KR101745918B1 - Method of calculating deformation by welding and thermal forming - Google Patents
Method of calculating deformation by welding and thermal forming Download PDFInfo
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- KR101745918B1 KR101745918B1 KR1020160003375A KR20160003375A KR101745918B1 KR 101745918 B1 KR101745918 B1 KR 101745918B1 KR 1020160003375 A KR1020160003375 A KR 1020160003375A KR 20160003375 A KR20160003375 A KR 20160003375A KR 101745918 B1 KR101745918 B1 KR 101745918B1
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
- B23K37/00—Auxiliary devices or processes, not specially adapted to a procedure covered by only one of the preceding main groups
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Abstract
A method of calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion during welding or hot working is disclosed. The method of calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion according to the present invention is a method of calculating a deformation amount of a machined portion by performing a modeling operation for a portion where thermal contraction occurs during welding or hot working, And the degree of restraint on the part to be machined is determined from the extracted strain by a specific calculation formula after the strain of the part is extracted from the elastic analysis. And the inherent strain is extracted by applying the calculated constraint. From this, the amount of deformation and the amount of shrinkage with respect to the processed portion are finally calculated.
Description
The present invention relates to a method of calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion, and more particularly, to a method of calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion during welding or hot working to calculate a deformation amount of a machining portion cooled after heating in welding or hot working.
Welding and hot working are ultimately contracted through heating and cooling steps in the process. By quantitatively grasping the shrinkage amount during hot working, it is possible to form a curved plate having a desired shape of a three-dimensional curved surface. In the case of welding, it is possible to suggest a welding sequence or a reinforcement plan which can avoid or minimize deformation, can do.
In other words, if the amount of deformation due to welding and hot working can be grasped in advance at design time, high quality products with higher precision can be produced by reflecting the margins on the product design stage. In addition, it is very advantageous in terms of quality control and productivity because management points that require intensive management in the production process can be selected based on the amount of deformation detected in advance and systematic management can be performed.
In particular, the deformation caused by welding, which occupies most of the processes in ship manufacturing, has a large effect on not only the dimensional accuracy and strength of the block but also the appearance of the product. Therefore, in order to secure the dimensional accuracy of the block, it is necessary to predict the welding deformation of the block and to derive a control strategy based on the deformation of the block.
Identification of deformation by heat as described above is very important in product design. However, the method of calculating the amount of deformation has not been commercialized yet. The factors directly affecting the deformation in welding or hot working are Yield Strength, degree of restraint, area of weld metal and heat affected zone, thermal expansion coefficient, This is the amount of temperature change.
The temperature is a function of the density, specific heat, and thermal conductivity of the material, and thus the extent of the heat affected area. The yield strength and the thermal expansion coefficient are inherent properties of the member, and the width of the welded portion and the heat affected portion can be extracted to some extent through experiment and analysis, while the restraint degree differs depending on the shape of the member.
Most finite element analysis is performed for the calculation of the exact constraint that occurs during welding and thermal processing. In general, the constraint is calculated using the unit load method, which has a drawback in that it does not accurately reflect the influence of the constraint on the portion contracted by the thermal effect. For example, since the unit load of welding is divided into the force and the moment, the calculation of the deformation amount is complicated, unlike the actual phenomenon, the effect on the restraint in various directions is not taken into account and the result is also unreliable.
Further, conventionally, a moving heat source (a heat source in which the position to heat the object to be processed is varied, such as welding) is not considered. Therefore, when the heat source is moved, such as by butt welding or line heating, it is difficult to accurately calculate the constraint according to the heating line, which is accompanied with a problem that it is difficult to secure the quality precision and uniformity.
A problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for easily calculating a constraint on a heat shrinkable portion during welding or hot working and to provide a method for easily and accurately calculating the amount of deformation of a heat shrinkable portion, And to provide a method of calculating a deformation amount.
Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of calculating the amount of deformation of a machining portion during welding or hot working capable of calculating a high degree of constraint even if a heat source moves, such as welding or line heating.
According to one embodiment of the present invention as a solution to the problem, there is provided a method of calculating a deformation amount in welding or hot working,
A first step of creating a simulated finite element model having the same shape and shape as the structure to be welded or hot worked;
A second step of performing an elastic analysis analysis after imparting a unit temperature to a machining unit of the finite element model in which heat shrinkage is expected during welding or hot working from information on the generated finite element model;
A third step of extracting a strain of the machined portion of the model from the elastic analysis;
A fourth step of calculating a degree of restraint of the processed portion from the extracted strain using a specific calculation formula;
A fifth step of extracting an inherent strain by applying the calculated constraint; And
A sixth step of calculating a deformation amount and a shrinkage amount of the machined part by applying the extracted inherent strain;
And a method of calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion during a welding or hot working.
Here, in the first step, the machining portion is modeled so that deformation can be considered in all directions in which heat shrinkage occurs when heat is applied.
In the second step, elastic analysis is performed by using a cross-sectional modeling in which at least two lamination layers are applied in the thickness direction of the processed portion so that the amount of shrinkage and the shape of the processed portion can be simultaneously considered in the butt welding or hot working. .
In addition, in the second step, the unit temperature added to the machining portion is 1 占 폚, and when the unit temperature is 1 占 폚, the elasticity analysis is performed on the machining portion, and the strain on the machining portion is calculated through the third step.
Further, in the fourth step, the deformation amount of the machined portion can be calculated from the strain of the machined portion calculated from the third step during the welding or hot working to calculate the degree of restraint (β) using the following equation.
<Formula>
Where α is the thermal expansion coefficient, and ∈ is the workpiece strain.
Meanwhile, in the fourth step, when the heat source for applying heat to the machining unit is the position-variable move heat, the constraint degree calculation unit selects the machining unit in which the temperature is 500 to 800 degrees when the heat in the machining unit is cooled after being applied The work is performed on the selected machining portion in the order described in the first step to the fourth step to calculate the restraint degree.
The constraint formulas can be calculated not only in the transverse direction but also in the longitudinal direction with reference to the weld line, through which the lateral and longitudinal shrinkage amounts can be calculated through the steps 5 and 6.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, it is possible to realize a part that requires analysis of thermal deformation during welding or hot working in the same shape as the actual part through modeling through a dedicated design program, and to estimate the actual thermal deformation of the modeled virtual object to be processed After adding the unit temperature to the part, the strain and the constraint can be easily calculated through the elastic analysis.
That is, there is an effect of easily estimating the constraint on the heat shrinkable portion from the elastic analysis through the modeling of the portion expected to cause heat shrinkage and the simulation of the unit temperature addition method. From this, It can be predicted and grasped satisfactorily and precisely, so that preliminary design and review can be carried out taking into consideration factors that adversely affect the product quality.
In addition, since the constraint is calculated with the modeling file implemented exactly as the actual part of the thermal deformation analysis, it is possible to accurately calculate the deformation amount even for a structure having a complicated shape, and the influence By calculating the constraint by selecting the heat shrinkage portion between the temperature and the unit temperature, it is possible to calculate the constraint with high accuracy even in the case of a moving heat source in which the heat source moves, such as welding or line heating.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a flowchart for calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion of the present invention; FIG.
FIG. 2 is an illustration of modeling of a weld for calculating constraint during fillet welding; FIG.
Figure 3 is an illustration of modeling of welds for calculating constraint during butt welding.
Fig. 4 is an example of modeling a machining part for calculating constraint in a moving heat source; Fig.
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In describing the present invention, the terminology used herein is used only to describe a specific embodiment and is not intended to limit the present invention. The singular expressions include plural expressions unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.
It is to be understood that the terms "comprises", "having", and the like in the specification are intended to specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, parts or combinations thereof, But do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, parts, or combinations thereof.
Also, the terms first, second, etc. may be used to describe various components, but the components should not be limited by the terms. The terms are used only for the purpose of distinguishing one component from another.
In addition, the terms " part, "" unit," " module, "and the like, which are described in the specification, refer to a unit for processing at least one function or operation, which may be implemented by hardware or software or a combination of hardware and software .
In the following description with reference to the accompanying drawings, the same reference numerals are given to the same constituent elements, and a duplicate description thereof will be omitted. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail since they would obscure the invention in unnecessary detail.
1 is a flowchart for calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion of the present invention.
Referring to FIG. 1, the calculation of the amount of deformation of a machining portion proposed by the present invention can be performed in six stages. In the first step S100, a virtual finite element model having the same shape and shape as the actual structure to be welded or hot formed is generated. In the second step S200, the generated model is used for welding or hot working Elastic analysis is performed on the part where the heat shrinkage is expected.
In the third step S300, the strain is extracted from the elastic analysis result for a deformed portion (hereinafter, referred to as a "processed portion") where heat shrinkage occurs after heating. In the fourth step S400, Is substituted into a specific equation to calculate the degree of restraint. In the fifth and sixth steps (S600), inherent strain is extracted by applying the calculated constraint, and the amount of deformation and shrinkage of the heat-shrinkable portion are finally derived.
The steps of the calculation method proposed by the present invention will be described in more detail.
In a first step S100, a virtual finite element model having the same shape and shape as the structure to be welded or hot formed is created. Preferably, a shape model is created or directly commercialized through a dedicated model generation program such as CAD, SOLIDWORKS, CATIA, PROE, SOLIDEDGE or INVENTOR The shape information can be generated using finite element analysis (FEM) codes (eg Nastran, Marc, Ansys, Abaqus, etc.). (FEM) codes (FEM codes) are used to analyze the thermal deformation mainly from the given shape information. In this embodiment, the actual machining part and the machining part for the finite element analysis (FEM) of the structure to be welded or hot- A virtual finite element modeling work having the same shape and attribute information is performed first.
In the case of welding, for example, a load boundary condition for simple elastic analysis or a material constant for simple thermal analysis can be generated in consideration of the base material thickness and the shape of the welded portion around the weld line. In order to improve the precision of the weld deformation analysis, Can be automatically generated to the finite element size instructed by the user to have a dense density, and the finite element can be automatically generated so that the finite element is completely connected. At this time, the heat affected part excluding the melted part and the melted part is distinguished from the heat-affected area and modeled.
In the second step S200, an elastic analysis is performed using the generated finite element model. In other words, the elastic analysis is performed by receiving the information on the finite element model generated in the first step (S100), and the elastic analysis is performed by using a finite element method (finite element method) Lt; / RTI >
For reference, the finite element method is used to calculate an approximation solution when an exact solution to a differential equation governing a given object is not given. For this purpose, the object is divided into finite elements, A representative method is to solve the problem by approximating the governing equation of the contact point to the simultaneous linear equations. The solver solver solves the simultaneous linear equations by solving the linear equations. The software to display is called a processor.
In performing the elastic analysis using the dedicated software using the finite element method, the unit temperature is applied to the machining part of the finite element model to perform elastic analysis (the unit temperature applied to the machining part is preferably 1 ° C, In addition to preventing the data from being further processed, it is also possible to prevent the member from passing over the elastic region during the addition of any temperature, so that the constraint in the non-linear region is not calculated. In commercial programs, it can be forced by load condition or boundary condition function.
In the second step (S200) of the elastic analysis of the machined part, in particular, the machined part is modeled in the form of a layer laminated in two or more in the thickness direction so that the contraction amount and the angular shape of the machined part can be considered at the same time. . . For this purpose, it is required to model the machining part so that deformation can be considered in all directions in which the thermal shrinkage occurs in the modeling step (in the first step S100).
For example, in the case of fillet welding, modeling is performed such that the lateral direction ( ∈ yy , ∈ zz ) and the longitudinal direction ( ∈ xx ) and the angular shape ( ∈ t ) And in the case of butt welding, the weld portion is defined as shown in FIG. 3 so that the weld portion is divided into at least two upper and lower regions based on the neutral axis (A) of the machined portion.
In the third step S300, the strain ( ∈ ) of the machined part in which heat shrinkage occurs is extracted from the elastic analysis results in the second step S200. The strain ( ∈ ) is a ratio of the deformation amount to the original length before machining and the original length before machining, and is calculated by performing the elastic analysis with the modeling taking into consideration deformation in all directions in which deformation occurs, as described above .
In the case of thermal deformation problems such as welding and hot working, the total strain is the elastic strain, the plastic strain, the thermal strain, the creep strain and the phase transformation strain phase transformation strain. The inherent strain (or inherent strain) is expressed as the strain minus the elastic strain.
In the case of members used in most industries, the creep strain and the phase transformation strain are not clearly defined, and the data are often inadequate and the effect on the strain is actually small. When the strain ( ∈ ) extraction is completed through the elastic analysis, the strain (∈), and using the coefficient of thermal expansion (coefficient of expansion) to calculate the constraint also (degree of restraint, β) (step 4 (S400)). Preferably, the first to the strain (∈), and coefficient of thermal expansion (coefficient of expansion) machined portion calculated in step 3 (S300) by applying the formula to calculate the constraint also (β).
<Formula>
Where α is the thermal expansion coefficient, and ∈ is the workpiece strain.
The above equation is derived from Bar-Spring ((Murakawa et al. 1996) model, which presents a reference model for the extraction of degree of restraint, where α is the coefficient of thermal expansion , And silver can be deduced from the elastic analysis considering the deformation in various directions as mentioned above as the strain of the work part.
The fifth step S500 is a step of extracting an inherent strain by applying the constraint? Calculated in the fourth step S400. The intrinsic strain is a value obtained by subtracting the elastic strain from the strain, which is the strain that is not recovered even when the external force is removed. In other words, the inherent strain can be defined as the strain that is obtained by subtracting the elastic strain from the strain, and is not recovered even when the restraining force of the periphery of the working portion subjected to heat is released. For example, if the creep strain and the phase transformation strain are not taken into consideration, the inherent strain of the member is the same as the plastic strain when the member is returned to the original room temperature after starting the cycle at the normal temperature.
Finally, the concept of the inherent strain extracted in the fifth step S500 is used to finalize the deformation amount and the contraction amount of the processing part in the sixth step S600. Since the intrinsic strain is the ratio of the original length to the retracted length when the constraint is removed from the original length, the amount of contraction is calculated by multiplying the inherent strain by the width of the heat affected zone, original length. Angular distortion is automatically detected by natural moment generation because of the shrinkage in the welds in the case of fillet welding. In the case of butt welds or hot-finished plates, each shrinkage amount is added to the laminated film to extract each shape. do. On the other hand, in the case of actual welding or hot working, the heat source for applying heat is not fixed. That is, the heat source moves relatively in terms of the object to be processed. In this case, since the heating portion of the object to be heated (in the case of welding, the boundary portion between the two base materials) continues to change, the degree of restraint must be changed.
Therefore, in order to increase the accuracy of the constraint calculated even when the heat source that applies heat to the machining portion is the position variable movement heat, the machining portion having the largest influence on the mechanical property is selected and a dedicated analysis program Then, the unit temperature is added to the selected machining part, and the elasticity analysis is performed to calculate the constraint degree.
Here, the temperature range in which the influence on the mechanical properties is largest is known as 500 to 800 degrees Celsius (t 8/5 ) based on steel. That is, as shown in FIG. 4, a machining portion having a temperature in the range of 500 to 800 degrees (t 8/5 ) is selected when the machining portion is cooled after the application of heat, and the machining portion, S100) to the fourth step (S400) to calculate the constraint degree. From the calculated constraint, the amount of strain and the amount of shrinkage can be calculated from the above-described steps 5 and 6.
According to the embodiments of the present invention as described above, it is possible to implement a part that requires analysis of thermal deformation during welding or hot working in the same shape as the actual one through modeling through a dedicated design program, After adding the unit temperature to the expected part, the strain and the constraint can be easily calculated through the elastic analysis.
That is, there is an effect of easily estimating the constraint on the heat shrinkable portion from the elastic analysis through the modeling of the portion expected to cause heat shrinkage and the simulation of the unit temperature addition method. From this, It can be predicted and grasped satisfactorily and precisely, so that preliminary design and review can be carried out taking into consideration factors that adversely affect the product quality.
In addition, since the constraint is calculated with the modeling file implemented exactly as the actual part of the thermal deformation analysis, it is possible to accurately calculate the deformation amount even for a structure having a complicated shape, and the influence By calculating the constraint by selecting the heat shrinkage portion between the temperature and the unit temperature, it is possible to calculate the constraint with high accuracy even in the case of a moving heat source in which the heat source moves, such as welding or line heating.
In the foregoing detailed description of the present invention, only specific embodiments thereof have been described. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not to be limited to the specific forms thereof, which are to be considered as being limited to the specific embodiments, but on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. .
Claims (6)
A first step (S100) of generating a virtual finite element model having the same shape and shape as the structure to be welded or hot worked;
A second step (S200) of performing a thermo-elasticity analysis after imparting a unit temperature to a machining unit of the finite element model in which heat shrinkage is expected during welding or hot working from information on the generated finite element model;
A third step (S300) of extracting a strain of the machined portion from the elastic analysis;
A fourth step (S400) of calculating a degree of restraint for the machining portion from the extracted strain using a specific calculation formula;
A fifth step (S500) of extracting an inherent strain by applying the calculated constraint; And
And a sixth step (S600) of calculating a deformation amount and a contraction amount of the machined part by applying the extracted inherent strain,
In the fourth step (S400), the constraining amount (?) Is calculated from the strain of the machining portion calculated from the third step (S300) using the following calculation expression.
<Formula>
Where α is the thermal expansion coefficient, ε is the strain in each direction, and β is the constraint in each direction.
In the first step (S100), modeling of the machining portion is performed so that deformation can be considered in all directions in which heat shrinkage occurs when heat is applied.
In the second step S200, the machining portion is modeled by two or more laminated films in the thickness direction so that the shrinkage amount and the angular shape of the machining portion can be considered at the same time during the butt welding or hot working, Method of calculating strain.
The unit temperature applied to the processing unit in the second step (S200) is 1 占 폚. When the unit temperature is 1 占 폚, the elasticity with respect to the processing unit is analyzed, and in the third step (S300) A method for calculating a deformation amount of a machining portion during a welding or hot working to calculate a strain.
In the fourth step (S400), when the heat source for applying heat to the machining part is a position-variable move heat, the constraint degree calculation is performed such that the machining part in which the temperature is 500 to 800 degrees when the heat in the machining part is cooled after cooling is selected And calculating the degree of constraint by performing an operation in the order described in the first to fourth steps with respect to the selected machining portion.
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Cited By (4)
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| KR20190037954A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-08 | 대우조선해양 주식회사 | Tolerance control system of welded structure |
| KR102060901B1 (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2019-12-30 | 인포겟시스템 주식회사 | Method for generating mesh data using inherent strain table |
| CN110717291A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2020-01-21 | 华中科技大学 | Welding structure deformation simulation method, device, equipment and storage medium |
| CN111709161A (en) * | 2020-04-27 | 2020-09-25 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Concrete panel drying shrinkage analysis and control method |
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Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KR20190037954A (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2019-04-08 | 대우조선해양 주식회사 | Tolerance control system of welded structure |
| KR102314964B1 (en) * | 2017-09-29 | 2021-10-21 | 대우조선해양 주식회사 | Tolerance control system of welded structure |
| KR102060901B1 (en) * | 2018-08-14 | 2019-12-30 | 인포겟시스템 주식회사 | Method for generating mesh data using inherent strain table |
| CN110717291A (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2020-01-21 | 华中科技大学 | Welding structure deformation simulation method, device, equipment and storage medium |
| CN110717291B (en) * | 2019-09-26 | 2021-05-04 | 华中科技大学 | Welding structure deformation simulation method, device, equipment and storage medium |
| CN111709161A (en) * | 2020-04-27 | 2020-09-25 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Concrete panel drying shrinkage analysis and control method |
| CN111709161B (en) * | 2020-04-27 | 2024-01-26 | 中国水利水电科学研究院 | Concrete panel drying shrinkage analysis and control method |
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