LU505442B1

LU505442B1 - Method for turf transplantation and artificial granssland planting in alpine area soil material field

Info

Publication number: LU505442B1
Application number: LU505442A
Authority: LU
Inventors: Xuexing Cao; Zengrong Mei; Yan Yan; Jiangtao Hong; Jinjie Li; Fan Chen; Cunbao Hu; Rong Sun; Xin Qin; Weilin Kong; Yun Zhou; Xiaodan Wang; Jianbo Wu
Original assignee: Huaneng Lancang River Hydropower Inc; Inst Of Mountain Hazards And Environment Chinese Academy Of Sciences; Powerchina Guiyang Engineering Corp Ltd
Priority date: 2022-11-09
Filing date: 2023-11-06
Publication date: 2024-05-06
Also published as: CN115843617A

Abstract

The present invention discloses a method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field, the method for turf transplantation in the alpine area soil material field includes the following operations: turf stripping, turf stacking, turf stacking maintenance, turf replanting and turf replanting maintenance. According to the present invention, a longest side of a cutting area is not greater than 50 cm, and a shortest side is not less than 25 cm, so as to prevent the turf from dying caused by plant roots cutting due to too small blocks; the stacking space satisfies requirements of no overlapping stacking of turf blocks; and in addition, when transplanting and stacking, it is necessary to completely contact a bottom of the turf with the soil, and the turf can completely turn green and survive after exercise in winter.

Description

METHOD FOR TURF TRANSPLANTATION AND ARTIFICIAL GRANSSLAND US05442

PLANTING IN ALPINE AREA SOIL MATERIAL FIELD

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present invention belongs to the technical field of a vegetation restoration in alpine areas, relates to the vegetation restoration after disturbance of a hydropower project, and especially, to a method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field.

BACKGROUND

At present, domestic research on restoration of ecological problems caused by the hydropower project has just started, moreover, an ecological restoration technology in a hydropower development area is mostly concentrated in low altitude areas, a study on the ecological restoration technology of a waste residue area and a water-level riparian zone in a dry-hot valley. The study on the vegetation restoration and a soil erosion control in the riparian zone of the reservoir area is more in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, and more results have been achieved. A monitoring and early warning system of an ecological environment problem in the riparian zone of the Three Gorges Reservoir area based on 3S technology is established, and functional areas are divided, land using policy is optimized, and rural industry is adjusted to make rational use of the riparian zone. A concrete slope greening technology and a thick-layer substrate spray vegetation slope protection technology are used to stabilize the slope. The vegetation restoration adopts different elevations to restore different vegetation types, and reasonable collocation of arbors, shrubs, grasses and vines is used for restoring vegetation. At the same time, the slope greening technology is adopted to govern the problem of non-point source pollution.

Now, most of domestic hydropower station projects are located in low-altitude areas, and the temperature is sufficient, and the project area can be restored to some extent through natural succession vegetation after a slight artificial transformation, the vegetation can be restored by natural succession. However, there are still many technical problems of the ecological restoration for the hydropower development in alpine areas that need further research and tackling.

In the construction of Qinghai-Tibet Railway, a plurality of studies have been performed the ecological restoration technology of alpine ecosystem. We have accumulated a turf transplantation technology, an artificial turf cultivation technology, a slope stability technology, a bare land vegetation reconstruction technology and other technologies, under different environmental conditions such as Ulan Moron, Amdo and Damxung along a line, the experimental study on vegetation restoration and reconstruction in alpine grassland and alpine meadow are performed, the comprehensive supporting technology, construction technolo&#505442 solution and key technical points of vegetation restoration and reconstruction of alpine meadow and alpine grassland are formulated, which provided a scientific basis and an effective guidance for the ecological vegetation restoration of a linear engineering.

However, due to the wide area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, regional differences are large, and the zonality of vegetation is strong, the vegetation restoration technology for the linear engineering of a flat terrain on the plateau formed by railway construction has certain limitations for the disturbance area of hydropower projects in the alpine canyon area of southeastern Tibet.

SUMMARY

The technical problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in the alpine region soil material field, the vegetation restoration of the soil material field excavated by the hydropower project construction in the alpine canyon area of southeastern Tibet is well realized.

The present invention is realized by the following technical solutions: a method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field, the vegetation in a disturbed area of a hydropower project in the alpine canyon area of the southeast Tibet is restored, wherein: the method for turf transplantation in the alpine area soil material field includes the following operations:

A1. turf stripping: the stripping time is from June to August each year, the stripping conditions are only available when a thickness of an original turf with an root system is 15-30 cm and a thickness of lower humus soil is 10-20 cm; and the stripped turf is divided into blocks, a side length is controlled between 30-50 cm; and after the turf is stripped, the lower humus soil is collected and stacked;

A2. turf stacking: flatting storage: when the turf is stored, the humus soil is stacked at a lower part, with a thickness of stacking is 30-40 cm, the turf is flatted at an upper part in a single layer, there is a 3-5 cm interval between the turfs, and the intervals are covered with the collected humus soil; and overlaying storage: when the turf is stored, the humus soil is stacked at the lower part, and the turf is stored and overlaid in 3-5 layers in a delta shape, a height of the stacked turf and humus soil is 1.0-1.5 m; the turf storage area is protected by a meadow soil block retaining wall with a trapezoidal section, and meadow soil blocks are overlaid and placed;

A3. turf stacking maintenance: LUS05442 when the turf is temporarily stacked, a flat area on a leeward side, and with a high terrain is chosen; and a surface of a surface soil pile is fully covered with a rainproof cloth; and water is sprinkled in a temporary storage area of the turf to keep the soil wet;

A4. turf replanting: when the turf is replanted, firstly, an organic soil layer is backfilled and the replanting is smooth, and the root of the turf is seamlessly connected to the soil; and after the turf is replanted, grass gaps are filled and compacted with the humus soil, and the turf is gently patted to prevent corners from warping and bulging; and

AS. maintenance after the turf replanting: the human or external disturbance to a replanted turf area is to be minimized within 10 days after the replanting of turf, and a maintenance period is to be extended for an area with poor turf recovery to restore its growth; after the turf replanting, the humus soil scattered on a lower native vegetation is removed in time, an original growth environment is restored, so that it can turn green in time; and the method for artificial grassland planting in the alpine area soil material field comprises the following operations:

B1. land preparation: after that the surface soil is stripped off, a block-shaped land preparation method is adopted, and the soil is loosened by mechanical tillage, then the soil is flattened with a spike-tooth harrow; and a depth of harrowing is 4-10 cm, the farmyard manure is applied, soil blocks are broken, the ground is leveled, and the manure is buried, so that the soil and manure are mixed; and the land is plowed again, the land preparation is performed once after 2 kg/m? of farmyard manure are applied evenly, a depth of plowing is 18-20 cm, so that the soil and the manure are fully mixed, and the soil is raked level and harrowed fine;

B2. planting: the sowing time is from late May to early June, the grass seeds are: Elymus sibiricus and

Elymus dahuricus seeds, and which are planted in monoculture or mixed sowing; the sowing method is broadcast sowing or plant in rows, a mechanical or a manpower ditching is used, the row spacing is 15-20 cm, the artificial sowing is even, the sowing amount is 200-300 kg/hm?, deep planting shallow out,a sowing depth is 3-5 cm, timely compaction after sowing; and after sowing, irrigation is performed in time to make the seeds fully contact with water, sdi}505442 and the manure; and

B3. field management

Elymus dahuricus is a perennial forage grass, which grows slowly at a seedling stage, and in the year of sowing, grazing is prohibited.

Further, when strapping, a longest side of a turf cutting area is not greater than 50 cm, and a shortest side is not less than 25 cm; and during excavation, blocks can be basically controlled according to the above side length, a side length is controlled between 30-50 cm, and the turf is manually divided into blocks by a hoe; a stacking space satisfies requirements of no overlapping stacking of turf blocks, and a distance between the stocks is 10-20 cm; and a bottom of the turf is in full contact with the soil during transplantation: a terrain is trimmed after transplantation land preparation, covered with soil and flatted, grass gaps are filled with the humus soil; and the turf is gently patted to prevent corners from warping and bulging, ensuring that the bottom 1s in full contact with the soil when transplanting and stacking.

Further, the following soil improvements are performed in the disturbed area: construction wastes are cleaned up in the backfill area before the backfill of the surface soil, a ground 1s trimmed by filling pits, after the trim, a side slope 1s covered with soil artificially, and a thickness of soil 1s 10-20 cm; and a flat area is covered with soil mechanically, and the thickness is mostly 30 cm; and the soil in the disturbed area is applied with 2 kg/m? organic fertilizers or 30 g/m? chemical fertilizers.

Further, a plurality of gravels are placed under 10 cm of soil during transplantation; and in the process of planting artificial grassland, stones on the ground may be buried in the soil.

Further when the artificial grassland is planted, Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus are mixed at a ratio of 1:1, and the sowing density is 30 g/m? and farm manure is applied at the same time.

Further, after the turf replanting, the humus soil scattered on the turf is removed in time to restore an original growth environment, so that the turf is boosted to turn green in time; and a non-woven fabric thatch is adopted for heat preservation to overwinter.

Further, the mixed sowing grass seeds are Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus seeds, and a mixed sowing ratio is 1:1; and after mixing, the seeds are sown with the amount of 200-300 kg/hm”, and the sowing dept/505442 of 3-5 cm.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects.

According to the method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an 5 alpine area soil material field provided by the present invention, a particularity of the turf in the alpine area soil material field is fully considered, it is noted that a size and thickness of the alpine meadow turf blocks during cutting are related to their survivability. A longest side of a cutting area is not greater than 50 cm, and a shortest side is not less than 25 cm are provided, so as to prevent the turf from dying caused by plant roots cutting due to too small blocks; if the block is too large, it will not be conducive to handling, and affect the fitting between the turf and the ground after being laid back, thereby reducing the survival rate; the stacking space satisfies requirements of no overlapping stacking of turf blocks, in order to avoid the death of turf due to lack of air between turf blocks and turf blocks due to watering late; in addition, when transplanting and stacking, it is necessary to completely contact a bottom of the turf with the soil, the turf can completely turn green and survive in winter and realize its survival in harsh environment.

According to the method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in the alpine area soil material field provided by the present invention, the most suitable grassland species are screened out through sufficient selection and breeding. It is suggested that the best mixed sowing of Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus are planted in the artificial grassland of the soil material field in the hydropower project disturbance area (such as Mount Lawu) in the alpine canyon area of southeastern Tibet. The grass seed density is appropriate at 30 g/m” of seeding, and the appropriate amount of farmyard manure is selected to be applied, which is more conducive to the growth of plants.

According to the method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in the alpine area soil material field provided by the present invention, the influence of a soil temperature on a soil moisture in winter is greater than an effect of the soil temperature on the soil moisture in summer is noticed. Therefore, in the process of plant overwintering, it is fully considered to promote the growth of plants from the perspective of heat preservation. It is proposed to place some gravels under the soil cover of 10 cm, which can moderately increase the soil temperature and conducive to the overwintering of turf. It is suggested that in the process of artificial grassland planting, the stones on the ground can be buried in the soil during soil preparation, which overcomes the technical bias that requires no foreign matter in the soil during soil preparation. After the turf is resurfaced, the current growth is good, the survival rate is above

90%, the turf is basically alive, and the planted Elymus dahuricus grows well, and a height of thé/505442 plant can reach about 80-90 cm.

According to the method of turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in the alpine area soil material field provided by the present invention, the influence of light and heat on the turf transplantation is noted, it is proposed that the planting of artificial vegetation or the stripping and handling of the turf in this area is to be completed in June at the latest, because July and August are the most abundant periods of hydrothermal conditions in the region throughout the year. It is conducive to the growth of plants and the transition from the vegetative growth stage to the reproductive growth stage, and a round of life process is completed after flowering, fruiting, mature, aging, and death.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is an artificial grass seed screening test in Mount Lawu in a soil material yard,

FIG. 2-1 is a first year of stripping and stacking of a turf in Mount Lawu in a soil field,

FIG. 2-2 is a a second year of stripping and stacking of the turf in Mount Lawu in the soil field (the turf turned green after the first winter);

FIG. 3 is an effect of density and fertilization on biomass allocation of Elymus dahuricus in a first year;

FIG. 4 is schematic diagrams of soil, temperature and moisture; and

FIG. 5 is a relationship between soil temperature and moisture.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The present invention is further described in detail by reference to examples, which is an explanation of the present invention rather than a limitation.

The present invention provides a vegetation restoration of the hydropower project disturbed area in the alpine canyon area of southeastern Tibet, which is specifically explained by Mount

Lawu; it is located in the west of Markam County, a straight line distance from Markam County is about 7 Km, the longitude is 98.5234669, and the latitude is 29.7027983. The main climatic characteristics of this region are high altitude, large temperature difference, low precipitation and large evaporation, the vegetation restoration needs to overcome the problems of high altitude, low precipitation and large temperature difference. In addition, the region belongs to an ecologically fragile area, a stability of an ecosystem structure is poor, and a self-healing ability is weak. Once the ecosystem is degraded, it is difficult to recover.

The specific meteorological conditions are as follows: Mount Lawu is about 4500 m above sea level, according to the statistics of the meteorological station in Mangkam County, an average temperature for many years is 4.8 DEG, an extreme maximum temperature is 26.1 DEGV505442 and an extreme minimum temperature is -24.6 DEG.

Average annual relative humidity is 59.0%, average annual precipitation is 613.8 mm, average annual evaporation is 1652 mm (20 cm evaporating dish); an average annual wind speed 1s 1.15 m/s, and the frost free period is about 110 days.

In view of the fact that after the native vegetation is destroyed in the high altitude area above about 4000 m, there is no seed bank in the soil due to the fragile ecosystem and the low self-recovery ability. At the same time, through continuous observation, it is found that after the surface soil in this area is stripped, a pioneer species rarely appears, and there are only a few

Artemisia plants and one Poa annua in 3 years. It is difficult to restore ecological functions in a short term by establishing the pioneer species to build a species framework, so vegetation restoration in this area needs to be manually intervened.

The turf resurfacing mainly refers to the stripping of the turf in an original area. After the area is used, the turf is transplanted back to the original area. Planting is to re-purchase vegetation species to restore vegetation in the disturbed area. Transplantation makes full use of the resources of trees and grasses in the original area, but it is necessary to consider the turf stockpile site, and the survival rate of a plurality of trans-plantations of the turf in the alpine region is difficult to guarantee; the purchase of vegetation, transportation and other costs, rather than the turf stockpile site need to be considered for planting.

The vegetation restoration and a model of the soil material field in Mount Lawu are described below. 1. Pioneer species

After the excavation, the soil is placed in the accumulation area for leveling. The site area is about 20 m” to observe the natural recovery situation of the pioneer species. According to the observation, only a few Artemisia plants and Gramineae Poa annua (1 plant) are found in 3 years. It can be seen that it 1s difficult to restore vegetation naturally in Mount Lawu, which requires manual intervention. 2. Research on soil seed bank

The surface soil 1s stripped at the soil material field of Mount Lawu at the altitude of 4300 m, and the soil material field is restored naturally or using a pot-culture method. Since June 2015, it has not been found that there are plants growing on the ground after stripping the soil in the experimental area, which shows that there is no soil seed bank in the experimental area. 3. Artificial grassland planting and overwintering (as shown in FIG.1)

After the artificial grassland is selected and planted with seeds for one year, and after nearh}505442 6 months of winter exercise (if it is not tested in winter, it is not clear whether it can survive in the second year and can not evaluate a long-term effect of recovery), the results indicate that

Medicago sativa and awnless Avena sativa are not suitable to grow in the area of about 4200 m above sea level, the first year of growth is good, but after a winter, they fail to survive and return to green in the second year; the awnless 4vesæz sativa belongs to the one-year-old raw grass, although it grows well, it is not suitable for the long-term recovery of the soil field (one-year-old is not suitable for the long-term).

Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus, they are more suitable to grow at the altitude of about 4200m, Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus belong to Elymus spp, and are dry forage grass with wide adaptability and extreme cold and drought resistance; they can safely overwinter in the area of -41 DEG, the growth period is 4-5 years, therefore, it can grow well in this region.

After winter of exercise, the mixed grass seeds of Festuca elata Keng, Festuca rubra,

Lolium perenne and Poa annua fail to turn green the second year. If a certain warm measure of covering a layer of straw is adopted, these grasses can also grow better the following year.

Therefore, a species suitable for this area are Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus, and their classification are shown in Table 1.

Table 1 Suitable vegetation restoration seeds in Mount Lawu 4. Stripping, maintenance and transplantation of a turf layer

Soil improvements in disturbed area: construction wastes are cleaned up in the backfill area before the backfill of the surface soil, a ground is trimmed by filling pits, after the trim, a side slope is covered with soil artificially, and a thickness of soil is 10-20 cm; and a flat area is covered with soil mechanically, and the thickness is mostly 30 cm; and

A part of the turf stripped from the soil material field is transplanted onto the soil of thé/505442 improved disturbed area (organic fertilizers of 2 kg/m” are applied) or chemical fertilizers ( 30g/m”) or no treatment, and the part of it is still stacked in the stacking area.

After stripping and transplanting in July 2015, after nearly 1 year of maintenance, especially after 6 months of winter ( November-April ) exercise, in June 2016, it is observed that these turfs have basically returned to green and survived, as shown in FIG 2-1 and FIG 2-2.

In the process of stripping and transplanting, the relevant relation between a size and thickness of the alpine meadow turf block during cutting and the survival is noted. It is proposed that the longest side of the cutting area is not greater than 50 cm and the shortest side is not less than 25 cm, so as to prevent the small block from cutting the root system of the plant and causing the turf to die, while too large is not conducive to handling and affects the survival of the turf.

Therefore, the size and thickness of the alpine meadow turf is to be paid attention to when cutting,

The present invention provides the following realization method of turf block cutting: the side length of turf blocks is controlled between 30-50 cm, and according to the results of repeated tests, the blocks can be basically controlled according to the above side length during excavation, and hoes can be used for block cutting manually, and the blocks need non-standard size.

At the same time, turf blocks do not overlap stacking, so as to avoid the death of turf due to untimely watering and lack of air between turf blocks.

It is noted that a bottom of the turf is in full contact with the soil when transplanting and stacking, the land preparation is performed to repair the land terrain, a soil covering field is flat, the grass gap is filled with the humus soil; the turf is gently patted to prevent the corner from warping and bulging, and ensuring that the bottom is in full contact with the soil when transplanting and stacking. The turf can completely turn green and survive after exercise in winter. The specific transplantation adopts a mechanical, an artificial transportation and an artificial transplantation. 5. Artificial grassland planting 5.1 Screening of grass seeds in the artificial grassland

Grass seeds such as Medicago sativa, awnless Avena sativa, Elymus dahuricus, Elymus sibiricus and Festuca elata Keng, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Poa annua are selected for artificial grassland planting for one year, which experienced nearly six months of winter exercise.

The results show that Medicago sativa and awnless Avena sativa are not suitable to grow hHS05442 an altitude of about 4200 m. They grow well in the first year, but failed to survive and return to green in the second year after experiencing a winter. This may be due to the fact that the optimum temperature for the growth of Medicago sativa is 15-25 DEG, the growth of Medicago sativa slows down or rest grazing occurs above 30 DEG, the growth of aboveground stagnates below 5 DEG, and Medicago sativa aboveground dead below -2.2 DEG. In Mount Lawu area, the winter temperature is significantly lower than -2.2 DEG; from December to early March, the soil surface temperature is between -0.05 DEG and 2.53 DEG, and the water content is also very low, it indicates that the soil is very dry. Therefore, even if certain warm measures (straw covering) are taken, the Medicago sativa could not survive and grow.

The awnless Avena sativa belongs to the one-year-old grass, although it grows well, it is not suitable for the long-term recovery of the soil field. Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus are more suitable for growth at an altitude of about 4200 m. This may be due to the fact that both

Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus belong to Elymus dahuricus genus, are dry forage grasses with wide adaptability and extreme cold and drought resistance. They can safely overwinter in the area of -41 DEG in winter, with a growth period of 4-5 years, so they can grow well in this area.

After winter of exercise, mixed grass seeds of Festuca elata Keng, Medicago sativa, Lolium perenne and Poa annua fail to turn green survival the next year. However, a certain warm measures of covering a layer of straw (plants have withered in winter, covering is mainly used for heat preservation, to ensure the plants can turn green next year) are adopted, the next year these grasses can also grow better.

According to the observation and analysis of plant community succession for one year, the altitude of Mount Lawu test site is about 4200 m, and the grass seeds such as Elymus dahuricus,

Elymus sibiricus, Medicago sativa, awnless Avena sativa and Festuca elata Keng, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Poa annua are selected to plant. The results show that Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus are suitable for planting in Mount Lawu area. Medicago sativa and awnless Avena sativa are not suitable; if there is no overwintering measure in winter,

Festuca elata Keng, Festuca arundinacea, Lolium perenne and Poa annua will not be able to turn green and survive next year.

After more than one year of growth, Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus grow well in the experimental area of Mount Lawu soil material field, and a plant height could reach about 80-90 cm. The plant height of awnless Avena sativa sowed in the same year can reach 60-70 cm, and it needs to be replanted next year after flowering. Medicago sativa basically cannot survive.

Therefore, Elymus dahuricus and awnless Avena sativa are suitable for planting in thé/505442 artificial grassland in the soil material field of Mount Lawu. But, economically, it is suggested to choose Elymus dahuricus. 5.2 The effects of grass seed density and fertilization on the biomass of Elymus dahuricus artificial grassland

Through the analysis of density and fertilization and their interaction, it is found that both density and fertilization have significant effects on biomass. The density experiments of 30 g/m”, 40 g/m’, and 50 g/m” are performed. It is found that the aboveground biomass of 30 g/m” planting density is significantly higher than that of other densities under any fertilization conditions. In addition to the addition of farmyard manure, the underground biomass of the density of 30 g/m’ is significantly greater than that of other densities, and there is no significant difference in underground biomass under other densities or other fertilization conditions. The results are shown in FIG. 3.

The results are not consistent with the theoretical hypothesis. It is generally believed that the theoretical seeding rate is an optimal density, that is, high yield is achieved at 40 g/m’.

However, the results show that the aboveground biomass and underground biomass are the highest under low density of 30 g/m” (farmyard manure), while there is no significant difference between 40 g/m” and 50 g/m’. This shows that the theoretical seeding rate of 40 g/m” is not the optimal density in this area, but the seeding density is too high, which makes the average resource space occupied by each individual plant small, so that individual growth is hindered, and the expected higher biomass cannot be obtained. Therefore, in the present invention, 30 g/m’ is the optimum sowing density.

In the first year of fertilization, farm manure or compound fertilizer can significantly increase the aboveground biomass, but only the application of farm manure showed higher underground biomass. The alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen is significantly higher than that without fertilization after the application of farm manure and compound fertilizer, while the rapidly available phosphorus is significantly higher than that without fertilization after the application of compound fertilizer.

In the second year of fertilization, the biomass of Elymus dahuricus (including aboveground biomass, underground biomass, total biomass and root-shoot ratio) is significantly higher than that of no fertilization, and the effect of compound fertilizer on biomass is significantly higher than that of farm manure.

The relevant relation analysis between biomass and soil nutrients shows that (the results at&/505442 shown in Table 2), after the application of compound fertilizer (the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium-the ratio of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in compound fertilizeris 1 : 0.5 : 1.5). There is a significant positive relevant relation between organic matter and total nitrogen, and shows a significant positive relevant relation with total phosphorus; there is a significant positive relevant relation between total nitrogen and total phosphorus. There is a significant positive relevant relation between aboveground biomass and total biomass and rapidly available phosphorus (R = 0.923, P < 0.01; R = 0.944, P < 0.01), it shows that the application of compound fertilizer provides a large amount of available phosphorus for plants and promotes the rapid growth of aboveground stems and leaves. The alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen increased by fertilization had little effect on the boost production of biomass (whether aboveground stems and leaves or underground roots), but it shows a significant positive relevant relation with root-shoot ratio (R = 0.675, P < 0.05), which may be related to the growth habit of Elymus dahuricus.

Elymus dahuricus belongs to dry forage grass, which has wide adaptability, is extremely cold and drought resistant, and has developed root system. Therefore, it needs to absorb more effective nitrogen to promote root growth and development.

After the application of the farm manure, the contents of soil organic matter, total nitrogen and alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen are significantly increased, but there is no significant effect on the contents of total phosphorus and rapidly available phosphorus. From Table 2, it can be seen that the underground biomass and total biomass of Elymus dahuricus after application of farmyard manure are significantly positively relevant relation with rapidly available phosphorus (R = 0.731, P < 0.05; R = 0671, P < 0.05), but negatively relevant relation with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (R = -0.667, P < 0.05). The root-shoot ratio is significantly negatively relevant relation with rapidly available phosphorus (R = -0.708, P < 0.05), but significantly positively correlated with alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen (R = 0.823, P < 0.01), this indicates that the increase of soil organic nitrogen in the farm manure is mainly to promote the rapid growth of underground roots.

Therefore, it is suggested to use farmyard manure in Mount Lawu soil material field.

Table 2 A correlation coefficient between a biomass and a soil nutrient

Tw [om [ws] owe | ovr | ower [am [vw] 0

Note: ** means p < 0.01,* means p < 0.05 6.3 Analysis of soil temperature and humidity characteristics of different underlying surfaces of Elymus dahuricus artificial grassland

In early June 2015, Elymus dahuricus monoculture artificial grassland is planted in an experimental area; the experimental plot is 9 m”, with 3 replicates, 2 soil substrates and 6 residential districts.

There are two kinds of soil substrates: one is to harrow the original soil to loosen the soil; the second is to first move the original soil to the vacant land near the residential district, and then gravels of basically the same size are then placed on the substrate of the planting residential districts, and then the original soil is backfilled on the gravels and paved.

Elymus dahuricus is planted by monoculture, and the planting method is broadcast. After sowing, enough water is poured into the soil to make the soil completely wet, and a thin film is immediately covered. After that seeds germinate and the seedling grow to 5-6 cm, the thin film is removed. There is no supplementary irrigation during the whole growth period.

The monthly variation characteristics of a soil temperature and a moisture are analyzed (the results are shown in FIG. 4), it is found that the soil temperature and the moisture of different underlying surfaces have strong significance with the month, which are P < 0.05 after testing.

The monthly dynamic variation trend of the two is a quadratic polynomial variation relation wik/505442 the following relation equations: in which, (1) and (2) indicate that under the gravel condition, (3) and (4) indicate that under the Elymus condition, and (5) and (6) indicate that under bare ground.

YT gravel = -0.554x2 + 7.6141x - 14.136 (R2 = 0.9329) (1)

Yw gravel = -0.0069x2 + 0.0989x - 0.1242 (R2 = 0.8529) (2)

Yw grass = -0.4307x2 + 6.1873x - 1.647 (R2=0.438) 3)

YT grass = -0.0052x2 + 0.0824x - 0.0643 (R2=0.104) (4)

YT bare = -0.554x2 + 7.6141x - 14.136 (R2 = 0.9329) (5)

Yw bare = -0.0069x2 + 0.0989x - 0.1242 (R2 = 0.8529) (6)

From the above 1-6 relation equations, it can be seen that a regression determination coefficient R° is above 0.8, showing that the variation trend of the two is closer to the quadratic curve. Many studies consider the period of the average soil temperature below 0 DEG as a cold period of the year, and the period above 0 DEG as a warm period. It can be seen from FIG. 4, under the gravel condition, there are three months (January-February and December) when the average soil temperature is below 0 DEG, that is, the cold period is three months, accounting for 25% of the whole year, and 9 months (March-November) when the average temperature is above 0 DEG, that is, the warm period is nine months, accounting for 75% of the whole year, which shows that the warm period in this area is longer than the cold period. The highest value of soil average appeared in August, which is 13.94 DEG, but in June, there is a second highest value of 13.37 DEG, and then decreased in July, and it reaches the highest in August. The lowest value of soil average appeared in January, which is -4.62 DEG. Under the Elymus dahuricus condition, there are four months (January-March and December) when the average soil temperature is below 0 DEG, that is, the cold period is four months, accounting for 33% of the whole year, and eight months (April-November) when the average soil temperature is above 0 DEG, that is, the warm period is 8 months, accounting for 67% of the whole year. The highest value of soil average appeared in August, which is 12.74 DEG, and the lowest value of oil average appeared in January, which is -2.31 DEG. On the bare ground, there are five months (January-March,

November-December) when the average soil temperature is below 0 DEG, that is, the cold period is five months, accounting for 42% of the whole year, and seven months (April-October) when the average temperature is above 0 DEG, that is, the warm period is seven months, accounting for 58% of the whole year. The highest value of soil average appeared in August, which is 10.05 DEG, and the lowest value of soil average appeared in January, which is -6.27

DEG.

The highest average values of the soil moisture on the three different underlying surfaces d!}505442 appeared in July. Before July, with the gradual arrival of the rainy season, the soil moisture increased with the month. After July, the soil moisture decreased with the month. Under the gravel condition, the monthly average water content of soil varies greatly, and is smaller than that of the other two underlying surfaces ever month.

The diurnal variation characteristics of the soil temperature and the moisture are analyzed by relevance and regression, finding that soil temperature and moisture are significantly correlated with time (P < 0.01), and the trends of the two variations are linear, yT = -0.538x + 0.981 (R2 = 0.657) and yW = 17.53x - 108.815 (R2 = 685). The soil temperature is the highest at 16:00 and the lowest at 7:00, which increases with time, reaches the peak at 16:00, and then decreases with time. The diurnal variation of moisture content is not significant, the moisture content of 25% is between 10% and 16%, and the moisture content of 75% is less than 10%. In conclusion, the variation of daily average soil temperature is as follows: before 16:00, the average soil temperature is 4.90 DEG and the average moisture content is 7%; and after 16:00, the average soil temperature is 9.47 DEG and the average moisture content is 1.8%.

The relation between the soil temperature and the soil moisture is analyzed, finding that there is a quadratic relevant relation between the soil temperature and the soil moisture (p < 0.01), the moisture increases linearly with the increase of the soil temperature, and the moisture decreases with the decrease of the soil temperature. Basically, when the temperature reaches the highest from June to August, the monthly average temperature reaches 12-15 DEG, and the moisture also reaches the maximum with the water content of about 25%. From January to

February, the temperature is the lowest, and the moisture also reaches a low value with the water content of only 4%.

From the diurnal variation of the soil temperature and humidity in different seasons, the soil temperature and humidity data monitored from November 2015 to April 2017 are analyzed in three stages (FIG.5) of from November 2015 to April 2016 (winter), from May 2016 to

September 2016 (summer), and from October 2016 to April 2017 (winter ), finding that in the topsoil of the Elymus dahuricus grassland, the correlation coefficient between the soil temperature and the humidity in winter is R = 0.828, and P < 0.01, but the correlation coefficient between the two in summer is R = 0.169, and P < 0.05. It can be concluded that an influence of temperature on soil water movement in winter and spring is greater than that in summer, showing that a variation of temperature in winter has a significant influence on the variation of the soil water content, but it is not obvious in summer. 6.7 Depth monitoring of snow cover in winter

From November 15, 2016 to February 28, 2017, the snow depth is monitored in real tink&/505442 every 30 minutes every day, finding that there is less snow on a top of Mount Lawu during the winter of this year. There is a larger peak value of the daily snow cover depth from December 27 to 28, 2016 and from January 5 to 8, 2017, and from February 11 to February 12, and the daily maximum snow depth can reach 55 cm. In other time periods, the daily snow cover depth is relatively gentle, and the depth is mostly between 0.2 cm and 5 cm. When there is snow or snow cover, there is no need for special treatment except for being covered.

The number of snow days and accumulated snow depth at the top of Mount Lawu in winter (December-February): the number of snow days is highest in December, it can last for 23 days, followed by February with the number of snow days lasting for 17 days, and January has the fewest snow cover days, with only 6 days. This is different from the distribution of accumulated snow depth. The cumulative snow depth shows a unimodal distribution. The cumulative snow depth in January reached 174.3 cm, accounting for 47% of the cumulative snow depth of 373 cm in three months (December-February) in winter, but the number of snow days was the fewest, which may be caused by the heavy snowfall weather from January 5 to 8.

The results of vegetation restoration measures such as turf transplantation, artificial grassland construction and shrub transplantation in the soil material field of Mount Lawu showed that: 1. after the native vegetation in the high altitude area of the plateau above about 4000 m was destroyed, there was no seed bank in the soil due to the fragile ecosystem and low self-recovery ability. At the same time, through continuous observation, it is found that after the surface soil in this area is stripped, a pioneer species rarely appears, and there are only a few

Artemisia plants and one Poa annua in 3 years. Therefore, it is difficult to restore ecological functions in the short term by establishing the pioneer species to build a species framework, so vegetation restoration in this area needs to be manually intervened, 2. the size and thickness of turf blocks in alpine meadow are to be paid attention to when cutting, the longest side is not greater than 50 cm, in order to be inconvenient for the transportation; the shortest side is not less than 25 cm, to prevent the block is too small to cut off the plant root lead to the death of the turf. When transplanting and stacking, it is to be noted that a bottom is in complete contact with the soil, in this way, the turf can be exercised in winter and completely re-greened and survived. At the same time, if the stacking space is sufficient, it is best not to overlap the turf blocks, so as to avoid the lack of water in time, there is a lack of air between the turf blocks and the turf blocks, resulting in the death of the turf;

3. shrub transplantation and off-site transplantation of shrubs in Mount Lawu soil materih}505442 field are difficult, so it is not recommended to restore shrubs in similar areas; 4. Elymus dahuricus can be planted in the artificial grassland of Mount Lawu soil material field. The suitable sowing density of Elymus dahuricus is 30 g/m”, and the appropriate amount of farmyard manure is more conducive to the growth of plants; 5. the variation characteristics of soil temperature and moisture are analyzed by a long-term continuous positioning monitoring data, and the variations of the soil temperature and the moisture in time and space pattern are analyzed. It is found that the influence of winter temperature on soil moisture is greater than that of summer soil temperature on soil moisture.

Therefore, in the process of the plant overwintering, it can be considered to promote plant growth from the perspective of heat preservation; 6. the warm period accounts for 58% of the whole year in the study area, and the cold period accounts for 42%, the warm period is longer than the cold period. If the surface is covered with plants, the warm period can be prolonged. If some gravel is placed at the soil base layer, the soil temperature can be moderately increased, and the warm period can be prolonged more than that of surface plants. It indicates that gravel has a certain warming effect and can effectively increase soil temperature. It is suggested that in the future artificial grassland planting process, when land preparation, stones on the ground can be buried in the soil there is no need to pick it up and throw it away; and 7. there is a positive relevant relation between the soil temperature and the moisture variation in a study area. As the temperature increases, the moisture also increases, and as the temperature decreases, the moisture also decreases. It indicates that the water and heat in this area are synchronized, especially, the temperature is higher and the moisture is better in

June-August, which is in line with the characteristics of a high altitude area of the high altitude.

Therefore, the planting of the artificial vegetation or the stripping and handling of the turf are performed in this area, it should be completed by June at the latest, because July and August are the most abundant periods of hydrothermal conditions in the region throughout the year.It is conducive to the growth of plants and the transition from the vegetative growth stage to the reproductive growth stage.

Based on the above research and detection, the method of the present invention is given below. 1) The turf transplantation in the alpine area soil material field includes the following operations.

A1. Turf stripping

The thickness of a native turf (even root system) needs about 15-30 cm, a lower humus sdi}H505442 needs to be about 10-20 cm thick, the method has the stripping conditions. We pay attention to a selection of seasons, and try to choose the season with abundant rainfall and humid climate, it is generally between June and August of each year. In this season, the alpine meadow is in a growth period, and the plants have strong vitality. At the same time, the climate is warm and humid, and the plants are easy to survive.

The turf and humus soil in the disturbance range are manually stripped off by machinery, in order to facilitate transportation and storage, the strapping turf is to be divided into blocks, and a side length is controlled between 30-50 cm to prevent the turf from dying off by cutting off the plant roots too small. after the turf is stripped, the lower humus soil is very important to a survival of the turf transplantation, they are stacked centrally for use when transplanting turf.

A2. Turf stacking

Flatting storage: if the stacking area is relatively plentiful, it can be stored in the flatting.

When the turf is stored, the humus soil is stacked at a lower part, with a thickness of stacking is 30-40 cm, the turf is flatted at an upper part in a single layer, there is a 3-5 cm interval between the turfs, and the intervals are covered with the humus soil, it is convenient for the turf growth and the later transplantation.

Overlaying storage: if the stacking site is limited and the construction time is short, the stripping turf storage time is basically not too long ( not more than 3 months ), you can choose to stack storage. Overlaying storage has a certain effect on the turf, but if the management is strengthened after transplantation, the vegetation can be restored in a short time after resurfacing.

When the turf is stored and overlaid, the humus soil is stacked at the lower part,the turf is stacked on a surface layer by layer (3-5 layers can be stacked), and a certain cross space is to be left when stacking and storing, so as to ventilate and water seepage,a height of the turf and humus soil is 1.0-1.5 m. the turf storage area is protected by meadow soil blocks for retaining wall, the meadow soil block retaining wall adopts a trapezoidal section, and the meadow soil blocks are overlaid and placed.

A3. Turf stacking maintenance

When the turf is stored and overlaid, we try our best to choose areas with a leeward and a flat terrain, if there are conditions, the surface of the turf can be covered with a windproof and ventilate dense mesh to avoid the wind to take away the moisture and ensure the survival of the turf, a surface of a surface soil pile is fully covered with a rainproof cloth to avoid the wind blowing sand. water is sprinkled in a temporary stocking area of the turf to keep the soil wet and ensure the water demand of the turf. At the same time, the temporary stocking area of the turf is to be set in a higher location. If there is no condition, a ditch is to be set around the stocking arela/505442 the excess precipitation during the heavy rain period can be discharged in time to avoid a long-term submergence of the turf and death.

A4. Turf replanting

Before the soil disturbance, the surface soil needs to be stripped off, an organic soil organic soil comes from the surface soil stripped in an early stage, gravels shall be covered 10cm below surface soil, the soil is used to backfill the gap. When the turf is replanted, an organic soil layer is backfilled and the replanting is smooth, so that a root of the turf and the soil are seamlessly connected.

After the turf is replanted, grass gaps are filled and compacted with the humus soil; replanting and joint filling are manual operations,and the turf is gently patted to prevent corners from warping and bulging.

AS. Maintenance after the turf replanting

According to an actual environmental conditions and the seasonal needs of a growth and development of transplanted turf, timely fertilization and watering maintenance is to be carried out (fertilization is once a quarter on an average, according to a weather of a year, the watering frequency times once a month on the average; fertilization amount: the dosage of a compound fertilizer is 500 kg/hm? an organic fertilizer is 20000 kg/hm? and a water consumption is 3m’/100m?), to satisfy the needs of vegetation for the nutrition and the moisture. The transplantation turf is fragile and needs some time to combine with a bottom soil, therefore, the human or external disturbance to a replanted turf area is to be minimized within 10 days after the replanting of turf, and a maintenance period is to be extended for an area with poor turf recovery to restore its growth. after the turf replanting, the humus soil scattered on a lower native vegetation is removed in time, an original growth environment is restored, so that it can turn green in time.

A non-woven fabric thatching is adopted heat preservation in overwintering. 2) The artificial grassland planting in the alpine area soil material field includes the following operations.

B1. Land preparation

After that the surface soil is stripped off, according to the terrain is a slope land, a block-shaped land preparation method is adopted, and the soil is loosened by mechanical tillage, then the soil is flattened with a spike-tooth harrow; and a depth of harrowing is 4-10 cm, the farmyard manure is applied, soil blocks are broken, the ground is leveled, and the manure is buried, so that the soil and manure are mixed; and and a depth of harrowing is 4-10 cm, the farmyard manure is applied, soil blocks are broken, the ground is leveled, and the manure §$/505442 buried, so that the soil and manure are mixed; and Combined with the land is plowed again, the land preparation is performed once after 2 kg/m? of farmyard manure (cow or sheep dung) are applied evenly, a depth of plowing is 18-20 cm, so that the soil and the manure are fully mixed, and the soil is raked level and harrowed fine.

B2. Planting

Monoculture and mixture sowing. a fringe Elymus dahuricus is mainly selscted, and it can also be mixed sowing with Elymus sibiricus and other grass seeds. According to an actual situation of scientific and reasonable mixture sowing proportion (grass seed mixed according to 1:1, mixed after mixture sowing, the sowing quantity is 200-300 kg/hm?). A suitable sowing time is from late May to early June. Broadcast sowing or plant in rows, it is mainly based on plant in rows, furrows spaced at 15 cm-20 cm are opened mechanically or manually, the seeds are evenly broadcast artificially with a sowing amount of 200-300 kg/hm?. Timely compaction after sowing,

In view of characteristics of more gravel and less soil in a study area,it is necessary to adopt deep seeding and shallow out (a suitable sowing depth is 3-5 cm) seedling preservation measures, and the suitable sowing depth is 3-5 cm; after sowing, an irrigation and pouring water is to be performed in time to make the seeds fully contact with water, soil and fertilizer.

B3. Field management

Elymus nutans Griseb 1s a perennial forage grass, which grows slowly at a seedling stage, and in the year of sowing, grazing is prohibited.

At present, turf transplanted or planted in the present invention has a good growth, the survival rate is above 90%, the turf is basically alive, and the planted Elymus dahuricus grows well, and a height of the plant can reach about 80-90 cm.

The embodiments given above are preferred examples for realizing the present invention.

The present invention is not limited to the above embodiment. Any non-essential addition, replacement made by those skilled in the art according to the technical features of the technical solution of the present invention are included in the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

CLAIMS LU505442

1. A method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field, the vegetation in a disturbed area of a hydropower project in the alpine canyon area of the southeast Tibet is restored, wherein: the method for turf transplantation in the alpine area soil material field comprises the following operations:

A1. turf stripping: the stripping time is from June to August each year, the stripping conditions are only available when a thickness of an original turf with an root system is 15-30 cm and a thickness of lower humus soil 1s 10-20 cm; and the stripped turf is divided into blocks, a side length is controlled between 30-50 cm; and after the turf is stripped, the lower humus soil is collected and stacked,

A3. turf stacking maintenance: when the turf is temporarily stacked, a flat area on a leeward side, and with a high terrain is chosen; and a surface of a surface soil pile is fully covered with a rainproof cloth; and water is sprinkled in a temporary storage area of the turf to keep the soil wet;

A4. turf replanting: when the turf is replanted, firstly, an organic soil layer is backfilled and the replanting is smooth, and the root of the turf is seamlessly connected to the soil; and after the turf is replanted,

grass gaps are filled and compacted with the humus soil, and the turf is gently patted to prevent 905442 corners from warping and bulging; and

B2. planting: the sowing time is from late May to early June, the grass seeds are: Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus seeds, and which are planted in monoculture or mixed seeding; the sowing method is broadcast sowing or plant in rows, furrows spaced at 15 cm-20 cm are opened mechanically or manually, the seeds are evenly broadcast artificially with a sowing amount of 200-300 kg/hm?, and are planted deeply and grow slowly, a sowing depth is 3-5 cm, and in-time compaction is performed after sowing; and after sowing, irrigation is performed in time to make the seeds fully contact with water, soil and the manure; and

B3. field management: Elymus dahuricus is a perennial forage grass, which grows slowly at a seedling stage, and in the year of sowing, grazing is prohibited.

2. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil 905442 material field according to claim 1, wherein when strapping, a longest side of a turf cutting area is not greater than 50 cm, and the shortest side is not less than 25 cm; and during excavation, blocks can be basically controlled according to the above side length, a side length is controlled between 30-50 cm, and the turf is manually divided into blocks by a hoe; a stacking space satisfies requirements of no overlapping stacking of turf blocks, and a distance between the stocks is 10-20 cm; and a bottom of the turf is in full contact with the soil during transplantation: a terrain is trimmed after transplantation land preparation, covered with soil and flatted, grass gaps are filled with the humus soil; and the turf is gently patted to prevent corners from warping and bulging, ensuring that the bottom is in full contact with the soil when transplanting and stacking.

3. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the following soil improvements are performed in the disturbed area: construction wastes are cleaned up in the backfill area before the backfill of the surface soil, a ground is trimmed by filling pits, after the trim, a side slope is covered with soil artificially, and a thickness of soil is 10-20 cm; and a flat area is covered with soil mechanically, and the thickness is mostly 30 cm; and the soil in the disturbed area is applied with 2 kg/m? organic fertilizers or 30 g/m? chemical fertilizers.

4. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field according to claim 1, wherein a plurality of gravels are placed under 10 cm of soil during transplantation; and in the process of planting artificial grassland, stones on the ground may be buried in the soil.

5. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field according to claim 1, wherein when the artificial grassland is planted, Elymus dahuricus and Elymus sibiricus are mixed at a ratio of 1:1, and the sowing density is 30 g/m”, and farm manure is applied at the same time.

6. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field according to claim 1, wherein after the turf replanting, the humus soil scattered on the turf is removed in time to restore an original growth environment, so that the turf is boosted 905442 to turn green in time; and a non-woven fabric thatch is adopted for heat preservation to overwinter.

7. The method for turf transplantation and artificial grassland planting in an alpine area soil material field according to claim 5, wherein the mixed sowing grass seeds are Elymus sibiricus and Elymus dahuricus seeds, and a mixed sowing ratio is 1:1; and after mixing, the seeds are sown with the amount of 200-300 kg/hm?, and the sowing depth of 3-5 cm.