JPWO2019131861A1 - Anode material for lithium ion secondary battery - Google Patents

Anode material for lithium ion secondary battery Download PDF

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JPWO2019131861A1
JPWO2019131861A1 JP2019537189A JP2019537189A JPWO2019131861A1 JP WO2019131861 A1 JPWO2019131861 A1 JP WO2019131861A1 JP 2019537189 A JP2019537189 A JP 2019537189A JP 2019537189 A JP2019537189 A JP 2019537189A JP WO2019131861 A1 JPWO2019131861 A1 JP WO2019131861A1
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particles
negative electrode
lithium ion
ion secondary
secondary battery
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JP6619123B2 (en
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貴行 栗田
貴行 栗田
祐司 伊藤
祐司 伊藤
石井 伸晃
伸晃 石井
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Resonac Holdings Corp
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Showa Denko KK
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    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/38Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
    • HELECTRICITY
    • H01ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01MPROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00Electrodes
    • H01M4/02Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/36Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
    • H01M4/58Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
    • H01M4/583Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
    • H01M4/587Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
    • YGENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02EREDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10Energy storage using batteries

Abstract

本発明は、一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVが5nm以上95nm以下であるSiを含む粒子(A1)と、黒鉛を含む物質からなる粒子(A2)と、粒子(A1)の表面に形成される炭素質材料(A3)とを含む複合体(A)を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材であって、複合体(A)の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で測定した像において、ランダムに選択した100個の粒子(A1)中に、短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上存在するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材、負極シート及びリチウムイオン二次電池に関する。本発明の負極剤によれば、Si粒子に対し炭素被覆層を付与することで電解液添加剤の消費量を抑制し、Si形状をより真球にすることで、電極膨張率を抑えて、優れた電池特性を有するリチウムイオン二次電池を得ることができる。The present invention relates to a particle (A1) containing Si whose average particle diameter dAV of primary particles is 5 nm or more and 95 nm or less, a particle (A2) made of a substance containing graphite, and carbon formed on the surface of the particle (A1). Negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including the composite (A) including the porous material (A3), wherein the cross section of the composite (A) is randomly selected in an image measured by a scanning electron microscope. The present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a negative electrode sheet, and a lithium ion secondary battery in which 80 or more particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more are present in the particles (A1). According to the negative electrode agent of the present invention, by applying a carbon coating layer to the Si particles, the consumption of the electrolyte additive is suppressed, and by making the Si shape more spherical, the electrode expansion coefficient is suppressed, A lithium ion secondary battery having excellent battery characteristics can be obtained.

Description

本発明はリチウムイオン二次電池用の負極材に関する。   The present invention relates to a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery.

電子部品の省電力化を上回る速さで携帯電子機器の多機能化が進み、携帯電子機器の消費電力が増加している。そのため、携帯電子機器の主電源であるリチウムイオン二次電池の高容量化及び小型化が今まで以上に強く求められている。また、電気自動車の需要が伸び、それに使われるリチウムイオン二次電池にも高容量化が強く求められている。   The multifunctionality of portable electronic devices has progressed at a speed exceeding the power saving of electronic components, and the power consumption of portable electronic devices has increased. Therefore, higher capacity and smaller size of the lithium ion secondary battery, which is the main power source of the portable electronic device, are more strongly required than ever. In addition, demand for electric vehicles is growing, and high capacity lithium ion secondary batteries are also strongly required.

このような要求に応えるために、珪素(Si)粒子と炭素材料とを複合化した負極用材料が提案されている。しかし、Si粒子と炭素材料の複合材料を用いたリチウムイオン二次電池は、高容量ではあるがSi特有の充電放電時の体積変化により大きく劣化する。これに対応するため、Siのナノ粒子化、Siへのコート材の適用、Siへの異種金属ドープなど種々の対応がとられ、これら対応により高容量を維持しつつサイクル寿命は改善されつつある。   In order to meet such a demand, a negative electrode material in which silicon (Si) particles and a carbon material are combined has been proposed. However, although a lithium ion secondary battery using a composite material of Si particles and a carbon material has a high capacity, it is significantly deteriorated due to a volume change at the time of charge and discharge specific to Si. To cope with this, various measures have been taken, such as conversion of Si into nanoparticles, application of a coating material to Si, doping of Si with a different metal, and cycle life has been improved while maintaining high capacity. .

しかし、複合材料に含まれるSiのナノ粒子化や、Siへのコート材の適用等を行っても、根本的なSi粒子の膨張率はほぼ一定であるため、電極膨張の増大や電極構造の劣化が進行しやすくなる等の問題は残ったままである。   However, even when the nanoparticle of Si contained in the composite material is converted to a nanoparticle or a coating material is applied to Si, the expansion coefficient of the underlying Si particles is almost constant, so that the electrode expansion increases and the electrode structure increases. Problems such as deterioration progressing easily remain.

そこで、Si粒子の形状を制御する提案がされている。例えば、特許文献1は、平均直径は30nmないし300nmのシリコン粒子を含む二次電池用負極活物質で、前記シリコン粒子は、下記式
球形度=2×(πA)1/2/P
(式中、Aは2次元的に投影された粒子の投影面積で、Pは2次元的に投影された粒子の周長である。)によって決定される球形度が0.5以上0.9以下である二次電池用負極活物質を開示している。
Therefore, proposals have been made to control the shape of Si particles. For example, Patent Document 1 discloses a negative electrode active material for a secondary battery including silicon particles having an average diameter of 30 nm to 300 nm. The silicon particles have a sphericity of 2 × (πA) 1/2 / P.
(Where A is the projected area of the two-dimensionally projected particle, and P is the perimeter of the two-dimensionally projected particle). The following negative electrode active material for a secondary battery is disclosed.

特表2017−514280号公報(米国特許出願第2017−047580号)Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 2017-514280 (US Patent Application No. 2017-047580)

特許文献1はSi粒子の形状を楕円球状にすることで、膨張によるSi粒子のクラック発生を解消しようとしている。しかしながら、Si粒子の形状が真球から離れるにつれて、粒子の膨張方向はより異方的になり、電極膨張率が大きくなる。その結果、電解液添加剤、例えばフルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を多く消費し、サイクル特性が低下する。
本発明の課題は、使用に伴う電解液添加剤の消費量が少なく、電極膨張率が低く、高いクーロン効率及び高い容量維持率を有するリチウムイオン二次電池を得るための負極材を提供することにある。
Patent Literature 1 attempts to eliminate the occurrence of cracks in the Si particles due to expansion by making the shape of the Si particles elliptical. However, as the shape of the Si particles moves away from a true sphere, the expansion direction of the particles becomes more anisotropic, and the electrode expansion coefficient increases. As a result, a large amount of the electrolyte additive, for example, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is consumed, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
An object of the present invention is to provide a negative electrode material for obtaining a lithium ion secondary battery having a low consumption of an electrolyte additive during use, a low coefficient of electrode expansion, a high coulomb efficiency and a high capacity retention rate. It is in.

本発明は、以下の態様を包含する。
[1]一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVが5nm以上95nm以下であるSiを含む粒子(A1)と、黒鉛を含む物質からなる粒子(A2)と、粒子(A1)の表面に形成される炭素質材料(A3)とを含む複合体(A)を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材であって、複合体(A)の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で測定した像において、ランダムに選択した100個の粒子(A1)中に、短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上存在するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[2]粒子(A1)を被覆する厚さ1nm以上20nm以下の非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)を含む前項1に記載のリチウムイオンで二次電池用負極材。
[3]前記複合体(A)に含まれる粒子(A1)が、粉末X線回折法における(111)回折ピークの半値幅が0.38度以上0.71度以下である前項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[4]前記粒子(A2)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径DV50が2.0μm以上20.0μm以下であり、BET比表面積(SBET)が1.0m2/g以上10.0m2/g以下である前項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[5]前記粒子(A2)は、粉末X線回折法による黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I110と(004)面のピーク強度I004の比I110/I004が0.10以上0.35以下であり、粉末X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.3360nm以下であり、窒素ガス吸着法によって測定される直径0.4μm以下の細孔の全細孔容積が5.0μL/g以上40.0μL/g以下である黒鉛粒子である、前項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[6]前記複合体(A)中の粒子(A1)の含有率が10質量%以上70質量%以下である、前項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[7]シート状集電体及び集電体を被覆する負極層を有し、前記負極層はバインダー、導電助剤及び前項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極シート。
[8]前項7に記載の負極シートを有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
The present invention includes the following aspects.
[1] Si-containing particles (A1) having an average primary particle diameter d AV of 5 nm or more and 95 nm or less, particles (A2) made of a substance containing graphite, and carbon formed on the surfaces of the particles (A1) Negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including the composite (A) including the porous material (A3), and the cross section of the composite (A) is randomly selected in an image measured by a scanning electron microscope. A negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein 80 or more particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more are present in the particles (A1).
[2] The negative electrode material for a secondary battery with lithium ions according to the above item 1, which comprises an amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) having a thickness of 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less covering the particles (A1).
[3] The particle (A1) contained in the composite (A) according to the above item 1 or 2, wherein the half width of the (111) diffraction peak in the powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.38 to 0.71 degrees. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the above.
[4] The particles (A2) have a 50% particle diameter DV 50 in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of 2.0 μm or more and 20.0 μm or less, and a BET specific surface area (S BET ) of 1.0 m 2 / g or more. 4. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 3, which has a value of not more than 2.0 m 2 / g.
[5] The particles (A2) have a ratio I 110 / I 004 of the peak intensity I 110 of the ( 110 ) plane and the peak intensity I 004 of the (004) plane of the graphite crystal measured by the powder X-ray diffraction method of 0.10 or more. 0.35 nm or less, the average plane distance d 002 of the (002) plane measured by the powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.3360 nm or less, and the fine pores having a diameter of 0.4 μm or less measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method. 5. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the above item 4, which is a graphite particle having a pore volume of 5.0 μL / g or more and 40.0 μL / g or less.
[6] The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 5, wherein the content of the particles (A1) in the composite (A) is from 10% by mass to 70% by mass. .
[7] A sheet-like current collector and a negative electrode layer covering the current collector, wherein the negative electrode layer is a binder, a conductive auxiliary, and the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 6. Negative electrode sheet containing a material.
[8] A lithium ion secondary battery having the negative electrode sheet according to the above item 7.

本発明により、使用に伴う電解液添加剤の消費量が少なく、電極膨張率が低く、高いクーロン効率及び高い容量維持率を有するリチウムイオン二次電池を得るための負極材を提供することができる。   Advantageous Effects of Invention According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a negative electrode material for obtaining a lithium ion secondary battery having a low consumption of an electrolyte additive during use, a low electrode expansion coefficient, a high coulomb efficiency and a high capacity retention rate. .

本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材は、粒子(A1)と粒子(A2)と炭素質材料(A3)とを含む複合体(A)を含む。   A negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a composite (A) including particles (A1), particles (A2), and a carbonaceous material (A3).

(1)粒子(A1)
本発明の一実施形態に用いられる粒子(A1)は、リチウムイオンを吸蔵・放出可能なSiを主成分とする。Siの含有率は好ましくは90質量%以上であり、より好ましくは95質量%以上である。粒子(A1)はSi単体またはSi元素を含む化合物、混合体、共融体または固溶体からなるものでもよい。また、粒子(A2)及び炭素質材料(A3)との複合化前の粒子(A1)は複数の微粒子が凝集したもの、すなわち二次粒子化したものでもよい。粒子(A1)の形状としては、塊状、鱗片状、球状、繊維状などを挙げることができる。これらのうち、球状または塊状が好ましい。
(1) Particle (A1)
Particles (A1) used in one embodiment of the present invention contain Si as a main component capable of occluding and releasing lithium ions. The Si content is preferably 90% by mass or more, and more preferably 95% by mass or more. The particles (A1) may be composed of simple Si or a compound containing Si element, a mixture, a eutectic or a solid solution. Further, the particles (A1) before being composited with the particles (A2) and the carbonaceous material (A3) may be those obtained by aggregating a plurality of fine particles, that is, those obtained as secondary particles. Examples of the shape of the particles (A1) include a lump, a scale, a sphere, and a fiber. Of these, spherical or massive are preferred.

Si元素を含む物質としては、Si単体、またはSiとLi以外の元素Mとを含む一般式:M(=Ma+Mb+Mc+Md・・・)mSiで示される物質を挙げることができる。該物質はSi1モルに対してmモルとなる比で元素Mを含む化合物、混合体、共融体または固溶体である。
Li以外の元素である元素Mの具体例としては、B、C、N、O、S、P、Na、Mg、Al、K、Ca、Ti、V、Cr、Mn、Fe、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Mo、Ru、Rh、Pd、Pt、Be、Nb、Nd、Ce、W、Ta、Ag、Au、Cd、Ga、In、Sb、Baなどを挙げることができる。式中、mは好ましくは0.01以上、より好ましくは0.10以上、さらに好ましくは0.30以上である。
The material containing Si element, Si simple substance or general formula containing an element M other than Si and Li,: be mentioned M substance represented by (= M a + M b + M c + M d ···) m Si it can. The substance is a compound, a mixture, a eutectic or a solid solution containing the element M at a ratio of 1 mol to 1 mol of Si.
Specific examples of the element M other than Li include B, C, N, O, S, P, Na, Mg, Al, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Examples thereof include Cu, Zn, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Pt, Be, Nb, Nd, Ce, W, Ta, Ag, Au, Cd, Ga, In, Sb, and Ba. In the formula, m is preferably 0.01 or more, more preferably 0.10 or more, and further preferably 0.30 or more.

Si元素を含む物質の具体例としては、Si単体、Siとアルカリ土類金属との合金;Siと遷移金属との合金;Siと半金属との合金;Siと、Be、Ag、Al、Au、Cd、Ga、In、SbまたはZnとの固溶性合金または共融性合金;CaSi、CaSi2、Mg2Si、BaSi2、Cu5Si、FeSi、FeSi2、CoSi2、Ni2Si、NiSi2、MnSi、MnSi2、MoSi2、CrSi2、Cr3Si、TiSi2、Ti5Si3、NbSi2、NdSi2、CeSi2、WSi2、W5Si3、TaSi2、Ta5Si3、PtSi、V3Si、VSi2、PdSi、RuSi、RhSiなどのケイ化物;SiO2、SiC、Si34などを挙げることができる。Specific examples of the substance containing a Si element include Si alone, an alloy of Si and an alkaline earth metal; an alloy of Si and a transition metal; an alloy of Si and a semimetal; Si, Be, Ag, Al, and Au. , Cd, Ga, in, solid-solution alloys or KyoTorusei alloy of Sb or Zn; CaSi, CaSi 2, Mg 2 Si, BaSi 2, Cu 5 Si, FeSi, FeSi 2, CoSi 2, Ni 2 Si, NiSi 2, MnSi, MnSi 2, MoSi 2, CrSi 2, Cr 3 Si, TiSi 2, Ti 5 Si 3, NbSi 2, NdSi 2, CeSi 2, WSi 2, W 5 Si 3, TaSi 2, Ta 5 Si 3, Silicides such as PtSi, V 3 Si, VSi 2 , PdSi, RuSi and RhSi; SiO 2 , SiC, Si 3 N 4 and the like.

粒子(A1)は、一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVの下限値が5nmであり、好ましくは10nm、より好ましくは35nmである。また、一次粒子のdAVの上限値は95nmであり、好ましくは70nmである。粒子(A1)の一次粒子のdAVが95nmより大きくなると、充放電により粒子(A1)の体積が膨張収縮して粒子(A1)を含む複合体(A)の構造に与える影響が大きくなり、容量維持率が低下する。また、一次粒子のdAVが5nmより小さくなると、粒子(A1)の比表面積が増え、副反応量が増大する。
平均粒子径dAV[nm]は、
AV[nm]=6×103/(ρ×SBET
により定義される。ここで、ρ[g/cm3]はSi粒子の真密度であり、理論値の2.3[g/cm3]を採用した。SBET[m2/g]はN2ガスを吸着ガスとするBET法により測定した比表面積である。
The lower limit of the average particle diameter d AV of the primary particles of the particles (A1) is 5 nm, preferably 10 nm, more preferably 35 nm. Further, the upper limit value of d AV of the primary particles is 95 nm, preferably 70 nm. When d AV of the primary particles of the particles (A1) is larger than 95 nm, it gives the structure of the complex (A) Effect increases including volume expansion and contraction to particles of a particle (A1) by charge and discharge (A1), The capacity retention rate decreases. Further, when the d AV of the primary particles is smaller than 5 nm, the specific surface area of the particles (A1) increases, and the amount of side reaction increases.
The average particle diameter d AV [nm] is
d AV [nm] = 6 × 10 3 / (ρ × S BET )
Defined by Here, ρ [g / cm 3 ] is the true density of the Si particles, and a theoretical value of 2.3 [g / cm 3 ] was employed. S BET [m 2 / g] is a specific surface area measured by a BET method using N 2 gas as an adsorption gas.

粒子(A1)は、その表面が薄い非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)により被覆されていることが好ましい。粒子(A1)が非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)で被覆されている場合、非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)の厚さの上限値は20nm、好ましくは10nm、より好ましくは5nmである。電解液と非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)との副反応を抑制するためである。粒子(A1)が非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)で被覆されている場合、非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)の厚さの下限値は1nmであり、好ましくは2nmであり、より好ましくは3nmである。粒子(A1)の酸化と粒子(A1)同士の凝集が抑制されるためである。また、非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)よりも電解液との副反応が多く進行する粒子(A1)が、非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)により被覆されているので、初期クーロン効率が大幅に向上する。また、副反応が抑えられることにより、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)等の電解液消費量を抑えることができる。 The surface of the particles (A1) is preferably coated with a thin amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C). When the particles (A1) are coated with the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), the upper limit of the thickness of the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) is 20 nm, preferably 10 nm, and more preferably 5 nm. This is for suppressing a side reaction between the electrolytic solution and the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C). When the particles (A1) are coated with the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), the lower limit of the thickness of the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) is 1 nm, preferably 2 nm, and more preferably. 3 nm. This is because oxidation of the particles (A1) and aggregation of the particles (A1) are suppressed. In addition, since the particles (A1), which undergo more side reactions with the electrolyte solution than the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), are coated with the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), the initial coulomb efficiency is greatly increased. To improve. Further, by suppressing the side reaction, the consumption of the electrolyte such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) can be suppressed.

非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)の厚さは透過型電子顕微鏡(TEM)による観察で撮影した画像において膜厚を計測することにより求めることができる。具体的なTEMによる観察の一例を以下に示す。
装置:日立製作所製 H9500、
加速電圧:300kV。
サンプル作製:エタノール中に試料を少量採取し超音波照射により分散させた後、マイクログリッド観察用メッシュ(支持膜無し)に載せて観察用試料とする。
観察倍率:5万倍(粒子形状観察時)及び40万倍(非晶質炭素層の厚さ観察時)
The thickness of the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) can be determined by measuring the film thickness in an image taken by observation with a transmission electron microscope (TEM). An example of specific TEM observation is shown below.
Apparatus: H9500, manufactured by Hitachi, Ltd.
Accelerating voltage: 300 kV.
Sample preparation: A small amount of a sample is collected in ethanol and dispersed by ultrasonic irradiation, and then placed on a microgrid observation mesh (without a supporting film) to obtain an observation sample.
Observation magnification: 50,000 times (when observing the particle shape) and 400,000 times (when observing the thickness of the amorphous carbon layer)

粒子(A1)が非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)で被覆されている場合は、粒子(A1)とこれを覆う非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)からなるコア・シェル構造体(以降、構造体(α)と呼ぶ。)は、BET比表面積は好ましくは25m2/g以上70m2/g以下、より好ましくは52m2/g以上67m2/g以下である。また、一次粒子の密度は2.2g/cm3/g以上である。構造体(α)のBET比表面積(SBET)が25m2/g以上であると、構造体(α)の粒径が大きくなりすぎず、構造体(α)固体内の電子移動経路とLiイオン拡散経路が長くなることはない。つまり、充放電時の抵抗が低く保たれる。さらに、構造体(α)1粒子あたりの膨張量の絶対値も大きくならず、構造体(α)周囲の複合体(A)の構造が破壊される可能性は低い。また、構造体(α)の密度が2.2g/cm3以上であれば、体積エネルギー密度の点からも優位性がある。When the particles (A1) are coated with the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), a core-shell structure (hereinafter referred to as a structure) composed of the particles (A1) and the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) covering the particles (A1). The BET specific surface area is preferably 25 m 2 / g or more and 70 m 2 / g or less, more preferably 52 m 2 / g or more and 67 m 2 / g or less. The density of the primary particles is 2.2 g / cm 3 / g or more. When the BET specific surface area (S BET ) of the structure (α) is 25 m 2 / g or more, the particle diameter of the structure (α) does not become too large, and the electron transfer path in the solid of the structure (α) and Li The ion diffusion path does not become long. That is, the resistance during charging and discharging is kept low. Furthermore, the absolute value of the amount of expansion per particle of the structure (α) does not increase, and the structure of the composite (A) around the structure (α) is less likely to be destroyed. Further, when the density of the structure (α) is 2.2 g / cm 3 or more, there is an advantage in terms of volume energy density.

粒子(A1)は、複合体(A)の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で測定した像において、ランダムに選択した100個の粒子(A1)中に、短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上存在し、好ましくは短径/長径比が0.80以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上、より好ましくは短径/長径比が0.80以上の粒子(A1)が85個以上存在する。短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)がランダムに選択した100個中に80個未満しか存在しないときは、Si粒子の膨張は等方的な傾向になり、電極膨張率が高くなる。その結果、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)などの電解液添加剤の消費量が多くなり、サイクル特性が低下する。
ここで、「短径/長径比」は、複合体(A)の断面において観察される粒子(A1)の断面形状(平面図形)における最大の長さを長径とし、この長径に垂直方向の幅である短径との比(短径を長径で割った値)である。「長径」は、粒子の輪郭線上の任意の2点間の最大距離として定義される。「短径」は、「長径」に平行な2直線で粒子の断面形状を挟んだときの2直線間の距離として定義される。
Particle (A1) has a ratio of minor axis / major axis of 0.70 in 100 randomly selected particles (A1) in an image of a cross section of composite (A) measured by a scanning electron microscope (SEM). 80 or more particles (A1) exist, preferably 80 or more particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.80 or more, more preferably particles having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.80 or more. There are 85 or more (A1). When the number of particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more is less than 80 out of 100 randomly selected particles, the expansion of the Si particles tends to be isotropic, and the electrode expansion coefficient is reduced. Get higher. As a result, the consumption of the electrolyte additive such as fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) increases, and the cycle characteristics deteriorate.
Here, the “minor axis / major axis ratio” refers to the maximum length in the cross-sectional shape (planar figure) of the particle (A1) observed in the cross section of the composite (A), and the width in the direction perpendicular to the major axis. (Minor axis divided by major axis). "Long diameter" is defined as the maximum distance between any two points on the particle contour. The “short diameter” is defined as the distance between two straight lines when the cross-sectional shape of the particle is sandwiched by two straight lines parallel to the “long diameter”.

短径/長径比が1に近い程、粒子(A1)の切断面は正円に近づく。短径/長径比が1に近い粒子(=切断面が正円に近い粒子)の存在頻度が高いほど、粒子(A1)が球形である確率が高くなる。
充放電の際の粒子(A1)の膨張を考えると、粒子(A1)の形状は球形である方が粒子(A1)周りへのストレスが均一に分散され、電極膨張と電極構造劣化が改善される。従って、粒子(A1)は短径/長径比が1に近いものがより多く存在した方が良い。
As the ratio of minor axis / major axis approaches 1, the cut surface of the particle (A1) approaches a perfect circle. The probability that the particle (A1) is spherical increases as the frequency of occurrence of particles having a ratio of minor axis / major axis close to 1 (= particles whose cut surface is close to a perfect circle) increases.
Considering the expansion of the particles (A1) at the time of charging and discharging, the shape of the particles (A1) is more spherical when the stress around the particles (A1) is uniformly dispersed, and the electrode expansion and electrode structure deterioration are improved. You. Therefore, it is better for the particles (A1) to have more particles having a minor axis / major axis ratio close to 1.

複合体(A)中の粒子(A1)の含有率は、好ましくは2質量%以上95質量%以下、より好ましくは5質量%以上80質量%以下、さらにより一層好ましくは10質量%以上70質量%以下である。粒子(A1)の含有率が95質量%以下の場合は、電気抵抗を低く抑えることができる。粒子(A1)の含有率が2質量%以上の場合は、体積または質量エネルギー密度の点で優位性が保たれる。   The content of the particles (A1) in the composite (A) is preferably from 2% by mass to 95% by mass, more preferably from 5% by mass to 80% by mass, and still more preferably from 10% by mass to 70% by mass. % Or less. When the content of the particles (A1) is 95% by mass or less, the electric resistance can be reduced. When the content of the particles (A1) is 2% by mass or more, superiority is maintained in terms of volume or mass energy density.

粒子(A1)と非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)からなる構造体(α)は固相法、液相法、気相法のいずれでも作製可能であるが、気相法が好ましい。特にモノシランのような気相Si原料からCVD法でSi粒子を作製し、その後アセチレンやエチレンのような炭素原料を用いてCVD法で均一な非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)を作製する方法などが好ましい。   The structure (α) composed of the particles (A1) and the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) can be produced by any of a solid phase method, a liquid phase method and a gas phase method, but the gas phase method is preferred. In particular, a method in which Si particles are produced from a vapor-phase Si material such as monosilane by a CVD method, and then a uniform amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) is produced by a CVD method using a carbon material such as acetylene or ethylene. Is preferred.

X線回折法により測定される粒子(A1)の(111)回折ピークの半値幅は、好ましくは0.38度以上0.71度以下、より好ましくは0.40度以上0.71度以下である。粒子(A1)の(111)半値幅が0.38度以上であれば、粒子(A1)の結晶子サイズが大きくならず、粒子(A1)の膨張が比較的等方的である。その結果、電極膨張率も抑えられ、良好なサイクル容量維持率が得られる。なお、粒子(A1)の(111)半値幅が0.71度を上回ることは、結晶子サイズが0nmを下回ることなり、実際にはあり得ない。   The half width of the (111) diffraction peak of the particle (A1) measured by the X-ray diffraction method is preferably from 0.38 to 0.71 degrees, more preferably from 0.40 to 0.71 degrees. is there. When the (111) half width of the particle (A1) is 0.38 degrees or more, the crystallite size of the particle (A1) does not increase, and the expansion of the particle (A1) is relatively isotropic. As a result, the electrode expansion rate is suppressed, and a good cycle capacity retention rate is obtained. In addition, when the (111) half-width of the particle (A1) exceeds 0.71 degrees, the crystallite size falls below 0 nm, which is not actually possible.

(2)粒子(A2)
本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる黒鉛粒子は人造黒鉛粒子であることが好ましい。光学組織の大きさ及び形状が特定の範囲にあり、適切な黒鉛化度を有する人造黒鉛粒子により、つぶれ特性と電池特性がともに優れた電極材料を得ることができる。
(2) Particle (A2)
The graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention are preferably artificial graphite particles. The size and shape of the optical structure are in a specific range, and artificial graphite particles having an appropriate degree of graphitization can provide an electrode material having both excellent crushing characteristics and battery characteristics.

本明細書においてDV50とはレーザー回折式粒度分布計により測定される体積基準粒度分布における50%粒子径を表し、粒子の外見上の径を示す。In the present specification, DV50 indicates a 50% particle size in a volume-based particle size distribution measured by a laser diffraction type particle size distribution meter, and indicates an apparent size of the particles.

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる黒鉛粒子の体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径DV50は、好ましくは2.0μm以上20.0μm以下、より好ましくは5.0μm以上18.0μm以下である。DV50が2.0μm以上であれば、粉砕時に特殊な機器により粉砕する必要がなく、エネルギーも節約できる。また、凝集が起こりにくいため、塗工時のハンドリング性もよい。さらに、比表面積が過度に大きくなることがないため、初期充放電効率の低下も起こらない。一方、DV50が20.0μm以下であれば、負極材中のリチウム拡散にも時間がかからないため、入出力特性が良好である。また、黒鉛粒子の表面にケイ素含有粒子が均一に複合化することから、良好なサイクル特性が得られる。The 50% particle diameter DV50 in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of the graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is preferably from 2.0 μm to 20.0 μm, more preferably from 5.0 μm to 18 μm. 0.0 μm or less. When DV50 is 2.0 μm or more, it is not necessary to pulverize with a special device at the time of pulverization, and energy can be saved. In addition, since coagulation hardly occurs, handling properties during coating are good. Further, since the specific surface area does not become excessively large, the initial charge / discharge efficiency does not decrease. On the other hand, if the D V50 is 20.0μm or less, since not take the time to lithium diffusion in the negative electrode material, the input-output characteristic is good. In addition, since the silicon-containing particles are uniformly compounded on the surface of the graphite particles, good cycle characteristics can be obtained.

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる黒鉛粒子は、N2ガス吸着法によるBET比表面積が1.0m2/g以上10.0m2/g以下が好ましく、3.0m2/g以上7.5m2/g以下がより好ましい。黒鉛粒子のBET比表面積が上記の範囲にあると、負極材として不可逆な副反応を抑制しつつ電解液と接触する面積を大きく確保できるため、入出力特性が向上する。Graphite particles contained in the particle (A2) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, BET specific surface area of preferably 1.0 m 2 / g or more 10.0 m 2 / g or less by N 2 gas adsorption method, 3.0 m 2 / g or more and 7.5 m 2 / g or less. When the BET specific surface area of the graphite particles is in the above range, a large area in contact with the electrolytic solution can be ensured while suppressing irreversible side reactions as a negative electrode material, so that input / output characteristics are improved.

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる人造黒鉛粒子は、粉末X線回折法により得られる回折ピークプロファイルにおいて黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I110と(004)面のピーク強度I004の比I110/I004が0.10以上0.35以下であることが好ましい。前記の比は、より好ましくは0.18以上0.30以下であり、より一層好ましくは0.21以上0.30以下である。前記の比が0.10以上であれば配向性が高過ぎず、負極材中のSiや黒鉛へのリチウムイオンの挿入・脱離(吸蔵・放出)に伴う膨張収縮により、電極の集電体面に対して垂直方向への電極膨張が起こることがなく、良好なサイクル寿命が得られる。また、黒鉛の炭素網面が電極面と平行にならないためLiの挿入が起こり易く、良好な急速充放電特性が得られる。前記の比が0.35以下であれば配向性が低すぎず、その負極材を用いた電極作製時のプレスを行う際に電極密度が上がり易くなる。In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, the artificial graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) have a peak intensity I 110 of the (110) plane and a peak of the (004) plane of the graphite crystal in the diffraction peak profile obtained by the powder X-ray diffraction method. it preferably has a specific I 110 / I 00 4 of intensity I 004 is 0.10 or more 0.35 or less. The ratio is more preferably 0.18 or more and 0.30 or less, and even more preferably 0.21 or more and 0.30 or less. When the ratio is 0.10 or more, the orientation is not too high, and the surface of the current collector of the electrode is expanded and contracted due to insertion / desorption (occlusion / release) of lithium ions into Si or graphite in the negative electrode material. No electrode expansion in the vertical direction occurs, and a good cycle life can be obtained. In addition, since the carbon net surface of graphite is not parallel to the electrode surface, Li is likely to be inserted, and good rapid charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained. When the above ratio is 0.35 or less, the orientation is not too low, and the electrode density tends to increase when performing a press at the time of producing an electrode using the negative electrode material.

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる人造黒鉛粒子は、粉末X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.3360nm以下であることが好ましい。これにより負極材中の人造黒鉛粒子自身も質量あたりのリチウム挿入、脱離量が多く、すなわち負極材としても質量エネルギー密度が高くなる。また、負極材としてのSiへのリチウム挿入、脱離に伴う膨張収縮を緩和しやすくなりサイクル寿命が良くなる。
人造黒鉛粒子の結晶子のC軸方向の厚みLcとしては50nm以上1000nm以下が、質量エネルギー密度やつぶれ性の観点から好ましい。
The artificial graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention preferably have an average plane distance d 002 of the (002) plane measured by a powder X-ray diffraction method of 0.3360 nm or less. As a result, the artificial graphite particles in the negative electrode material also have a large amount of lithium insertion / desorption per mass, that is, the mass energy density of the negative electrode material is high. In addition, the expansion and shrinkage accompanying the insertion and desorption of lithium into and from Si as the negative electrode material is easily alleviated, and the cycle life is improved.
The thickness Lc of the crystallite of the artificial graphite particles in the C-axis direction is preferably 50 nm or more and 1000 nm or less from the viewpoint of mass energy density and crushability.

本明細書において、d002及びLcは、既知の方法により粉末X線回折(XRD)法を用いて測定することができる(稲垣道夫、「炭素」、1963、No.36、25−34頁;Iwashita et al.,Carbon vol.42(2004),p.701−714)。In the present specification, d 002 and Lc can be measured by a known method using a powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) method (Michio Inagaki, “Carbon”, 1963, No. 36, pp. 25-34; Iwashita et al., Carbon vol.42 (2004), p.701-714).

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる人造黒鉛粒子は、液体窒素冷却下における窒素ガス吸着BET法による直径0.4μm以下の細孔の全細孔容積が5.0μL/g以上40.0μL/g以下であることが好ましい。さらに好ましくは25.0μL/g以上40.0μL/g以下である。全細孔容積が5.0μL/g以上の人造黒鉛粒子は粒子(A1)と炭素質材料(A3)との複合化がされやすく、サイクル容量維持率の改善の点で好ましい。X線回折法で測定されるLcが100nm以上の炭素材料において、前記全細孔容積が40.0μL/g以下であると、充放電時の黒鉛層の異方的な膨張収縮に起因する構造の不可逆変化が起こりにくく、負極材としてのサイクル特性もさらに向上する。また、人造黒鉛粒子の全細孔容積がこの範囲のとき、その負極材を活物質として用いた際に電解液が浸透しやすくなるので急速充放電特性の点でも好ましい。   The artificial graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention have a total pore volume of pores having a diameter of 0.4 μm or less measured by a nitrogen gas adsorption BET method under liquid nitrogen cooling of 5.0 μL / g or more. It is preferably at most 40.0 μL / g. More preferably, it is 25.0 μL / g or more and 40.0 μL / g or less. Artificial graphite particles having a total pore volume of 5.0 μL / g or more are easily formed into a composite of the particles (A1) and the carbonaceous material (A3), and are preferable in terms of improving the cycle capacity retention. When the total pore volume is 40.0 μL / g or less in a carbon material whose Lc measured by an X-ray diffraction method is 100 nm or more, a structure caused by anisotropic expansion and contraction of the graphite layer during charging and discharging. Irreversible change hardly occurs, and the cycle characteristics as a negative electrode material are further improved. Further, when the total pore volume of the artificial graphite particles is in this range, the electrolyte solution easily penetrates when the negative electrode material is used as an active material, which is also preferable in terms of rapid charge / discharge characteristics.

本発明の好ましい実施態様における粒子(A2)に含まれる人造黒鉛粒子は、ラマン分光スペクトルで測定される1300〜1400cm-1の範囲にある非晶質成分由来のピークの強度IDと1580〜1620cm-1の範囲にある黒鉛成分由来のピークの強度IGとの比ID/IG(R値)が0.04以上0.18以下であることが好ましく、0.08以上0.16以下であることがさらに好ましい。R値が0.04以上であれば黒鉛の結晶性が高過ぎず、良好な急速充放電特性が得られる。R値が0.18以下であれば欠陥の存在により充放電時に副反応が生じることなく、良好なサイクル特性が得られる。
ラマンスペクトルは、例えばレーザラマン分光光度計(日本分光株式会社製、NRS−5100)を用いて、付属の顕微鏡で観察することによって測定することができる。
The artificial graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention have an intensity I D of a peak derived from an amorphous component in the range of 1300 to 1400 cm −1 measured by Raman spectroscopy and an intensity of 1580 to 1620 cm. preferably the ratio between the intensity I G of the peak derived from graphite component I D / I G (R value) is 0.04 or more 0.18 or less in the range of -1, 0.08 or 0.16 or less Is more preferable. If the R value is 0.04 or more, the crystallinity of the graphite is not too high, and good rapid charge / discharge characteristics can be obtained. When the R value is 0.18 or less, good cycle characteristics can be obtained without side reactions occurring during charge and discharge due to the presence of defects.
The Raman spectrum can be measured by, for example, using a laser Raman spectrophotometer (manufactured by JASCO Corporation, NRS-5100) with an attached microscope.

(3)粒子(A2)の製造方法
本発明の一実施形態に係る粒子(A2)に含まれる黒鉛粒子は、熱履歴が1000℃以下のコークスを粉砕した粒子を加熱することにより製造することができる。
コークスの原料としては、例えば、石油ピッチ、石炭ピッチ、石炭ピッチコークス、石油コークス及びこれらの混合物を用いることができる。すなわち、粒子(A2)に含まれる黒鉛粒子としては、石油系コークス及び/または石炭系コークス由来の物質を用いることが好ましい。これらの中でも、特定の条件下でディレイドコーキングを行ったものが望ましい。
(3) Method for Producing Particles (A2) The graphite particles contained in the particles (A2) according to one embodiment of the present invention can be produced by heating particles obtained by pulverizing coke having a heat history of 1000 ° C. or less. it can.
As a raw material of coke, for example, petroleum pitch, coal pitch, coal pitch coke, petroleum coke, and a mixture thereof can be used. That is, it is preferable to use a substance derived from petroleum coke and / or coal coke as the graphite particles contained in the particles (A2). Among these, those subjected to delayed coking under specific conditions are desirable.

ディレイドコーカーに通す原料としては、原油精製時の重質溜分に対して、流動床接触分解を行った後に触媒を除去したデカントオイルや、瀝青炭等から抽出されたコールタールを200℃以上の温度で蒸留し、得られたタールを100℃以上に昇温することによって十分に流動性を持たせたものが挙げられる。ディレイドコーキングプロセス中、少なくともドラム内入り口においては、これらの液体が450℃以上、さらには500℃、よりさらには510℃以上に昇温されていることが好ましく、それにより後工程での熱処理時に残炭率が高くなり、収率が向上する。また、ドラム内での圧力は好ましくは常圧以上、より好ましくは300kPa以上、さらに好ましくは400kPa以上に維持する。これにより負極としての容量がより高まる。以上の通り、通常よりも過酷な条件においてコーキングを行うことにより、液体をより反応させ、より重合度の高いコークスを得ることができる。   As a raw material to be passed through a delayed coker, a heavy fraction at the time of crude oil refining is subjected to fluidized bed catalytic cracking, decant oil from which the catalyst has been removed, or coal tar extracted from bituminous coal or the like at a temperature of 200 ° C or more. And tar obtained by raising the temperature of the obtained tar to 100 ° C. or more to have sufficient fluidity. During the delayed coking process, at least at the entrance to the drum, these liquids are preferably heated to 450 ° C. or more, more preferably 500 ° C., and even more preferably 510 ° C. or more, so that they remain during the heat treatment in the subsequent step. The charcoal ratio increases, and the yield improves. The pressure in the drum is preferably maintained at normal pressure or higher, more preferably 300 kPa or higher, and further preferably 400 kPa or higher. This further increases the capacity as the negative electrode. As described above, by performing coking under more severe conditions than usual, the liquid is made to react more, and coke having a higher degree of polymerization can be obtained.

得られたコークスをドラム内からジェット水流により切り出し、得られた塊を5cm程度まで金槌等で粗粉砕する。粗粉砕には、二軸ロールクラッシャーやジョークラッシャーを用いることもできるが、好ましくは1mm篩上が90質量%以上となるように粉砕する。上記のように粉砕を行うことにより、以降の加熱の工程等において、乾燥後、コークス粉が舞い上がったり、焼損が増えるなどの不都合を防ぐことができる。   The obtained coke is cut out from the inside of the drum by a jet water stream, and the obtained lump is roughly ground to about 5 cm with a hammer or the like. For the coarse pulverization, a biaxial roll crusher or a jaw crusher may be used, but preferably the pulverization is carried out so that the content on a 1 mm sieve becomes 90% by mass or more. By performing the pulverization as described above, in the subsequent heating step and the like, it is possible to prevent inconveniences such as rising of coke powder after drying and increase in burnout.

次にコークスを粉砕する。
乾式で粉砕を行う場合、粉砕時にコークスに水が含まれていると粉砕性が著しく低下するので、100〜1000℃程度で予め乾燥させることが好ましい。より好ましくは100〜500℃である。コークスが高い熱履歴を有していると圧砕強度が強くなり粉砕性が悪くなり、また結晶の異方性が発達してしまうので劈開性が強くなり鱗片状の粉末になり易くなる。粉砕する手法に特に制限はなく、公知のジェットミル、ハンマーミル、ローラーミル、ピンミル、振動ミル等が用いて行うことができる。
粉砕は、DV50が2.0μm以上20.0μm以下となるように行うことが好ましく、5.0μm以上18.0μm以下がより好ましい。
Next, the coke is ground.
When pulverization is performed by a dry method, if water is contained in coke at the time of pulverization, pulverizability is remarkably reduced. The temperature is more preferably 100 to 500 ° C. If the coke has a high heat history, the crushing strength is increased and the crushability is deteriorated, and the anisotropy of the crystal is developed, so that the cleaving property is enhanced and the powder becomes flake-like powder easily. The method of pulverization is not particularly limited, and can be performed using a known jet mill, hammer mill, roller mill, pin mill, vibration mill, or the like.
The pulverization is preferably performed so that the DV50 is 2.0 μm or more and 20.0 μm or less, more preferably 5.0 μm or more and 18.0 μm or less.

黒鉛化は、不活性雰囲気(例えば、窒素ガスやアルゴンガス雰囲気)下で、好ましくは2400℃以上、より好ましくは2800℃以上、より一層好ましくは3050℃以上、さらに好ましくは3150℃以上の温度で行う。より高い温度で処理すると、より黒鉛結晶が成長し、リチウムイオンをより高容量で蓄えることが可能な電極を得ることができる。一方、温度が高過ぎると黒鉛粉の昇華を防ぐことが困難であり、必要とされるエネルギーも大きくなるため、黒鉛化温度は3600℃以下であることが好ましい。   Graphitization is performed under an inert atmosphere (eg, a nitrogen gas or argon gas atmosphere) at a temperature of preferably 2400 ° C. or higher, more preferably 2800 ° C. or higher, still more preferably 3050 ° C. or higher, and still more preferably 3150 ° C. or higher. Do. When the treatment is performed at a higher temperature, graphite crystals grow more, and an electrode capable of storing lithium ions at a higher capacity can be obtained. On the other hand, if the temperature is too high, it is difficult to prevent the sublimation of the graphite powder, and the required energy becomes large. Therefore, the graphitization temperature is preferably 3600 ° C. or lower.

これらの温度を達成するためには電気エネルギーを用いることが好ましい。電気エネルギーは他の熱源と比べると高価であり、特に2000℃以上を達成するためには、極めて大きな電力を消費する。そのため、黒鉛化以外に電気エネルギーは消費されない方が好ましい。黒鉛化に先んじて炭素原料は焼成され、有機揮発分が除去された状態、すなわち固定炭素分が95%以上、より好ましくは98%以上、さらに好ましくは99%以上となっていることが好ましい。この焼成は例えば700〜1500℃で加熱することにより行うことができる。焼成により黒鉛化時の質量減少が低減するため、黒鉛化処理装置で一度の処理量を高めることができる。   It is preferred to use electrical energy to achieve these temperatures. Electric energy is expensive compared to other heat sources, and consumes extremely large power, especially to achieve 2000 ° C. or higher. Therefore, it is preferable that electric energy is not consumed except for graphitization. Prior to graphitization, the carbon raw material is preferably calcined to remove organic volatiles, that is, the fixed carbon content is 95% or more, more preferably 98% or more, and still more preferably 99% or more. This firing can be performed by heating at, for example, 700 to 1500 ° C. Since the reduction in mass at the time of graphitization is reduced by firing, the amount of processing performed once by the graphitization processing apparatus can be increased.

黒鉛化後は粉砕処理を行わないことが好ましい。ただし、黒鉛化後に粒子が粉砕しない程度に解砕することはできる。
黒鉛粒子を活物質として用いて電極を作製すると、電極圧縮時に電極内部で活物質が均一に分布しやすくなり、また隣接する粒子との接触も安定し、よって繰り返し充放電に一層優れた電池とすることができる。
After the graphitization, it is preferable not to perform the pulverization treatment. However, it can be crushed to such an extent that the particles are not crushed after graphitization.
When an electrode is manufactured using graphite particles as an active material, the active material is easily distributed uniformly inside the electrode when the electrode is compressed, and the contact with adjacent particles is also stabilized, so that a battery that is more excellent in repeated charging and discharging can be obtained. can do.

(4)炭素質材料(A3)
本発明の好ましい実施態様における炭素質材料(A3)は、粒子(A2)とは異なるものであって、炭素原子により形成される結晶の発達が低い炭素材料であり、ラマン散乱分光法によるラマンスペクトルにおいて1360cm-1近傍にピークを持つ。また、炭素質材料(A3)は非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)と同一であっても良い。
炭素質材料(A3)は、例えば、炭素前駆体を炭素化することによって製造することができる。前記炭素前駆体は、特に限定されないが、熱重質油、熱分解油、ストレートアスファルト、ブローンアスファルト、エチレン製造時に副生するタールまたは石油ピッチなどの石油由来物質、石炭乾留時に生成するコールタール、コールタールの低沸点成分を蒸留除去した重質成分、コールタールピッチ(石炭ピッチ)などの石炭由来物質が好ましく、特に石油系ピッチまたは石炭系ピッチが好ましい。ピッチは複数の多環芳香族化合物の混合物である。ピッチを用いると、高い炭素化率で、不純物の少ない炭素質材料(A3)を製造できる。ピッチは酸素含有率が少ないので、粒子(A1)を炭素質材料で被覆する際に、粒子(A1)が酸化されにくい。
(4) Carbonaceous material (A3)
The carbonaceous material (A3) in a preferred embodiment of the present invention is different from the particles (A2) and is a carbon material having low crystal growth formed by carbon atoms, and has a Raman spectrum by Raman scattering spectroscopy. Has a peak near 1360 cm -1 . Further, the carbonaceous material (A3) may be the same as the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C).
The carbonaceous material (A3) can be produced, for example, by carbonizing a carbon precursor. The carbon precursor is not particularly limited, hot heavy oil, pyrolysis oil, straight asphalt, blown asphalt, petroleum-derived substances such as tar or petroleum pitch by-produced during ethylene production, coal tar produced during coal dry distillation, A coal-derived substance such as a heavy component obtained by removing a low-boiling component of coal tar by distillation and coal tar pitch (coal pitch) is preferable, and a petroleum pitch or a coal pitch is particularly preferable. The pitch is a mixture of a plurality of polycyclic aromatic compounds. When the pitch is used, a carbonaceous material (A3) having a high carbonization rate and a small amount of impurities can be produced. Since the pitch has a low oxygen content, the particles (A1) are not easily oxidized when the particles (A1) are coated with the carbonaceous material.

炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体としてのピッチは、軟化点が、好ましくは80℃以上300℃以下である。ピッチの軟化点が80℃以上であれば、それを構成する多環芳香族化合物の平均分子量が小さ過ぎず、かつ揮発分も比較的少ないため、炭素化率の低下、製造コストの上昇、さらに細孔を多く含んだ比表面積の大きい炭素質材料(A3)が得られやすいといった問題は生じない。ピッチの軟化点が300℃以下であれば、粘度が高過ぎることがないため、粒子(A1)と均一に混ぜ合わせることができる。ピッチの軟化点はASTM−D3104−77に記載のメトラー法で測定することができる。   The pitch as a precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3) has a softening point of preferably 80 ° C. or more and 300 ° C. or less. If the softening point of the pitch is 80 ° C. or higher, the average molecular weight of the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting it is not too small, and the volatile matter is relatively small, so that the carbonization rate decreases, the production cost increases, and There is no problem that a carbonaceous material (A3) containing many pores and having a large specific surface area is easily obtained. If the softening point of the pitch is 300 ° C. or less, the viscosity does not become too high, so that the pitch can be uniformly mixed with the particles (A1). The softening point of the pitch can be measured by the Mettler method described in ASTM-D3104-77.

炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体としてのピッチは、残炭率が好ましくは20質量%以上70質量%以下、より好ましくは25質量%以上60質量%以下である。ピッチの残炭率が20質量%以上であれば、製造コストの上昇や、比表面積の大きい炭素質材料が得られるといった問題は生じない。ピッチの残炭率が70質量%以下であれば、粘度が高過ぎることがないため、粒子(A1)と均一に混合することができる。
残炭率は以下の方法で決定される。固体状のピッチを乳鉢等で粉砕し、粉砕物を窒素ガス流通下で質量熱分析する。1100℃における質量の仕込み質量に対する割合を残炭率と定義する。
The pitch as a precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3) has a residual carbon ratio of preferably 20% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less, more preferably 25% by mass or more and 60% by mass or less. If the residual carbon ratio of the pitch is 20% by mass or more, problems such as an increase in production cost and a carbonaceous material having a large specific surface area are not caused. If the residual carbon ratio of the pitch is 70% by mass or less, the viscosity does not become too high, so that the pitch can be uniformly mixed with the particles (A1).
The residual coal rate is determined by the following method. The solid pitch is pulverized in a mortar or the like, and the pulverized product is subjected to mass heat analysis under a nitrogen gas flow. The ratio of the mass at 1100 ° C. to the charged mass is defined as a residual carbon ratio.

本発明に用いられるピッチは、QI(キノリン不溶分)含量が、好ましくは10質量%以下、より好ましくは5質量%以下、さらに好ましくは2質量%以下である。ピッチのQI含量はフリーカーボン量に対応する値である。フリーカーボンを多く含むピッチを熱処理すると、メソフェーズ球体が出現してくる過程で、フリーカーボンが球体表面に付着し三次元ネットワークを形成して、球体の成長を妨げるため、モザイク状の組織となりやすい。一方、フリーカーボンが少ないピッチを熱処理すると、メソフェーズ球体が大きく成長してニードルコークスを生成しやすい。QI含量が上記の範囲にあることにより、電極特性が一層良好になる。   The pitch used in the present invention has a QI (quinoline-insoluble content) content of preferably 10% by mass or less, more preferably 5% by mass or less, and further preferably 2% by mass or less. The QI content of the pitch is a value corresponding to the amount of free carbon. When a pitch containing a large amount of free carbon is heat-treated, the free carbon adheres to the surface of the sphere and forms a three-dimensional network in the process of the appearance of the mesophase sphere, thereby hindering the growth of the sphere. On the other hand, when the pitch with less free carbon is heat-treated, the mesophase sphere grows larger and needle coke is easily generated. When the QI content is in the above range, the electrode characteristics are further improved.

また、本発明に用いられるピッチは、TI(トルエン不溶分)含量が、好ましくは10質量%以上70質量%以下である。TI含量が低いピッチは、それを構成する多環芳香族化合物の平均分子量が小さく、揮発分が多いので、炭素化率が低くなり製造コストが上昇し、細孔を多く含んだ比表面積が大きい炭素質材料が得られやすい。TI含量が高いピッチは、それを構成する多環芳香族化合物の平均分子量が大きいので炭素化率が高くなるが、TI含量の高いピッチは粘度が高いので、粒子(A1)と均一に混合させ難い傾向がある。TI含量が上記範囲にあることによりピッチとその他の成分とを均一に混合でき、かつ、電池用活物質として好適な特性を示す負極材を得ることができる。   The pitch used in the present invention preferably has a TI (toluene-insoluble content) content of 10% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less. A pitch having a low TI content has a low average molecular weight of the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting the same and has a large amount of volatile components, so that the carbonization rate is lowered, the production cost is increased, and the specific surface area including many pores is large. A carbonaceous material is easily obtained. A pitch having a high TI content has a high carbonization rate because the polycyclic aromatic compound constituting the pitch has a large average molecular weight. However, a pitch having a high TI content has a high viscosity, and thus is uniformly mixed with the particles (A1). Tends to be difficult. When the TI content is in the above range, the pitch and other components can be uniformly mixed, and a negative electrode material having suitable characteristics as a battery active material can be obtained.

本発明に用いられるピッチのQI含量及びTI含量はJIS K2425に記載されている方法またはそれに準じた方法により測定することができる。   The QI content and the TI content of the pitch used in the present invention can be measured by the method described in JIS K2425 or a method analogous thereto.

前記の粒子(A1)、粒子(A2)及び炭素質材料(A3)の合計質量に対する炭素質材料(A3)の質量割合は好ましくは2質量%以上40質量%以下であり、より好ましくは4質量%以上30質量%以下である。
炭素質材料(A3)の割合が2質量%以上であれば、粒子(A1)と粒子(A2)の十分な結合が得られ、また、粒子(A1)の表面を炭素質材料(A3)で覆うことが可能となるため、粒子(A1)に導電性が付与され易くなり、粒子(A1)の表面反応性を抑制する効果や膨張収縮を緩和する効果が得られ、良好なサイクル特性が得られる。一方、炭素質材料(A3)の割合が40質量%以下であれば、炭素質材料(A3)の割合が高くても初期効率が低くなることはない。
The mass ratio of the carbonaceous material (A3) to the total mass of the particles (A1), the particles (A2), and the carbonaceous material (A3) is preferably from 2% by mass to 40% by mass, more preferably 4% by mass. % To 30% by mass.
When the proportion of the carbonaceous material (A3) is 2% by mass or more, a sufficient bond between the particles (A1) and the particles (A2) can be obtained, and the surface of the particles (A1) is coated with the carbonaceous material (A3). Since the particles (A1) can be covered, conductivity is easily imparted to the particles (A1), an effect of suppressing surface reactivity of the particles (A1) and an effect of relaxing expansion and contraction are obtained, and good cycle characteristics are obtained. Can be On the other hand, if the proportion of the carbonaceous material (A3) is 40% by mass or less, the initial efficiency does not decrease even if the proportion of the carbonaceous material (A3) is high.

(5)複合体(A)
本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体(A)は、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)(粒子(A1)が非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)で被覆されている場合)と、粒子(A2)と、炭素質材料(A3)とを含み、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と粒子(A2)と炭素質材料(A3)とは少なくともその一部が互いに複合化していることが好ましい。複合化とは、例えば、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と粒子(A2)とが炭素質材料(A3)により固定されて結合している状態、あるいは粒子(A1)または構造体(α)及び/または粒子(A2)が炭素質材料(A3)により被覆されている状態を挙げることができる。本発明においては粒子(A1)または構造体(α)が炭素質材料(A3)によって完全に被覆され、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の表面が露出していない状態となっていることが好ましく、その中でも粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、粒子(A2)と、が炭素質材料(A3)を介して連結し、その全体が炭素質材料(A3)により被覆されている状態、及び構造体(α)と粒子(A2)とが直接接触し、その全体が炭素質材料(A3)により被覆されている状態が好ましい。
負極材として電池に用いた際に、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の表面が露出しないことにより電解液分解反応が抑制されクーロン効率を高く維持することができ、炭素質材料(A3)を介して、粒子(A2)と粒子(A1)または構造体(α)が連結することによりそれぞれの間の導電性を高めることができ、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)が炭素質材料(A3)により被覆されることによりその膨張及び収縮に伴う体積変化を緩衝することができる。
(5) Complex (A)
The composite (A) according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a particle (A1) or a structure (α) (when the particle (A1) is coated with an amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C)) and a particle (A1). (A2) and the carbonaceous material (A3), and at least a part of the particle (A1) or the structure (α), the particle (A2), and the carbonaceous material (A3) are complexed with each other. Is preferred. The composite means, for example, a state in which the particle (A1) or the structure (α) and the particle (A2) are fixed and bonded by the carbonaceous material (A3), or the particle (A1) or the structure (α). And / or the particles (A2) are coated with the carbonaceous material (A3). In the present invention, the particle (A1) or the structure (α) is completely covered with the carbonaceous material (A3), and the surface of the particle (A1) or the structure (α) is not exposed. Among them, the particles (A1) or the structure (α) and the particles (A2) are connected via the carbonaceous material (A3), and the whole is covered with the carbonaceous material (A3). The state and the state where the structure (α) and the particle (A2) are in direct contact with each other and the whole is covered with the carbonaceous material (A3) are preferable.
When used as a negative electrode material in a battery, the surface of the particles (A1) or the structure (α) is not exposed, so that the decomposition reaction of the electrolytic solution is suppressed, the Coulomb efficiency can be maintained high, and the carbonaceous material (A3) The particles (A2) and the particles (A1) or the structures (α) are connected to each other through the particles, whereby the conductivity between the particles (A2) and the particles (A1) or the structures (α) can be increased. By being covered with (A3), a volume change accompanying the expansion and contraction can be buffered.

本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体(A)には、複合化されていない、粒子(A2)、炭素質材料(A3)、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)が単独で含まれていてもよい。複合化されずに単独で含まれている粒子(A2)、炭素質材料(A3)、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の量は少ない方が好ましく、具体的には、複合体(A)の質量に対して、好ましくは10質量%以下である。   The composite (A) according to one embodiment of the present invention contains, alone, the non-composite particles (A2), the carbonaceous material (A3), the particles (A1), or the structure (α). You may. It is preferable that the amount of the particle (A2), the carbonaceous material (A3), the particle (A1) or the structure (α) contained alone without being complexed is small, and specifically, the complex (A ), Is preferably 10% by mass or less.

本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体(A)のDV50は2.0μm以上20.0μm以下が好ましい。より好ましくは2.0μm以上18.0μm以下である。DV50が2.0μm以上であれば、経済性のよい製造が可能である。また、電極密度を上げることにも困難はない。さらに、比表面積が過度に大きくならないため、電解液との副反応による初期充放電効率の低下も起こらない。また、DV50が20.0μm以下であれば、良好な入出力特性とサイクル特性が得られる。The DV 50 of the composite (A) according to one embodiment of the present invention is preferably from 2.0 μm to 20.0 μm. More preferably, it is 2.0 μm or more and 18.0 μm or less. When DV50 is 2.0 μm or more, economical production is possible. There is no difficulty in increasing the electrode density. Further, since the specific surface area does not become excessively large, the initial charge / discharge efficiency does not decrease due to a side reaction with the electrolytic solution. If DV50 is 20.0 μm or less, good input / output characteristics and good cycle characteristics can be obtained.

本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体(A)のBET比表面積(SBET)は1.0m2/g以上10.0m2/g以下が好ましい。より好ましくは1.0m2/g以上5.0m2/g以下である。BET比表面積(SBET)が1.0m2/g以上であれば、入出力特性が低下することなく、電極中での均一分布性が維持され、良好なサイクル特性が得られる。BET比表面積(SBET)が10.0m2/g以下であれば、塗工性が低下することなくハンドリング性が良好である。また、電極作製にバインダーを多く必要とすることもなく、電極密度を上げやすく、電解液との副反応による初期充放電効率の低下を抑制できる。The BET specific surface area (S BET ) of the composite (A) according to one embodiment of the present invention is preferably from 1.0 m 2 / g to 10.0 m 2 / g. More preferably, it is 1.0 m 2 / g or more and 5.0 m 2 / g or less. When the BET specific surface area (S BET ) is 1.0 m 2 / g or more, uniform distribution in the electrode is maintained without deterioration of input / output characteristics, and good cycle characteristics are obtained. When the BET specific surface area (S BET ) is 10.0 m 2 / g or less, the handleability is good without lowering the coatability. Further, the electrode density can be easily increased without requiring a large amount of binder for electrode production, and a decrease in initial charge / discharge efficiency due to a side reaction with the electrolytic solution can be suppressed.

(6)複合体(A)の製造方法
本発明の一実施形態に係る複合体(A)は、公知の方法に従って製造することができる。
例えば、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、粒子(A2)と、炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体とを混ぜ合わせ、得られた混合物を熱処理して前記前駆体を炭素質材料(A3)とすることを含む方法によって複合体(A)を得ることができる。
粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、粒子(A2)と、炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体との混合物は、例えば、炭素質材料(A3)前駆体の一つであるピッチを溶融させ、該溶融ピッチと、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、を不活性雰囲気にて混合し、該混合物を固化させた後に粉砕し、該粉砕物を粒子(A2)と混合することによって;粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、粒子(A2)とを混合し、次いで、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)、及び粒子(A2)の混合物と炭素質材料(A3)前駆体とを混合してメカノケミカル処理を行うことによって;または炭素質材料(A3)前駆体を溶媒に溶解し、該前駆体溶液に粒子(A1)または構造体(α)と、粒子(A2)とを添加混合し、溶媒を除去して得られた固形物を粉砕することによって;得ることができる。メカノケミカル処理は、例えば、ハイブリダイザー(登録商標、株式会社奈良機械製作所製)などの公知の装置を用いることができる。
(6) Production method of composite (A) The composite (A) according to one embodiment of the present invention can be produced according to a known method.
For example, the particles (A1) or the structure (α), the particles (A2), and the precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3) are mixed, and the resulting mixture is heat-treated to convert the precursor into a carbonaceous material ( The complex (A) can be obtained by a method including A3).
The mixture of the particles (A1) or the structure (α), the particles (A2), and the precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3) melts, for example, a pitch that is one of the precursors of the carbonaceous material (A3). Mixing the molten pitch with the particles (A1) or the structure (α) in an inert atmosphere, solidifying the mixture, pulverizing the mixture, and mixing the pulverized material with the particles (A2). By mixing the particles (A1) or the structure (α) with the particles (A2), and then mixing the mixture of the particles (A1) or the structure (α), and the particles (A2) with the carbonaceous material (A3). By mixing the precursor with mechanochemical treatment; or dissolving the carbonaceous material (A3) precursor in a solvent, and adding the particles (A1) or the structure (α) and the particles (A2) to the precursor solution. ) And pulverize the solid obtained by removing the solvent. Thus; For the mechanochemical treatment, for example, a known device such as a hybridizer (registered trademark, manufactured by Nara Machinery Co., Ltd.) can be used.

粉砕や混合のために、ボールミル、ジェットミル、ロッドミル、ピンミル、ロータリーカッターミル、ハンマーミル、アトマイザー、乳鉢等の公知の装置・器具を用いることができるが、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の酸化度合いが高くならないような方法を採用することが好ましい。一般的に酸化は比表面積の大きい小粒径粒子ほど進みやすいと考えられるため、大粒径粒子の粉砕が優先的に進行し、小粒径粒子の粉砕はあまり進まない装置が好ましい。例えば、ロッドミル、ハンマーミルなどのような、主に衝撃によって粉砕する手段は、衝撃力が大粒径粒子に優先的に伝わり、小粒径粒子にはあまり伝わらない傾向がある。ピンミル、ロータリーカッターミルなどのような、主に衝撃とせん断によって粉砕する手段は、せん断力が大粒径粒子に優先的に伝わり、小粒径粒子にはあまり伝わらない傾向がある。このような装置を使用し、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の酸化を進ませずに、粉砕や混合することができる。   For crushing and mixing, known devices and instruments such as a ball mill, a jet mill, a rod mill, a pin mill, a rotary cutter mill, a hammer mill, an atomizer, and a mortar can be used. It is preferable to employ a method that does not increase the degree of oxidation of In general, it is considered that the oxidation proceeds more easily with smaller particle diameter particles having a larger specific surface area. Therefore, it is preferable to use a device in which pulverization of large particle diameter particles proceeds preferentially and pulverization of small particle diameter particles does not progress very much. For example, a means for pulverizing mainly by impact, such as a rod mill, a hammer mill, or the like, tends to transmit the impact force preferentially to large-diameter particles and not to small-diameter particles. Means for pulverizing mainly by impact and shear, such as a pin mill and a rotary cutter mill, tend to transmit the shear force preferentially to the large-diameter particles and not to the small-diameter particles. Using such an apparatus, the particles (A1) or the structure (α) can be pulverized or mixed without advancing the oxidation.

また、粒子(A1)または構造体(α)の酸化進行を抑えるために、前記の粉砕・混合は非酸化性雰囲気で行うことが好ましい。非酸化性雰囲気としては、アルゴンガス、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスを充満させた雰囲気が挙げられる。   Further, in order to suppress the progress of oxidation of the particles (A1) or the structure (α), it is preferable that the pulverization and mixing be performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. Examples of the non-oxidizing atmosphere include an atmosphere filled with an inert gas such as an argon gas or a nitrogen gas.

炭素質材料(A3)前駆体を炭素質材料(A3)とするための熱処理は、好ましくは200℃以上2000℃以下、より好ましくは500℃以上1500℃以下、特に好ましくは600℃以上1200℃以下の温度で行う。この熱処理によって、炭素質材料(A3)が構造体(α)及び/または粒子(A2)を被覆し、また炭素質材料(A3)が、粒子(A1)相互の間、または構造体(α)相互の間、粒子(A2)相互の間、及び粒子(A1)と粒子(A2)との間または構造体(α)と粒子(A2)との間に入り込みこれらを連結した形態にすることができる。熱処理温度が低すぎると炭素質材料(A3)前駆体の炭素化が十分に終了せず、負極材中に水素や酸素が残留し、それらが電池特性に悪影響を及ぼすことがある。逆に熱処理温度が高過ぎると結晶化が進みすぎて充電特性が低下したり、粒子(A1)構成元素と炭素とが結合してLiイオンに対し不活性な状態を生じさせることがある。熱処理は、非酸化性雰囲気で行うことが好ましい。非酸化性雰囲気としては、アルゴンガス、窒素ガスなどの不活性ガスを充満させた雰囲気が挙げられる。また、熱処理により粒子が融着しで塊になっていることがあるため、熱処理品を電極活物質として用いるためには解砕することが好ましい。解砕方法としては、ハンマーなどの衝撃力を利用したパルベライザー、被解砕物同士の衝突を利用したジェットミルなどが好ましい。   The heat treatment for converting the carbonaceous material (A3) precursor into a carbonaceous material (A3) is preferably performed at 200 ° C to 2000 ° C, more preferably 500 ° C to 1500 ° C, and particularly preferably 600 ° C to 1200 ° C. At a temperature of By this heat treatment, the carbonaceous material (A3) coats the structure (α) and / or the particles (A2), and the carbonaceous material (A3) is placed between the particles (A1) or the structure (α). It is possible to enter between the particles, between the particles (A2) and between the particles (A1) and the particles (A2) or between the structure (α) and the particles (A2) to form a connected form. it can. If the heat treatment temperature is too low, the carbonization of the carbonaceous material (A3) precursor is not sufficiently completed, and hydrogen and oxygen remain in the negative electrode material, which may adversely affect battery characteristics. Conversely, if the heat treatment temperature is too high, crystallization may proceed too much to lower the charge characteristics, or the particles (A1) constituent element and carbon may combine to create an inactive state for Li ions. The heat treatment is preferably performed in a non-oxidizing atmosphere. Examples of the non-oxidizing atmosphere include an atmosphere filled with an inert gas such as an argon gas or a nitrogen gas. In addition, since the particles may be aggregated due to fusion due to the heat treatment, it is preferable to disintegrate the heat-treated product in order to use it as an electrode active material. As a crushing method, a pulverizer using an impact force of a hammer or the like, a jet mill using collision between objects to be crushed, and the like are preferable.

(7)容量の調整
リチウムイオン二次電池用負極材として、電池性能を向上する目的やリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材の容量を調節する目的で、複合体(A)と炭素とを含む材料を混合してもよい。混合する炭素を含む材料は複数種類用いてもよい。炭素を含む材料としては容量の高い黒鉛が好ましい。黒鉛としては天然黒鉛、人造黒鉛から選択して用いることができる。この際、複合体(A)は比較的高容量(700mAh/g以上)である複合体を用いた方がリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材のコストが低減できるため好ましい。この容量調整用の炭素を含む材料は、予め複合体(A)と混合しておき、これにバインダー、溶剤、導電助剤等の添加剤を加えて負極用ペーストを作製してもよい。また、複合体(A)、炭素を含む材料、バインダー、溶剤、導電助剤等の添加剤を同時に混合して負極用ペーストを作製してもよい。混合の順序や方法は粉体のハンドリング等を考慮して適宜決めればよい。
(7) Adjustment of capacity As a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, a material containing the composite (A) and carbon for the purpose of improving battery performance or adjusting the capacity of the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery. May be mixed. A plurality of types of materials containing carbon to be mixed may be used. As a material containing carbon, graphite having a high capacity is preferable. The graphite can be selected from natural graphite and artificial graphite. At this time, it is preferable to use a composite having a relatively high capacity (700 mAh / g or more) as the composite (A) because the cost of the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery can be reduced. The material containing carbon for capacity adjustment may be mixed in advance with the composite (A), and an additive such as a binder, a solvent, and a conductive additive may be added thereto to prepare a paste for a negative electrode. Alternatively, the composite (A), a material containing carbon, a binder, a solvent, an additive such as a conductive additive, and the like may be simultaneously mixed to prepare a paste for a negative electrode. The order and method of mixing may be appropriately determined in consideration of powder handling and the like.

(8)負極用ペースト
本発明の一実施形態に係る負極用ペーストは、前記負極材とバインダーと溶媒と必要に応じて導電助剤などの添加剤を含む。この負極用ペーストは、例えば、前記負極材とバインダーと溶媒と必要に応じて導電助剤などを混練することによって得ることができる。負極用ペーストは、シート状、ペレット状などの形状に成形することができる。
(8) Paste for Negative Electrode The paste for a negative electrode according to one embodiment of the present invention contains the above-described negative electrode material, a binder, a solvent, and if necessary, an additive such as a conductive assistant. This negative electrode paste can be obtained, for example, by kneading the negative electrode material, a binder, a solvent, and if necessary, a conductive auxiliary. The negative electrode paste can be formed into a shape such as a sheet or a pellet.

バインダーとして用いられる材料としては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレン、エチレンプロピレンターポリマー、ブタジエンゴム、スチレンブタジエンゴム、ブチルゴム、アクリルゴム、イオン伝導率の大きな高分子化合物などが挙げられる。イオン伝導率の大きな高分子化合物としては、ポリフッ化ビニリデン、ポリエチレンオキサイド、ポリエピクロロヒドリン、ポリファスファゼン、ポリアクリロニトリルなどが挙げられる。バインダーの量は、負極材100質量部に対して、好ましくは0.5質量部以上100質量部以下である。   Examples of the material used as the binder include polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene propylene terpolymer, butadiene rubber, styrene butadiene rubber, butyl rubber, acrylic rubber, and a polymer compound having a high ionic conductivity. Examples of the polymer compound having a high ionic conductivity include polyvinylidene fluoride, polyethylene oxide, polyepichlorohydrin, polyphasphazene, and polyacrylonitrile. The amount of the binder is preferably 0.5 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.

導電助剤は電極に対し導電性及び電極安定性(リチウムイオンの挿入・脱離における体積変化に対する緩衝作用)を付与する役目を果たすものであれば特に限定されない。例えば、カーボンナノチューブ、カーボンナノファイバー、気相法炭素繊維(例えば、「VGCF(登録商標)」昭和電工株式会社製)、導電性カーボン(例えば、「デンカブラック(登録商標)」電気化学工業株式会社製、「Super C65」TIMCAL社製、「Super C45」TIMCAL社製、「KS6L」TIMCAL社製)などが挙げられる。導電助剤の量は、負極材100質量部に対して、好ましくは10質量部以上100質量部以下である。   The conductive assistant is not particularly limited as long as it plays a role of imparting conductivity and electrode stability (buffering action to volume change in insertion / desorption of lithium ions) to the electrode. For example, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanofibers, vapor-grown carbon fibers (for example, "VGCF (registered trademark)" manufactured by Showa Denko KK), and conductive carbon (for example, "DENKA BLACK (registered trademark)" Denki Kagaku Kogyo KK , "Super C65" manufactured by TIMCAL, "Super C45" manufactured by TIMCAL, and "KS6L" manufactured by TIMCAL). The amount of the conductive additive is preferably 10 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less based on 100 parts by mass of the negative electrode material.

溶媒は、特に制限はなく、N−メチル−2−ピロリドン、ジメチルホルムアミド、イソプロパノール、水などが使用できる。溶媒として水を使用するバインダーの場合は、増粘剤を併用することが好ましい。溶媒の量はペーストが集電体に塗布しやすいような粘度となるように調整すればよい。   The solvent is not particularly limited, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, dimethylformamide, isopropanol, water and the like can be used. In the case of a binder using water as a solvent, it is preferable to use a thickener in combination. The amount of the solvent may be adjusted so that the paste has such a viscosity that it can be easily applied to the current collector.

(9)負極シート
本発明の一実施形態に係る負極シートは、集電体と、集電体を被覆する電極層とを有する。
集電体としては、例えば、ニッケル箔、銅箔、ニッケルメッシュまたは銅メッシュなどシート状のものが挙げられる。
電極層は、バインダーと前記の負極材とを含有する。電極層は、例えば、前記のペーストを集電体上に塗布し乾燥させることによって得ることができる。ペーストの塗布方法は特に制限されない。電極層の厚さは、好ましくは50〜200μmである。電極層が厚くなりすぎると、規格化された電池容器に負極シートを収容できなくなることがある。電極層の厚さは、ペーストの塗布量によって調整できる。また、ペーストを乾燥させた後、加圧成形することによっても調整することができる。加圧成形法としては、ロール加圧、プレス加圧などの成形法が挙げられる。プレス成形するときの圧力は、好ましくは100〜500MPa程度である。
負極シートの電極密度は次のようにして計算することができる。すなわち、プレス後の負極シートを直径16mmの円形状に打ち抜き、その質量と厚みを測定する。そこから別途測定しておいた集電体箔(直径16mmの円形状に打ち抜いたもの)の質量と厚みを差し引いて電極層の質量と厚みを求め、その値を元に電極密度を計算する。
(9) Negative electrode sheet The negative electrode sheet according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a current collector and an electrode layer covering the current collector.
Examples of the current collector include a sheet-like material such as a nickel foil, a copper foil, a nickel mesh or a copper mesh.
The electrode layer contains a binder and the above-described negative electrode material. The electrode layer can be obtained by, for example, applying the paste on a current collector and drying the paste. The method for applying the paste is not particularly limited. The thickness of the electrode layer is preferably 50 to 200 μm. If the electrode layer is too thick, it may not be possible to accommodate the negative electrode sheet in a standardized battery container. The thickness of the electrode layer can be adjusted by the amount of paste applied. In addition, it can also be adjusted by pressing and forming after drying the paste. As the pressure forming method, a forming method such as roll pressing or press pressing may be used. The pressure at the time of press molding is preferably about 100 to 500 MPa.
The electrode density of the negative electrode sheet can be calculated as follows. That is, the pressed negative electrode sheet is punched into a circular shape having a diameter of 16 mm, and its mass and thickness are measured. The mass and thickness of the electrode layer are obtained by subtracting the mass and thickness of the separately-collected current collector foil (punched into a circular shape having a diameter of 16 mm), and the electrode density is calculated based on the values.

(10)リチウムイオン二次電池
本発明の一実施形態に係るリチウムイオン二次電池は、非水系電解液及び非水系ポリマー電解質からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも一つ、正極シート、及び前記負極シートを有する。
正極シートとしては、リチウムイオン二次電池に従来から使われていたもの、具体的には正極活物質を含んでなるシートを用いることができる。正極活物質としては、LiNiO2、LiCoO2、LiMn24、LiNi0.34Mn0.33Co0.332、LiFePO4などが挙げられる。
(10) Lithium ion secondary battery The lithium ion secondary battery according to one embodiment of the present invention includes at least one selected from the group consisting of a non-aqueous electrolyte and a non-aqueous polymer electrolyte, a positive electrode sheet, and the negative electrode sheet. Have.
As the positive electrode sheet, those conventionally used in lithium ion secondary batteries, specifically, a sheet containing a positive electrode active material can be used. Examples of the positive electrode active material include LiNiO 2 , LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNi 0.34 Mn 0.33 Co 0.33 O 2 , and LiFePO 4 .

リチウムイオン二次電池に用いられる非水系電解液及び非水系ポリマー電解質は特に制限されない。例えば、LiClO4、LiPF6、LiAsF6、LiBF4、LiSO3CF3、CH3SO3Li、CF3SO3Liなどのリチウム塩を、エチレンカーボネート、ジエチルカーボネート、ジメチルカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、プロピレンカーボネート、ブチレンカーボネート、アセトニトリル、プロピオニトリル、ジメトキシエタン、テトラヒドロフラン、γ−ブチロラクトンなどの非水系溶媒に溶かしてなる有機電解液;ポリエチレンオキシド、ポリアクリロニトリル、ポリフッ化ビリニデン、及びポリメチルメタクリレートなどを含有するゲル状のポリマー電解質;エチレンオキシド結合を有するポリマーなどを含有する固体状のポリマー電解質が挙げられる。The non-aqueous electrolyte and non-aqueous polymer electrolyte used in the lithium ion secondary battery are not particularly limited. For example, lithium salts such as LiClO 4 , LiPF 6 , LiAsF 6 , LiBF 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , CH 3 SO 3 Li, CF 3 SO 3 Li, etc. are converted into ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, propylene. Organic electrolytes dissolved in non-aqueous solvents such as carbonate, butylene carbonate, acetonitrile, acetonitrile, dimethoxyethane, tetrahydrofuran, and γ-butyrolactone; containing polyethylene oxide, polyacrylonitrile, polyvinylidene fluoride, polymethyl methacrylate, etc. Gel-like polymer electrolytes; and solid-state polymer electrolytes containing a polymer having an ethylene oxide bond and the like are included.

また、電解液には、リチウムイオン二次電池の初回充電時に分解反応が起きる物質を少量添加してもよい。該物質としては、例えば、ビニレンカーボネート(VC)、ビフェニール、プロパンスルトン(PS)、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)、エチレンスルトン(ES)などが挙げられる。添加量としては0.01質量%以上50質量%以下が好ましい。   Further, a small amount of a substance that causes a decomposition reaction at the time of the first charge of the lithium ion secondary battery may be added to the electrolytic solution. Examples of the substance include vinylene carbonate (VC), biphenyl, propane sultone (PS), fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), and ethylene sultone (ES). The addition amount is preferably from 0.01% by mass to 50% by mass.

リチウムイオン二次電池には正極シートと負極シートとの間にセパレータを設けることができる。セパレータとしては、例えば、ポリエチレン、ポリプロピレンなどのポリオレフィンを主成分とした不織布、クロス、微孔フィルムまたはそれらを組み合わせたものなどが挙げられる。   In a lithium ion secondary battery, a separator can be provided between a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet. Examples of the separator include a nonwoven fabric, a cloth, a microporous film, or a combination thereof, mainly containing a polyolefin such as polyethylene or polypropylene.

リチウムイオン二次電池は、携帯電話、携帯パソコン、携帯情報端末などの電子機器の電源;電動ドリル、電気掃除機、電動自動車などの電動機の電源;燃料電池、太陽光発電、風力発電などによって得られた電力の貯蔵などに用いることができる。   Lithium-ion secondary batteries can be obtained by powering electronic devices such as mobile phones, personal computers, and personal digital assistants; powering electric motors such as electric drills, vacuum cleaners, and electric vehicles; and fuel cells, solar power, and wind power. It can be used for storing stored power.

以下に本発明について実施例及び比較例を示し、さらに具体的に説明する。なお、これらは説明のための単なる例示であって、本発明はこれらに何等制限されるものではない。なお、実施例及び比較例において、粒子(A1)の一次粒子の平均粒子径dAV、非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)の厚さ、人造黒鉛粒子のX線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002及び結晶子のC軸方向の厚さLC、ラマン分光スペクトルにおけるR値は本明細書の「発明を実施するための形態」に記載した方法により測定する。また、その他の物性の測定及び電池評価は下記のように行った。Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in more detail with reference to Examples and Comparative Examples. These are merely examples for explanation, and the present invention is not limited to these. In Examples and Comparative Examples, the average particle diameter d AV of the primary particles of the particles (A1), the thickness of the amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C), and the (002) plane of the artificial graphite particles by X-ray diffraction were used. The average interplanar spacing d 002, the thickness L C of the crystallite in the C-axis direction, and the R value in the Raman spectroscopy spectrum are measured by the methods described in “Embodiments” of this specification. In addition, measurement of other physical properties and battery evaluation were performed as follows.

[粒子径DV50
粉体を極小型スパーテル2杯分、及び非イオン性界面活性剤(TRITON(登録商標)−X;Roche Applied Science製)2滴を水50mlに添加し、3分間超音波分散させた。この分散液をレーザー回折式粒度分布測定器(LMS−2000e、株式会社セイシン企業製)に投入し、体積基準累積粒度分布を測定して50%粒子径DV50を求めた。
[Particle diameter DV50 ]
Two drops of the powder and 2 drops of a non-ionic surfactant (TRITON (registered trademark) -X; manufactured by Roche Applied Science) were added to 50 ml of water, and ultrasonically dispersed for 3 minutes. The dispersion laser diffraction particle size distribution measuring apparatus (LMS-2000e, Ltd. Seishin Enterprises) was placed in, by measuring the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution was determined 50% particle size D V50.

[比表面積]
比表面積/細孔分布測定装置(カンタムクローム・インスツルメンツ社製、NOVA 4200e)を用い、窒素ガスをプローブとして相対圧0.1、0.2、及び0.3のBET多点法によりBET比表面積SBET(m2/g)を測定した。
[Specific surface area]
Using a specific surface area / pore distribution measuring device (manufactured by Quantum Chrome Instruments, NOVA 4200e), using a nitrogen gas as a probe, the BET specific surface area was measured by a BET multipoint method at relative pressures of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3. S BET (m 2 / g) was measured.

[細孔容積]
炭素材料約5gをガラス製セルに秤量し、1kPa以下の減圧下300℃で約3時間乾燥して、水分等の吸着成分を除去した後、炭素材料の質量を測定した。その後、液体窒素冷却下における乾燥後の炭素材料の窒素ガスの吸着等温線をカンタクローム(Quantachrome)社製Autosorb−1で測定した。得られた吸着等温線のP/P0=0.992〜0.995での測定点における窒素吸着量と乾燥後の炭素材料の質量から直径0.4μm以下の全細孔容積(μL/g)を求めた。
[Pore volume]
About 5 g of the carbon material was weighed into a glass cell and dried at 300 ° C. for about 3 hours under reduced pressure of 1 kPa or less to remove adsorbed components such as moisture, and then the mass of the carbon material was measured. Thereafter, the adsorption isotherm of nitrogen gas of the dried carbon material under cooling with liquid nitrogen was measured with Autosorb-1 manufactured by Quantachrome. From the amount of nitrogen adsorbed at the measurement point of P / P 0 = 0.992 to 0.995 of the obtained adsorption isotherm and the mass of the carbon material after drying, the total pore volume (μL / g) having a diameter of 0.4 μm or less was obtained. ).

[粒子(A1)の短径/長径比]
粒子(A1)の短径/長径比は、負極シートをカッター等の刃物で切断したときの切断面を、クロスセクションポリッシャーを用いて研磨した後、走査型電子顕微鏡(SEM)で観察した像を用いて測定した。具体的には、3.0〜5.0kV範囲の走査電圧で、10万倍の倍率でSEM観察を行い、視野内が複合体粒子(A)のみであり、かつ粒子(A2)が視えない視野で像を撮影した。撮影した像において粒子(A1)の短径/長径比を計測した。具体的には、画像処理ソフトウェアを用いて、上記像から以下のようにして求めた。まず、粒子の輪郭線上の任意の2点間の最大距離として長径を求めた。次に、長径の線分に平行な2直線で粒子の断面形状を挟んだときの2直線間の距離として短径を求めた。短径を長径で割って短径/長径比とした。
[Ratio of minor axis / major axis of particle (A1)]
The minor axis / major axis ratio of the particles (A1) is obtained by polishing a cut surface of the negative electrode sheet with a cutter such as a cutter using a cross section polisher, and then observing the image with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). It measured using. Specifically, SEM observation was performed at a scanning voltage in the range of 3.0 to 5.0 kV at a magnification of 100,000, and only the composite particles (A) were found in the visual field, and the particles (A2) were visible. Images were taken with no field of view. The ratio of the minor axis to the major axis of the particle (A1) was measured in the photographed image. Specifically, the image was obtained from the above image using image processing software as follows. First, the major axis was determined as the maximum distance between any two points on the contour of the particle. Next, the minor axis was determined as the distance between the two straight lines when the particle cross-sectional shape was sandwiched between two straight lines parallel to the major axis line segment. The minor axis was divided by the major axis to obtain the minor axis / major axis ratio.

[(111)回折ピークの半値幅]
粒子(A1)の(111)回折ピークの半値幅は、粉末X線回折法により以下のようにして測定した。
Si粉末試料をガラス製試料板(試料板窓18×20mm、深さ0.2mm)に充填し、以下の条件で測定した。
XRD装置:リガク製SmartLab(登録商標)、
X線種:Cu−Kα線、
Kβ線除去方法:Niフィルター、
X線出力:45kV、200mA、
測定範囲:5.0〜60.0deg、
スキャンスピード:10.0deg./min。
[Half width of (111) diffraction peak]
The half width of the (111) diffraction peak of the particle (A1) was measured by the powder X-ray diffraction method as follows.
The Si powder sample was filled in a glass sample plate (sample plate window 18 × 20 mm, depth 0.2 mm) and measured under the following conditions.
XRD device: Rigaku SmartLab (registered trademark),
X-ray type: Cu-Kα ray,
Kβ ray removal method: Ni filter,
X-ray output: 45 kV, 200 mA,
Measurement range: 5.0 to 60.0 deg,
Scan speed: 10.0 deg. / Min.

[(110)面と(004)面の回折ピーク強度比I110/I004
粒子(A2)の黒鉛結晶の(110)面の回折ピーク強度I110と(004)面の回折ピーク強度I004の比I110/I004は、粉末X線回折法により以下のようにして測定した。
炭素粉末試料をガラス製試料板(試料板窓18×20mm、深さ0.2mm)に充填し、下記条件で測定した。
X線回折装置:リガク製SmartLab(登録商標)、
X線種:Cu−Kα線、
Kβ線除去方法:Niフィルター、
X線出力:45kV、200mA、
測定範囲:5.0〜10.0deg、
スキャンスピード:10.0deg/min。
得られた波形に対し、平滑化、バックグラウンド除去、Kα2除去を行い、プロファイルフィッティングを行った。その結果得られた(004)面のピーク強度I004と(110)面のピーク強度I110から配向性の指標となる強度比I110/I004を算出した。なお、各面のピークは以下の範囲のうち最大の強度のものをそれぞれのピークとして選択した。
(004)面:54.0〜55.0deg
(110)面:76.5〜78.0deg
[Diffraction peak intensity ratio I 110 / I 004 of (110) plane and (004) plane]
The ratio I 110 / I 004 of diffraction peak intensity I 004 of diffraction peak intensity I 110 of (110) plane of graphite crystal (004) plane of the particle (A2) is measured as follows by a powder X-ray diffractometry did.
A carbon powder sample was filled in a glass sample plate (sample plate window 18 × 20 mm, depth 0.2 mm) and measured under the following conditions.
X-ray diffractometer: Rigaku SmartLab (registered trademark),
X-ray type: Cu-Kα ray,
Kβ ray removal method: Ni filter,
X-ray output: 45 kV, 200 mA,
Measurement range: 5.0 to 10.0 deg,
Scan speed: 10.0 deg / min.
The obtained waveform was subjected to smoothing, background removal, and Kα2 removal, and profile fitting was performed. The resulting (004) intensity ratio becomes orientation index from the peak intensity I 110 between the peak intensity I 004 (110) plane of the surface was calculated I 110 / I 004. In addition, the peak of each surface selected the thing of the maximum intensity | strength from the following ranges as each peak.
(004) plane: 54.0-55.0 deg
(110) plane: 76.5-78.0 deg

[正極シートの製造]
LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.22を192g、導電助剤としてカーボンブラック4g、及び結着材としてポリフッ化ビニリデン(PVdF)4gにN−メチルピロリドンを適宜加えながら撹拌・混合し、スラリー状の正極用ペーストを得た。
前記の正極用ペーストを厚さ20μmのアルミ箔上にロールコーターにより塗布し、乾燥させて正極用シートを得た。乾燥した電極はロールプレスにより密度を3.6g/cm3とし、電池評価用正極シートを得た。
[Manufacture of positive electrode sheet]
192 g of LiNi 0.6 Mn 0.2 Co 0.2 O 2 , 4 g of carbon black as a conductive aid, and 4 g of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVdF) as a binder, stirring and mixing while appropriately adding N-methylpyrrolidone to form a slurry positive electrode A paste was obtained.
The positive electrode paste was applied on a 20 μm-thick aluminum foil by a roll coater and dried to obtain a positive electrode sheet. The dried electrode was roll-pressed to a density of 3.6 g / cm 3 to obtain a battery evaluation positive electrode sheet.

[負極シートの製造]
バインダーとしてカルボキシメチルセルロース(CMC;株式会社ダイセル製、CMC1300)を用いた。具体的には、固形分比2%のCMC粉末を溶解した水溶液を得た。
導電助剤としてカーボンブラック、カーボンナノチューブ(CNT)、及び気相成長法炭素繊維(VGCF(登録商標)−H,昭和電工株式会社製)を用意し、それぞれ3:1:1(質量比)で混合したものを混合導電助剤とした。
後述の実施例及び比較例で製造した複合体(A)と、容量を調節する目的の炭素を含む材料としての黒鉛の混合物を90質量部、混合導電助剤2質量部、CMC固形分8質量部となるようにCMC水溶液を混合し、自転・公転ミキサーにて混練し負極用ペーストを得た。
または、実施例及び比較例で製造した複合体(A)を90質量部、混合導電助剤2質量部、CMC固形分8質量部となるようにCMC水溶液を混合し、自転・公転ミキサーにて混練し負極用ペーストを得た。
前記の負極用ペーストを厚み20μmの銅箔上に300μmギャップのドクターブレードを用いて均一に塗布し、ホットプレートにて乾燥後、真空乾燥させて負極シートを得た。乾燥した電極は300MPaの圧力にて一軸プレス機によりプレスして電池評価用負極シートを得た。
[Production of negative electrode sheet]
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC; CMC1300, manufactured by Daicel Corporation) was used as a binder. Specifically, an aqueous solution in which CMC powder having a solid content ratio of 2% was dissolved was obtained.
Carbon black, carbon nanotubes (CNT), and vapor grown carbon fiber (VGCF (registered trademark) -H, manufactured by Showa Denko KK) were prepared as conductive assistants, and each of them was 3: 1: 1 (mass ratio). The mixture was used as a mixed conductive aid.
90 parts by mass of a mixture of the composite (A) produced in Examples and Comparative Examples described later and graphite as a material containing carbon for the purpose of adjusting the capacity, 2 parts by mass of a mixed conductive auxiliary, and 8 parts by mass of CMC solids Parts, and kneaded with a rotation / revolution mixer to obtain a paste for a negative electrode.
Alternatively, 90 parts by mass of the composite (A) produced in Examples and Comparative Examples is mixed with an aqueous CMC solution so as to be 2 parts by mass of a mixed conductive aid and 8 parts by mass of a CMC solid content, and is rotated by a rotation / revolution mixer. The mixture was kneaded to obtain a paste for a negative electrode.
The negative electrode paste was uniformly applied on a copper foil having a thickness of 20 μm using a doctor blade having a gap of 300 μm, dried on a hot plate, and then dried under vacuum to obtain a negative electrode sheet. The dried electrode was pressed with a uniaxial press at a pressure of 300 MPa to obtain a negative electrode sheet for battery evaluation.

[正負極容量比の微調整]
正極シートと負極シートを対向させてリチウムイオン電池を作製する際、両者の容量バランスを考慮する必要がある。すなわち、リチウムイオンを受け入れる側の負極の容量が少な過ぎると過剰なLiが負極側に析出してサイクル劣化の原因となり、逆に負極の容量が多過ぎるとサイクル特性は向上するものの負荷の小さい状態での充放電となるためエネルギー密度は低下する。これを防ぐために、正極シートは同一のものを使用しつつ、負極シートは対極Liのハーフセルにて事前に活物質質量当たりの放電量を評価しておき、正極シートの容量(QC)に対する負極シートの容量(QA)の比が1.2で一定値となるよう負極シートの容量を微調整した。
[Fine adjustment of positive / negative electrode capacity ratio]
When a lithium ion battery is manufactured with a positive electrode sheet and a negative electrode sheet facing each other, it is necessary to consider the capacity balance between the two. In other words, if the capacity of the negative electrode that accepts lithium ions is too small, excess Li will precipitate on the negative electrode side and cause cycle deterioration. Conversely, if the capacity of the negative electrode is too large, the cycle characteristics will improve but the load will be small. , The energy density decreases. In order to prevent this, while using the same positive electrode sheet, the negative electrode sheet was evaluated in advance for the discharge amount per active material mass in the half cell of the counter electrode Li, and the negative electrode sheet with respect to the capacity (Q C ) of the positive electrode sheet was evaluated. The capacity of the negative electrode sheet was finely adjusted so that the ratio of the capacity (Q A ) of the sheet became constant at 1.2.

[評価用電池の作製]
露点−80℃以下の乾燥アルゴンガス雰囲気に保ったグローブボックス内で下記の操作を実施した。
[Production of battery for evaluation]
The following operation was performed in a glove box kept in a dry argon gas atmosphere having a dew point of -80 ° C or less.

[二極式ラミネート型フルセル]
上記負極シート及び正極シートを打ち抜いて面積20cm2の負極片及び正極片を得た。正極片のAl箔にAlタブを、負極片のCu箔にNiタブをそれぞれ取り付けた。ポリプロピレン製フィルム微多孔膜を負極片と正極片との間に挟み入れ、その状態でアルミラミネート包材でパックし、電解液を700μL注液した。その後、開口部を熱融着によって封止して評価用の電池を作製した。なお、電解液は、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、及びジエチルカーボネートが体積比で3:5:2の割合で混合した溶媒にビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を10質量%混合し、さらにこれに電解質LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させた液である。
[2-pole laminated full cell]
The negative electrode sheet and the positive electrode sheet were punched to obtain a negative electrode piece and a positive electrode piece having an area of 20 cm 2 . An Al tab was attached to the Al foil of the positive electrode piece, and a Ni tab was attached to the Cu foil of the negative electrode piece. The polypropylene microporous film was sandwiched between a negative electrode piece and a positive electrode piece, and in that state, packed with an aluminum laminate packaging material, and 700 μL of an electrolyte was injected. Thereafter, the opening was sealed by heat fusion to produce a battery for evaluation. The electrolyte was prepared by mixing 1% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) and 10% of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2. %, And a solution in which the electrolyte LiPF 6 was dissolved to a concentration of 1 mol / L.

[三極式ラミネート型ハーフセル]
上記負極シートを打ち抜いた面積4cm2(Cu箔タブ付き)の負極片及び、Liロールを切り抜いた面積7.5cm2(3.0cm×2.5cm)の対極用Li片と、面積3.75cm2(1.5cm×2.5cm)の参照極用Li片を得た。対極、参照極用の5mm幅のNiタブを用意し、その先端5mmの部分と重なるように5mm×20mmのNiメッシュを取り付けた。この際、Niタブの5mm幅とNiメッシュの5mm幅が一致するようにした。作用極のNiタブには上記負極片のCu箔タブを取り付けた。対極用Niタブ先端のNiメッシュは対極用Li片の3.0cm辺と垂直になるように、Li片の角に貼り付けた。参照極用Niタブ先端のNiメッシュは参照極用Li片の1.5cm辺と垂直になるように、Li片の1.5cm辺中央に貼り付けた。ポリプロピレン製フィルム微多孔膜を作用極と対極の間に挟み入れ、参照極は短絡しないように作用極の近くかつポリプロピレン製フィルム微多孔膜を介して液絡させ、その状態でアルミラミネート包材でパックし、電解液を注液した。その後、開口部を熱融着によって封止して評価用の電池を作製した。なお、電解液は二極式ラミネート型フルセルと同じく、エチレンカーボネート、エチルメチルカーボネート、及びジエチルカーボネートが体積比で3:5:2の割合で混合した溶媒にビニレンカーボネート(VC)を1質量%、フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)を10質量%混合し、さらにこれに電解質LiPF6を1mol/Lの濃度になるように溶解させて得られた液である。
[Three-electrode laminated half cell]
A negative electrode piece having an area of 4 cm 2 (with a Cu foil tab) punched out of the negative electrode sheet, a counter electrode Li piece having an area of 7.5 cm 2 (3.0 cm × 2.5 cm) cut out of a Li roll, and an area of 3.75 cm 2 (1.5 cm × 2.5 cm) Li pieces for reference electrode were obtained. A 5 mm wide Ni tab for a counter electrode and a reference electrode was prepared, and a 5 mm × 20 mm Ni mesh was attached so as to overlap the 5 mm end portion. At this time, the 5 mm width of the Ni tab was matched with the 5 mm width of the Ni mesh. The Cu foil tab of the negative electrode piece was attached to the Ni tab of the working electrode. The Ni mesh at the tip of the Ni tab for the counter electrode was attached to the corner of the Li piece so as to be perpendicular to the 3.0 cm side of the Li piece for the counter electrode. The Ni mesh at the tip of the Ni tab for the reference electrode was attached to the center of the 1.5 cm side of the Li piece so as to be perpendicular to the 1.5 cm side of the Li piece for the reference electrode. The microporous film made of polypropylene is sandwiched between the working electrode and the counter electrode, and the reference electrode is liquid-juncted near the working electrode and through the microporous film made of polypropylene so that no short circuit occurs. It was packed and the electrolyte was injected. Thereafter, the opening was sealed by heat fusion to produce a battery for evaluation. As in the case of the bipolar laminate type full cell, 1% by mass of vinylene carbonate (VC) was used in a solvent in which ethylene carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate, and diethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of 3: 5: 2. This is a liquid obtained by mixing 10% by mass of fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) and further dissolving the electrolyte LiPF 6 to a concentration of 1 mol / L.

[充電、放電の定義]
下記実施例及び比較例においては、三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルと二極式ラミネート型フルセルの両者について評価を実施した。ここで、両者においては負極シートに対する充電放電の意味が異なる。
充電とはセルに対して電圧を付与することであり、放電とはセルの電圧を消費する操作である。
三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルの場合は、対極はLi金属となり、上記負極シートは実質正極として扱われる。従って、三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルでの充電とは、上記負極シートからLiを放出する操作となる。一方で三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルの放電とは、上記負極シートに対してLiを挿入する操作となる。
一方、二極式ラミネート型フルセルの場合、対極はLi金属でなく、上記負極シートよりも高い酸化還元電位を有する材料を適用する。そのため、負極シートは負極として扱われる。従って、二極式ラミネート型フルセルにおいて、充電とは上記負極シートに対してLiを挿入する操作を意味し、放電とは上記負極操作からLiを放出する操作を意味する。
[Definition of charge and discharge]
In the following Examples and Comparative Examples, evaluation was performed on both the three-electrode laminated half cell and the two-electrode laminated full cell. Here, the meanings of charging and discharging of the negative electrode sheet are different between the two.
Charging is to apply a voltage to the cell, and discharging is an operation that consumes the voltage of the cell.
In the case of a three-electrode laminated half cell, the counter electrode is Li metal, and the negative electrode sheet is substantially treated as a positive electrode. Therefore, charging in the three-electrode laminated half cell is an operation of releasing Li from the negative electrode sheet. On the other hand, the discharge of the three-electrode laminated half cell is an operation of inserting Li into the negative electrode sheet.
On the other hand, in the case of a bipolar laminated full cell, a material having a higher oxidation-reduction potential than the negative electrode sheet is used for the counter electrode instead of Li metal. Therefore, the negative electrode sheet is treated as a negative electrode. Therefore, in the bipolar laminated full cell, charging means an operation of inserting Li into the negative electrode sheet, and discharging means an operation of releasing Li from the negative electrode operation.

[初期脱Li容量、初期クーロン効率の測定試験]
三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルを用いて試験を行った。レストポテンシャルから0.005V vs.Li/Li+まで電流値0.1CでCC(コンスタントカレント:定電流)放電を行った。次に0.005V vs.Li/Li+でCV(コンスタントボルト:定電圧)放電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値0.005Cで放電を行った。
上限電位1.5V vs.Li/Li+としてCCモードで電流値0.1Cで充電を行った。
試験は25℃に設定した恒温槽内で行った。この際、初回の作用極からのLi放出時の容量を初期脱Li容量とした。また初回充放電時の電気量の比率、すなわちLi放出電気量/Li挿入電気量を百分率で表した結果を初期クーロン効率とした。
[Test for measuring initial Li removal capacity and initial Coulomb efficiency]
The test was performed using a three-electrode laminated half cell. 0.005V vs. rest potential. CC (constant current: constant current) discharge was performed at a current value of 0.1 C up to Li / Li + . Next, 0.005V vs. 0.005V. Switching to CV (constant volt: constant voltage) discharge was performed with Li / Li + , and discharge was performed at a cutoff current value of 0.005C.
Upper limit potential 1.5V vs. The battery was charged at a current value of 0.1 C in the CC mode as Li / Li + .
The test was performed in a thermostat set at 25 ° C. At this time, the capacity at the time of Li release from the first working electrode was defined as the initial de-Li capacity. The result of expressing the ratio of the amount of electricity at the time of the first charge / discharge, ie, the amount of released Li / the amount of inserted Li, as a percentage was defined as the initial Coulomb efficiency.

[三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルを用いた充放電サイクル試験]
三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルを用いたサイクル試験は、上記初期脱Li容量、初期クーロン効率の測定試験とは異なる充放電スキームで実施した。
エージングは6サイクル行った。エージングの内1サイクル目は、レストポテンシャルから0.005V vs.Li/Li+まで電流値0.05CのCC放電を行った。充電は0.05CのCCモードで1.5V vs.Li/Li+まで行った。エージングの内2〜6サイクル目は、0.005Vvs.Li/Li+まで0.2Cの電流でCC放電したあと、0.005V vs.Li/Li+でCV放電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値を0.025Cで放電を行った。充電は0.2Cの電流で1.5V vs.Li/Li+までCCモードで実施した。
上記エージングを行った後、次の方法で充放電サイクル試験を行った。
放電は、電流値1CのCCモードで0.005V vs.Li/Li+まで行った後、CVモードの放電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値を0.025Cにして実施した。
充電は、電流値1CのCCモードで1.5V vs.Li/Li+まで行った。
この充放電操作を1サイクルとして20サイクル行い、21サイクル目に上記充放電の1Cを0.1Cに置き換えた低レート試験を行った。この21サイクル試験を5回繰り返し、計105サイクルの試験とした。
100サイクル目の充電(脱Li)容量維持率を次式で定義して計算した。

Figure 2019131861
また、1サイクル目から100サイクル目までの平均クーロン効率は次式で定義した。
Figure 2019131861
上記の式における1サイクル目充電容量はエージング終了後の1サイクル目を意味する。Nサイクル目におけるクーロン効率は(Nサイクル目Li放出電気量)/(Nサイクル目Li挿入電気量)を百分率にすることで計算した。
充放電カーブは縦軸を電位、横軸を電気容量で表すことができる。このうち、Li放出(充電)開始から終了までの電位を加算平均することで充電平均電位を求めた。[Charge / discharge cycle test using a three-electrode laminated half cell]
The cycle test using the three-electrode laminated half cell was performed by a charge / discharge scheme different from the above-described measurement test of the initial Li removal capacity and the initial Coulomb efficiency.
Aging was performed for 6 cycles. In the first cycle of aging, 0.005 V vs. rest potential is applied. CC discharge was performed at a current value of 0.05 C to Li / Li + . Charging is performed at 1.5V vs. 0.05C in CC mode. It went to Li / Li + . In the second to sixth cycles of aging, 0.005 Vvs. After discharging CC with a current of 0.2 C to Li / Li +, 0.005 V vs. Switching to CV discharge was performed with Li / Li + , and discharge was performed at a cutoff current value of 0.025C. Charging is performed at a current of 0.2 C at 1.5 V vs. Implemented in CC mode up to Li / Li + .
After the aging, a charge / discharge cycle test was performed by the following method.
Discharge is performed at a current value of 1 C in the CC mode at 0.005 V vs. Vcc. After performing Li / Li + , the discharge was switched to the CV mode, and the cutoff current value was set to 0.025C.
Charging is performed at 1.5 V vs. 1.5 V in CC mode with a current value of 1 C. It went to Li / Li + .
This charge / discharge operation was performed as one cycle for 20 cycles, and at the 21st cycle, a low rate test in which 1 C of the charge / discharge was replaced with 0.1 C was performed. This 21-cycle test was repeated five times, giving a total of 105 cycles.
The charge (de-Li) capacity maintenance rate at the 100th cycle was defined and calculated by the following equation.
Figure 2019131861
The average Coulomb efficiency from the first cycle to the 100th cycle was defined by the following equation.
Figure 2019131861
The first cycle charge capacity in the above equation means the first cycle after aging is completed. The Coulomb efficiency in the Nth cycle was calculated by setting (Nth cycle Li release electricity) / (Nth cycle Li insertion electricity) as a percentage.
The vertical axis of the charge / discharge curve can be represented by the potential, and the horizontal axis can be represented by the electric capacity. Of these, the potential from the start to the end of Li release (charging) was added and averaged to obtain a charging average potential.

[二極式ラミネート型フルセルを用いた充放電サイクル試験]
二極式ラミネート型フルセルを用いたサイクル試験では、エージングは5サイクル実施した。エージングの内1サイクル目は、レストポテンシャルから0.025Cの電流値で6時間45分間CCモードにて充電し、12時間の休止を導入した。その後さらに4.2Vまで0.05CでCC充電を実施した。放電は、0.05Cの電流値にて2.7VまでCCモードで実施した。エージングの2サイクル目、5サイクル目は同一の条件であり、充電は、4.3Vまで電流値0.1CでCC充電したあと、4.3VでCV充電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値を0.025Cで充電を行った。放電は、0.1Cの電流値にて2.7VまでCCモードで実施した。エージングの3サイクル目、4サイクル目は同一の条件であり、エージング2サイクル目、5サイクル目の電流値を0.1Cから0.2Cに置き換えた。
上記エージングを行った後、次の方法で充放電サイクル試験を行った。
充電は、電流値1CのCCモードで4.3Vまで行った後、CVモードの放電に切り替え、カットオフ電流値を0.05Cにして実施した。
放電は、電流値1CのCCモードで3.0Vまで行った。
この充放電操作を1サイクルとして20サイクル行い、21サイクル目に上記充放電の1Cを0.1Cに置き換えた低レート試験を行った。この21サイクル試験を繰り返し、計500サイクルの試験とした。
Nサイクル目の放電容量維持率を次式により計算した。
(Nサイクル後放電容量維持率(%))=
{(Nサイクル時放電容量)/(初回放電容量)}×100
この式における初回放電容量とはエージング終了後の1サイクル目を意味する。
[Charge / discharge cycle test using bipolar laminated full cell]
In the cycle test using the bipolar laminated full cell, aging was performed for 5 cycles. In the first cycle of aging, the battery was charged in the CC mode at a current value of 0.025 C from the rest potential for 6 hours and 45 minutes, and a pause of 12 hours was introduced. Thereafter, CC charging was further performed at 0.05 C up to 4.2 V. Discharge was performed in the CC mode at a current value of 0.05 C up to 2.7 V. The second cycle and the fifth cycle of aging are the same conditions, and charge is performed by charging CC at a current value of 0.1 C up to 4.3 V, then switching to CV charging at 4.3 V, and setting the cutoff current value to 0. The battery was charged at 025C. The discharge was performed in the CC mode at a current value of 0.1 C up to 2.7 V. The third cycle and the fourth cycle of the aging were the same, and the current value in the second cycle and the fifth cycle of the aging was changed from 0.1 C to 0.2 C.
After the aging, a charge / discharge cycle test was performed by the following method.
Charging was performed in the CC mode with a current value of 1 C up to 4.3 V, and then switched to discharging in the CV mode, with the cutoff current value set to 0.05 C.
The discharge was performed up to 3.0 V in the CC mode with a current value of 1C.
This charge / discharge operation was performed as one cycle for 20 cycles, and at the 21st cycle, a low rate test in which 1 C of the charge / discharge was replaced with 0.1 C was performed. This 21-cycle test was repeated to make a test for a total of 500 cycles.
The discharge capacity maintenance ratio at the Nth cycle was calculated by the following equation.
(Discharge capacity retention rate after N cycles (%)) =
{(Discharge capacity at N cycle) / (initial discharge capacity)} × 100
The initial discharge capacity in this equation means the first cycle after aging.

[電解液添加剤フルオロエチレンカーボネート(FEC)消費量の定量]
上記504サイクルの試験が終わった放電後の二極式ラミネート型フルセルを回収後、露点−80℃以下の乾燥アルゴンガス雰囲気に保ったグローブボックス内で、フルセルの一辺(注液を行った辺)をはさみで切り取り開封した。フルセル内部電解液700μLに対し、セル開口部から4300μLのエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)を注液した。フルセル内部電解液700μLと、追加投入したEMC4300μLをフルセル内部で均一に撹拌し、この均一溶液を回収した。回収した溶媒をGC−MSにかけることで定量を行った。GC−MSの条件は次の通りである。
GC(Agilent製 7890A)
Column:DB−5MS(J&W Scientific)
[30mm×0.32mm,0.25μm]、
Oven:40℃(5min)→[20℃/min]
→320℃(10min)、
Inlet Temperature:250℃、
Split:1:20、
Flow:He,1.5ml/min(Constant Flow)、
Injection:0.2μL、
MS(JEOL製 JMS−Q1000)
Mass Range:m/z10−500
(※Quantification;m/z=106)、
Mode:Scan
Detector Voltage:−1000V、
Ionization Current:300μA、
Ionization Energy:70eV、
Ion Source Temperature:200℃、
GC−ITF Temperature:250℃、
Ionization:EI。
[Quantification of consumption of electrolyte additive fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC)]
After collecting the bipolar laminated full cell after discharging after the test of 504 cycles, one side of the full cell (the side where liquid was injected) in a glove box kept in a dry argon gas atmosphere having a dew point of −80 ° C. or less. Was cut with scissors and opened. 4700 μL of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) was injected into 700 μL of the full cell internal electrolyte from the cell opening. 700 μL of the full cell internal electrolytic solution and 4300 μL of the added EMC were uniformly stirred inside the full cell, and this homogeneous solution was recovered. Quantification was performed by subjecting the recovered solvent to GC-MS. The conditions of GC-MS are as follows.
GC (Agilent 7890A)
Column: DB-5MS (J & W Scientific)
[30 mm × 0.32 mm, 0.25 μm],
Oven: 40 ° C (5 min) → [20 ° C / min]
→ 320 ° C (10min),
Inlet Temperature: 250 ° C.
Split: 1:20,
Flow: He, 1.5 ml / min (Constant Flow),
Injection: 0.2 μL,
MS (JEOL JMS-Q1000)
Mass Range: m / z10-500
(* Quantification; m / z = 106),
Mode: Scan
Detector Voltage: -1000V,
Ionization Current: 300 μA,
Ionization Energy: 70 eV,
Ion Source Temperature: 200 ° C,
GC-ITF Temperature: 250 ° C.
Ionization: EI.

[電極膨張率の測定]
上記504サイクルの試験が終わった放電後の二極式ラミネート型フルセルを回収後、露点−80℃以下の乾燥アルゴンガス雰囲気に保ったグローブボックス内で解体し、負極を取り出した。負極をエチルメチルカーボネート(EMC)で洗浄した後、ダイヤルゲージ(株式会社ミツトヨ製;Code.No547−401 目盛り0.001mm)を用いて電極の厚みを測定した。測定箇所はタブ取り付けの側電極短辺に沿った9箇所とし、その測定値の平均値を電極厚みとした。電極膨張率を求める際の基準となる電極としてはプレス直後の電極を使用した。なお、ここでの電極厚みは、全て銅箔集電体の厚みを差し引いた値を意味している。
[Measurement of electrode expansion coefficient]
After collecting the bipolar-type laminated full cell after the discharge after the test of 504 cycles, it was disassembled in a glove box kept in a dry argon gas atmosphere having a dew point of −80 ° C. or less, and a negative electrode was taken out. After washing the negative electrode with ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), the thickness of the electrode was measured using a dial gauge (manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation; Code No. 547-401, scale 0.001 mm). The measurement was made at nine locations along the short side of the side electrode attached to the tab, and the average of the measured values was used as the electrode thickness. The electrode immediately after pressing was used as a reference electrode for determining the electrode expansion coefficient. The electrode thickness here means a value obtained by subtracting the thickness of the copper foil current collector.

実施例及び比較例で使用した材料は以下の通りである。
(1)ケイ素含有粒子(Si微粒子)
下記の実施例及び比較例で、粒子(A1)に使用したSi粒子、Si(1)〜Si(3)の物性を表1に示す。
一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVは前述の通り、dAV[nm]=6×103/(ρ×SBET)である。ここで、ρはSi粒子の真密度(理論値としての2.3[g/cm3])であり、SBETはBET法により測定した比表面積[m2/g]である。
The materials used in Examples and Comparative Examples are as follows.
(1) Silicon-containing particles (Si fine particles)
Table 1 shows the physical properties of the Si particles, Si (1) to Si (3), used in the particles (A1) in the following Examples and Comparative Examples.
As described above, the average primary particle diameter d AV is d AV [nm] = 6 × 10 3 / (ρ × S BET ). Here, ρ is the true density (2.3 [g / cm 3 ] as a theoretical value) of the Si particles, and S BET is the specific surface area [m 2 / g] measured by the BET method.

Figure 2019131861
Figure 2019131861

(2)構造体(α)の作製
Si微粒子Si(1)をCVD法で作製後、連続してアセチレンガスを原料に用いてCVD法で厚さ2nmの炭素被覆層形成させることにより構造体(α)−1を得た(表1)。なお、Si微粒子Si(2)及びSi(3)については、構造体(α)の作製は行わなかった。
(2) Production of Structure (α) After producing Si fine particles Si (1) by the CVD method, a carbon coating layer having a thickness of 2 nm is continuously formed by the CVD method using acetylene gas as a raw material. α) -1 was obtained (Table 1). Note that the structure (α) was not produced for the Si fine particles Si (2) and Si (3).

(3)ピッチ
石油ピッチ(軟化点220℃)を使用した。この石油ピッチについて、窒素ガス流通下の熱分析により1100℃における残炭率を測定したところ、52質量%であった。
また、JIS K2425に記載されている方法またはそれに準じた方法で測定した石油ピッチのQI含量は0.62質量%、TI含量は48.9質量%であった。
(3) Pitch Petroleum pitch (softening point 220 ° C.) was used. The residual carbon ratio of this petroleum pitch at 1100 ° C. was measured by thermal analysis under nitrogen gas flow, and was found to be 52% by mass.
The QI content of the petroleum pitch measured by the method described in JIS K2425 or a method based thereon was 0.62% by mass, and the TI content was 48.9% by mass.

(4)黒鉛粒子
実施例及び比較例で、粒子(A2)と共に、容量調節の目的で炭素を含む材料として使用した黒鉛粒子の物性を表2に示す。
(4) Graphite Particles Table 2 shows the physical properties of the graphite particles used in Examples and Comparative Examples as a material containing carbon together with the particles (A2) for the purpose of capacity control.

Figure 2019131861
Figure 2019131861

実施例1:
石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕した後、さらにジェットミル(株式会社セイシン企業製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が7.5μm、BET比表面積が4.9m2/gの人造黒鉛粒子(A2)−aを得た。
次に、構造体(α)−1 16.4質量部と炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体である前記の石油ピッチ15.4質量部(石油ピッチを炭化した後の質量として)とをセパラブルフラスコに投入した。窒素ガスを流通させて不活性雰囲気を保ち、250℃まで昇温した。ミキサーを500rpmで回転させて撹拌し、ピッチとケイ素含有粒子とを均一に混合させた。これを冷却し固化させて混合物を得た。
この混合物に、粒子(A2)−aである前記の人造黒鉛粒子68.2質量部を加え、ロータリーカッターミルに投入し、窒素ガスを流通させて不活性雰囲気を保ちつつ25000rpmで高速撹拌し混合させた。
これを焼成炉に入れ、窒素ガス流通下で、150℃/hで1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃にて1時間保持し、(A3)前駆体を(A3)に変換した。室温まで冷やし焼成炉から取り出しロータリーカッターミルで解砕後、45μm目開きの篩にて篩分した篩下を複合体(A)−aとして得た。この複合体(A)−aについてDV50を測定した結果を表3に示す。
上記とは別に、石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が12.1μm、BET比表面積が2.5m2/gの黒鉛(1)を得た。また、石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕した後、さらにジェットミル(株式会社セイシン企業製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が6.7μmでBET比表面積が6.1m2/gの黒鉛(2)を得た。
Example 1
After petroleum-based coke is pulverized by a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), it is further pulverized by a jet mill (manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 7.5 μm Artificial graphite particles (A2) -a having a BET specific surface area of 4.9 m 2 / g were obtained.
Next, 16.4 parts by mass of the structure (α) -1 and 15.4 parts by mass of the above-mentioned petroleum pitch (as a mass after carbonizing the petroleum pitch), which is a precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3), were separated. Into a bull flask. The temperature was increased to 250 ° C. while maintaining an inert atmosphere by flowing nitrogen gas. The mixer was rotated at 500 rpm and agitated to uniformly mix the pitch and the silicon-containing particles. This was cooled and solidified to obtain a mixture.
To this mixture, 68.2 parts by mass of the above-mentioned artificial graphite particles as particles (A2) -a are added, and the mixture is charged into a rotary cutter mill. I let it.
This was placed in a firing furnace, heated to 1100 ° C. at 150 ° C./h under nitrogen gas flow, and kept at 1100 ° C. for 1 hour to convert the (A3) precursor into (A3). The mixture was cooled to room temperature, taken out of the firing furnace, crushed by a rotary cutter mill, and sieved with a sieve having a mesh size of 45 μm, to obtain a composite (A) -a. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the DV50 of this complex (A) -a.
Separately from the above, petroleum-based coke is pulverized with a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 12.1 μm and a BET specific surface area of 2.5 m 2 / g. (1) was obtained. Further, after petroleum-based coke is pulverized by a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), it is further pulverized by a jet mill (manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 6. Graphite (2) having a thickness of 7 μm and a BET specific surface area of 6.1 m 2 / g was obtained.

複合体(A)−a単体を負極活物質として負極シートを作製し、これを用いて三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルを作製した。また、複合体(A)−a67.0質量部と黒鉛(1)16.5質量部と黒鉛(2)16.5質量部との混合物を負極活物質として負極シートを作製し、これを用いて三極式ラミネート型ハーフセルと二極式ラミネート型フルセルを作製した。これら3種類のセルについて電池特性を測定した結果を表3に示す。   A negative electrode sheet was prepared using the composite (A) -a alone as a negative electrode active material, and a three-electrode laminated half cell was prepared using the negative electrode sheet. Further, a negative electrode sheet was prepared using a mixture of 67.0 parts by mass of the composite (A) -a, 16.5 parts by mass of graphite (1) and 16.5 parts by mass of graphite (2) as a negative electrode active material, and this was used. Thus, a three-electrode laminated half cell and a two-electrode laminated full cell were produced. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the battery characteristics of these three types of cells.

実施例2:
構造体(α)−1を表1のSi(2)に替えた以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で複合体(A)−bを得た。この複合体(A)−bについてDV50を測定した結果を表3に示す。
複合体(A)−aの代わりに複合体(A)−bを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして3種類のセルを作製した。これら3種類のセルについて電池特性を測定した結果を表3に示す。
Example 2:
A composite (A) -b was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the structure (α) -1 was changed to Si (2) in Table 1. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the DV50 of this complex (A) -b.
Three types of cells were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite (A) -b was used instead of the composite (A) -a. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the battery characteristics of these three types of cells.

比較例1:
構造体(α)−1を表1のSi(3)に替えた以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で複合体(A)−cを得た。この複合体(A)−cについてDV50を測定した結果を表3に示す。
複合体(A)−aの代わりに複合体(A)−cを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして3種類のセルを作製した。これら3種類のセルについて電池特性を測定した結果を表3に示す。
Comparative Example 1:
A composite (A) -c was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the structure (α) -1 was changed to Si (3) in Table 1. Table 3 shows the result of measuring DV50 of this complex (A) -c.
Three types of cells were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite (A) -c was used instead of the composite (A) -a. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the battery characteristics of these three types of cells.

Figure 2019131861
Figure 2019131861

表3に示す結果において、実施例1及び2と、比較例1とを比べると、粒子(A)の短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A)の割合が多い実施例1及び2では、この割合が小さい比較例1に較べて高い容量維持率(サイクル特性)が得られている。また、実施例1及び2の方がFECの消費量も少なくなっている。   In the results shown in Table 3, when Examples 1 and 2 are compared with Comparative Example 1, the ratio of particles (A) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more in particles (A) is large. In No. 2, a higher capacity retention ratio (cycle characteristic) was obtained as compared with Comparative Example 1 in which this ratio was small. The first and second embodiments also consume less FEC.

本発明は、以下の態様を包含する。
[1]一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVが5nm以上95nm以下であるSiを含む粒子(A1)と、黒鉛を含む物質からなる粒子(A2)と、粒子(A1)の表面に形成される炭素質材料(A3)とを含む複合体(A)を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材であって、複合体(A)の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で測定した像において、ランダムに選択した100個の粒子(A1)中に、短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上存在するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[2]粒子(A1)を被覆する厚さ1nm以上20nm以下の非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)を含む前項1に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[3]前記複合体(A)に含まれる粒子(A1)が、粉末X線回折法における(111)回折ピークの半値幅が0.38度以上0.71度以下である前項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[4]前記粒子(A2)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径DV50が2.0μm以上20.0μm以下であり、BET比表面積(SBET)が1.0m2/g以上10.0m2/g以下である前項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[5]前記粒子(A2)は、粉末X線回折法による黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I110と(004)面のピーク強度I004の比I110/I004が0.10以上0.35以下であり、粉末X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.3360nm以下であり、窒素ガス吸着法によって測定される直径0.4μm以下の細孔の全細孔容積が5.0μL/g以上40.0μL/g以下である黒鉛粒子である、前項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[6]前記複合体(A)中の粒子(A1)の含有率が10質量%以上70質量%以下である、前項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。
[7]シート状集電体及び集電体を被覆する負極層を有し、前記負極層はバインダー、導電助剤及び前項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極シート。
[8]前項7に記載の負極シートを有するリチウムイオン二次電池。
The present invention includes the following aspects.
[1] Si-containing particles (A1) having an average primary particle diameter d AV of 5 nm or more and 95 nm or less, particles (A2) made of a substance containing graphite, and carbon formed on the surfaces of the particles (A1) Negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including the composite (A) including the porous material (A3), and the cross section of the composite (A) is randomly selected in an image measured by a scanning electron microscope. A negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery, wherein 80 or more particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more are present in the particles (A1).
[2] particles negative electrode material for lithium-ion secondary battery according to item 1 comprising amorphous carbon coating layer of thickness less than 1nm or more 20nm covering the (A1) to (A1 C).
[3] The particle (A1) contained in the composite (A) according to the above item 1 or 2, wherein the half width of the (111) diffraction peak in the powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.38 to 0.71 degrees. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the above.
[4] The particles (A2) have a 50% particle diameter DV 50 in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of 2.0 μm or more and 20.0 μm or less, and a BET specific surface area (S BET ) of 1.0 m 2 / g or more. 4. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 3, which has a value of not more than 2.0 m 2 / g.
[5] The particles (A2) have a ratio I 110 / I 004 of the peak intensity I 110 of the ( 110 ) plane and the peak intensity I 004 of the (004) plane of the graphite crystal measured by the powder X-ray diffraction method of 0.10 or more. 0.35 nm or less, the average plane distance d 002 of the (002) plane measured by the powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.3360 nm or less, and the fine pores having a diameter of 0.4 μm or less measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method. 5. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to the item 4, wherein the negative electrode material is graphite particles having a pore volume of 5.0 μL / g or more and 40.0 μL / g or less.
[6] The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 5, wherein the content of the particles (A1) in the composite (A) is from 10% by mass to 70% by mass. .
[7] A sheet-like current collector and a negative electrode layer covering the current collector, wherein the negative electrode layer is a binder, a conductive auxiliary, and the negative electrode for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of the above items 1 to 6. Negative electrode sheet containing a material.
[8] A lithium ion secondary battery having the negative electrode sheet according to the above item 7.

次にコークスを粉砕する。
乾式で粉砕を行う場合、粉砕時にコークスに水が含まれていると粉砕性が著しく低下するので、100〜1000℃程度で予め乾燥させることが好ましい。より好ましくは100〜500℃である。コークスが高い熱履歴を有していると圧砕強度が強くなり粉砕性が悪くなり、また結晶の異方性が発達してしまうので劈開性が強くなり鱗片状の粉末になり易くなる。粉砕する手法に特に制限はなく、公知のジェットミル、ハンマーミル、ローラーミル、ピンミル、振動ミル等が用いて行うことができる。
粉砕は、D V50 が2.0μm以上20.0μm以下となるように行うことが好ましく、5.0μm以上18.0μm以下がより好ましい。
Next, the coke is ground.
When pulverization is performed by a dry method, if water is contained in coke at the time of pulverization, the pulverizability is remarkably reduced. Therefore, it is preferable to pre-dry at about 100 to 1000 ° C. The temperature is more preferably 100 to 500 ° C. If the coke has a high heat history, the crushing strength is increased and the crushability is deteriorated, and the anisotropy of the crystal is developed, so that the cleaving property is enhanced and the powder becomes flake-like powder easily. The method of pulverization is not particularly limited, and can be performed using a known jet mill, hammer mill, roller mill, pin mill, vibration mill, or the like.
Milling is preferably carried out as D V50 becomes 2.0μm or 20.0μm or less, and more preferably more than 5.0 .mu.m 18.0.

実施例1:
石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕した後、さらにジェットミル(株式会社セイシン企業製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が7.5μm、BET比表面積が4.9m2/gの人造黒鉛粒子(A2)−aを得た。
次に、構造体(α)−1 16.4質量部と炭素質材料(A3)の前駆体である前記の石油ピッチ15.4質量部(石油ピッチを炭化した後の質量として)とをセパラブルフラスコに投入した。窒素ガスを流通させて不活性雰囲気を保ち、250℃まで昇温した。ミキサーを500rpmで回転させて撹拌し、ピッチとケイ素含有粒子とを均一に混合させた。これを冷却し固化させて混合物を得た。
この混合物に、粒子(A2)−aである前記の人造黒鉛粒子68.2質量部を加え、ロータリーカッターミルに投入し、窒素ガスを流通させて不活性雰囲気を保ちつつ25000rpmで高速撹拌し混合させた。
これを焼成炉に入れ、窒素ガス流通下で、150℃/hで1100℃まで昇温し、1100℃にて1時間保持し、(A3)前駆体を(A3)に変換した。室温まで冷やし焼成炉から取り出しロータリーカッターミルで解砕後、45μm目開きの篩にて篩分した篩下を複合体(A)−aとして得た。この複合体(A)−aについてD V50 を測定した結果を表3に示す。
上記とは別に、石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が12.1μm、BET比表面積が2.5m2/gの黒鉛(1)を得た。また、石油系コークスをバンタムミル(ホソカワミクロン株式会社製)で粉砕した後、さらにジェットミル(株式会社セイシン企業製)で粉砕し、これをアチソン炉にて3000℃で熱処理して、DV50が6.7μmでBET比表面積が6.1m2/gの黒鉛(2)を得た。
Example 1
After petroleum-based coke is pulverized by a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), it is further pulverized by a jet mill (manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 7.5 μm Artificial graphite particles (A2) -a having a BET specific surface area of 4.9 m 2 / g were obtained.
Next, 16.4 parts by mass of the structure (α) -1 and 15.4 parts by mass of the above-mentioned petroleum pitch (as a mass after carbonizing the petroleum pitch), which is a precursor of the carbonaceous material (A3), were separated. Into a bull flask. The temperature was increased to 250 ° C. while maintaining an inert atmosphere by flowing nitrogen gas. The mixer was rotated at 500 rpm and agitated to uniformly mix the pitch and the silicon-containing particles. This was cooled and solidified to obtain a mixture.
To this mixture, 68.2 parts by mass of the above-mentioned artificial graphite particles as particles (A2) -a are added, and the mixture is charged into a rotary cutter mill and stirred at a high speed of 25000 rpm while maintaining an inert atmosphere by flowing a nitrogen gas to mix. I let it.
This was placed in a firing furnace, heated to 1100 ° C. at 150 ° C./h under nitrogen gas flow, and kept at 1100 ° C. for 1 hour to convert the (A3) precursor into (A3). The mixture was cooled to room temperature, taken out of the firing furnace, crushed with a rotary cutter mill, and sieved with a sieve having a mesh size of 45 μm, to obtain a composite (A) -a. Table 3 shows the result of measuring DV50 of this complex (A) -a.
Separately from the above, petroleum-based coke is pulverized with a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 12.1 μm and a BET specific surface area of 2.5 m 2 / g. (1) was obtained. Further, after petroleum-based coke is pulverized by a bantam mill (manufactured by Hosokawa Micron Corporation), it is further pulverized by a jet mill (manufactured by Seishin Enterprise Co., Ltd.) and heat-treated at 3000 ° C. in an Acheson furnace to have a DV 50 of 6. Graphite (2) having a thickness of 7 μm and a BET specific surface area of 6.1 m 2 / g was obtained.

実施例2:
構造体(α)−1を表1のSi(2)に替えた以外は、実施例1と同じ方法で複合体(A)−bを得た。この複合体(A)−bについてD V50 を測定した結果を表3に示す。
複合体(A)−aの代わりに複合体(A)−bを用いた以外は実施例1と同様にして3種類のセルを作製した。これら3種類のセルについて電池特性を測定した結果を表3に示す。

Example 2:
A composite (A) -b was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the structure (α) -1 was changed to Si (2) in Table 1. Table 3 shows the results of measuring DV50 of this complex (A) -b.
Three types of cells were produced in the same manner as in Example 1 except that the composite (A) -b was used instead of the composite (A) -a. Table 3 shows the results of measuring the battery characteristics of these three types of cells.

Claims (8)

一次粒子の平均粒子径dAVが5nm以上95nm以下であるSiを含む粒子(A1)と、黒鉛を含む物質からなる粒子(A2)と、粒子(A1)の表面に形成される炭素質材料(A3)とを含む複合体(A)を含むリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材であって、複合体(A)の断面を走査型電子顕微鏡で測定した像において、ランダムに選択した100個の粒子(A1)中に、短径/長径比が0.70以上の粒子(A1)が80個以上存在するリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。Particles containing Si (A1) having an average particle diameter d AV of 5 nm or more and 95 nm or less of primary particles, particles (A2) made of a substance containing graphite, and a carbonaceous material formed on the surface of the particles (A1) ( A3) a negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery including the composite (A), wherein 100 particles randomly selected in an image of a cross section of the composite (A) measured by a scanning electron microscope. A negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery in which (A1) has 80 or more particles (A1) having a minor axis / major axis ratio of 0.70 or more. 粒子(A1)を被覆する厚さ1nm以上20nm以下の非晶質炭素被覆層(A1C)を含む請求項1に記載のリチウムイオンで二次電池用負極材。   The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 1, further comprising an amorphous carbon coating layer (A1C) having a thickness of 1 nm or more and 20 nm or less covering the particles (A1). 前記複合体(A)に含まれる粒子(A1)が、粉末X線回折法における(111)回折ピークの半値幅が0.38度以上0.71度以下である請求項1または2に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。   3. The particle (A1) contained in the composite (A) according to claim 1, wherein a half width of a (111) diffraction peak in a powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.38 degrees or more and 0.71 degrees or less. 4. Negative electrode material for lithium ion secondary batteries. 前記粒子(A2)は、体積基準累積粒度分布における50%粒子径DV50が2.0μm以上20.0μm以下であり、BET比表面積(SBET)が1.0m2/g以上10.0m2/g以下である請求項1〜3のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。The particles (A2) have a 50% particle diameter D V50 in the volume-based cumulative particle size distribution of 2.0 μm to 20.0 μm, and a BET specific surface area (S BET ) of 1.0 m 2 / g to 10.0 m 2. / G or less, the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 3. 前記粒子(A2)は、粉末X線回折法による黒鉛結晶の(110)面のピーク強度I110と(004)面のピーク強度I004の比I110/I004が0.10以上0.35以下であり、粉末X線回折法による(002)面の平均面間隔d002が0.3360nm以下であり、窒素ガス吸着法によって測定される直径0.4μm以下の細孔の全細孔容積が5.0μL/g以上40.0μL/g以下である黒鉛粒子である、請求項4に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。The particles (A2) have a ratio I 110 / I 004 of the peak intensity I 110 on the ( 110 ) plane and the peak intensity I 004 on the (004) plane of the graphite crystal determined by the powder X-ray diffraction method of 0.10 to 0.35. The average interplanar spacing d 002 of the (002) plane determined by the powder X-ray diffraction method is 0.3360 nm or less, and the total pore volume of the pores having a diameter of 0.4 μm or less measured by the nitrogen gas adsorption method is as follows. The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to claim 4, wherein the negative electrode material is a graphite particle having a particle size of 5.0 μL / g or more and 40.0 μL / g or less. 前記複合体(A)中の粒子(A1)の含有率が10質量%以上70質量%以下である、請求項1〜5のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材。   The negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the content of the particles (A1) in the composite (A) is 10% by mass or more and 70% by mass or less. シート状集電体及び集電体を被覆する負極層を有し、前記負極層はバインダー、導電助剤及び請求項1〜6のいずれか1項に記載のリチウムイオン二次電池用負極材を含む負極シート。   A negative electrode layer covering the sheet-like current collector and the current collector, wherein the negative electrode layer is a binder, a conductive auxiliary agent, and the negative electrode material for a lithium ion secondary battery according to any one of claims 1 to 6. Including negative electrode sheet. 請求項7に記載の負極シートを有するリチウムイオン二次電池。   A lithium ion secondary battery having the negative electrode sheet according to claim 7.
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