KR20080015263A - A hand-operated transmission - Google Patents

A hand-operated transmission Download PDF

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Publication number
KR20080015263A
KR20080015263A KR1020060076758A KR20060076758A KR20080015263A KR 20080015263 A KR20080015263 A KR 20080015263A KR 1020060076758 A KR1020060076758 A KR 1020060076758A KR 20060076758 A KR20060076758 A KR 20060076758A KR 20080015263 A KR20080015263 A KR 20080015263A
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KR
South Korea
Prior art keywords
gears
speed
output shaft
gear
driven
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KR1020060076758A
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Korean (ko)
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이경훈
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현대자동차주식회사
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Priority to KR1020060076758A priority Critical patent/KR20080015263A/en
Publication of KR20080015263A publication Critical patent/KR20080015263A/en

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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F16H3/10—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts with one or more one-way clutches as an essential feature
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H3/00—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion
    • F16H3/02—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion
    • F16H3/08—Toothed gearings for conveying rotary motion with variable gear ratio or for reversing rotary motion without gears having orbital motion exclusively or essentially with continuously meshing gears, that can be disengaged from their shafts
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H2200/00—Transmissions for multiple ratios
    • F16H2200/003—Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds
    • F16H2200/0047—Transmissions for multiple ratios characterised by the number of forward speeds the gear ratios comprising five forward speeds

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Structure Of Transmissions (AREA)

Abstract

A manual transmission is provided to prevent unnecessary rotation of a driven gear by connecting the driven gear to an output shaft by using one-way clutch. A manual transmission includes a plurality of speed gears(63,65), a plurality of driven gears(71,73), and a synchronous engaging unit(67). The plurality of speed gears are installed at an input shaft(61). The plurality of driven gears are installed at an output shaft(75). The plurality of driven gears are engaged with the speed gears. The synchronous engaging unit connects one of the speed gears with the input shaft. The driven gears are connected to the output shaft by using one-way clutch(77). A needle roller bearing(69) is inserted between the speed gears and the output shaft.

Description

수동변속기{A hand-operated transmission}A hand-operated transmission

도 1은 종래 기술에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 단면도이고,1 is a cross-sectional view showing a manual transmission according to the prior art,

도 2는 종래 기술에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 개념도이며,2 is a conceptual diagram showing a manual transmission according to the prior art,

도 3은 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 개념도이고,3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a manual transmission according to the present invention;

도 3a 및 도 3b는 도3의 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 측면도이다.3A and 3B are side views illustrating a manual transmission according to the present invention of FIG. 3.

<도면의 주요 부분에 관한 부호의 설명><Explanation of symbols on main parts of the drawings>

51: 변속기 61: 입력축51: transmission 61: input shaft

63: 4단스피드기어 65: 5단스피드기어63: Four Speed Gears 65: Five Speed Gears

67: 동기치합기구 69: 니들롤러베어링67: synchronizing mechanism 69: needle roller bearing

71: 4단드리븐기어 73: 5단드리븐기어71: Four-speed Drive Gear 73: Five-speed Drive Gear

75: 출력축 77: 원웨이클러치75: output shaft 77: one-way clutch

본 발명은 수동변속기에 관한 것으롯, 특히 드리븐기어와 출력축 사이에 원 웨이클러치가 적용됨으로써, 변속기의 회전관성을 저감시키는 변속기에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a manual transmission, and more particularly to a transmission that reduces the rotational inertia of a transmission by applying a one-way clutch between the driven gear and the output shaft.

도 1은 종래 기술에 따른 수동변속기의 주요부 구성이 도시된 단면도이고, 도 2는 종래 기술에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 개념도이다.1 is a cross-sectional view showing the configuration of the main portion of the manual transmission according to the prior art, Figure 2 is a conceptual diagram showing a manual transmission according to the prior art.

종래의 수동변속기는 도 1 및 도 2에 도시된 바와 같이, 복수개의 스피드기어(11,13)가 입력축(15)에 설치되고, 상기 스피드기어(11,13)와 입력축(15) 사이에는 니들롤러베어링(17)이 삽입된다.In the conventional manual transmission, as illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2, a plurality of speed gears 11 and 13 are installed on the input shaft 15, and a needle is disposed between the speed gears 11 and 13 and the input shaft 15. The roller bearing 17 is inserted.

한편, 상기 입력축(15)의 하부에는 상기 시피드기어(11,13)에 치합되어 회전력을 전달받는 복수개의 드리븐기어(19,21)가 출력축(23)에 설치되고, 상기 드리븐기어(19,21)는 스플라인(25)에 의하여 상기 출력축(23)에 연결된다.On the other hand, a plurality of driven gears 19 and 21 which are engaged with the seed feed gears 11 and 13 to receive rotational force are installed on the output shaft 23 at the lower portion of the input shaft 15, and the driven gears 19, 21 is connected to the output shaft 23 by a spline 25.

이와 같은 구성을 가지는 종래의 수동변속기가 변속되는 과정은 다음과 같다.The process of shifting the conventional manual transmission having such a configuration is as follows.

운전자가 변속레버(미도시) 조작에 의하여 상기 입력축(15)상에서 병진운동하는 동기치합기구(Synchroniser장치)(27)를 미끄럼 이동시켜, 상기 스피드기어(11,13) 중 변속에 직접 관여하는 어느 하나의 스피드기어에 치합시킨다. 이때, 상기 동기치합기구(27)에 의하여 치합된 상기 스피드기어는 상기 니들롤러베어링(17)에 의하여 고속으로 회전하는 상기 입력축(15)과 무관하게 회전하고 있다가, 상기 동기치합기구(27)가 치합되면 상기 입력축(15)의 회전에 대응되는 속도로 회전하게 된다.The driver slides the synchronous gear mechanism (Synchroniser device) 27 which translates on the input shaft 15 by a shift lever (not shown), and which is directly involved in the shift of the speed gears 11 and 13. Engage in one speed gear. At this time, the speed gear meshed by the synchronizing gear 27 is rotated irrespective of the input shaft 15 rotating at high speed by the needle roller bearing 17, and then the synchronizing gear 27 is rotated. When is engaged is rotated at a speed corresponding to the rotation of the input shaft (15).

그리고 상기 스피드기어가 회전되면 그 하부에 치합된 드리븐기어(19,21)가 회전되고, 그 하부에 순차적으로 밀착된 출력기어어셈블리와 차동기어어셈블리(미도시)에 회전력이 전달되어 종국적으로 차량의 변속이 이루어지게 된다.Then, when the speed gear is rotated, the driven gears 19 and 21 meshed to the lower part are rotated, and the rotational force is transmitted to the output gear assembly and the differential gear assembly (not shown) which are sequentially in close contact with the lower part, thereby ultimately The shift is made.

그러나, 상기한 바와 같은 수동변속기는, 변속에 직접 관여하지 않는 드리븐기어(19,21)가 상기 출력축(23)에 스플라인(25)으로 연결되어 있으므로, 상기 동기치합기구(27)에 의하여 변속에 관여하는 드리븐기어가 회전되게 되면 함께 회전운동을 하게 된다. 이와 같이 변속에 직접적으로 관여하지 않는 드리븐기어의 불필요한 회전은 변속기(1)의 회전관성을 증대시키게 된다. 나아가 이와 같은 변속기(1)의 회전관성의 증대는 변속기(1)의 전단효율 및 차량의 연비 등을 악화시키게 된다. 또한 변속기(1)의 회전관성의 증대는 상기 동기치합기구(27)의 용량을 증대시키게 된다. 이와 같이 변속기(1)의 회전관성이 증대되었음에도 불구하고 상기 동기치합기구(27)의 용량을 그대로 둘 경우 차량의 변속감이 저하될 뿐만 아니라 변속기(1)의 변속불량현상이 발생될 수 있다.However, in the manual transmission as described above, since the driven gears 19 and 21, which are not directly involved in the shift, are connected to the output shaft 23 by the spline 25, the synchronous gear 27 causes the shift to the shift. When the involved drive gear is rotated, it rotates together. As such, unnecessary rotation of the driven gear not directly involved in the shifting increases the rotational inertia of the transmission 1. Furthermore, such increase in rotational inertia of the transmission 1 deteriorates the shear efficiency of the transmission 1 and fuel economy of the vehicle. In addition, increasing the rotational inertia of the transmission 1 increases the capacity of the synchronizing gear 27. Even though the rotational inertia of the transmission 1 is increased in this way, if the capacity of the synchronizing gear 27 is left as it is, the shifting feeling of the vehicle may be lowered and a shifting phenomenon of the transmission 1 may occur.

본 발명은 상기한 종래 기술의 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 안출된 것으로서, 변속에 직접 관여하지 않는 드리븐기어의 회전을 방지하여, 변속기의 불필요한 회전관성을 저감시킬 수 있는 수동변속기를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다.The present invention has been made to solve the above problems of the prior art, the object of the present invention is to provide a manual transmission that can prevent unnecessary rotational inertia of the transmission by preventing rotation of the driven gear not directly involved in the shift. .

상기한 과제를 해결하기 위한 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기는, 입력축에 설치 된 복수개의 스피드기어와, 출력축에 설치되어, 상기 스피드기어에 맞물리는 복수개의 드리븐기어와, 상기 스피드기어 중 어느 하나를 상기 입력축에 연결시키는 동기치합기구, 를 포함하여 구성된 수동변속기에 있어서, 상기 복수개의 드리븐기어는 각각이 원웨이클러치에 의하여 상기 출력축에 연결된 것을 특징으로 한다.The manual transmission according to the present invention for solving the above problems is any one of a plurality of speed gears provided on the input shaft, a plurality of driven gears provided on the output shaft, and meshed with the speed gears; In a manual transmission comprising a synchronization gear mechanism connected to an input shaft, the plurality of driven gears are each connected to the output shaft by a one-way clutch.

상기 스피드기어와 상기 출력축 사이에는 니들롤러베어링이 삽입된 것을 특징으로 한다.A needle roller bearing is inserted between the speed gear and the output shaft.

이하, 본 발명의 실시예를 첨부된 도면을 참조하여 상세히 설명한다.Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

도 3은 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 개념도이다.3 is a conceptual diagram illustrating a manual transmission according to the present invention.

본 발명에 따른 수동변속기는, 도3에 도시된 바와 같이, 변속기(51)의 내부에 고속으로 회전하는 입력축(61)이 구비되고, 상기 입력축(61)에는 복수개의 스피드기어(63,65)와 상기 스피드기어(63,65)에 미끄럼 이동되어 치합되는 복수개의 동기치합기구(Synchroniser장치)(67)가 설치된다.As shown in FIG. 3, the manual transmission according to the present invention includes an input shaft 61 rotating at a high speed in the transmission 51, and the input shaft 61 includes a plurality of speed gears 63 and 65. And a plurality of synchronization gears (Synchroniser device) 67 which are slidably engaged with the speed gears 63 and 65.

상기 스피드기어(63,65)와 입력축(61) 사이에는 니들롤러베어링(69)이 삽입된다. 상기 니들롤러베어링(69)은 상기 동기치합기구(67)의 치합에 의하여 변속에 직접 관여하는 상기 스피드기어(63)가 회전하는 경우를 제외하고는 상기 스피드기어(65)가 상기 입력축(61)에 의하여 회전되는 것을 방지하는 역할을 한다.A needle roller bearing 69 is inserted between the speed gears 63 and 65 and the input shaft 61. The speed gear 65 is the input shaft 61 except for the case where the speed gear 63 directly involved in shifting is rotated by the engagement of the synchronous engagement mechanism 67. It serves to prevent the rotation by.

한편, 상기 스피드기어(63,65)의 하부에는 스피드기어(63,65)와 치합되는 복수개의 드리븐기어(71,73)가 출력축(75)에 설치된다. 상기 드리븐기어(71,73)는 상기 스피드기어(63,65)와 치합됨에 의하여 출력기어어셈블리와 차동기어어셈블리(미 도시)에 상기 입력축(61)의 회전력을 전달하는 역할을 한다.On the other hand, a plurality of driven gears 71 and 73 meshed with the speed gears 63 and 65 are provided on the output shaft 75 below the speed gears 63 and 65. The driven gears 71 and 73 mesh with the speed gears 63 and 65 to transmit rotational force of the input shaft 61 to the output gear assembly and the differential gear assembly (not shown).

상기 드리븐기어(71,73)는 상기 출력축(75)과 원웨이클러치(77)에 의하여 연결된다. 상기 원웨이클러치(77)는 상기 드리븐기어(71,73)의 회전력을 상기 출력축(75)에 전달하는 역할을 한다. 그러나 상기 원웨이클러치(77)는 상기 출력축(75)의 회전력이 상기 드리븐기어(71,73)에 전달되는 것을 방지한다. 즉, 상기 원웨이클러치(77)는 한방향으로만 회전력을 전달하는 클러치로서, 본 발명에서는 상기 드리븐기어(71,73)로부터 상기 출력축(75)으로의 회전력의 전달은 가능하지만, 그 역은 불가능하게 설계되어 있다.The driven gears 71 and 73 are connected by the output shaft 75 and the one-way clutch 77. The one-way clutch 77 serves to transmit the rotational force of the driven gears 71 and 73 to the output shaft 75. However, the one-way clutch 77 prevents the rotational force of the output shaft 75 from being transmitted to the driven gears 71 and 73. That is, the one-way clutch 77 is a clutch that transmits rotational force in only one direction. In the present invention, the rotational force can be transmitted from the driven gears 71 and 73 to the output shaft 75, but the reverse is not possible. It is designed to be.

상기와 같이 구성되는 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기의 작용을 설명하면 다음과 같다.Referring to the operation of the manual transmission according to the present invention configured as described above are as follows.

도 3a 및 도 3b는 도 3의 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기가 도시된 측단면도이다.3A and 3B are side cross-sectional views illustrating a manual transmission according to the present invention of FIG. 3.

이하, 여기서는 복수개의 스피드기어(63,65) 중 4단스피드기어(63)가 동기치합기구(67)에 의하여 입력축(61)과 연결되는 것으로 가정하여 설명한다.In the following description, it is assumed that the four-speed gear 63 of the plurality of speed gears 63 and 65 is connected to the input shaft 61 by the synchronizing gear 67.

도 3a에 도시된 바와 같이, 운전자의 변속레버(미도시) 조작에 의하여 상기 동기치합기구(67)가 상기 4단스피드기어(63)에 치합되면, 상기 4단스피드기어(63)는 상기 입력축(61)에 대응되는 속도로 도면상 시계방향으로 회전운동하게 된다. 이때, 상기 4단스피드기어(63)는 상기 동기치합기구(67)에 의하여 회전하나, 도 3b에 도시된 바와 같이, 변속에 직접 관여하지 않는 5단스피드기어(65)는 니들롤러베 어링(69)에 의하여 상기 4단스피드기어(63)의 회전과는 무관한 상태가 된다.As shown in FIG. 3A, when the synchronous engagement mechanism 67 is engaged with the fourth speed gear 63 by a shift lever (not shown) of the driver, the four speed gear 63 is connected to the input shaft. It rotates clockwise in the drawing at a speed corresponding to 61. At this time, the four-stage speed gear 63 is rotated by the synchronous engagement mechanism 67, but as shown in Figure 3b, the five-stage speed gear 65 that does not directly participate in the shifting is a needle roller bearing ( 69) becomes a state irrelevant to the rotation of the four-speed gear (63).

다음으로, 도 3a에 도시된 바와 같이, 상기 입력축(61)으로부터 회전력을 전달받아 고속으로 회전하는 상기 4단스피드기어(63)는 그 하부에 구비된 출력축(75)의 4단드리븐기어(71)에 치합되어 상기 4단드리븐기어(71)를 도면상 반시계방향으로 회전시키게 된다. 그런데 상기 4단드리븐기어(71)는 드리븐기어에서 출력축 방향의 한방향으로만 회전력을 전달시키는 원웨이클러치(77)에 의하여 상기 출력축(75)에 연결되므로, 상기 4단드리븐기어(71)의 회전력이 상기 출력축(75)으로 전달된다. 이때, 상기 출력축(75)은 상기 4단드리븐기어(71)로부터 반시계방향의 회전력을 전달받아, 반시계방향으로 회전운동을 하게 된다. 그런데 도 3b에 도시된 바와 같이, 상기 5단드리븐기어(73)는 원웨이클러치(77)에 의하여 상기 출력축(75)으로부터 상기 5단드리븐기어(73)로의 회전력은 전달받을 수 없으므로, 상기 출력축(75)의 반시계방향의 회전운동과 무관한 상태가 된다.Next, as shown in Figure 3a, the four-speed drive gear 63 is rotated at high speed by receiving a rotational force from the input shaft 61 is a four-stage driven gear 71 of the output shaft 75 provided on the lower portion ) To rotate the four-stage driven gear 71 counterclockwise in the drawing. However, since the four-stage driven gear 71 is connected to the output shaft 75 by a one-way clutch 77 which transmits the rotational force in one direction of the output shaft direction from the driven gear, the rotational force of the four-stage driven gear 71. This is transmitted to the output shaft 75. At this time, the output shaft 75 receives the rotational force in the counterclockwise direction from the four-stage driven gear 71, the rotational movement in the counterclockwise direction. However, as shown in FIG. 3B, since the five-stage driven gear 73 may not receive the rotational force from the output shaft 75 to the five-stage driven gear 73 by the one-way clutch 77, the output shaft It becomes a state irrelevant to the counterclockwise rotation of (75).

이와 같이 직접적으로 변속에 관여하지 않는 상기 5단스피드기어(65)와 5단드리븐기어(73)의 불필요한 회전을 방지함으로써, 종국적으로 변속기(51)의 회전관성을 감소시킬 수 있게 된다.As such, by preventing unnecessary rotation of the five-speed gear 65 and the five-speed drive gear 73 not directly involved in the shift, the rotational inertia of the transmission 51 can be finally reduced.

이와 같은 본 발명의 기본적인 기술적 사상의 범주 내에서, 당업계의 통상의 지식을 가진 자에게 있어서는 다른 많은 변형이 가능함은 물론이고, 본 발명의 권리범위는 첨부한 특허청구범위에 기초하여 해석되어야 할 것이다.Within the scope of the basic technical idea of the present invention, many modifications are possible to those skilled in the art, and the scope of the present invention should be interpreted based on the appended claims. will be.

예를 들면, 본 발명에서는 설명의 편의를 위하여 4단구동시 각 구성의 작용을 설명하였지만, 변속에 관여하는 구성과 변속에 직접 관여하지 않는 구성들 사이 에 동일하게 적용됨은 당연하다.For example, in the present invention, for the convenience of description, the operation of each configuration during the four-stage driving, but it is natural that the same applies between the configuration involved in the shift and the configuration not directly involved in the shift.

상기와 같이 구성되는 본 발명에 따른 수동변속기는, 한방향으로만 회전력을 전달하는 원웨이클러치를 이용하여 드리븐기어를 출력축에 연결함으로써, 변속에 직접 관여하지 않는 드리븐기어의 불필요한 회전이 방지되므로, 변속기의 회전관성을 저감시키는 이점이 있다.Manual transmission according to the present invention is configured as described above, by connecting the driven gear to the output shaft using a one-way clutch that transmits the rotational force in only one direction, thereby preventing unnecessary rotation of the driven gear that is not directly involved in the shift, transmission There is an advantage of reducing the rotational inertia of the.

Claims (2)

입력축에 설치된 복수개의 스피드기어와; 출력축에 설치되어, 상기 스피드기어에 맞물리는 복수개의 드리븐기어와; 상기 스피드기어 중 어느 하나를 상기 입력축에 연결시키는 동기치합기구; 를 포함하여 구성된 수동변속기에 있어서,A plurality of speed gears provided on the input shaft; A plurality of driven gears installed on the output shaft and engaged with the speed gears; A synchronization gear mechanism for connecting one of the speed gears to the input shaft; In the manual transmission configured to include, 상기 복수개의 드리븐기어는 각각 원웨이클러치에 의하여 상기 출력축에 연결된 것을 특징으로 하는 수동변속기.And the plurality of driven gears are connected to the output shaft by one-way clutches, respectively. 제 1 항에 있어서,The method of claim 1, 상기 스피드기어와 상기 출력축 사이에는 니들롤러베어링이 삽입된 것을 특징으로 하는 수동변속기.And a needle roller bearing is inserted between the speed gear and the output shaft.
KR1020060076758A 2006-08-14 2006-08-14 A hand-operated transmission KR20080015263A (en)

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Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104019193A (en) * 2014-06-17 2014-09-03 西南大学 Torque return difference type two-gear automatic transmission and gear shifting control method
CN109356979A (en) * 2018-11-07 2019-02-19 柳州惠林科技有限责任公司 A kind of single clutch two-shift automatic variable speed device having reverse gear
CN115182971A (en) * 2022-09-13 2022-10-14 中机生产力促进中心有限公司 Multi-gear transmission device with coaxial output

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JP2004074990A (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-03-11 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Power transmission for vehicle
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KR20050089552A (en) * 2004-03-05 2005-09-08 신용철 Power transmission

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR19990017562A (en) * 1997-08-25 1999-03-15 박병재 Manual transmission
KR200227360Y1 (en) * 1997-12-10 2001-10-25 이계안 Manual transmission
JP2004074990A (en) * 2002-08-21 2004-03-11 Aisin Seiki Co Ltd Power transmission for vehicle
JP2004225544A (en) * 2003-01-20 2004-08-12 Toyota Motor Corp Vehicular engine starter
KR20050089552A (en) * 2004-03-05 2005-09-08 신용철 Power transmission

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN104019193A (en) * 2014-06-17 2014-09-03 西南大学 Torque return difference type two-gear automatic transmission and gear shifting control method
CN109356979A (en) * 2018-11-07 2019-02-19 柳州惠林科技有限责任公司 A kind of single clutch two-shift automatic variable speed device having reverse gear
CN115182971A (en) * 2022-09-13 2022-10-14 中机生产力促进中心有限公司 Multi-gear transmission device with coaxial output

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