KR101016746B1 - Testing Phantom for Diagnosis Equipment of Breast Tumor Using Electromagnetic Wave - Google Patents
Testing Phantom for Diagnosis Equipment of Breast Tumor Using Electromagnetic Wave Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
용이하게 유방암 진단장비의 검사를 행하는 것이 가능하도록, 트리톤 X-100 75∼84.9중량%, 디에틸렌글리콜부틸에테르 15∼24.9중량%, 포화상태의 소금물 0.1∼5중량%를 포함하는 지방조직과, 글리세롤 30∼40중량%, 초순수 50∼60중량%, 염화나트륨 1∼5중량%, 한천 2∼6중량%, 폴리에틸렌 분말 1∼5중량%를 포함하는 유선조직(암조직)으로 이루어지는 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀을 제공한다.Adipose tissue containing 75 to 84.9% by weight of Triton X-100, 15 to 24.9% by weight of diethylene glycol butyl ether, and 0.1 to 5% by weight of saturated brine so that the examination of breast cancer diagnosis equipment can be easily performed; Breast cancer using electromagnetic waves consisting of mammary gland tissue (cancer tissue) comprising 30-40 wt% glycerol, 50-60 wt% ultrapure water, 1-5 wt% sodium chloride, 2-6 wt% agar, 1-5 wt% polyethylene powder Provides breast phantom for diagnostic equipment testing.
전자파, 유방암, 진단, 검사, 테스트, 지방, 유선, 암조직, 유전율, 도전율 Electromagnetic wave, breast cancer, diagnosis, test, test, fat, mammary gland, cancer tissue, dielectric constant, conductivity
Description
본 발명은 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀에 관한 것으로, 보다 상세하게는 전자파를 이용하여 유방암을 검사하는 진단장비의 성능을 효과적으로 검사하는 것이 가능하도록 실제 유방에 근접한 유전율과 도전율을 갖도록 제조한 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장치 검사용 유방팬텀에 관한 것이다.The present invention relates to a breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnosis equipment using electromagnetic waves, and more particularly, to have a dielectric constant and conductivity close to an actual breast to effectively test the performance of a diagnostic apparatus for detecting breast cancer using electromagnetic waves. The present invention relates to a breast phantom for examining a breast cancer diagnosis apparatus using an electromagnetic wave.
최근 유방암이 우리나라 여성에게 발병하는 암 1위를 차지하고 있으며, 이는 서구화된 식습관과 비만, 출산율 및 수유의 감소, 조기 초경과 폐경기 지연, 스트레스의 증가, 각종 공해에 노출 등의 현상으로 인하여 발병율이 점차 증가하고 있는 추세이다.Recently, breast cancer has become the number one cancer among Korean women, which has gradually increased due to westernized eating habits, obesity, decreased birth rate and lactation, early menopause and delayed menopause, increased stress, and exposure to various pollutions. The trend is increasing.
그리고 유방암은 한국 여성의 경우에 40대에 발생 확률이 높고, 정기 검진에 대한 관심 부족으로 발견 당시 3기 이상 진행된 경우도 많다.Breast cancer is more likely to occur in Korean women in their 40s and is often more than three stages at the time of discovery due to lack of interest in regular checkups.
그런데 유방암의 경우에는 조기에 발견하여 적절한 치료를 행하면 완치될 가능성이 높다는 점에서, 예방과 검진, 치료법에 대하여 많은 연구와 홍보가 이루어지고 있다.However, in the case of breast cancer, there is a high possibility that it will be cured if it is detected early and appropriately treated. Therefore, a lot of researches and promotions on prevention, examination and treatment are being conducted.
따라서 유방암을 조기에 발견하기 위한 자가진단법을 홍보하고 보급하고 있으며, 정밀한 진단을 위하여 초음파검사기, CT 또는 MRI 등의 다양한 진단장치를 활용하고 있다.Therefore, the self-diagnosis method for the early detection of breast cancer is promoted and disseminated, and various diagnostic devices such as ultrasound, CT, or MRI are used for precise diagnosis.
상기에서 CT는 검사시간이 짧은 반면에, 암조직과 유방 조직의 대조도가 낮은 단점이 있다. 또 MRI는 암조직과 유방 조직의 대조도는 높은 반면에, 비용이 많이 소요되고, 검사시간이 오래 걸리는 단점이 있다.CT has a short test time, while the contrast between cancer and breast tissue has a disadvantage. In addition, MRI has a high contrast between cancer tissue and breast tissue, but it is expensive and takes a long time to test.
최근에는 CT와 MRI의 단점을 보완하기 위하여 유방 조직과 암조직의 마이크로주파수 대역에서의 상이한 전기적 특성을 이용하여 유방암을 진단할 수 있는 진단장비(전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비)의 개발을 추진하고 있다.Recently, in order to make up for the shortcomings of CT and MRI, the development of a diagnostic device (a breast cancer diagnosis device using electromagnetic waves) for diagnosing breast cancer using different electrical characteristics in microfrequency bands of breast tissue and cancer tissue is being promoted.
그러나 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비를 개발하고 제조하는 과정에서 기기의 정확도나 성능 등을 확인할 수 있는 효과적인 데이터나 자료가 부족하여 많은 어려움을 겪고 있으며, 완성된 제품으로 시험을 행하여 수정 및 보완하는 작업을 행하게 되면 추가적으로 개발비 및 개발기간이 많이 소요된다는 문제가 있다.However, in developing and manufacturing breast cancer diagnosis equipment using electromagnetic waves, there is a lack of effective data or data that can verify the accuracy and performance of the device, and many difficulties have been encountered. There is a problem that additional development costs and development periods are required.
즉 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비의 시제품이 제작되면, 임상실험 이전에 실제 유방과 유사한 특성을 갖는 유방팬텀을 사용하여 실험을 통해 기기의 성능의 우수함을 확인하고, 인체의 유해성 여부에 대하여 실험을 행하여야 한다. 그러나 아직까지 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비의 성능을 검사하는데 적합한 유방팬텀의 개발이 충분하게 이루어지지 않은 실정이다.In other words, when a prototype of a breast cancer diagnosis device using electromagnetic waves is manufactured, it is confirmed that the performance of the device is excellent through experiments using a breast phantom having characteristics similar to those of actual breasts before clinical trials, and whether the human body is harmful shall. However, the development of a breast phantom suitable for examining the performance of breast cancer diagnosis equipment using electromagnetic waves has not been made enough.
본 발명은 상기와 같은 점에 착안하여 이루어진 것으로서, 유방조직과 암조직의 전기적 특성이 유전율과 도전율에 대응하는 재료를 이용하여 제작하는 것에 의하여 용이하게 유방암 진단장비의 검사를 행하는 것이 가능한 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀을 제공하는데, 그 목적이 있다.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been made in view of the above, and the electromagnetic characteristics of breast tissues and cancer tissues can be easily manufactured by using a material corresponding to permittivity and conductivity. To provide a breast phantom for testing breast cancer diagnostic equipment, the purpose is.
본 발명이 제안하는 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀은 트리톤(Triton) X-100 75∼84.9중량%, 디에틸렌글리콜부틸에테르(diethylene glycol butyl ether) 15∼24.9중량%, 포화상태의 소금물 0.1∼5중량%를 포함하는 지방조직과, 글리세롤(glycerol) 30∼40중량%, 초순수(deionized water) 50∼60중량%, 염화나트륨(NaCl) 1∼5중량%, 한천(agar) 2∼6중량%, 폴리에틸렌 분말(PE powder) 1∼5중량%를 포함하는 유선조직(암조직)으로 이루어진다.Breast phantom for the examination of breast cancer diagnosis equipment using the electromagnetic wave proposed by the present invention is Triton X-100 75 ~ 84.9% by weight, diethylene glycol butyl ether 15 ~ 24.9% by weight, brine in saturated state Adipose tissue containing 0.1 to 5% by weight, glycerol 30 to 40% by weight, 50 to 60% by weight of deionized water, 1 to 5% by weight of sodium chloride (NaCl), agar 2 to 6 It consists of a mammary tissue (cancer tissue) containing 1% by weight to 5% by weight of polyethylene powder (PE powder).
상기 지방조직은 주파수 900MHz에서 상대유전율 4∼9, 도전율 0.1∼0.5(S/m)를 유지하도록 제조한다.The adipose tissue is prepared to maintain a relative dielectric constant of 4 to 9 and a conductivity of 0.1 to 0.5 (S / m) at a frequency of 900 MHz.
상기 유선조직(암조직)은 주파수 900MHz에서 상대유전율 30∼50, 도전율 1∼5(S/m)를 유지하도록 제조한다.The wired tissue (cancer tissue) is manufactured to maintain a relative dielectric constant of 30 to 50 and a conductivity of 1 to 5 (S / m) at a frequency of 900 MHz.
상기 지방조직은 액체상태로 제조하고, 상기 유선조직(암조직)은 젤상태로 제조한다.The adipose tissue is prepared in a liquid state, and the mammary tissue (cancer tissue) is prepared in a gel state.
본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀에 의하면, 지방조직 및 유선조직(암조직)의 상대유전율 및 도전율이 실제 유방의 상대유전율 및 도전율에 근접된 값을 나타내므로, 전자파를 이용하여 유방암을 진단하기 위한 진단장비의 테스트를 효과적으로 행하는 것이 가능하다.According to the breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention, since the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of adipose tissue and mammary tissue (cancer tissue) show values close to the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of the actual breast, electromagnetic waves are used. It is possible to effectively test the diagnostic equipment for diagnosing breast cancer.
따라서 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비를 개발하는 과정에서 기기의 정확도와 성능 등을 확인하는 것이 가능하고, 적기에 기술적인 문제를 보완하는 것이 가능하므로 추가적인 개발비를 절감하고 개발기간을 단축할 수 있다.Therefore, in the process of developing breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves, it is possible to check the accuracy and performance of the device, and it is possible to supplement technical problems in a timely manner, thereby reducing additional development costs and shortening the development period.
다음으로 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 바람직한 실시예를 도면을 참조하여 상세하게 설명한다.Next, a preferred embodiment of a breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
먼저 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예는, 도 1 및 도 2에 나타낸 바와 같이, 액체상태로 제조하는 지방조직과, 젤상태로 제조하는 유선조직(암조직)으로 이루어진다.First, one embodiment of the breast phantom for breast cancer diagnostic equipment test using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention, as shown in Figures 1 and 2, adipose tissue prepared in a liquid state, and mammary tissue prepared in a gel state (cancer tissue) )
상기 지방조직은 트리톤(Triton) X-100 75∼84.9중량%, 디에틸렌글리콜부틸에테르(diethylene glycol butyl ether) 15∼24.9중량%, 포화상태의 소금물 0.1∼5중량%를 혼합하여 액체상태로 제조한다.The adipose tissue is prepared in a liquid state by mixing Triton X-100 75-84.9 wt%, diethylene glycol butyl ether 15-24.9 wt%, saturated brine 0.1-5 wt% do.
상기 지방조직은 주파수 900MHz에서 상대유전율 4∼9, 도전율 0.1∼0.5(S/m)를 유지하도록 제조한다.The adipose tissue is prepared to maintain a relative dielectric constant of 4 to 9 and a conductivity of 0.1 to 0.5 (S / m) at a frequency of 900 MHz.
상기 유선조직(암조직)은 글리세롤(glycerol) 30∼40중량%, 초순수(deionized water) 50∼60중량%, 염화나트륨(NaCl) 1∼5중량%, 한천(agar) 2∼6 중량%, 폴리에틸렌 분말(PE powder) 1∼5중량%를 혼합하여 젤상태로 제조한다.The mammary tissue (cancer tissue) is 30 to 40% by weight of glycerol, 50 to 60% by weight of ultra pure water (deionized water), 1 to 5% by weight of sodium chloride (NaCl), 2 to 6% by weight of agar (agar),
상기에서 유선조직(암조직)을 젤상태로 제조하면, 모양이나 위치 등의 변경이 용이하다는 이점이 있다.When the mammary gland (cancer tissue) is prepared in the gel state, there is an advantage that it is easy to change the shape or position.
상기 유선조직(암조직)은 주파수 900MHz에서 상대유전율 30∼50, 도전율 1∼5(S/m)를 유지하도록 제조한다.The wired tissue (cancer tissue) is manufactured to maintain a relative dielectric constant of 30 to 50 and a conductivity of 1 to 5 (S / m) at a frequency of 900 MHz.
도 1은 액체상태의 지방조직을 유방형상으로 캐비티(cavity)가 형성된 용기에 담아놓은 상태를 촬영한 사진이고, 도 2는 유선조직을 유방형상으로 형성한 상태를 촬영한 사진이다.FIG. 1 is a photograph of a state in which a liquid fat tissue is placed in a container in which a cavity is formed in a breast shape, and FIG. 2 is a photograph of a state in which a mammary tissue is formed in a breast shape.
도 1 및 도 2에 나타낸 바와 같이, 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예는 지방조직 또는 유선조직을 각각 실제 유방과 모양이나 크기가 유사한 형태로 제작하여 사용하는 것이 가능하다.As shown in Figures 1 and 2, one embodiment of the breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention is to produce and use adipose tissue or mammary tissue in the shape and size similar to the actual breast, respectively It is possible.
특히 지방조직을 액체상태로 제작하여 캐비티가 형성된 용기에 담아놓은 상태에서, 젤상태의 유선조직(암조직)을 지방조직 내부의 임의의 위치에 고정하는 것도 가능하다. 예를 들면, 일반적으로 젤상태의 물질을 지지하기 위하여 많이 사용하는 꼬챙이형상의 지지봉을 용기에 설치하고, 상기 지지봉에 젤상태의 유선조직(암조직)을 꽂아서 지방조직 내부의 임의의 위치에 고정하는 것도 가능하다.In particular, in the state in which the adipose tissue is produced in a liquid state and placed in a container in which a cavity is formed, it is possible to fix the gel-like mammary tissue (cancer tissue) at an arbitrary position inside the adipose tissue. For example, a skewer-shaped support rod, which is generally used to support a gelled substance, is installed in a container, and a gel wired tissue (cancer tissue) is inserted into the support rod and fixed at an arbitrary position inside the adipose tissue. It is also possible.
도 3에는 전형적인 4가지 형태의 유방을 나타낸다. 도 3에 있어서, 첫번째 사진(A)은 대부분이 지방(fatty)조직으로 구성되어 있는 유방을 나타내며, 두번째 사진(B)은 유선조직이 지방조직에 산재(scattered)되어 있는 유방을 나타내며, 세번째 사진(C)은 유선조직이 지방조직에 불균질하게 밀집(heterogeneously dense)되어 있는 유방을 나타내며, 네번째 사진(D)은 유선조직이 지방조직에 극단적으로 밀집(extremely dense)되어 있는 유방(대부분을 유선조직이 차지하고 있는 유방)을 나타낸다.3 shows four typical types of breasts. In Figure 3, the first picture (A) shows the breast, which is mostly composed of fatty tissue, the second picture (B) shows the breast where the mammary tissue is scattered in the adipose tissue, the third picture (C) shows the breast where the mammary gland is heterogeneously dense in the adipose tissue, and the fourth picture (D) shows the breast (mostly the mammary gland in which the mammary gland is extremely dense in the adipose tissue). Breasts occupied by tissue).
도 4에는 50MHz∼5GHz 범위의 주파수에 대한 지방(fat), 유선(fibro-glandular), 암(tumor) 조직의 상대유전율(dielectric constant)과 도전율(conductivity)를 측정한 그래프를 나타낸다.4 shows a graph of measuring the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of fat, fibro-glandular, and cancer tissues over a frequency range of 50 MHz to 5 GHz.
도 4의 그래프로부터 확인되는 바와 같이, 유방의 지방조직과 암조직의 전기적 특성인 상대유전율과 도전율은 통상적으로 대략 10배 정도의 차이가 존재한다. 따라서 유방에 전자파를 인가하여 산란파를 측정하게 되면 내부 암조직의 유무와 위치를 용이하게 진단하는 것이 가능하다.As can be seen from the graph of FIG. 4, the relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity, which are electrical characteristics of adipose tissue and cancer tissue of the breast, are generally about 10 times different. Therefore, by measuring the scattering wave by applying electromagnetic waves to the breast it is possible to easily diagnose the presence and location of the internal cancer tissue.
그런데 도 4의 그래프로부터 확인되는 바와 같이, 유선조직의 경우에는 암조직과 전기적 특성이 상대유전율과 도전율에서 모두 큰 차이를 나타내지 않는다.As can be seen from the graph of FIG. 4, in the case of the mammary gland, cancer tissue and electrical characteristics do not show a significant difference in both relative dielectric constant and electrical conductivity.
따라서 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예에 있어서는 유선조직을 암조직으로 활용한다.Therefore, in one embodiment of the breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention, a mammary gland is used as a cancer tissue.
실제 유방에 있어서 유선은 원추형의 샘조직으로 이루어지며, 독특한 모양을 나타내고, 샘조직 자체가 관세포가 연속된 끈처럼 구성된 15∼20개의 엽으로 구성되므로, 특정 부위에 돌출되어 위치하는 암조직과는 그 형태가 확연하게 구분된다.In the real breast, the mammary gland consists of conical glandular tissue, and has a unique shape. The gland itself consists of 15 to 20 lobes composed of continuous strings of tubular cells. The form is clearly distinguished.
본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예에 있어서 유선조직을 암조직으로 활용하는 경우에도 실제 유방의 암조직과 마찬가지로 유선조직의 일부를 돌출된 형상으로 제조하여 지방조직의 특정 위치(미리 설계된 위치)에 고정시키는 것으로 암조직으로 측정되도록 구성하는 것이 가능하다. 따라서 상대유전율과 도전율에서 큰 차이를 보이지 않는 유선조직과 암조직을 함께 활용하는 것도 가능하다.In one embodiment of the breast phantom for breast cancer diagnostic equipment inspection using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention, even when using the mammary gland tissue as the cancer tissue, a portion of the mammary gland tissue is produced in a protruding shape like the cancer tissue of the breast, and the adipose tissue It can be configured to be measured with cancerous tissue by fixing it at a specific position (predesigned position). Therefore, it is possible to use a combination of mammary tissues and cancer tissues that do not show a significant difference in relative permittivity and conductivity.
[실시예 1]Example 1
상기 지방조직을 트리톤 X-100 80중량%, 디에틸렌글리콜부틸에테르 19중량%, 포화상태의 소금물 1중량%를 혼합하여 액체상태로 제조한 다음, 900MHz의 주파수에서 상대유전율과 도전율을 측정하였다.The fat tissue was prepared by mixing 80% by weight of Triton X-100, 19% by weight of diethylene glycol butyl ether, and 1% by weight of saturated brine, and then measured relative permittivity and conductivity at a frequency of 900 MHz.
상기 실시예 1의 상대유전율은 6.73으로 측정되고, 도전율은 0.16(S/m)로 측정되었다.The relative dielectric constant of Example 1 was measured to be 6.73, and the conductivity was measured to be 0.16 (S / m).
도 4의 그래프와 대비하면, 실제 유방의 지방조직의 상대유전율 및 도전율에 근접한 값을 나타냄을 확인할 수 있다.In contrast with the graph of Figure 4, it can be seen that the value close to the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of the actual fat tissue of the breast.
[실시예 2][Example 2]
상기 유선조직(암조직)을 글리세롤 35.9중량%, 초순수 55중량%, 염화나트륨(NaCl) 2중량%, 한천 3.5중량%, 폴리에틸렌 분말(PE powder) 3.6중량%를 혼합하여 젤상태로 제조한 다음, 700MHz∼2.5GHz의 주파수에서 상대유전율과 도전율을 측정하여 다음의 표 1에 나타낸다.The mammary tissue (cancer tissue) was prepared in a gel state by mixing 35.9 wt% of glycerol, 55 wt% of ultrapure water, 2 wt% of sodium chloride (NaCl), 3.5 wt% of agar, and 3.6 wt% of polyethylene powder (PE powder). Relative dielectric constant and conductivity are measured at a frequency of 700 MHz to 2.5 GHz and are shown in Table 1 below.
상기 표 1로부터 확인되는 바와 같이, 상기 실시예 2의 경우에 상대유전율과 도전율이 도 4의 그래프에 있어서 실제 유방의 유선조직 또는 암조직의 상대유전율과 도전율에 근접한 값을 나타낸다.As can be seen from Table 1, in the case of Example 2, the relative dielectric constant and conductivity are close to the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of the mammary gland tissue or cancer tissue of the actual breast in the graph of FIG. 4.
상기와 같이 구성되는 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예에 있어서, 지방조직의 내부에 일정하게 설계된 패턴에 따라 유선조직(암조직)을 배열 설치하여 유방팬텀을 제작하고, 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비를 이용하여 상기 유방팬텀에 대한 진단을 행하는 것에 의하여 장비의 정확도와 성능 등을 용이하게 확인하는 것이 가능하다.In one embodiment of the breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention configured as described above, the breast phantom by arranging the mammary tissue (cancer tissue) in accordance with the pattern designed uniformly inside the adipose tissue By manufacturing and diagnosing the breast phantom using a breast cancer diagnosis apparatus using electromagnetic waves, it is possible to easily check the accuracy and performance of the equipment.
상기에서는 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 바람직한 실시예에 대하여 설명하였지만, 본 발명은 이에 한정되는 것이 아니고 특허청구범위와 발명의 상세한 설명 및 첨부한 도면의 범위 안에서 여러가지로 변형하여 실시하는 것이 가능하고, 이 또한 본 발명의 범위에 속한다.In the above, a preferred embodiment of a breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention has been described, but the present invention is not limited thereto, and various modifications are made within the scope of the claims and the detailed description of the invention and the accompanying drawings. Can be carried out, and this also belongs to the scope of the present invention.
도 1은 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예에 있어서 지방조직을 용기에 담은 상태를 촬영한 사진이다.1 is a photograph of a state in which a fat tissue is contained in a container in one embodiment of a breast phantom for examining breast cancer diagnostic equipment using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention.
도 2는 본 발명에 따른 전자파를 이용한 유방암 진단장비 검사용 유방팬텀의 일실시예에 있어서 유선조직(암조직)을 촬영한 사진이다.Figure 2 is a photograph of a mammary gland tissue (cancer tissue) in one embodiment of the breast phantom for breast cancer diagnostic equipment test using electromagnetic waves according to the present invention.
도 3은 전형적인 4가지 형태의 유방 모형을 촬영한 사진이다.3 is a photograph of four typical breast types.
도 4는 유방의 지방조직과 유선조직, 암조직의 상대유전율과 도전율을 50MHz∼5GHz의 주파수에서 측정하여 나타낸 그래프이다.Figure 4 is a graph showing the relative dielectric constant and conductivity of adipose tissue, mammary tissue, and cancer tissue of the breast measured at a frequency of 50 MHz to 5 GHz.
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