KR20070120652A - Preparation method of black mulching film using carbon nanotubes - Google Patents
Preparation method of black mulching film using carbon nanotubes Download PDFInfo
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 41
- 239000002041 carbon nanotube Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 229910021393 carbon nanotube Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 38
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000002048 multi walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000002109 single walled nanotube Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000004594 Masterbatch (MB) Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001125 extrusion Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000012010 growth Effects 0.000 abstract description 18
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 abstract description 12
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 14
- 229920001684 low density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 10
- 239000004702 low-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 10
- 230000000903 blocking effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 235000015097 nutrients Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000029553 photosynthesis Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000010672 photosynthesis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001903 high density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004700 high-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002401 inhibitory effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000031700 light absorption Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229920001179 medium density polyethylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000004701 medium-density polyethylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000005540 biological transmission Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012512 characterization method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002362 mulch Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002071 nanotube Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008635 plant growth Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 230000002265 prevention Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009333 weeding Methods 0.000 description 1
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- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/18—Manufacture of films or sheets
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G13/00—Protecting plants
- A01G13/02—Protective coverings for plants; Coverings for the ground; Devices for laying-out or removing coverings
- A01G13/0256—Ground coverings
- A01G13/0268—Mats or sheets, e.g. nets or fabrics
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/022—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the choice of material
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
- B29C48/03—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor characterised by the shape of the extruded material at extrusion
- B29C48/07—Flat, e.g. panels
- B29C48/08—Flat, e.g. panels flexible, e.g. films
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- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
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- C08L23/02—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
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Abstract
Description
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭필름의 제조방법을 나타낸 개략도 1 is a schematic view showing a method of manufacturing a mulching film containing carbon nanotubes according to the present invention
도 2는 본 발명에 의해 제조된 1 중량%의 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭필름의 빛 흡수특성을 나타낸 UV-visible 분광기 결과 Figure 2 is a UV-visible spectroscopic results showing the light absorption characteristics of the mulching film containing 1% by weight of carbon nanotubes prepared by the present invention
본 발명은 탄소나노튜브를 함유한 멀칭용 흑색필름의 제조방법에 관한 것이며, 특히, 태양광선의 가시광선 전파장과 자외선을 흡수하는 특성과 열전도도(3×106 W/K)가 매우 높은 특성을 가지는 탄소나노튜브를 이용하여, 빛차단율이 높아 광합성을 방해하여 잡초의 생육을 억제하므로써 작물생장에 필요한 영양분의 손실을 막을 수 있고, 빛에 의해 발생된 열은 토양으로 잘 전도시켜 작물의 생장에 효과적 인 탄소나노튜브를 함유한 농업용 멀칭필름의 제조방법에 관한 것이다. The present invention relates to a method for producing a black film for mulching containing carbon nanotubes, in particular, the visible light propagation field of ultraviolet rays and the absorption of ultraviolet rays and very high thermal conductivity (3 × 10 6 W / K) By using carbon nanotubes having high characteristics, light blocking rate is high, which prevents weed growth by inhibiting photosynthesis, thereby preventing loss of nutrients necessary for crop growth, and heat generated by light conducts well to soil It relates to a method for producing an agricultural mulching film containing carbon nanotubes effective for growth.
본 발명에 사용된 탄소나노튜브(carbon nanotubes)는 흑연구조의 탄소가 튜브모양으로 둥글게 말려진 형태의 다중벽 탄소나노튜브(multiwall carbon nanotubes) 또는 단일벽 탄소나노튜브(singlewall carbon nanotubes)로, 직경은 1 ~ 100 ㎚이고 길이는 수~수십 ㎛로, 열전도성 및 전기전도성이 매우 우수하고 기계적 강도 및 화학적 안정성이 매우 우수하여, 디스플레이, 고분자 복합체, 연료전지 등 다양한 분야에서 차세대 신소재의 핵심재료로 각광받고 있는 물질이다. Carbon nanotubes used in the present invention are multiwall carbon nanotubes or singlewall carbon nanotubes in which carbon of a graphite structure is rounded in a tube shape, and has a diameter. Is in the range of 1 to 100 ㎚ and several tens of micrometers in length, and has excellent thermal and electrical conductivity and excellent mechanical strength and chemical stability, making it a key material for next-generation new materials in various fields such as displays, polymer composites, and fuel cells. It is a material that is in the spotlight.
본 발명은 이러한 탄소나노튜브의 우수한 특성들 중에, 뛰어난 열전도도 및 광차단 특성을 이용하여, 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭필름를 제조하여 농업분야, 특히 빛차단과 열전도도가 요구되는 농업용 흑색의 불투명 멀칭필름에 적용가능한 필름제조방법에 관한 것이다. Among the excellent properties of the carbon nanotubes, the present invention utilizes excellent thermal conductivity and light blocking properties to produce a mulching film containing carbon nanotubes, so that the agricultural field, especially agricultural black opacity requiring light blocking and thermal conductivity It relates to a film production method applicable to mulching film.
일반적으로 농업용 멀칭필름은 투명필름과 흑색필름 등이 있다. 이들 멀칭필름들은 그들의 용도에 맞게 사용되고 있으며, 주로 수분증발을 억제하거나, 잡초방지, 토양의 지온상승 및 식물성장에 필요한 영양분의 손실을 방지하는 목적으로 사용되고 있다.Generally, mulching film for agriculture includes transparent film and black film. These mulching films are used for their purpose and are mainly used for the purpose of inhibiting water evaporation, weed prevention, soil temperature rise and loss of nutrients necessary for plant growth.
투명필름은 빛을 잘 통과시켜 토양의 지온은 상승시킬 수 있으나, 어린 잡초의 생육이 촉진되어 멀칭필름이 파손되거나 토양의 양분을 흡수하여 작물의 성장에 방해가되는 결과를 나타내는 단점이 있다.The transparent film can pass the light well to increase the soil temperature, but the growth of young weeds is promoted, the mulch film is damaged or absorbs the nutrients in the soil has the disadvantage that results in the growth of the crop.
흑색필름은 빛을 전부 차단하여 잡초가 광합성을 할 수 없게 함으로써 잡초의 생육을 억제하여 토양 양분의 손실을 막을 수는 있으나, 태양광선의 복사열이 토양에 전달되지 않고, 멀칭필름 자체의 열전도도가 매우 낮아 토양의 지온상승이 저하되어 작물의 성장이 느리다는 단점이 발생할 수 있다.The black film blocks all the light and prevents weeds from photosynthesis, thus preventing the growth of weeds and preventing the loss of soil nutrients.However, the radiant heat of sunlight is not transmitted to the soil, and the thermal conductivity of the mulching film itself is The very low temperature rise in the soil can lead to the disadvantage of slow crop growth.
본 발명은 앞서 설명한 바와 같은 문제점들을 해결하기 위하여, 이러한 멀칭필름의 단점들을 보완하기 위하여 빛은 차단하면서 열은 효과적으로 전달하는 탄소나노튜브를 멀칭필름 안에 고르게 분산시켜, 투명필름의 빛투과에 의한 잡초의 성장과 흑색필름의 빛차단에 의한 지온상승의 저하에 의한 작물성장의 억제 문제를 동시에 해결하는 새로운 기능성 멀칭필름의 제조방법을 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다.In order to solve the problems as described above, the present invention to evenly disperse the disadvantages of the mulching film, evenly dispersing carbon nanotubes in the mulching film to effectively transmit heat while blocking light, weeding due to light transmission of the transparent film It is an object of the present invention to provide a method for producing a new functional mulching film that simultaneously solves the problem of suppressing crop growth due to the growth of the black film and the decrease of the temperature rise due to the light blocking of the black film.
본 발명의 구성은 농업용 멀칭필름의 주성분인 폴리에틸렌을 주성분으로 하는 필름원료와 0.1 ~ 15중량%의 탄소나노튜브를 혼합하는 단계와 상기 혼합단계에서 혼합된 재료를 압출하는 압출단계 과정을 거쳐, 멀칭필름의 제조를 위한 인플레이션법(inflation process)에 의한 멀칭필름 제조방법이 제공된다.The composition of the present invention is a mulching through the extrusion step of extruding the material mixed in the film and carbon nanotubes of 0.1 to 15% by weight and the raw material of polyethylene as the main component of the agricultural mulching film and the mixing step, Provided is a mulching film manufacturing method by an inflation process for producing a film.
또한, 본 발명에 따르면, 상기 혼합단계에서는 마스터 배치(master batch ; 탄소나노튜브를 미리 고농도로 혼합하여 반죽한 것)된 탄소나노튜브를 상기 폴리에틸렌에 혼합하고, 상기 압출단계에서는 혼합된 재료를 인플레이션법(inflation process)에 의해 흑색 불투명 멀칭필름으로 압출하며, 압출된 흑색필름이 가시광선 및 자외선파장범위의 태양광선을 흡수하는 것을 특징으로 하는 멀칭용 흑색필름의 제조방법이 제공된다.According to the present invention, in the mixing step, the master batch (mixed and kneaded with carbon nanotubes in high concentration in advance) is mixed with the polyethylene, the extrusion step inflation of the mixed material Provided is a method for producing a black film for mulching, which is extruded into a black opaque mulching film by an inflation process, and the extruded black film absorbs visible rays and sunlight in the ultraviolet wavelength range.
이하, 본 발명의 실시예를 첨부된 도 1의 본발명에 따른 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭용 흑색필름의 제조방법을 나타낸 과정도를 참조하여 설명하면 다음과 같다.Hereinafter, an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to a process diagram showing a method of manufacturing a black film for mulching containing carbon nanotubes according to the present invention of FIG. 1 as follows.
먼저, 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 흑색필름을 제조하기 위한 성형방법을 실험한 결과, 저밀도 폴리에틸렌(LDPE)의 필름원료에 마스터 배치(master batch)된 탄소나노튜브를 첨가하고 혼합한 후에 인플레이션법으로 압출성형하는 방법이 가장 적합하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 이렇게 탄소나노튜브를 마스터 배치하는 이유는 탄소나노튜브의 분산성을 향상시켜서 제조한 흑색필름의 전면에 탄소나노튜브를 균일하게 분산시켜 색상의 균질성을 향상시킴으로써 성능의 편차를 줄이기 위함이다.First, as a result of experimenting a molding method for producing a black film containing carbon nanotubes, the master batch carbon nanotubes were added to the raw material of low density polyethylene (LDPE) and mixed, and then extruded by inflation. It was confirmed that the method of molding is the most suitable. The reason for the master batch of carbon nanotubes is to reduce the variation in performance by uniformly dispersing the carbon nanotubes on the front surface of the black film manufactured by improving the dispersibility of the carbon nanotubes, thereby improving color uniformity.
또한, 이런 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭용 흑색필름을 제조하기 위해 사용되는 재료를 실험한 결과, 필름의 기초원료는 저밀도폴리에틸렌(LDPE)과 저저밀도폴리에틸렌(LLDPE)이 적합하고, 사용된 탄소나노튜브는 단일벽 탄소나노튜브보다는 비교적 저렴한 다중벽 탄소나노튜브를 사용하는 것이 경제적이다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. In addition, as a result of experimenting with the material used to produce a black film for mulching containing such carbon nanotubes, low density polyethylene (LDPE) and low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are suitable as the basic raw materials of the film, and used carbon nano The tube was found to be economical to use relatively inexpensive multi-walled carbon nanotubes rather than single-walled carbon nanotubes.
이러한 실험과정을 통하여, 저밀도폴리에틸렌이나 저저밀도폴리에틸렌에 다양한 중량부의 마스터 배치된 탄소나노튜브를 각각 첨가하고 혼합하여 건조한 후에 인플레이션법으로 압출성형하여 다양한 중량부(0.1~5중량%)를 가지는 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭용 흑색필름을 제조하였다. 이런 방법에 의해 제조된 다양한 중량부 의 흑색필름을 작물이 재배되고 있는 토양의 지면에 씌워 실험한 결과, 0.1∼5 중량%의 탄소나노튜브를 첨가함으로써 제조된 멀칭필름이 잡초의 생육을 효과적으로 억제하는 가시광선과 자외선 파장영역의 태양광선을 흡수하면서, 그 흡수된 빛을 열에너지로 전환하여 토양에 전달함으로써 지온을 상승시키는 성질을 갖는다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. Through these experiments, carbon nanotubes having various parts by weight (0.1 to 5% by weight) are added to the low-density polyethylene or the low-density polyethylene by adding various parts of the master batch of carbon nanotubes, mixing them, drying them, and extruding by inflation. A black film for mulching containing a tube was prepared. As a result of covering various parts of black film prepared by this method on the ground of soil where crops are grown, the mulching film produced by adding 0.1 to 5% by weight of carbon nanotube effectively suppressed weed growth. While absorbing visible light and sunlight in the ultraviolet wavelength range, it was confirmed that the absorbed light is converted into thermal energy and transferred to the soil, thereby raising geothermal properties.
또한, 0.1 중량% 이하의 탄소나노튜브를 첨가함으로써 제조된 멀칭필름은 가시광선 파장영역의 태양광선을 90%이상 투과시켜 그 효과가 미비하여 투명필름과 특성차이가 크게 없으며, 5중량% 이상의 탄소나노튜브를 첨가할 경우에는 흑색 멀칭필름으로써의 특성은 매우 증가하지만 인플레이션법으로 압출성형하는 필름제조과정에서 필름의 흐름성을 저하시켜 필름 생산성이 매우 저하됨을 확인하였다.In addition, the mulching film produced by adding 0.1 wt% or less of carbon nanotubes transmits 90% or more of sunlight in the visible wavelength range, and the effect is insignificant, and thus there is no significant difference between the transparent film and the characteristic film. When the nanotubes were added, the characteristics of the black mulching film were greatly increased, but it was confirmed that the film productivity was greatly reduced by decreasing the flowability of the film during the film manufacturing process of extrusion molding by the inflation method.
앞서 설명에서는 필름원료로 저밀도폴리에틸렌(LDPE)과 저저밀도폴리에틸렌(LLDPE)을 사용한 경우에 대해서만 설명했지만, 적절한 색상과 농도 및 균질도를 얻을 수만 있다면, 중밀도폴리에틸렌(MDPE) 및 고밀도폴리에틸렌(HDPE)을 사용할 수도 있다.In the above description, only the case where low density polyethylene (LDPE) and low density polyethylene (LLDPE) are used as film raw materials, but medium density polyethylene (MDPE) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) can be obtained as long as appropriate color, density and homogeneity can be obtained. You can also use
또한, 탄소나노튜브의 함량은 요구조건에 따라 선택되어 질 수 있으나, 5 중량% 이상에서는 가공시 유동성이 떨어져 필름의 생산성이 낮았고, 가장 바람직한 탄소나노튜브의 함량은 1 중량%로 필름의 균질성과 빛 차단 및 열전도 효과를 충분히 만족하였다.In addition, the content of carbon nanotubes can be selected according to the requirements, but at 5% by weight or more, the productivity of the film was low due to the lack of fluidity during processing, and the most preferable content of carbon nanotubes was 1% by weight. The light blocking and heat conduction effects were sufficiently satisfied.
상술한 방법에 의해 제조된 1 중량%의 탄소나노튜브를 함유한 멀칭필름의 특성평가는 도 2에서 나타낸 바와 같이 자외선 및 가시광선의 전파장에 걸쳐 빛 흡수 율이 90%이상되어, 잡초의 광합성을 억제하여 잡초생육을 억제하는 효과가 우수하며, 흡수된 빛이 열에너지로 전환되어 토양으로 잘 전달되어, 토양 온도의 상승효과는 투명 필름과 비교한 결과, 투명필름을 토양에 적용한 경우보다 1중량%의 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 흑색필름을 적용한 토양의 온도가 5 ℃ 이상 높게 측정되었다. Characterization of the mulching film containing 1% by weight of carbon nanotubes prepared by the above-described method, as shown in Figure 2, the light absorption rate over 90% over the full-wavelength of ultraviolet and visible light, so that weed photosynthesis The effect of suppressing weed growth is excellent by suppressing, and the absorbed light is converted into thermal energy and transferred to the soil, and the synergistic effect of soil temperature is 1% by weight as compared to the case where the transparent film is applied to the soil. The soil temperature of the black film containing carbon nanotubes was measured to be higher than 5 ℃.
앞서 상세히 설명한 바와 같이, 본 발명의 제조방법에 의해 제조된 탄소나노튜브가 함유된 멀칭용 흑색필름은 탄소나노튜브가 필름전면에 균일하게 분포되어 있으므로 색상의 균질성이 매우 우수하다. As described in detail above, the black film for mulching containing the carbon nanotubes produced by the manufacturing method of the present invention has excellent uniformity of color because the carbon nanotubes are uniformly distributed on the entire surface of the film.
또한, 본 발명에 의해 제조된 멀칭용 흑색필름은 비교적 고가의 재료인 탄소나노튜브를 0.1 ∼ 5 중량%의 범위내에서 첨가하여 제조가능하기 때문에 그 제조단가가 매우 저렴하다. In addition, the mulching black film produced according to the present invention can be manufactured by adding a carbon nanotube, which is a relatively expensive material within the range of 0.1 to 5% by weight, so the manufacturing cost is very low.
또한, 본 발명에 의해 제조된 멀칭용 흑색필름은 잡초의 생육을 억제할 수 있는 가시광선 파장범위뿐만 아니라 자외선까지도 효과적으로 흡수함으로써 잡초의 생육을 억제하면서 작물의 생육을 촉진시킬 수 있는 우수한 효과가 있다.In addition, the black film for mulching prepared by the present invention has an excellent effect of promoting the growth of crops while suppressing the growth of weeds by effectively absorbing not only visible wavelength range but also ultraviolet rays which can suppress the growth of weeds. .
또한, 본 발명에 의해 제조된 멀칭용 흑색필름은 잡초의 생육을 억제할 뿐만 아니라, 탄소나노튜브의 우수한 열전도특성으로 멀칭용 투명필름보다도 높은 토양온도를 유지함으로써 작물의 성장에 매우 효과적이다.In addition, the black film for mulching produced by the present invention not only suppresses the growth of weeds, but also maintains a higher soil temperature than the mulching transparent film due to the excellent thermal conductivity of carbon nanotubes, which is very effective for crop growth.
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012005422A1 (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2012-01-12 | 한국생산기술연구원 | Resin composition having improved weather resistance and light-screening properties |
| KR20200118284A (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2020-10-15 | 금호석유화학 주식회사 | A method for manufacturing agricultural covering material |
| KR20220135394A (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-10-07 | 김영수 | Hydroponic cultivation bed |
| KR102574880B1 (en) | 2022-06-09 | 2023-09-06 | (주) 뉴프라임 | Heat-generating funtional mulching mats containing light-heating particles |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2012005422A1 (en) * | 2010-07-06 | 2012-01-12 | 한국생산기술연구원 | Resin composition having improved weather resistance and light-screening properties |
| KR20200118284A (en) * | 2019-04-04 | 2020-10-15 | 금호석유화학 주식회사 | A method for manufacturing agricultural covering material |
| KR20220135394A (en) * | 2021-03-30 | 2022-10-07 | 김영수 | Hydroponic cultivation bed |
| KR102574880B1 (en) | 2022-06-09 | 2023-09-06 | (주) 뉴프라임 | Heat-generating funtional mulching mats containing light-heating particles |
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