester polymer in which the poly (ethylene terephthalate) residues comprise at least 90% by weight of the polyester polymer; and metal molybdenum particles, which have an average particle size of about 0.05 μ? at about 2 μ? t ?, randomly dispersed in the polyester polymer in an amount of about 5 to about 50 ppm, wherein the polyester composition has a reheat rate of 1.05 or more and a brightness level L * of 70 or more in the reheat ratio index of 1.05. 22. A process for producing a polyester composition, characterized in that it comprises: an esterification step comprising transesterifying a diester of dicarboxylic acid with a diol, or directly esterifying a dicarboxylic acid with a diol, to obtain one or more of a monomer of polyester or a polyester oligomer; a polycondensation step comprising reacting the one or more of a polyester monomer or a polyester oligomer in a polycondensation reaction in the presence of a polycondensation catalyst to produce a polyester polymer having an It.V. from about 0.50 dL / g to about 1.1 dL / g; a particulate stage in which the polyester polymer is solidified into particles; an optional solid state forming step in which the polymer is polymerized at an It.V. from about 0.70 dL / g to about 1.2 dL / g; and a particle addition step comprising adding and dispersing metal molybdenum particles to provide an amount of about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm by weight of the polymer, wherein the particle addition step occurs before, during or after any of the preceding stages. 23. The process in accordance with the claim 22, characterized in that the process further comprises a forming step, after the optional solid state forming step, the forming step comprising melting and extruding the resulting solid polymer to obtain a formed article having the molybdenum metal particles dispersed in the same. 24. The process in accordance with the claim 23, characterized in that the particle addition step occurs during or after the optional solid state formation step and before the formation step. 25. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the particle editing step comprises adding the metal molybdenum particles as a thermoplastic concentrate before or during the forming step, the thermoplastic concentrate comprising the metallic molybdenum particles in a amount from about 50 ppm to about 5,000 ppm, or relative to the weight of the thermoplastic concentrate. 26. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the metal molybdenum particles have an average particle size of about 0.005 μp? to approximately 10 μ? t ?. 27. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the step of adding particles is carried out before or during the polycondensation step. 28. The process in accordance with the claim 22, characterized in that the step of adding particles is carried out before or during the particulation step. 29. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the step of adding particles is carried out before or during the solid state formation step. 30. The process in accordance with the claim 23, characterized in that the step of adding particles is carried out before or during the forming step. 31. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the dicarboxylic acid comprises terephthalic acid. 32. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the diester of dicarboxylic acid. it comprises dimethyl terephthalate. 33. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the diol comprises ethylene glycol. 34. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the dicarboxylic acid comprises naphthalene dicarboxylic acid. 35. The process according to claim 22, characterized in that the dicarboxylic acid comprises an aromatic dicarboxylic acid. 36. The process in accordance with the claim 25, characterized in that the thermoplastic concentrate comprises: molybdenum metal particles, in an amount ranging from 0.15% by weight and up to about 35% by weight based on the weight of the thermoplastic concentrate; and a thermoplastic polymer, in an amount of at least 65% by weight based on the weight of the thermoplastic concentrate. 37. The process according to claim 36, characterized in that the thermoplastic polymer comprises one or more of: a polyester, a polyolefin or a polycarbonate. 38. A process for making a polyester preform, characterized in that it comprises feeding a polyester in molten or solid volume and a liquid, molten or solid polyester concentrate composition to a machine for manufacturing the preform, the concentrate composition comprising particles of molybdenum metal having an average particle size of about 0.005 μm to about 10 μm ?, to obtain a preform having from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of molybdenum metal particles, based on the weight of the polyester preform. 39. The process in accordance with the claim 38, characterized in that the metallic molybdenum particles are present in the concentrate composition in an amount of at least 0.15% by weight. 40. The process in accordance with the claim 39, characterized in that the concentrate polyester polymer comprises the same residues as the polyester polymer by volume. 41. The process according to claim 38, characterized in that the polyester in volume and the polyester concentrate are fed to the machine in separate streams. 42. The process according to claim 38, characterized in that the concentrate polyester comprises post-consumer recycle polyester. 43. A process for producing a polyester composition, characterized in that it comprises adding a polyester composition of concentrate to a melt process for the manufacture of virgin polyester polymers, the concentrate · comprising metal molybdenum particles having a size of average particle of approximately 0.005 μ ?? at about 10 um, to obtain a polyester composition having from about 1 ppm to about 100 ppm of metallic molybdenum particles, based on the weight of the polyester composition. 44. The process according to claim 43, characterized in that the polyester concentrate is added to the molten phase when the molten phase has an It.V. which is within +/- 0.2 units of It.V. of the It.V. of the polyester concentrate.