KR20210059675A - Photovoltaic decive - Google Patents

Photovoltaic decive Download PDF

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KR20210059675A
KR20210059675A KR1020210044139A KR20210044139A KR20210059675A KR 20210059675 A KR20210059675 A KR 20210059675A KR 1020210044139 A KR1020210044139 A KR 1020210044139A KR 20210044139 A KR20210044139 A KR 20210044139A KR 20210059675 A KR20210059675 A KR 20210059675A
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light
conductive window
cell region
photovoltaic device
incident
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안상정
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웨이브로드 주식회사
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Abstract

The present disclosure relates to a photovoltaic device. The photovoltaic device includes: a conductive window having a hexagonal close-packed lattice structure, having a rough surface for scattering light on a side on which light is incident, and having first bandgap energy; a cell region that is formed on the conductive window, converts incident light into electrical energy, has bandgap energy smaller than the first bandgap energy, and has a light absorption region made of a material different from a material constituting the conductive window; and a reflective layer that reflects the light incident from the opposite side of the conductive window based on the cell region to the cell region. It is possible to provide a substrate or a base capable of growing the cell region at a high temperature.

Description

광기전력 소자{PHOTOVOLTAIC DECIVE}Photovoltaic device{PHOTOVOLTAIC DECIVE}

본 개시(Disclosure)는 전체적으로 광기전력 소자에 관한 것으로, 특히 기존 유리 기판 및/또는 투광성 전도 산화막(TCO)의 문제점을 개선한 광기전력 소자에 관한 것이다.The present disclosure generally relates to a photovoltaic device, and in particular, to a photovoltaic device that improves the problems of the existing glass substrate and/or the light-transmitting conductive oxide film (TCO).

여기서, 광기전력 소자는 광기전력 효과(Photovoltaic Effect)를 이용하는 솔라셀과 같은 소자를 일컫는다.Here, the photovoltaic device refers to a device such as a solar cell using a photovoltaic effect.

여기서는, 본 개시에 관한 배경기술이 제공되며, 이들이 반드시 공지기술을 의미하는 것은 아니다(This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art).Here, a background technology related to the present disclosure is provided, and these do not necessarily mean a known technology (This section provides background information related to the present disclosure which is not necessarily prior art).

도 1은 종래의 광기전력 소자의 예를 나타내는 도면으로서, 좌측 상단에, a-Si(amorphous-Silicon; 비결정질 실리콘)을 구성 물질로 하는 솔라셀이, 좌측 하단에, CdTe를 구성 물질로 하는 솔라셀이, 우측에 CuInGaSe2(CIGS)를 구성 물질로 하는 솔라셀이 예시되어 있다. 도 1에서, a-Si 솔라셀과 CdTe 솔라셀은 기판(100)으로부터 빛이 입사되는 수퍼스트레이트(Superstrate) 구조로 되어 있으며, CIGS 솔라셀은 기판(100)의 반대 측에서 빛이 입사되는 서브스트레이트(Substrate) 구조로 되어 있다. a-Si 솔라셀은 글라스로 된 기판(100), TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide; 예: SnO2)로 된 전극(200), p층(301; 예: p-SiC), 광 흡수 영역으로서 i층(302; 예: i-a-Si), n층(303; 예: n-a-Si), 반사층(401) 그리고, 전극(402) 등으로 구성될 수 있다. CdTe 솔라셀은 글라스로 된 기판(100), TCO(Transparent Conductive Oxide; 예: SnO2)로 된 전극(200), n층(303; 예: CdS), p층(301; 예: p-CdTe), 버퍼층(404) 그리고, 전극(402) 등으로 구성될 수 있다. CIGS 솔라셀은 글라스로 된 기판(100), 전극(200; 예: Mo), p층(301; 예: p-CuInGaSe2), n층(303; 예: n-CdS), 버퍼층(404; 예: ZnO) 그리고, 전극(402) 등으로 구성될 수 있다.1 is a view showing an example of a conventional photovoltaic device, in the upper left, a solar cell made of a-Si (amorphous-silicon; amorphous silicon) as a constituent material, and in the lower left, a solar cell made of CdTe as a constituent material. The cell is illustrated on the right side of a solar cell made of CuInGaSe 2 (CIGS) as a constituent material. In FIG. 1, the a-Si solar cell and the CdTe solar cell have a superstrate structure in which light is incident from the substrate 100, and the CIGS solar cell is a sub in which light is incident on the opposite side of the substrate 100. It has a straight (Substrate) structure. The a-Si solar cell consists of a substrate 100 made of glass, an electrode 200 made of TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide; e.g. SnO 2 ), a p-layer 301; e.g. p-SiC, and an i-layer as a light absorption region (302; for example: ia-Si), an n-layer 303; for example, na-Si), a reflective layer 401, and an electrode 402. CdTe solar cell is a substrate 100 made of glass, an electrode 200 made of TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide; e.g. SnO 2 ), an n-layer 303; e.g. CdS), a p-layer 301; e.g. p-CdTe ), a buffer layer 404, and an electrode 402. The CIGS solar cell includes a glass substrate 100, an electrode 200 (eg: Mo), a p-layer 301; eg: p-CuInGaSe 2 ), an n-layer 303 (eg: n-CdS), and a buffer layer 404; Example: ZnO), and may be composed of an electrode 402 and the like.

도 2는 종래의 광기전력 소자의 다른 예들을 나타내는 도면으로서, 하나의 소자 내에 복수의 셀 영역(310,320,330)이 구비되어 있다(예: 미국 등록특허공보 제5,407,491호). 빛이 소자의 위쪽으로부터 입사될 때 상측에 위치하는 셀 영역(310), 중간에 위치하는 셀 영역(320), 하측에 위치하는 셀 영역(330) 순으로, 위에서부터 큰 밴드갭 에너지를 가지도록 구성되어 광기전력 소자의 전환 효율을 향상시킬 수 있게 된다. 예를 들어, 여러 반도체 물질의 밴드갭 에너지는 다음과 같다(InN: 0.6eV, Ge: 0.65eV, Cu(In,Ga)Se2: 1.04-1.67eV, c-Si: 1.12eV InGaAs: 1.2eV, InP: 1.35eV, GaAs: 1.4eV, CdTe; 1.45eV, InGaP: 1.86eV, GaP: 2.25eV, ZeSe: 2.7eV, ZnO: 3.37eV, GaN: 3.4eV).2 is a diagram showing another example of a conventional photovoltaic device, in which a plurality of cell regions 310, 320, and 330 are provided in one device (eg, US Patent Publication No. 5,407,491). When light is incident from the upper side of the device, the cell region 310 positioned at the upper side, the cell region 320 positioned at the middle, and the cell region 330 positioned at the lower side have a large bandgap energy from the top. It is configured to improve the conversion efficiency of the photovoltaic device. For example, the band gap energies of various semiconductor materials are as follows (InN: 0.6eV, Ge: 0.65eV, Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 : 1.04-1.67eV, c-Si: 1.12eV InGaAs: 1.2eV , InP: 1.35eV, GaAs: 1.4eV, CdTe; 1.45eV, InGaP: 1.86eV, GaP: 2.25eV, ZeSe: 2.7eV, ZnO: 3.37eV, GaN: 3.4eV).

도 1 및 도 2에서와 같이, 다양한 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 하나의 셀 영역 또는 복수의 셀 영역을 가지는 광기전력 소자가 제시되고 있지만, 기판(100)으로 주로 글라스 기판이 이용되고 있다. 그러나 글라스로 된 기판(100)은 고온 성장에 적합하지 않아, 박막 솔라셀의 제조에 있어 주로 저온 성장에 적합한 방법들이 이용되고 있으며, 고온 성장을 이용하여 박막의 양질화를 도모하는 데는 한계가 있다.As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a photovoltaic device having one cell region or a plurality of cell regions having various band gap energies has been proposed, but a glass substrate is mainly used as the substrate 100. However, since the glass substrate 100 is not suitable for high-temperature growth, methods suitable for low-temperature growth are mainly used in the manufacture of thin-film solar cells, and there is a limit to improving the quality of the thin film by using high-temperature growth. .

도 3은 종래의 광기전력 소자의 또 다른 예를 나타내는 도면으로서, 광기전력 소자는 기판(100), 전극(200), 빛을 전기 에너지로 전환하는 셀 영역(300), 그리고 전극(402)을 구비한다. 도 1에 도시된 광기전력 소자와 달리, 전극(200; 예: ZnO)에 거친 표면(201)이 형성되어 있다. 거친 표면(201)은 전극(200)의 형성 과정에서 형성되거나, 전극(200)의 형성 후 Surface Texturing 기술(예: Wet Etching 또는 Dry Etching)에 의해 형성될 수 있다. 거친 표면(200)을 구비함으로써, 입사되는 빛을 산란시켜 소자 내로의 광 흡수량을 증가시킬 수 있다. 그러나 거친 표면(201) 위에 셀 영역(300)이 형성되기 때문에, 다양한 양질의 반도체 물질을 거친 표면(201) 위에 성장시키기에는 많은 제약(Shunting path, pinholes, local depletion 등)이 따른다. 수퍼스트레이트(Superstrate) 구조의 광기전력 소자에 있어서, 전극(200)은 도전성이어야 하며, 투광성이어야 하고, 셀 영역(300) 형성의 기초(Base)가 되고, 양질의 거친 표면(201)을 형성할 수 있어야 한다. 그러나, 기존의 TCO를 이용한 전극(200)으로는 이러한 다양한 요구를 만족시키기 쉽지 않으며, 한편으로 그 아래에 높은 온도에서 견디지 못하는 글라스로 된 기판(100)이 별도로 구비됨으로써, 셀 영역(300)을 고온 성장 기법으로 형성하기에는 제약이 따른다.3 is a diagram showing another example of a conventional photovoltaic device, in which the photovoltaic device includes a substrate 100, an electrode 200, a cell region 300 for converting light into electrical energy, and an electrode 402. Equipped. Unlike the photovoltaic device shown in FIG. 1, a rough surface 201 is formed on the electrode 200 (eg, ZnO). The rough surface 201 may be formed during the formation of the electrode 200 or may be formed by a surface texturing technique (eg, wet etching or dry etching) after the electrode 200 is formed. By providing the rough surface 200, it is possible to increase the amount of light absorption into the device by scattering incident light. However, since the cell region 300 is formed on the rough surface 201, there are many restrictions (shunting path, pinholes, local depletion, etc.) to grow various high-quality semiconductor materials on the rough surface 201. In a photovoltaic device of a superstrate structure, the electrode 200 must be conductive, light-transmitting, and become a base for forming the cell region 300, and to form a high-quality rough surface 201. You should be able to. However, it is not easy to satisfy these various demands with the conventional electrode 200 using TCO. On the other hand, a substrate 100 made of glass that cannot withstand high temperatures is separately provided under the electrode 200, thereby forming the cell region 300. There are limitations to forming by high-temperature growth techniques.

이에 대하여 '발명의 실시를 위한 구체적인 내용'의 후단에 기술한다.This will be described later in the'Specific Contents for Implementation of the Invention'.

여기서는, 본 개시의 전체적인 요약(Summary)이 제공되며, 이것이 본 개시의 외연을 제한하는 것으로 이해되어서는 아니된다(This section provides a general summary of the disclosure and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features).Here, a summary of the present disclosure is provided, and this section provides a general summary of the disclosure and is not a comprehensive disclosure of its full scope or all of its features).

본 개시에 따른 일 태양에 의하면(According to one aspect of the present disclosure), 육방 조밀 격자 구조(Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice Structure)를 가지는 도전성 윈도우(Conductive Window);로서, 빛이 입사되는 측에 빛을 산란시키는 거친 표면을 가지며, 제1 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 도전성 윈도우; 도전성 윈도우 상에 형성되며, 입사된 빛을 전기 에너지로 전환하고, 제1 밴드갭 에너지보다 작은 밴드갭 에너지를 가지면서 도전성 윈도우를 구성하는 물질과 다른 이종 물질로 된 광 흡수 영역을 가지는 셀 영역; 그리고, 셀 영역을 기준으로 도전성 윈도우의 반대 측에서 입사된 빛을 셀 영역으로 반사하는 반사층;을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자가 제공된다.According to one aspect of the present disclosure (According to one aspect of the present disclosure), as a conductive window (Conductive Window) having a hexagonal close-packed lattice structure (Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice Structure); as, light is incident on the side A conductive window having a scattering rough surface and having a first bandgap energy; A cell region formed on the conductive window, converting incident light into electrical energy, and having a light absorption region made of a material different from the material constituting the conductive window while having a band gap energy smaller than the first band gap energy; In addition, a photovoltaic device comprising: a reflective layer that reflects light incident from the opposite side of the conductive window to the cell region based on the cell region.

이에 대하여 '발명의 실시를 위한 구체적인 내용'의 후단에 기술한다.This will be described later in the'Specific Contents for Implementation of the Invention'.

도 1은 종래의 광기전력 소자의 예를 나타내는 도면,
도 2는 종래의 광기전력 소자의 다른 예들을 나타내는 도면,
도 3은 종래의 광기전력 소자의 또 다른 예를 나타내는 도면,
도 4는 본 개시에 따른 광기전력 소자의 일 예를 나타내는 도면,
도 5는 육방 조밀 격자 구조를 가지는 물질에 형성된 거친 표면의 예를 나타내는 사진,
도 6은 본 개시에 따른 광기전력 소자의 다른 예를 나타내는 도면,
도 7 및 도 8은 본 개시에 따라 광기전력 소자를 제조하는 방법의 일 예를 나타내는 도면.1 is a diagram showing an example of a conventional photovoltaic device;
2 is a diagram showing other examples of a conventional photovoltaic device;
3 is a view showing another example of a conventional photovoltaic device;
4 is a diagram showing an example of a photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure;
5 is a photograph showing an example of a rough surface formed on a material having a hexagonal dense lattice structure;
6 is a view showing another example of a photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure;
7 and 8 are views showing an example of a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure.

이하, 본 개시를 첨부된 도면을 참고로 하여 자세하게 설명한다(The present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing(s)). Hereinafter, the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawing(s)).

도 4는 본 개시에 따른 광기전력 소자의 일 예를 나타내는 도면으로서, 광기전력 소자는 도전성 윈도우(23), 셀 영역(30), 그리고 반사층(41)을 포함한다. 도전성 윈도우(23)는 빛이 입사되는 측에 위치되며, 빛을 산란시키는 거친 표면(21)을 가진다. 도 3에 도시된 광기전력 소자와 달리, 거친 표면(21)이 셀 영역(30) 측이 아니라 소자의 외측에 형성되어 있어, 거친 표면(21)의 형성이 셀 영역(30)의 형성과 독립적으로 제어될 수 있는 이점을 가진다. 본 개시에 있어서, 거친 표면(31)이 형성되는 도전성 윈도우(23)는 육방 조밀 격자 구조를 가지는 물질로 이루어진다. 도 5에 도시된 바와 같이, 육방 조밀 격자 구조를 가지는 물질(예: GaN, ZnO)을 표면 텍스쳐링(Surface Texturing; 예: Wet Etching)한 표면은 피라미드 형상을 가지는 매우 규칙적인 돌기들로 이루어져 산란에 매우 유리한 거친 표면(21)을 형성한다. 기판(10)이 제거되고 노출되는 N-face GaN은 습식 식각이 잘 되며, 도시와 같이 양질의 거친 표면(21)을 제공한다. 도전성 윈도우(23)를, 도 3 내지 도 4에서와 같이, 표면 텍스쳐링하는 기술 자체는 당업자에게 이미 잘 알려져 있다. 육방 조밀 격자 구조를 가지는 대표적인 물질로서, GaN계 화합물 반도체(즉, AlxGayIn1-x-yN(0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤x+y≤1)로 표현되는 3족 질화물 반도체)와 ZnO계 산화물(예: ZnO, MgZnO)을 들 수 있다. 상세한 제조 방법은 후술하겠지만, 도전성 윈도우(23)는 기판(10) 위에 형성되며, 기판(10)은 광기전력 소자의 다른 요소들이 형성된 후에, 레이저 리프트-오프법, 기계적 연마, 습식 식각 등의 방법으로 도전성 윈도우(23)로부터 제거된다. 기판(10)은 예를 들어, 사파이어, SiC, Si, Ge, SiGe, GaAs 등으로 이루어질 수 있으며, 도전성 윈도우(23)의 형성이 가능하다면 특별히 제한이 있는 것은 아니지만, 바람직하게는 녹는점이 높은 물질로 이루어지는 것이 바람직하다(예: 사파이어). 셀 영역(30)은 도전성 윈도우(23) 상에 형성되며, 도전성 윈도우(23)를 통해 입사된 빛을 전기 에너지로 전환한다. 셀 영역(30)은 광 흡수 영역(32)을 가지며, 광 흡수 영역(32)은 셀 영역(30) 내에서 광기전력 효과(Photovoltaic Effect)에 의해 빛의 전기 에너지로 전환이 실제로 일어나는 영역이다. 바람직하게는 광 흡수 영역(32)은 셀 영역(30)을 n층, i층, p층, 즉 P-I-N 구조로 하여 만들어진다. 그러나, p층과 n층을 구비하여 이 사이의 공핍 영역을 광 흡수 영역(32)로 이용하거나, 도전성 윈도우(23)와 다른 도전성을 가지는 단일의 층을 셀 영역(30)으로 구성하여, 도전성 윈도우(23)와 셀 영역(30) 사이의 공핍 영역을 광 흡수 영역(32)으로 이용하는 것이 이론적으로 가능하다. 또한 이들 사이에 i층이 더 구비되어도 좋다. 즉, 광 흡수 영역(32)은 광기전력 소자 분야에서 통용되는 어떠한 방법에 의해서도 만들어질 수 있다. 도전성 윈도우(23)는 입사된 광이 광 흡수 영역(32)에 이르는 것을 방해하지 않도록 광 흡수 영역(32)보다 큰 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 물질로 구성된다. 예를 들어, 도전성 윈도우(23)가 n형 GaN으로 이루어질 때, 광 흡수 영역(32)은 Si, Ge, CdTe, CuInGaSe2, AlGaInAs, AlGaInP, 그룹 3족 원소-(As, P, N) 화합물 등으로 이루어질 수 있다. 반사층(41)은 셀 영역(30)을 기준으로 도전성 윈도우(23)의 반대 측에 형성되며, 소자 내로 입사된 빛을 셀 영역(30)으로 반사한다. 예를 들어 반사층(41)은 Ag, Al, Au, Pt, Ni, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ti, TiW, DBR(Distributed Bragg Reflector), ODR(Omni-Directional Reflector) 또는 이들의 조합으로 이루어질 수 있다. 또한 반사층(41)과 셀 영역(30) 사이에 ITO, IO, TO, ZnO, ZITO, SiO2, TiN와 같은 투광성 막을 추가하는 것도 가능하다. 필요에 따라, 전극(22), 지지 기판(40), 전극(42)이 더 구비될 수 있으며, 지지 기판(40)은 본딩층(43)에 의해 결할될 수 있다. 지지 기판(40)은 기판(10)의 제거 과정 및 제거 후에 광기전력 소자를 지지하는 역할을 한다. 예를 들어, 본딩층(43)은 Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ti, W, Cr, CrN, TiW, Sn, In, Zn 또는 이들의 조합으로 이루어질 수 있다. 지지 기판(40)은 휨이 없는(rigid) 형태 또는 휨이 가능한(flexible) 형태로 구성될 수 있으며, Sapphire, Si, Refractory Metal(Mo, V, Ti, Cr 등), 글라스, Polyimide, 일반 유기물 등으로 구성될 수 있다. 광 흡수 영역(30)은 화학증기증착법(CVD; 예: MOCVD, ALD, PECVD)으로 형성가능하며, 또한 물리증기증착법(PVD; 예: 열 또는 이빔 증착법(Evaporator), 스퍼터링(Sputtering))으로도 형성이 가능하다. 또한 필요에 따라, 투명하고(Transparent), 전기가 통하는(Conducting) 산화물(TCO; ITO, SnO2, In2O3, InZnO, etc) 또는 질화물(TCN; TiN, etc) 또는 산화질화물(TCON, ITON, etc)을 우선 형성하고 Si 등의 셀 영역(30) 물질을 형성하는 것도 가능하다.4 is a diagram illustrating an example of a photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure, and the photovoltaic device includes a conductive window 23, a cell region 30, and a reflective layer 41. The conductive window 23 is located on the side to which light is incident, and has a rough surface 21 that scatters light. Unlike the photovoltaic device shown in FIG. 3, since the rough surface 21 is formed outside the device rather than the cell region 30 side, the formation of the rough surface 21 is independent of the formation of the cell region 30. It has the advantage that it can be controlled by. In the present disclosure, the conductive window 23 on which the rough surface 31 is formed is made of a material having a hexagonal dense lattice structure. As shown in FIG. 5, the surface texturing a material (eg, GaN, ZnO) having a hexagonal dense lattice structure (eg, Wet Etching) is composed of very regular protrusions having a pyramid shape to scatter. It forms a very advantageous rough surface 21. The N-face GaN from which the substrate 10 is removed and exposed is well wet etched, and provides a high-quality rough surface 21 as shown in the figure. The technique itself for surface texturing of the conductive window 23, as in FIGS. 3 to 4, is already well known to those skilled in the art. As a representative material having a hexagonal dense lattice structure, a GaN-based compound semiconductor (i.e., Al x Ga y In 1-xy N (0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤x+y≤1) Group III nitride semiconductors) and ZnO-based oxides (eg, ZnO, MgZnO). A detailed manufacturing method will be described later, but the conductive window 23 is formed on the substrate 10, and the substrate 10 is formed by other elements of the photovoltaic device, followed by a laser lift-off method, mechanical polishing, wet etching, etc. It is removed from the conductive window 23. The substrate 10 may be made of, for example, sapphire, SiC, Si, Ge, SiGe, GaAs, etc., and there is no particular limitation as long as the conductive window 23 can be formed, but it is preferably a material having a high melting point. It is preferably made of (eg sapphire). The cell region 30 is formed on the conductive window 23 and converts light incident through the conductive window 23 into electrical energy. The cell region 30 has a light absorption region 32, and the light absorption region 32 is a region in which conversion of light into electric energy occurs in the cell region 30 by a photovoltaic effect. Preferably, the light absorption region 32 is made of the cell region 30 in an n-layer, i-layer, p-layer, that is, a PIN structure. However, the p-layer and the n-layer are provided, and the depletion region between them is used as the light absorption region 32, or a single layer having a conductivity different from that of the conductive window 23 is constituted as the cell region 30. It is theoretically possible to use the depletion region between the window 23 and the cell region 30 as the light absorption region 32. Further, an i-layer may be further provided between them. That is, the light absorption region 32 may be made by any method commonly used in the field of photovoltaic devices. The conductive window 23 is made of a material having a band gap energy greater than that of the light absorbing region 32 so as not to prevent incident light from reaching the light absorbing region 32. For example, when the conductive window 23 is made of n-type GaN, the light absorption region 32 is Si, Ge, CdTe, CuInGaSe 2 , AlGaInAs, AlGaInP, group III element-(As, P, N) compound And the like. The reflective layer 41 is formed on the opposite side of the conductive window 23 with respect to the cell region 30, and reflects light incident into the device to the cell region 30. For example, the reflective layer 41 may be formed of Ag, Al, Au, Pt, Ni, Mo, Cu, Cr, Ti, TiW, DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector), ODR (Omni-Directional Reflector), or a combination thereof. . It is also possible to add a light-transmitting film such as ITO, IO, TO, ZnO, ZITO, SiO 2 or TiN between the reflective layer 41 and the cell region 30. If necessary, an electrode 22, a support substrate 40, and an electrode 42 may be further provided, and the support substrate 40 may be bonded by the bonding layer 43. The support substrate 40 serves to support the photovoltaic device during and after the removal of the substrate 10. For example, the bonding layer 43 may be formed of Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ti, W, Cr, CrN, TiW, Sn, In, Zn, or a combination thereof. The support substrate 40 may be configured in a rigid or flexible shape, and Sapphire, Si, Refractory Metal (Mo, V, Ti, Cr, etc.), glass, polyimide, general organic materials And the like. The light absorption region 30 can be formed by chemical vapor deposition (CVD; e.g. MOCVD, ALD, PECVD), and physical vapor deposition (PVD; e.g., heat or evaporator, sputtering). Formation is possible. Also, if necessary, transparent, conducting oxide (TCO; ITO, SnO 2 , In 2 O 3 , InZnO, etc) or nitride (TCN; TiN, etc) or oxynitride (TCON, It is also possible to first form ITON, etc) and then form a material of the cell region 30 such as Si.

도 6은 본 개시에 따른 광기전력 소자의 다른 예를 나타내는 도면으로서, 광 기전력 소자는 두 개의 셀 영역(30A,30B)을 구비한다. 2개 이상의 셀 영역을 구비할 수 있음을 물론이다. 미설명 부호 35는 터널 정션(Tunnel Junction)층이다. 도전성 윈도우(23), 셀 영역(30A), 셀 영역(30B)으로 갈수록 작은 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 물질로 이루어지는 것이 바람직하다.6 is a view showing another example of the photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure, and the photovoltaic device includes two cell regions 30A and 30B. Of course, it is possible to have two or more cell regions. Unexplained reference numeral 35 denotes a tunnel junction layer. The conductive window 23, the cell region 30A, and the cell region 30B are preferably made of a material having a smaller band gap energy.

도 7 및 도 8은 본 개시에 따라 광기전력 소자를 제조하는 방법의 일 예를 나타내는 도면으로서, 먼저 (a)에서와 같이, 기판(10) 상에 도전성 윈도우(23)를 형성한다. 예를 들어, 사파이어로 된 기판(10) 위에, MOCVD법을 이용하여, 500℃ 전후의 온도에서 GaN 버퍼층을 형성한 다음, 1000℃ 전후의 온도에서 도핑되지 않은 GaN층을 형성한 다음, Si으로 도핑된 GaN층을 형성하여 도전성 윈도우(23)를 형성할 수 있다.7 and 8 are views showing an example of a method of manufacturing a photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure. First, as in (a), a conductive window 23 is formed on the substrate 10. For example, on the substrate 10 made of sapphire, a GaN buffer layer was formed at a temperature of around 500°C using the MOCVD method, and then an undoped GaN layer was formed at a temperature of about 1000°C, and then Si was used. The conductive window 23 may be formed by forming a doped GaN layer.

다음으로, (b)에서와 같이, 선택된 물질에 따르는 주지의 방법으로 셀 영역(30)을 형성한 다음, 반사층(41)을 형성한다. 별도로 전극(42)을 구비한 지지 기판(40)을 준비하고(전극(42)은 웨이퍼 본딩 후에 형성되거나, 생략될 수 있다.), 지지 기판(40)과 반사층(41) 중 적어도 일측에 본딩층(43)을 구성하는 물질을 형성한 다음 이들을 접합한다. 다음으로, (c)에서와 같이, 기판(10)을 제거한다. 사파이어, SiC와 같이 투명한 기판(10)이 사용되는 경우에는 레이저 리프트-오프법에 의해 기판(10)을 제거할 수 있으며(습식 식각 또는 기계적 연만에 의해 제거도 가능), Si,Ge, SiGe, GaAs와 같은 불투명한 기판(10)의 경우에 습식 식각을 통해 제거할 수 있다. 마지막으로, (d)에서와 같이, 거친 표면(21)을 형성하고, 전극(22)을 형성한다. 거친 표면(21)은 습식 식각, 건식 식각, 기계적 연마 등 다양한 방법에 의해 형성될 수 있다. 바람직하게는 염기성 에천트(예: KOH, NaOH)를 이용하여 도 5에서와 같은 거친 표면(21)을 형성하는 것이 가능하다. 전극(22)은 Ti/Ni/Au의 적층으로 형성하는 것이 가능하다.Next, as in (b), the cell region 30 is formed by a known method according to the selected material, and then the reflective layer 41 is formed. Separately, a support substrate 40 provided with an electrode 42 is prepared (electrode 42 may be formed after wafer bonding or may be omitted), and bonded to at least one side of the support substrate 40 and the reflective layer 41. After forming the material constituting the layer 43, they are bonded together. Next, as in (c), the substrate 10 is removed. When a transparent substrate 10 such as sapphire or SiC is used, the substrate 10 can be removed by a laser lift-off method (can also be removed by wet etching or mechanical polishing), Si,Ge, SiGe, In the case of an opaque substrate 10 such as GaAs, it can be removed through wet etching. Finally, as in (d), a rough surface 21 is formed, and an electrode 22 is formed. The rough surface 21 may be formed by various methods such as wet etching, dry etching, and mechanical polishing. Preferably, it is possible to form a rough surface 21 as shown in FIG. 5 by using a basic etchant (eg, KOH, NaOH). The electrode 22 can be formed by a stack of Ti/Ni/Au.

이하 본 개시의 다양한 실시 형태에 대하여 설명한다.Hereinafter, various embodiments of the present disclosure will be described.

(1) 육방 조밀 격자 구조(Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice Structure)를 가지는 도전성 윈도우(Conductive Window);로서, 빛이 입사되는 측에 빛을 산란시키는 거친 표면을 가지며, 제1 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 도전성 윈도우; 도전성 윈도우 상에 형성되며, 입사된 빛을 전기 에너지로 전환하고, 제1 밴드갭 에너지보다 작은 밴드갭 에너지를 가지면서 도전성 윈도우를 구성하는 물질과 다른 이종 물질로 된 광 흡수 영역을 가지는 셀 영역; 그리고, 셀 영역을 기준으로 도전성 윈도우의 반대 측에서 입사된 빛을 셀 영역으로 반사하는 반사층;을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자. 여기서, 윈도우는 빛이 들어오는 입구를 의미한다. 도전성 윈도우가 하나의 물질 조성으로 된 층일 때, 제1 밴드갭 에너지는 단일의 값을 가지지만, 도전성 윈도우가 복수의 물질 조성으로 된 층일 때, 제1 밴드갭 에너지는 각각의 밴드갭 에너지의 평균값으로 정의될 수 있다. '도전성 윈도우를 구성하는 물질과 다른 이종 물질'이라는 것은, 예를 들어, 도전성 윈도우가 GaN계 화합물 반도체로 이루어질 때 GaN계 화합물 반도체(AlxGayIn1-x-yN(0≤x≤1,0≤y≤1,0≤x+y≤1)가 아닌 물질로 광 흡수 영역이 이루어짐을 의미한다.(1) A conductive window having a hexagonal closed-packed lattice structure; a conductive window having a rough surface that scatters light on the side where light is incident, and having a first bandgap energy ; A cell region formed on the conductive window, converting incident light into electrical energy, and having a light absorption region made of a material different from the material constituting the conductive window while having a band gap energy smaller than the first band gap energy; And a reflective layer that reflects light incident from the opposite side of the conductive window to the cell region based on the cell region. Here, the window means the entrance to which light enters. When the conductive window is a layer of one material composition, the first bandgap energy has a single value, but when the conductive window is a layer of a plurality of material compositions, the first bandgap energy is the average value of each bandgap energy. Can be defined as The term'different material different from the material constituting the conductive window' means, for example, when the conductive window is made of a GaN compound semiconductor, a GaN compound semiconductor (Al x Ga y In 1-xy N (0 ≤ x ≤ 1, It means that the light absorption region is formed of a material other than 0≤y≤1,0≤x+y≤1).

(2) 제1 밴드갭 에너지는 3eV보다 큰 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자. GaN계 화합물 반도체, ZnO계 산화물 및 MgO계 산화물이 이러한 조건을 만족할 수 있다. 3eV 이상의 밴드갭 에너지를 가짐으로써, 태양으로부터 대부분의 빛을 흡수 또는 반사시키지 않고 셀 영역으로 안내할 수 있게 된다. 또한 큰 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 물질이 높은 녹는점을 가지는 것이 일반적이므로, 3eV이상의 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 도전성 윈도우를 셀 영역을 형성하는 기초(base)로 사용함으로써, 고온 및 저온에서 적용가능한 다양한 셀 영역 형성 기법(PECVD법, MOCVD법, MBE법, HVPE법, Sputtering, Evaporator 등)을 사용할 수 있게 된다. (2) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the first bandgap energy is greater than 3eV. GaN-based compound semiconductors, ZnO-based oxides, and MgO-based oxides can satisfy these conditions. By having a bandgap energy of 3 eV or more, it is possible to guide the cell region without absorbing or reflecting most of light from the sun. In addition, since it is common for materials with large bandgap energy to have a high melting point, a conductive window having a bandgap energy of 3eV or more is used as the base for forming the cell area, so that various cell areas that can be applied at high and low temperatures Formation techniques (PECVD method, MOCVD method, MBE method, HVPE method, sputtering, evaporator, etc.) can be used.

(3) 광 흡수 영역의 밴드갭 에너지는 2eV이하인 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자. 이러한 구성을 통해 Si과 같은 물질을 광 흡수 영역으로 사용할 수 있다.(3) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the band gap energy of the light absorption region is 2 eV or less. Through this configuration, a material such as Si can be used as the light absorbing region.

(4) 셀 영역은 실리콘(Si)을 함유하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자.(4) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the cell region contains silicon (Si).

(5) 셀 영역은 그룹 3족-비소(As)으로 결합된 화합물을 함유하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자.(5) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the cell region contains a compound bonded with Group III-arsenic (As).

(6) 셀 영역은 그룹 3족-인(P)으로 결합된 화합물을 함유하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자.(6) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the cell region contains a compound bonded by Group III-phosphorus (P).

(7) 셀 영역은 Cu-In-Ga-S(Se)으로 결합된 화합물을 함유하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자.(7) A photovoltaic device, characterized in that the cell region contains a compound bonded with Cu-In-Ga-S(Se).

(8) 도전성 윈도우는 아연(Zn) 또는 마그네슘(Mg)을 포함하는 산화물로 이루어지는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자(예: ZnO, MgZnO, MgO).(8) A photovoltaic device (eg, ZnO, MgZnO, MgO), characterized in that the conductive window is made of an oxide containing zinc (Zn) or magnesium (Mg).

(9) 셀 영역은 염료감응형 다이(Dye)와 같은 유기물로 이루어질 수 있다.(9) The cell region may be made of an organic material such as a dye-sensitized die.

본 개시에 따른 하나의 광기전력 소자에 의하면, 기존 유리 기판 및/또는 투광성 전도 산화막(TCO)의 사용에 따른 문제점을 개선할 수 있게 된다.According to one photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure, it is possible to improve problems caused by the use of an existing glass substrate and/or a light-transmitting conductive oxide film (TCO).

본 개시에 따른 다른 하나의 광기전력 소자에 의하면, 셀 영역을 고온에서 성장할 수 있는 기판(substrate) 내지 기초(base)를 제공할 수 있게 된다.According to another photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure, it is possible to provide a substrate or a base capable of growing a cell region at a high temperature.

본 개시에 따른 또 다른 하나의 광기전력 소자에 의하면, Shunting path, pinholes, local depletion 등의 문제점 해소할 수 있는 거친 표면을 구비한 광기전력 소자를 만들 수 있게 된다.According to another photovoltaic device according to the present disclosure, it is possible to make a photovoltaic device having a rough surface capable of solving problems such as shunting paths, pinholes, and local depletion.

100: 기판, 200: 전극, 300: 셀 영역, 402: 전극100: substrate, 200: electrode, 300: cell area, 402: electrode

Claims (1)

육방 조밀 격자 구조(Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice Structure)를 가지는 도전성 윈도우(Conductive Window);로서, 빛이 입사되는 측에 빛을 산란시키는 거친 표면을 가지며, 제1 밴드갭 에너지를 가지는 도전성 윈도우;
도전성 윈도우 상에 형성되며, 입사된 빛을 전기 에너지로 전환하고, 제1 밴드갭 에너지보다 작은 밴드갭 에너지를 가지면서 도전성 윈도우를 구성하는 물질과 다른 이종 물질로 된 광 흡수 영역을 가지는 셀 영역; 그리고,
셀 영역을 기준으로 도전성 윈도우의 반대 측에서 입사된 빛을 셀 영역으로 반사하는 반사층;을 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 광기전력 소자.As a conductive window having a hexagonal close-packed lattice structure (Hexagonal Close-Packed Lattice Structure); a conductive window having a rough surface for scattering light on a side where light is incident, and having a first bandgap energy;
A cell region formed on the conductive window, converting incident light into electrical energy, and having a light absorption region made of a material different from the material constituting the conductive window while having a band gap energy smaller than the first band gap energy; And,
A photovoltaic device comprising: a reflective layer that reflects light incident from the opposite side of the conductive window to the cell area based on the cell area.
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Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000133829A (en) * 1998-10-27 2000-05-12 Canon Inc Manufacture of semiconductor element
US20130112275A1 (en) * 2011-11-07 2013-05-09 International Business Machines Corporation Silicon heterojunction photovoltaic device with wide band gap emitter

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JP2000133829A (en) * 1998-10-27 2000-05-12 Canon Inc Manufacture of semiconductor element
US20130112275A1 (en) * 2011-11-07 2013-05-09 International Business Machines Corporation Silicon heterojunction photovoltaic device with wide band gap emitter

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