KR101107437B1 - 천연가스 액화공정 - Google Patents
천연가스 액화공정 Download PDFInfo
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- KR101107437B1 KR101107437B1 KR20100026882A KR20100026882A KR101107437B1 KR 101107437 B1 KR101107437 B1 KR 101107437B1 KR 20100026882 A KR20100026882 A KR 20100026882A KR 20100026882 A KR20100026882 A KR 20100026882A KR 101107437 B1 KR101107437 B1 KR 101107437B1
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- refrigerant
- heat exchange
- natural gas
- closed loop
- nitrogen
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- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 141
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 125
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 111
- 239000003345 natural gas Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 66
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 191
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 155
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 77
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 72
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 43
- 239000003949 liquefied natural gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000009834 vaporization Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000008016 vaporization Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical group CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 46
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 15
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000004781 supercooling Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims 2
- 238000004172 nitrogen cycle Methods 0.000 description 23
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 8
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 5
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000012986 modification Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000004048 modification Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000013535 sea water Substances 0.000 description 1
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- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/0002—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the fluid to be liquefied
- F25J1/0022—Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/005—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/003—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production
- F25J1/0047—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle
- F25J1/0052—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
- F25J1/007—Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof
- F25J1/0072—Nitrogen
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/006—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures characterised by the refrigerant fluid used
- F25J1/008—Hydrocarbons
- F25J1/0085—Ethane; Ethylene
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- F25J1/0207—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle as at least a three level SCR refrigeration cascade
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
- F25J1/02—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen ; Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process
- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0257—Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines
- F25J1/0262—Details of the cold heat exchange system
- F25J1/0264—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams
- F25J1/0265—Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer
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- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
- F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
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- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25J—LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE
- F25J1/00—Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures
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- F25J1/0243—Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used
- F25J1/0279—Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.
- F25J1/0285—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings
- F25J1/0288—Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders
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Abstract
Description
도 2는 도 1의 액화공정의 흐름을 설명하고 있는 순서도
도 3는 본 발명의 실시예 1에 따른 액화공정을 상세하게 도시하고 있는 흐름도
도 4은 천연가스의 열역학적 특성을 도시하고 있는 온도-엔트로피 선도
도 5는 본 발명의 실시예 1에 따른 프로판 사이클에서의 온도-엔트로피 선도
도 6는 본 발명의 실시예 1에 따른 에틸렌 사이클에서의 온도-엔트로피 선도
도 7은 본 발명의 실시예 1에 따른 질소 사이클에서의 온도-엔트로피 선도
도 8은 본 발명의 실시예 2에 따른 액화공정을 상세하게 도시하고 있는 흐름도
도 9는 종래의 C3/MR 공정을 개념적으로 도시하고 있는 흐름도
도 10은 종래의 캐스케이드 공정을 개념적으로 도시하고 있는 흐름도
300: 제1 열교환 영역
131, 132, 133, 134, 231, 232, 233, 331, 332, 333: 압축기
151, 152, 153, 154, 350: 냉각기
171, 173: 냉각 영역
271, 272, 273, 371, 372, 373: 팽창밸브
191, 193: 팽창수단
Claims (14)
- 세 개의 폐 루프 냉동 사이클(closed loop refrigeration cycle)을 이용하여 천연가스를 액화시키는 천연가스 액화공정에 있어서,
제1 폐 루프 냉동 사이클을 순환하는 제1 단일 냉매의 기화를 통해 공급된 천연가스를 제1 열교환 영역에서 예냉(pre-cooling)하는 단계;
제2 폐 루프 냉동 사이클을 순환하는 제2 단일 냉매의 기화를 통해 예냉된 천연가스를 제2 열교환 영역에서 액화(liquefying)하는 단계; 및
제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클을 순환하는 과정에서 일 팽창된(work expanded) 질소 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 액화된 천연가스를 제3 열교환 영역에서 과냉(sub-cooling)하는 단계를 포함하며,
상기 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은 역 브레이튼(Reverse Brayton) 사이클에 기초하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은, 상기 질소 냉매를 압축하는 단계, 압축된 질소 냉매를 예냉하는 단계, 예냉된 질소 냉매를 상기 제3 열교환 영역을 통과한 질소 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 냉각하는 단계, 및 냉각된 질소 냉매를 일 팽창하는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 과냉하는 단계는 액화된 천연가스를 2단(stage)의 제3 열교환 영역에서 일 팽창된 질소 냉매를 통해 순차적으로 과냉하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 3에 있어서,
상기 과냉하는 단계는 독립된 2개의 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 일 팽창된 질소 냉매가 각각 상기 2단의 제3 열교환 영역에서 액화된 천연가스와 간접적으로 열교환하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 4에 있어서,
상기 2개의 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은 각각, 상기 질소 냉매를 압축하는 단계, 압축된 질소 냉매를 예냉하는 단계, 예냉된 질소 냉매를 재압축하는 단계, 재압축된 질소 냉매를 재예냉하는 단계, 재예냉된 질소 냉매를 각 단의 제3 열교환 영역을 통과한 질소 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 냉각하는 단계, 냉각된 질소 냉매를 일 팽창하는 단계를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 3에 있어서,
상기 과냉하는 단계는 1개의 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클을 통해 일 팽창된 질소 냉매가 상기 2단의 제3 열교환 영역에서 액화된 천연가스와 간접적으로 열교환하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 6에 있어서,
상기 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 질소 냉매를 일 팽창하는 팽창수단을 통해 발생되는 일(work)은 상기 제2 폐 루프 냉동사이클의 제2 단일 냉매를 압축하는 압축수단을 구동하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 6에 있어서,
상기 1개의 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은, (a) 상기 질소 냉매를 압축하는 단계, (b) 압축된 질소 냉매를 예냉하는 단계, (c) 예냉된 질소 냉매를 제1 냉각 영역으로 유입하는 단계, (d) 상기 단계 (c)를 통해 상기 제1 냉각 영역을 통과한 질소 냉매를 제1 부분 냉매와 제2 부분 냉매로 분배하는 단계, (e) 분배된 제1 부분 냉매를 제2 냉각 영역으로 유입하는 단계, (f) 상기 단계 (e)를 통해 상기 제2 냉각 영역을 통과한 제1 부분 냉매를 일 팽창하는 단계, (g) 일 팽창된 제1 부분 냉매를 두 번째 단의 제3 열교환 영역으로 유입하는 단계, (h) 상기 두 번째 단의 제3 열교환 영역을 통과한 제1 부분 냉매를 제2 냉각 영역으로 유입하는 단계, (i) 상기 단계 (d)를 통해 분배된 제2 부분 냉매를 일 팽창하는 단계, (j) 일 팽창된 제2 부분 냉매를 첫 번째 단의 제3 열교환 영역으로 유입하는 단계, 및 (k) 상기 첫 번째 단의 제3 열교환 영역을 통과한 제2 부분 냉매를 상기 단계 (h)를 통해 상기 제2 냉각 영역을 통과한 제1 부분 냉매와 함께 상기 제1 냉각 영역으로 유입하는 단계를 포함하며, 상기 단계 (k)를 통해 상기 제1 냉각 영역을 통과한 제1 부분 냉매 및 제2 부분 냉매를 상기 단계 (a)를 통해 압축하여 상기 단계들을 반복하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 삭제
- 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 제3 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은 상기 제1 및 제2 폐 루프 냉동 사이클과 독립되어 있는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 제1 및 제2 폐 루프 냉동 사이클은 줄-톰슨(Joule-Thomson) 사이클에 기초하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 제2 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 제2 단일 냉매는 상기 제1 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 제1 단일 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 응축되는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 예냉하는 단계는 공급된 천연가스를 2단의 제1 열교환 영역에서 상기 제1 단일 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 순차적으로 예냉하고, 상기 액화하는 단계는 예냉된 천연가스를 3단의 제2 열교환 영역에서 상기 제2 단일 냉매와의 간접적인 열교환을 통해 순차적으로 액화하는 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정. - 청구항 1에 있어서,
상기 제1 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 제1 단일 냉매는 프로판 냉매이고, 상기 제2 폐 루프 냉동 사이클의 제2 단일 냉매는 에틸렌 냉매인 것을 특징으로 하는 천연가스 액화공정.
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