KR20140034396A - Electric control apparatus of iontophoresis using smart mobile device - Google Patents

Electric control apparatus of iontophoresis using smart mobile device Download PDF

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Publication number
KR20140034396A
KR20140034396A KR1020120100202A KR20120100202A KR20140034396A KR 20140034396 A KR20140034396 A KR 20140034396A KR 1020120100202 A KR1020120100202 A KR 1020120100202A KR 20120100202 A KR20120100202 A KR 20120100202A KR 20140034396 A KR20140034396 A KR 20140034396A
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South Korea
Prior art keywords
mobile device
smart mobile
iontophoresis
patch
mask
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KR1020120100202A
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Korean (ko)
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최현희
이장섭
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최현희
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/02—Details
    • A61N1/04—Electrodes
    • A61N1/0404—Electrodes for external use
    • A61N1/0472—Structure-related aspects
    • A61N1/0492—Patch electrodes
    • A61N1/0496—Patch electrodes characterised by using specific chemical compositions, e.g. hydrogel compositions, adhesives
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61N—ELECTROTHERAPY; MAGNETOTHERAPY; RADIATION THERAPY; ULTRASOUND THERAPY
    • A61N1/00—Electrotherapy; Circuits therefor
    • A61N1/18—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes
    • A61N1/20—Applying electric currents by contact electrodes continuous direct currents
    • A61N1/30—Apparatus for iontophoresis, i.e. transfer of media in ionic state by an electromotoric force into the body, or cataphoresis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G16—INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR SPECIFIC APPLICATION FIELDS
    • G16H—HEALTHCARE INFORMATICS, i.e. INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY [ICT] SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE HANDLING OR PROCESSING OF MEDICAL OR HEALTHCARE DATA
    • G16H10/00—ICT specially adapted for the handling or processing of patient-related medical or healthcare data
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04L—TRANSMISSION OF DIGITAL INFORMATION, e.g. TELEGRAPHIC COMMUNICATION
    • H04L67/00—Network arrangements or protocols for supporting network services or applications
    • H04L67/01—Protocols
    • H04L67/12—Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks
    • H04L67/125—Protocols specially adapted for proprietary or special-purpose networking environments, e.g. medical networks, sensor networks, networks in vehicles or remote metering networks involving control of end-device applications over a network

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Radiology & Medical Imaging (AREA)
  • Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
  • Primary Health Care (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Signal Processing (AREA)
  • Computer Networks & Wireless Communication (AREA)
  • Computing Systems (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Electrotherapy Devices (AREA)

Abstract

The present invention relates to an electric control device for iontophoresis using a smart mobile device. The electric control device for iontophoresis using a smart mobile device includes: a smart mobile device which has a power supply and a control unit and is connected to a wired and wireless network; an iontophoresis mask or a patch; and a current generation unit which operates the iontophoresis mask or the patch.

Description

Electric Control Apparatus of Iontophoresis using Smart Mobile Device

The present invention relates to an iontophoresis current control device using a smart mobile device, and more particularly, through wired and wireless communication using a smart mobile device such as a smart phone widely used in general. By using the installed and installed application through the current generator connected to the mask or patch attached to the skin properly configured to control the strength and application time of the microcurrent provided to the mask or patch using a conventional expensive expensive special stop and programming device If you only purchase low-cost current generator and mask or patch and application, you can easily and cheaply and efficiently control current through your smart mobile device, especially between the current generator connected to patch and smart mobile device. Smart mobile devices that can be spatially separated by using short-range communication devices such as chips, can be controlled more conveniently using smart mobile devices, and can be worn without objection by minimizing current generation. It relates to a current control device of the iontophoresis using.

In general, the transdermal drug delivery system, which is a technique for effectively delivering drugs through the skin, can maintain a constant blood concentration and can minimize the side effects of the drug because it can avoid toxicities in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, since the drug is absorbed directly into the systemic circulation system through the skin, it is possible to reduce the burden on the liver by avoiding the phenomenon (first pass effect) that the drug that is generated in the liver is transported to the liver through the blood stream, It is possible to increase the bioavailability and consequently to reduce the dosage. Because the site of administration is located on the outer surface of the patient, it is possible to easily stop the administration according to the patient's condition, and the size and the volume of the preparation can be variously varied There is a characteristic that adjustment of medicament can be performed relatively simply. Therefore, it is suitable for long-term administration because it is easy to use and because the patient's compliance with drug use is large.

The first commercially available transdermally absorbable preparation was Transderm-Scop, which was released in 1981 at Ciba. It was used to treat scopolamine, which inhibits motion sickness, which causes dizziness and vomiting. It is an agent that can be released for 72 hours. Since then, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has licensed dozens of patches (about 20%) and about 20 commercial products have been developed as percutaneous absorption products. In 2001, And it is expected to make great progress in the future.

However, despite the advantages of the transdermal drug delivery method, it is not widely used for the treatment of various diseases because the skin acts as a skin barrier preventing foreign substances from entering from outside or evaporation of water from the body, This is because the permeability of the substance is much lower than that of the biomembrane, so that it is possible only when the effective blood concentration is low. Many studies have focused on development as a way to promote transdermal absorption of drugs.

This method of promoting transdermal absorption refers to a method of directly changing the permeability by directly affecting the absorption barrier of the skin without causing irritation or damage to the skin. The chemical approach, which can be classified by physical, chemical and biochemical methods, Is a method of administering various skin permeation enhancers simultaneously with a drug. Physical methods include iontophoresis, electroporasis, microneedle, sonophoresis, stripping of stratum corneum, hydration of stratum corneum, There is a method of supplying heat energy. Biochemical approaches include the simultaneous administration of skin metabolism inhibitors that prevent the metabolism of drugs and drugs that are converted into active forms after degradation or metabolism, .

Among them, Iontophoresis, a physical method of permeation enhancement, is a method of applying a small amount of physiologically acceptable current to the skin, thereby causing percutaneous absorption of charged drugs and neutral drugs by electrical repulsive force and electroosmotic action Depending on the type of drug, the drug can be delivered 5 to 50 times more than the simple diffusion method like the patch agent. Therefore, the dosage can be easily adjusted by adjusting the current intensity and the current application time by a simple patch, and it is very convenient that the patient can easily turn on / off the administration of the drug without the help of specialized medical manpower. That is, the principle of iontophoresis is based on the principle that a molecule occupying a positive charge in an electric field generated between a positive electrode and a negative electrode by energization flows out of the positive electrode to a negative electrode and a negative electrode moves from the negative electrode to the positive electrode Thereby promoting skin barrier permeation of drug molecules. Common forms of iontophoresis include a power supply, a chemical reservoir electrode, and an electrolyte reservoir electrode. The electrodes include active electrodes represented by silver or silver chloride and inert electrodes such as carbon, platinum and titanium. Hydrogen ions and oxygen gas are generated on the anode side and hydrogen ions and hydrogen gas are generated on the cathode side as shown in the following reaction formula. It is known that hydrogen ions or hydroxyl ions produced by these inactive electrodes cause skin irritation or lower the yield of the medicament.

Anode side: 2H 2 O 4H + O 2 4e-

Cathode side: 2H 2 O 2e- 20H_ H 2

However, in order for a consumer to implement such iontophoresis, it is necessary to purchase a separate iontophoresis device having expensive special rectifying device and programming device, and the cost There is a problem that activation is very slow because of too high price.

In addition, even if such an expensive iontophoresis device is purchased, it takes a considerable time to learn and learn how to operate the device in accordance with the symptom or condition of the consumer or the patient, There are limitations in upgrading, and there is a problem in that maintenance and maintenance costs are incurred in order to upgrade the functions continuously.

The present invention is to solve the above problems, by using a smart mobile device (Smart Mobile Device), such as a smart phone that is widely used in the general purpose in using the iontophoresis device and downloaded through wired and wireless communication The installed application is configured to properly control the strength and application time of the microcurrent provided to the mask or patch through a current generator connected to a mask or patch attached to the skin, so that expensive expensive special stop and programming devices are not used. It provides a low cost current generator and iontophoresis device using a smart mobile device that can be easily and cheaply implemented efficiently through the smart mobile device. Has its purpose. In particular, it can be spatially separated between the current generator connected to the patch and the smart mobile device by using a short-range communication device such as a Bluetooth chip, so that it can be more conveniently controlled using the smart mobile device. An object of the present invention is to provide an iontophoresis current control device using a smart mobile device that can be worn without a sense of rejection.

In order to achieve the above object, the present invention is a smart mobile device (Smart Mobile Device) having a control unit and connected to the wired and wireless communication network;

An iontophoresis mask or patch having a hydrogel layer containing a drug or cosmetic material and adhered and fixed to the skin;

And a current generating unit connecting the smart mobile device with the iontophoresis mask or patch to operate the mask or patch of the iontophoresis by the smart mobile device.

The control unit of the smart mobile device is configured in the form of an application (application, app) installed in a smart mobile device connected to a wired / wireless communication network.

The current generator, one side of the smart mobile device (Smart Mobile Device) by the built-in Bluetooth or short-range communication component and the communication between the Bluetooth or the short-range communication chip therein by operating the operation signal by the short-range wireless communication control operation In addition, the current generator sends an appropriate operating signal current to a rechargeable battery, a battery, or an externally-powered iontophoresis mask or patch.

The current generator, one side thereof is electrically connected to the connection terminal portion or the earphone connecting portion of the smart mobile device (Smart Mobile Device), the other side is connected to the iontophoresis mask or patch (Iontophoresis Mask or Patch) Control operation by sending a control current to the iontophoresis mask or patch to the power supply unit and the control unit of the mobile device, the power of the current generating unit has a means that can be supplied from a smart mobile device or a power supply from the outside There is a characteristic.

The iontophoresis mask or patch may comprise: An active side electrode structure and an non-active side electrode structure used for administering drug ions by iontophoresis; A direct current power source connected to the working electrode assembly and the non-working electrode assembly with different polarities is formed; The working electrode assembly includes at least an electrode on the working side connected to a polarity of the same kind as the drug ion in the DC power source and a drug solution holding portion which is electrically connected to the working side electrode and holds the drug to be the drug ion ≪ / RTI > Wherein the non-working-side electrode structure includes at least a non-working-side electrode connected to a polarity opposite to the drug ion in the direct current power source, and an electrolyte solution holding portion that is electrically connected to the non- Feature.

A current generating unit for operating the mask or patch of the iontophoresis by the smart mobile device having an application (application, App) as a control unit, using the communication function of the smart mobile device, the mask of the iontophoresis Alternatively, by using a patch, a user's ID or identification record is stored in the central server together with information on medicines or cosmetics, and used for patient or user records, patient or user management. It is characterized by remote control of drug injection time, cycle, appropriate amount, etc. by communication.

In addition to the local area network chip, the current generating unit may further include a microcomputer and other electronic devices related thereto for smoother operation as needed.

As described above, the present invention utilizes a smart mobile device, such as a smart phone, which is widely used in general use in an iontophoresis device, and is connected to a patch through an application installed by downloading through wired or wireless communication. By controlling the current generator and wired or wireless to properly control the strength and application time of the microcurrent provided to the mask or patch, the current generator and the mask are inexpensive without using expensive conventional special stops and programming devices. If you purchase only patches and applications, you can easily implement a simple, inexpensive and efficient iontophoresis device through your smart mobile device.

It will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes in form and details may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as defined in the appended claims and their equivalents. Of course, such modifications are within the scope of the claims.

1 is a plan view showing a smart mobile device among iontophoresis devices using a smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
2 is a plan view showing a current generation unit coupled to the smart mobile device of the iontophoresis device using a smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention by wire,
3 is a plan view showing a state in which the current generation unit is separated and operated wirelessly in the smart mobile device of the iontophoresis device using the smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
4 is an enlarged plan view of a main portion showing a state in which a current generation unit having a local area network chip is coupled to an iontophoresis patch among iontophoresis devices using a smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
5 is an enlarged plan view of a main portion showing a state in which a current generation unit having a local area network chip and a microcomputer is coupled to an iontophoresis patch among iontophoresis devices using a smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
6 is a plan view showing a current generation unit of another embodiment coupled to the smart mobile device of the iontophoresis device using the smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention,
7 is a flowchart illustrating the operation of the application installed in the smart mobile device among the iontophoresis device using the smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention;
8 is an operation flow chart asking the user ID when running the application installed in the smart mobile device of the iontophoresis device using the smart mobile device according to an embodiment of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

In the following description of the present invention, a detailed description of known functions and configurations incorporated herein will be omitted when it may make the subject matter of the present invention rather unclear.

In addition, the terms described below are defined in consideration of the functions of the present invention, which may vary depending on the user, the intention or custom of the operator, and the like.

Therefore, it goes without saying that the definition should be based on the contents throughout this specification.

The iontophoresis current control device using the smart mobile device of the present invention is a smart mobile device having a power supply unit 11, a control unit 12 and a short-range communication chip 15 such as Bluetooth and connected to a wired or wireless communication network (Smart Mobile). Device 10, an iontophoresis mask or patch 20 having a hydrogel layer containing drugs or cosmetics and fixed to the skin, and the smart mobile device 10 And a current generator for connecting and communicating with the wire or wirelessly and connecting the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 to operate the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 by the controller 12. 30).

The control unit 12 of the smart mobile device 10 is in the form of an application installed in the smart mobile device 10 in connection with a wired or wireless communication network.

 The iontophoresis mask or patch 20 is an iontophoresis mask or patch which is formed by iontophoresis using an active side electrode structure 22 and an inactive side electrode structure 23 used for administering drug ions Side electrode assembly 22 and the non-operating-side electrode assembly 23 are connected to each other with a different polarity, and the working-side electrode assembly 22 includes at least the above- An action side electrode 22a connected to the same polarity as the drug ion and a drug solution holding portion 22b which is a hydrogel layer which is electrically connected to the action side electrode 22a and holds the drug to be the drug ion Wherein the non-working electrode assembly (23) comprises at least a non-working electrode (23a) connected at least to a polarity opposite to the drug ion in the DC power source, and a non-working electrode Is connected to Wherein at least one of the working electrode 22a and the non-working electrode 23a includes one of a fibrous metal and a chloride thereof, and the electrolytic solution holding portion 23b is a hydrogel layer .

The current generator 30 has a terminal conducting portion 32 whose one side is inserted into or connected to the connection terminal 13 or the air phone connection 14 of the smart mobile device 10. 33) are formed together or separately, and the other side thereof has connecting lines 34 and 35 having polarities of a cathode and an anode connected to the iontophoresis mask or patch 20, respectively. The power supply unit 11 and the control unit 12 of the smart mobile device 10 send power and an operation signal to the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 to control operation. In the current generator 30, a microcomputer 31 for performing a function corresponding to the controller 12 is further formed as necessary to automatically perform functions selectively performed in an application of the smart mobile device 10. Of course you can make it work. In addition, one side of the current generating unit 30 has a built-in rechargeable battery or battery 38 for a more smooth electrical operation, the auxiliary power input unit 36 is formed so that the external power of the separate power supply unit 36a is externally input. Of course, it can also be formed.

The present invention is a hydrogel-type iontophoresis mask or patch (Smart Mobile Device) 10, the current generator 30 and the skin by containing a cosmetic ingredient or a drug component ( Iontophoresis Mask or Patch (20) is configured so that the smart mobile device (Smart Mobile Device) 10 can be used by downloading and installing the application related to the iontophoresis through wired and wireless communication.

When the user executes an application that is the control unit 12 installed on the display of the smart mobile device 10, the user may first select automatic and manual, and when the user selects manual, the iontophoresis mask or patch to be used. (Iontophoresis Mask or Patch) (20) Selects the type of medicine or cosmetics, selects whether or not to apply it, sets its operating time, operating current intensity or pulse displacement, and asks for user ID. When the user inputs a registered ID, the user recognizes this and injects medicine or cosmetics of the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 connected to the current generator 30 to the skin. The user's information and applied or favorite records are recorded on the server and then terminated.

In addition, if the user selects automatic, the smart mobile device 10 may display information of a QR code (QR code) printed on the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 used. Read and detect by one camera 16, and find and download the last version of the application corresponding to this product from the server, run the application asks the user ID (ID), enter the user ID registered Recognize this when injecting the medicine or cosmetics of the iontophoresis mask or patch (20) connected by the current generator 30 to the skin, the user's information and apply or patronize The record is recorded on the server and is terminated. If the user is a new user, a new user is registered. If it has made a process that is informed by operating the alarm immediately terminated.

The present invention can finely control the output current amount and the operating time delivered to the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 through the current generator 30 to send a smart phone which is one of the smart mobile device 10 All users can purchase the low cost current generator 30, the application and the iontophoresis mask or patch 20, and anyone can easily obtain the iontophoresis mask or patch (20). ) To effectively penetrate and penetrate the drug or cosmetics contained in the user's skin will be cheaper and easier to use.

10: smart mobile device 11: power source unit
12: control section 13: connection terminal section
14: earphone connection 15: local area network chip
16: Camera
20: iontophoresis mask or patch
22: Operation-side electrode structure 22a: Operation-side electrode
22b: chemical liquid holding portion 23: non-operating side electrode structure
23a: Non-operating side electrode 23b: Electrolyte liquid reservoir
30: current generator 31a, 31b: Bluetooth on-off switch
31c: Bluetooth operation diode 32, 33: terminal conduction unit
34,35 connection line 36 auxiliary power input
36a: separate power supply 37: micom
38: rechargeable battery or battery

Claims (7)

A smart mobile device 10 having a control unit 12 and connected to a wired or wireless communication network;
An iontophoresis mask or patch 20 having a hydrogel layer containing a drug or a cosmetic material and fixed to the skin;
A current generator for connecting the smart mobile device 10 and the iontophoresis mask or patch 20 to operate the mask or patch 20 of the iontophoresis by the smart mobile device 10 ( Current control device of the iontophoresis using a smart mobile device having a 30). The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The smart mobile device 10 is connected to a wired / wireless communication network, and the control unit 12 installed therein is formed of an application (app, app; application) ion using a smart mobile device. Toporesis current control device. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The current generator 30 may be short-ranged through one side of the current generation unit 30 through communication between the built-in Bluetooth or short-range communication component of the smart mobile device 10 and an internal Bluetooth or short-range communication chip 15. Control operation by sending the operation signal by wireless communication, the current generator 30 is directly connected to the iontophoresis mask or patch (Iontophoresis Mask or Patch) 20, such as the rechargeable battery or battery 38 or the power supplied from the outside Iontoporesis current control device using a smart mobile device, characterized in that for sending the appropriate operating signal current. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
One side of the current generator 30 is electrically connected to the connection terminal 13 or the earphone connecting unit 14 of the smart mobile device 10, and the other side of the iontophoresis mask. Or connected to a patch (Iontophoresis Mask or Patch) 20 to send a control current to the power supply unit 11 and the control unit 12 of the smart mobile device 10 to control the iontophoresis mask or patch 20, etc. The power source of the current generator 30 is supplied from the smart mobile device 10 or has a means for receiving power from the outside of the iontophoresis using the smart mobile device, characterized in that Current control device. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
The iontophoresis mask or patch 20;
Consisting of an acting side electrode structure 22 and a non acting side electrode structure 23 used for administering drug ions by iontophoresis;
DC power sources connected with different polarities are formed in these working side electrode structures 22 and the non working side electrode structures 23;
The acting side electrode structure 22 is at least connected to the acting side electrode 22a connected to the same polarity as the drug ion in the DC power supply, and is electrically connected to the acting side electrode 22a. It comprises a drug solution holding portion 22b which is a hydrogel layer to hold the drug to be;
The non-action side electrode structure 23 is electrically connected to at least the non-action side electrode 23a connected to a polarity opposite to the drug ion in the DC power supply and the non-action side electrode 23a. Iontoporesis current control device using a smart mobile device having an electrolyte holding unit (23b) that is a hydrogel layer holding an electrolyte. The current generation unit 30 for operating the mask or patch 20 of the iontophoresis by the smart mobile device 10 having an application (application, app) that is a control unit 12, the smart mobile device By using the communication function of (10), the user ID or identification record is stored in the central server together with the information of the medicines or cosmetics of the iontophoresis mask or patch 20, and the record of the patient or the user, the patient It is used for user management, the iontophore using a smart mobile device that doctors or administrators remotely control the drug injection time, cycle, the appropriate amount of the mask or patch 20 of the iontophoresis by communication Sheath current control device. The method of claim 6, further comprising:
In addition to the local area network chip 15, the current generator 30 may further include a microcomputer 37 and other electronic devices related thereto to further smoothly operate the iontophoresis using the smart mobile device. Current control device.
KR1020120100202A 2012-09-10 2012-09-10 Electric control apparatus of iontophoresis using smart mobile device KR20140034396A (en)

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20160023064A (en) * 2014-08-21 2016-03-03 (주)휴먼드림 Apparatus for stumulation and diagnosis connecting with terminal and method thereof
KR20170027722A (en) * 2014-05-20 2017-03-10 일렉트로코어, 엘엘씨 Non-invasive nerve stimulation via mobile devices
KR20180021266A (en) * 2016-08-18 2018-03-02 에이비지노쓰아시아(주) Smart treatment system
CN108653907A (en) * 2018-03-28 2018-10-16 中山大学 A kind of portable microneedle array drug paste and preparation method thereof and transdermal delivery approach
WO2022099391A1 (en) * 2020-11-12 2022-05-19 Grasti Marcelo Martins Iontophoresis device with mechanical vibration and wireless communication

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR20170027722A (en) * 2014-05-20 2017-03-10 일렉트로코어, 엘엘씨 Non-invasive nerve stimulation via mobile devices
KR20160023064A (en) * 2014-08-21 2016-03-03 (주)휴먼드림 Apparatus for stumulation and diagnosis connecting with terminal and method thereof
KR20180021266A (en) * 2016-08-18 2018-03-02 에이비지노쓰아시아(주) Smart treatment system
KR101879939B1 (en) * 2016-08-18 2018-07-19 에이비지노쓰아시아(주) Smart treatment system
CN108653907A (en) * 2018-03-28 2018-10-16 中山大学 A kind of portable microneedle array drug paste and preparation method thereof and transdermal delivery approach
WO2022099391A1 (en) * 2020-11-12 2022-05-19 Grasti Marcelo Martins Iontophoresis device with mechanical vibration and wireless communication

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