KR101931740B1 - Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same - Google Patents
Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- KR101931740B1 KR101931740B1 KR1020150189333A KR20150189333A KR101931740B1 KR 101931740 B1 KR101931740 B1 KR 101931740B1 KR 1020150189333 A KR1020150189333 A KR 1020150189333A KR 20150189333 A KR20150189333 A KR 20150189333A KR 101931740 B1 KR101931740 B1 KR 101931740B1
- Authority
- KR
- South Korea
- Prior art keywords
- water
- metal oxide
- emulsion
- fuel
- mixture
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
-
- B01F3/0815—
-
- B01F3/1235—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
- C10L1/32—Liquid carbonaceous fuels consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions
- C10L1/328—Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase
-
- B01F2215/0088—
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2250/00—Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state
- C10L2250/08—Emulsion details
- C10L2250/088—Complex emulsions, e.g. water in oil in water (w/o/w) or oil in water in oil (o/w/o), bicontinuous emulsion, e.g. wherein both phases are continuous or multiple emulsions
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/24—Mixing, stirring of fuel components
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/34—Applying ultrasonic energy
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
- C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
- C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
- C10L2290/36—Applying radiation such as microwave, IR, UV
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
- Colloid Chemistry (AREA)
Abstract
The present invention relates to a process for producing an emulsion and an emulsion produced thereby, and more particularly, to a process for shortening emulsification time by first mixing a metal oxide with water, and then mixing the fuel with a mixture of the water and the metal oxide The emulsion produced by the production method of the present invention can suppress aggregation separation of the emulsion and reduce the viscosity affecting the spray behavior characteristics, which is advantageous from the viewpoint of fuel injection with a large atomization angle during fuel injection and a short spray reach distance It represents an advantage.
Description
The present invention relates to a process for producing an emulsion and an emulsion produced thereby, and more particularly, to a process for producing an emulsion by mixing a metal oxide with water, To a process for producing an emulsion capable of shortening the emulsion time and an emulsion having a reduced viscosity produced thereby.
The fossil fuel and petroleum energy resources currently in use provide comfort in use, but have limited reserves. In addition, fossil fuels have been pointed out as a cause of environmental pollution such as soot and soot due to exhaust gas caused by combustion.
In order to replace such fossil fuel and petroleum energy resources, an emulsion produced by mixing water with fuel has recently emerged as a method for effectively reducing exhaust gas by improving combustion performance.
Emulsions are the mixing of two types of liquids using emulsification techniques, in which water and oil are not mixed well with each other. One liquid is atomized and dispersed in another liquid.
The emulsion is used for evaporation and heating of water in a part of the available combustion energy, thereby avoiding the compression ratio that causes the knocking phenomenon, thereby significantly reducing the early ignition and detonation phenomenon. In this phenomenon, the water vapor introduced into the combustor serves as an accelerator for the recombination reaction of hydrogen and oxygen, thereby lowering the concentration of hydrogen atoms, reducing the chain coupling ratio of the fuel through the chemical reaction and lowering the temperature of the combustion chamber. Thereby delaying self-ignition. In addition, when the fuel is burned, water particles having a boiling point lower than that of the fuel at a rapid temperature rise immediately after spraying cause a micro-explosion so that the surrounding fuel is scattered and the particle size of the fuel becomes very fine, ~ Thousands times as much as the combustion reaction is active to improve the combustion and fuel efficiency increases. In addition, it is possible to suppress the generation of fine particles which cause soot because the fuel reaches complete combustion, and NO x , SO 2 , and soot, which are designated as environmental pollutants, can be simultaneously reduced.
Conventionally, the emulsion can be produced by a physical method or a chemical method. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-0084476 discloses a technique for producing an emulsion by dispersing water into fine particles by mixing and stirring a surfactant, a nonionic surfactant composed of water and polyvinyl alcohol, a heavy oil and a waste oil at a predetermined ratio 10-2011-0049989 discloses an emulsion processing method in which a mixture of water and oil is vortexed to form a vortex and hydrodynamically dispersed. Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 10-1282118 discloses an apparatus for mixing water and oil by ultrasonic vibration using an apparatus for mixing purified oil with water.
The physical methods using conventional methods such as stirring, turbulent mixing, vibration, ultrasonic waves, injection, impact, etc., can be manufactured in the state without using a surfactant, However, there has been a problem that they easily aggregate and separate. The chemical method using a surfactant can easily emulsify when it is matched with the hydrophilic (HLB, Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance) of the surfactant, but has difficulty in producing a suitable surfactant and mass production.
Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2013-203781 discloses a production method in which titanium oxide powder is added, stirred while irradiating ultraviolet rays, and a water and oil mixture is cooled to obtain a freeze-free portion to produce a mixed fuel. However, this is problematic in that a manufacturing process is complicated by addition of equipment for irradiating ultraviolet rays and cooling equipment for cooling water and oil mixture, and a costly device is required.
In addition, the emulsion fuel mixed with water and fuel has a higher density and viscosity than conventional fuels, and thus has a problem in that fuel injection is difficult in actual use because the spray angle is small and the spray reach distance is long.
In order to solve the problems of the prior art as described above, it is an object of the present invention to provide a process for producing an emulsion, which comprises first preparing a mixture of water and a metal oxide, Which is capable of shortening the emulsion emulsification time between the emulsion and the emulsion.
Another object of the present invention is to provide an emulsion in which the viscosity produced by the production method of the present invention is reduced and the flocculation separation of the emulsion can be suppressed.
The present invention has been made to solve the above problems
Mixing water and a metal oxide;
Dispersing the mixture of water and the metal oxide
Preparing a fuel; And
Mixing the fuel with a mixture of water and a metal oxide; Containing
And a method for producing the emulsion.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the metal oxide is an oxide of any one metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, ruthenium, rhenium, and hafnium. In particular, it is more preferable that the metal oxide is titanium dioxide. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the metal oxide exhibits amphipathic nature having hydrophilicity and lipophilicity at the same time, thereby suppressing separation when water and oil are mixed.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, a metal powder having a particle size of 10 nm to 30 nm may be used as the metal oxide.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the water and the metal oxide are mixed at a ratio of 5 to 10 parts by weight of the metal oxide per 100 parts by weight of the water. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, water and oil are difficult to be emulsified when the metal oxide is 5 parts by weight or less per 100 parts by weight of water, and when the metal oxide is 10 parts by weight or more, viscosity of the emulsion increases. And 5 to 10 parts by weight of the metal oxide per 100 parts by weight of the metal oxide.
Further, in the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, in the step of dispersing the mixture of water and the metal oxide, stirring is performed while energy is applied.
In more detail, in the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, a mixture of water and a metal oxide is dispersed while applying electromagnetic waves such as ultrasonic waves and microwaves with the energy.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, in the step of dispersing the mixture of water and metal oxide, ultrasonic wave or microwave is applied as energy to facilitate dispersing of water and metal oxide by ultrasonic vibration. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, by applying ultrasonic waves or microwaves, the cohesive force between molecules of the fluid is destroyed while the energy inside the emulsion is increased, and cavitation phenomena of tens of thousands of fine droplets are caused, So that the metal powder particles are evenly dispersed. Since it is possible to apply higher energy to the microwave, it can be emulsified in a shorter time than the ultrasonic wave, which is preferable. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, it is possible to apply only ultrasonic waves or microwaves once, or sequentially apply ultrasonic waves and microwaves plural times.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the step of applying energy to the mixture of water and the metal oxide is performed for 1 minute to 20 minutes.
The emulsion manufacturing method according to the present invention includes mixing the fuel with a mixture of the water and the metal oxide.
In the process for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the fuel includes oil, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil, aviation oil, bunker oil and similar fuel extracted from copper and plants. .
The method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention is characterized by including a vortex process in the step of mixing the fuel and the mixture of water and metal oxide. In the emulsion manufacturing method according to the present invention, mixing is performed without stirring device requiring separate power by forming vortex using a vortex in the emulsification process of mixing the mixture of water and metal oxide with the fuel, It is advantageous to obtain the mixed result naturally in the flow process of the mixed material.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the vortex process is performed for 1 minute to 2 minutes.
Further, in the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the step of mixing the mixture of water and the metal oxide powder with the fuel may include a heating step. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the heating is preferably performed at a temperature of 50 ° C to 90 ° C by a hot water bath, and a heating time is 10 seconds to 30 seconds. In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the mixture of the water and the metal oxide and the fuel are heated in a hot water bath in the step of mixing the fuel and the fuel, It facilitates mixing.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the vortex process and the heating process are performed N times (N is a natural number) in the step of mixing the dispersed mixture and the fuel.
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention, the vortex process and the heating process may be performed N times (N is a natural number) in the step of mixing the dispersed mixture with the fuel, preferably N times .
In the method for producing an emulsion according to the present invention,
The present invention also provides an emulsion produced by the production method of the present invention.
The emulsion produced by the process of the present invention is characterized by a viscosity of 600 cp to 1500 cp .
The emulsion according to the present invention may be prepared by mixing a mixture of a metal oxide dispersed in water and fuel, dispersing water and fuel evenly to emulsify the emulsion, and shortening emulsification time of the emulsion. The emulsion produced by the present invention has an advantage in view of fuel injection that the coagulation separation is suppressed and the viscosity affecting the spray behavior characteristics is reduced so that the spray angle is large and the spray reach distance is short.
Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail by way of examples. However, the present invention is not limited by the following examples.
≪ Example 1 > Preparation of emulsion
To 20 mL of water was added 1.4 g of titanium dioxide powder as a metal oxide and 40 KHz ultrasonic wave was applied for 10 minutes to prepare a mixture of water and titanium dioxide powder dispersed therein.
The fuel was prepared separately without pretreatment, and a mixture of the water and the titanium dioxide powder and the fuel were mixed and vortexed for 92 seconds to prepare 100 mL of the emulsion.
Example 2: Preparation of emulsion
To 20 mL of water was added 1.4 g of titanium dioxide powder as a metal oxide and ultrasonic waves were applied for 10 minutes to prepare a mixture in which water and titanium dioxide powder were dispersed.
The fuel was prepared without a separate pretreatment process, and the mixture of the titanium dioxide powder and the fuel was mixed with the water, and the mixture was subjected to a vortex process, followed by heating with a hot water at 77 ° C.
Vortex (20 sec) - Bottling (20 sec) - Vortex (20 sec) - Bottling (20 sec) - Bottling (20 sec) - Vortex (20 sec) 5 seconds), the vortex process and the heating process with the hot water bath were sequentially repeated for 165 seconds to prepare 100 mL of the emulsion.
≪ Example 3 > Preparation of emulsion
1.4 g of titanium dioxide powder as a metal oxide was added to 20 mL of water, and a microwave of 2450 MHz was applied for 1 minute. Then, a mixture of water and titanium dioxide powder was prepared.
The fuel was prepared separately without pretreatment, and 100 mL of emulsion was prepared by mixing the water and the titanium dioxide mixture with the fuel and emulsifying through the vortex process for 1 minute and 30 seconds.
≪ Example 4 > Preparation of emulsion
Titanium dioxide powder as a metal oxide was added to water, a microwave of 2450 MHz was applied for 1 minute, and ultrasonic waves were applied for 10 minutes to prepare a mixture in which water and titanium dioxide powder were dispersed.
The fuel was prepared separately without pretreatment, and 100 mL of emulsion was prepared by mixing the water and the titanium dioxide mixture with the fuel and emulsifying through the vortex process for 1 minute and 30 seconds.
Examples 5 to 7 Preparation of emulsion
To 20 mL of water was added 1.4 g of titanium dioxide powder as a metal oxide and ultrasonic waves were applied for 10 minutes to prepare a mixture in which water and titanium dioxide powder were dispersed.
The fuel and the titanium dioxide mixture were mixed with the fuel and emulsified by a vortex process for 92 seconds and then treated with hot water at 50 ° C, 70 ° C and 90 ° C for 1 hour, 100 mL of 5 to 7 emulsion was prepared.
EXPERIMENTAL EXAMPLE Viscosity and time measurement of emulsion
In order to analyze the viscosity reduction effect of the emulsion prepared in Examples 1 to 7, the viscosity was measured at 15 ° C using a Brookfield DV-I + model, and the results are shown in Table 1 below. Spindle was used with LV3 and rotated at 30 RPM. The average value was analyzed by repeating the measurement three times in the same manner.
In order to investigate the time reduction effect in the emulsification step, the time until the emulsion was prepared after mixing water and fuel was measured. The results are shown in Table 1 below.
Applied energy
Emulsification method
Emulsification time
(sec)
50 ℃ 1h bath
70 ℃ 1h hot water
90 ℃ 1h hot water
As can be seen from Table 1, the titanium dioxide powder and the fuel are mixed with each other as compared with the case of Example 1 in which the titanium dioxide powder is first dispersed in water by the production method of the present invention and then mixed with the fuel to prepare an emulsion It can be seen that the viscosity is greatly improved when microwave heating is applied during the emulsification process or when microwave is applied when water and titanium dioxide are mixed.
Claims (17)
Dispersing the mixture of water and the metal oxide
Preparing a fuel; And
Mixing the fuel with a mixture of water and a metal oxide,
And a vortex process in the step of mixing the fuel with the mixture of water and metal oxide,
In the step of dispersing the mixture of water and metal oxide, microwave is applied to disperse the mixture of water and metal oxide
≪ / RTI >
Wherein the metal oxide is an oxide of a metal selected from the group consisting of titanium, zirconium, ruthenium, rhenium, and hafnium
≪ / RTI >
Characterized in that the metal oxide is titanium dioxide
≪ / RTI >
Wherein the metal oxide has a particle diameter of 10 nm to 30 nm
≪ / RTI >
Wherein the metal oxide is mixed in an amount of 5 to 10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the water in the step of mixing the water and the metal oxide
≪ / RTI >
Wherein the step of applying the microwave in the step of dispersing the mixture of water and the metal oxide is performed for 1 minute to 20 minutes
≪ / RTI >
Wherein said fuel is selected from oil, kerosene, light oil, heavy oil, aviation oil, bunker oil, and similar fuel extracted from copper or plant
≪ / RTI >
Wherein the vortex process is performed for 1 minute to 2 minutes
≪ / RTI >
Characterized in that in the step of mixing the fuel with the mixture of water and metal oxide, the vortex process and the heating process are performed N times (N is a natural number)
≪ / RTI >
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150189333A KR101931740B1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150189333A KR101931740B1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| KR20170079120A KR20170079120A (en) | 2017-07-10 |
| KR101931740B1 true KR101931740B1 (en) | 2019-03-13 |
Family
ID=59356158
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| KR1020150189333A KR101931740B1 (en) | 2015-12-30 | 2015-12-30 | Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| KR (1) | KR101931740B1 (en) |
-
2015
- 2015-12-30 KR KR1020150189333A patent/KR101931740B1/en active IP Right Grant
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR20170079120A (en) | 2017-07-10 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US20140196358A1 (en) | Glycerol Containing Fuel Mixture for Direct Injection Engines | |
| Khalid et al. | Effect of biodiesel-water-air derived from biodiesel crude palm oil using premix injector and mixture formation in burner combustion | |
| Cheng et al. | New insights for improving low-rank coal flotation performance via emulsified waste fried oil collector | |
| KR101951020B1 (en) | Emulsified fuel-oil using hydrogen and manufacturing method the same | |
| KR20200075947A (en) | Emulsified fuel-oil using acidic ion water and manufacturing method the same | |
| KR101931740B1 (en) | Manufacturing method of emulsion, and emulsion made by the same | |
| JP4551968B2 (en) | Petroleum product emulsion | |
| KR101903994B1 (en) | Manufacturing method of emulsion comprising preprocessing, and emulsion made by the same | |
| JP3098228B2 (en) | Method for using viscous hydrocarbons as fuel for diesel engine and fuel for diesel engine | |
| Kittipoomwong et al. | Emulsification of water and pyrolysis oil | |
| TW201827582A (en) | Method for producing hydrocarbon-based synthetic fuel by adding water to hydrocarbon-based fuel oil | |
| JP2000144158A (en) | Water-oil mix fuel and its production | |
| KR102604321B1 (en) | Improved method of producing diesel fuel | |
| KR20090078027A (en) | Preparation method of emulsified fuel oil | |
| JP2007270003A (en) | Method for producing water-gasified fuel and device for producing the same | |
| Parveg et al. | Experimental Investigation of the Combustion Behavior of Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel and Ethanol-Blended Jet-A/Water Emulsified Fuel Droplets | |
| US20130227877A1 (en) | Three-phase emulsified fuel and methods of preparation and use | |
| CN103305295A (en) | Diesel oil emulsifier | |
| Gupta et al. | Experimental investigations on spray characteristics of potential fuels for advance low temperature combustion engines | |
| RU2620606C1 (en) | Method of obtaining composite fuel emulsion | |
| RU2786388C1 (en) | Industrial process for producing improved diesel fuel | |
| RU2266470C1 (en) | Method for preparing liquid fuel for dispersion into combustion chamber | |
| Le | PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND SPRAY CHARACTERISTICS OF ULTRASOUNDASSISTED EMULSION BASED ON ULTRA LOW SULPHUR DIESEL AND BIODIESEL. | |
| JPS58160392A (en) | Emulsified oil | |
| Jin et al. | Effect of Different Preparation Methods on the Stability of Low-Carbon Alcohol Blended Fuels |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A201 | Request for examination | ||
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| E902 | Notification of reason for refusal | ||
| E90F | Notification of reason for final refusal | ||
| E701 | Decision to grant or registration of patent right | ||
| GRNT | Written decision to grant |