JPWO2004092363A1 - Method of electrical stimulation of cells - Google Patents

Method of electrical stimulation of cells Download PDF

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JPWO2004092363A1
JPWO2004092363A1 JP2005505382A JP2005505382A JPWO2004092363A1 JP WO2004092363 A1 JPWO2004092363 A1 JP WO2004092363A1 JP 2005505382 A JP2005505382 A JP 2005505382A JP 2005505382 A JP2005505382 A JP 2005505382A JP WO2004092363 A1 JPWO2004092363 A1 JP WO2004092363A1
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needle
cell
electrical stimulation
cells
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宮脇 敦史
敦史 宮脇
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RIKEN Institute of Physical and Chemical Research
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82YSPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y30/00Nanotechnology for materials or surface science, e.g. nanocomposites
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12MAPPARATUS FOR ENZYMOLOGY OR MICROBIOLOGY; APPARATUS FOR CULTURING MICROORGANISMS FOR PRODUCING BIOMASS, FOR GROWING CELLS OR FOR OBTAINING FERMENTATION OR METABOLIC PRODUCTS, i.e. BIOREACTORS OR FERMENTERS
    • C12M35/00Means for application of stress for stimulating the growth of microorganisms or the generation of fermentation or metabolic products; Means for electroporation or cell fusion
    • C12M35/02Electrical or electromagnetic means, e.g. for electroporation or for cell fusion
    • CCHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12NMICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N13/00Treatment of microorganisms or enzymes with electrical or wave energy, e.g. magnetism, sonic waves

Abstract

本発明の目的は、1個ずつの細胞レベルで細胞毎に任意の部位に電気刺激を付与することを可能にする細胞の電気刺激方法を提供することである。本発明によれば、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針を細胞表面に設置することを含む、細胞の局所的電気刺激方法が提供される。An object of the present invention is to provide a method for electrical stimulation of cells, which makes it possible to apply electrical stimulation to an arbitrary site for each cell at the cell level. According to the present invention, there is provided a method for local electrical stimulation of a cell, comprising placing a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to a potential control means on the cell surface.

Description

本発明は、細胞の局所を電気的に刺激する方法及びそれに用いるための細胞の電気刺激装置に関するものである。  The present invention relates to a method for electrically stimulating a local area of a cell and a cell electrical stimulator for use in the method.

生体の細胞を培養しながら細胞に刺激を与えるために細胞刺激電極が用いられる。しかし、従来の細胞刺激電極には、金や白金などが用いられており、細胞を集団で刺激することがなされていた。細胞1個の刺激も可能ではあるが、細胞の特定部位のみに刺激を加えることは不可能である。  A cell stimulating electrode is used to stimulate cells while culturing living cells. However, gold, platinum, and the like have been used for conventional cell stimulation electrodes, and cells have been stimulated in groups. Although it is possible to stimulate one cell, it is impossible to stimulate only a specific part of the cell.

本発明は上記した従来技術の問題点を解消することを解決すべき課題とした。即ち、本発明は、1個ずつの細胞レベルで細胞毎に所望の電気的刺激を付与すること、更に1個の細胞で任意の局所部位に所望の電気的刺激を付与することを可能にする細胞の電気刺激方法を提供することを解決すべき課題とした。
本発明者らは上記課題を解決するために検討した結果、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針の先端を細胞のある部位の表面に置くことによって、上記課題を解決できることを見出し、本発明を完成するに至った。
即ち、本発明によれば、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針を細胞表面に設置することを含む、細胞の局所的電気刺激方法が提供される。
好ましくは、50〜500nmの直径を有する針を使用することができ、5μm以下の長さを有する針を使用することができる。好ましくは、カーボンナノチューブから成る針を使用することができる。
本発明の別の側面によれば、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段を有する、上記した本発明の方法で使用するための細胞の電気刺激装置が提供される。
好ましくは、(a)細胞を所定の場所に保持するための細胞保持手段;(b)電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針に連結された該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段;及び(c)細胞保持手段内に保持された細胞を観察するための顕微鏡を有する、上記した本発明の方法で使用するための細胞の電気刺激装置が提供される。
本発明の電気刺激装置では、好ましくは50〜500nmの直径を有する針を使用することができる。
The present invention has been made to solve the above-described problems of the prior art. That is, the present invention makes it possible to apply a desired electrical stimulus to each cell at the level of one cell at a time, and to apply a desired electrical stimulus to any local site with one cell. Providing a method for electrical stimulation of cells was an issue to be solved.
As a result of investigations to solve the above problems, the present inventors have found that the above problems can be solved by placing the tip of a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means on the surface of a cell site. The headline and the present invention were completed.
That is, according to the present invention, there is provided a method for local electrical stimulation of a cell, comprising placing a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to a potential control means on the cell surface.
Preferably, a needle having a diameter of 50 to 500 nm can be used, and a needle having a length of 5 μm or less can be used. Preferably, a needle made of carbon nanotubes can be used.
According to another aspect of the present invention, for use in the method of the present invention as described above, comprising a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means, and a driving means for controlling the movement of the needle. A cell electrical stimulation device is provided.
Preferably, (a) cell holding means for holding the cells in place; (b) a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means, and movement of the needle connected to the needle There is provided a cell electrical stimulation apparatus for use in the method of the present invention as described above, comprising a driving means for controlling; and (c) a microscope for observing the cells held in the cell holding means.
In the electrical stimulation device of the present invention, a needle having a diameter of preferably 50 to 500 nm can be used.

図1は、本発明の方法の概要を示す。図1において、1はカンチレバー、2は針、3は細胞、4は細胞核、5はシャーレ、6は細胞保持手段、9は駆動手段、10は電位制御手段を示す。  FIG. 1 shows an overview of the method of the invention. In FIG. 1, 1 is a cantilever, 2 is a needle, 3 is a cell, 4 is a cell nucleus, 5 is a petri dish, 6 is a cell holding means, 9 is a driving means, and 10 is a potential control means.

以下、本発明の実施の形態について詳細に説明する。
本発明の方法においては、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針を細胞の特定部位の表面に置くことによって、細胞の任意の局所部位を電気的に刺激する。
本発明は、細胞の電気刺激のために非常に細い針(光学的分解能を超えるくらいの針)を使用することを特徴とするが、具体的には、3μm以下の直径を有する針を使用することができる。本発明で使用する針は、その帯電性などの電気的性質をコントロールしやすい針であることが好ましい。本発明では、針を細胞の表面に置いた後に針の電荷を制御することによって、細胞を所望の通りに電気的に刺激することができる。本発明では、細胞集団の中でさらに任意の狙った細胞に任意の電気的刺激を与えることができる。
例えば、100個の細胞を用意し、針を個々の細胞の真上から細胞に突き刺し、針の電位を針に連結された電位制御手段により制御することにより、該細胞に所望の電気的刺激を与えることができる。このように針を1個の細胞に接触させて電気的に刺激する操作を繰り返すことによって、異なる細胞にそれぞれ所望の電気的刺激を与えることができる。従って、本発明の方法によれば、薬剤スクリーニングや生体分子間相互作用の網羅的解析を、従来のように96穴プレートや384穴プレート等を用いてウエル毎に行なうのではなく、一細胞レベルで行なうことが可能になる。また、1個の培養神経細胞のある特異的な部位(例えば、樹状突起)に注目して、その中の特定部位に電気刺激を与えることができる。神経細胞がシナプスを介して受ける入力刺激に近い電気刺激を空間的分解能を高めながら与えることができる。
本発明で用いる針の材料は、上記した性質を有するものであれば特に限定されないが、例えば、カーボンナノチューブなどが挙げられる。カーボンナノチューブは、グラファイトの一層(グラフィン)を丸めた円筒形の形状を有し、100%炭素原子から構成される微小な結晶である。近年、ナノテクノロジーが脚光を浴び、このカーボンナノチューブも多方面から注目されている。カーボンナノチューブを使用する研究例には、液晶、プラズマディスプレイに代わり、ナノチューブを電子銃に使用する画面の開発、燃料電池および太陽電池への応用、または水素貯蔵材料などが挙げられる。これらは、カーボンナノチューブ自体が有する微小さ、その立体構造から得られる量子物性、ならびに純粋に炭素からのみなるという各種の特徴の組み合わせから、従来とは異なるユニークな性質を有するためである。カーボンナノチューブはまた、純粋に炭素のみからなり、カーボンブラックなどと異なり不純物をほとんど含有しない。また、成形時および/または使用時に高温下に曝されても、変化しないという特徴をも有する。
現在、Multi wallカーボンナノチューブとしては、直径が50〜100nm程度で、長さが3μm以上のものが入手可能であり、本発明ではこのようなカーボンナノチューブを使用することが好ましい。本発明では、3μm以下、例えば、500nm以下の直径を有する針を使用する。
本発明では、上記したような3μm以下の直径を有する針を、原子間力顕微鏡(AFM)のカンチレバーの先に装着し、電気的接続を行なうことができる。ここで言う電気的接続とは、針の電荷を正又は負に制御するための電気的接続のことを言う。電気的接続は、電位制御手段と針を電線などで接続することにより行なうことができる。本発明で用いる電位制御手段は、針の電荷を制御できるものであれば特に限定されずない。また、このカンチレバーは、顕微鏡の画像処理と連動させて、目的の細胞の間や部位の間を移動させることにより、所望の電気的刺激を目的の細胞のみに与えることができる。本発明の好ましい態様では、針は常に垂直方向を向き、高い精度で針先位置をコントロールすることができる。上記した針の移動は、針の移動を制御するための駆動手段により行なうことができる。即ち、本発明によれば、電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段を有する細胞の電気刺激装置が提供される。さらに具体的には、本発明の細胞の電気刺激装置は、(a)細胞を所定の場所に保持するための細胞保持手段;(b)電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針に連結された該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段;及び(c)細胞保持手段内に保持された細胞を観察するための顕微鏡から構成することができる。
以下、本発明の実施態様の一例を図面を参照して説明する。
図1に本発明の方法の概要を示す。図1は、駆動手段9に接続されたカンチレバー1に装着された針2が、細胞3の真上の位置から細胞表面に接触する様子を上下方向の矢印を用いて示す。細胞3はシャーレ5の内部で培養されており、シャーレ5は細胞保持手段6の上に設置されている。また、シャーレ5の内部の細胞の生えている基板は、電流が流れるように透明電極から構成されている。針2の表面の電荷は、針2に電気的に接続されている電位制御手段10によって制御されている。電気刺激を与えるべき目的の細胞3の真上の位置から針2は、駆動手段9によって真下に降下して細胞3に接触する。細胞3上で針2は、電位制御手段10によって表面の電荷を制御され、それにより細胞3に所望の電気的刺激が付与される。細胞に電気的刺激を与えた後、針は細胞表面から引き上げられる。以後、異なる細胞に上記の操作を繰り返すことにより、所望の細胞に所望の電気的刺激を与えることができる。上記した針2の移動は全て駆動手段9により制御されている。
以下の実施例により本発明をさらに具体的に説明するが、本発明は以下の実施例によって限定されるものではない。
Hereinafter, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail.
In the method of the present invention, an arbitrary local site of a cell is electrically stimulated by placing a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to a potential control means on the surface of a specific site of the cell.
The present invention is characterized by using very thin needles (needles exceeding optical resolution) for electrical stimulation of cells. Specifically, needles having a diameter of 3 μm or less are used. be able to. The needle used in the present invention is preferably a needle whose electric properties such as chargeability can be easily controlled. In the present invention, the cells can be electrically stimulated as desired by controlling the charge of the needle after the needle is placed on the surface of the cell. In the present invention, any electrical stimulation can be given to any targeted cell in the cell population.
For example, 100 cells are prepared, a needle is inserted into the cell from directly above the individual cell, and the electric potential of the needle is controlled by potential control means connected to the needle, whereby a desired electrical stimulation is applied to the cell. Can be given. Thus, by repeating the operation of electrically stimulating the needle in contact with one cell, it is possible to give a desired electrical stimulus to each of the different cells. Therefore, according to the method of the present invention, comprehensive analysis of drug screening and interaction between biomolecules is not performed for each well using a 96-well plate, a 384-well plate, or the like as in the prior art. It becomes possible to do. Further, by focusing on a specific site (for example, dendrites) of one cultured nerve cell, electrical stimulation can be applied to a specific site therein. It is possible to apply an electrical stimulus close to an input stimulus that a neuron receives via a synapse while enhancing spatial resolution.
The material of the needle used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it has the properties described above, and examples thereof include carbon nanotubes. The carbon nanotube has a cylindrical shape in which one layer (graphene) of graphite is rounded, and is a minute crystal composed of 100% carbon atoms. In recent years, nanotechnology has attracted attention, and carbon nanotubes are also attracting attention from various fields. Examples of research using carbon nanotubes include the development of screens using nanotubes as electron guns instead of liquid crystals and plasma displays, application to fuel cells and solar cells, and hydrogen storage materials. This is because the carbon nanotube itself has unique properties different from the conventional ones due to the combination of the fineness of the carbon nanotube itself, the quantum physical properties obtained from its three-dimensional structure, and various characteristics of being purely made of carbon. Carbon nanotubes are also purely carbon and contain almost no impurities unlike carbon black. Moreover, it has the characteristic that it does not change even if it exposes to high temperature at the time of shaping | molding and / or use.
Currently, multi wall carbon nanotubes having a diameter of about 50 to 100 nm and a length of 3 μm or more are available. In the present invention, it is preferable to use such carbon nanotubes. In the present invention, a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less, for example, 500 nm or less is used.
In the present invention, the above-described needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less can be attached to the tip of a cantilever of an atomic force microscope (AFM) to make electrical connection. The electrical connection mentioned here refers to an electrical connection for controlling the charge of the needle to be positive or negative. The electrical connection can be made by connecting the potential control means and the needle with an electric wire or the like. The potential control means used in the present invention is not particularly limited as long as it can control the charge of the needle. In addition, this cantilever can be applied only to the target cell by moving between the target cells or between the parts in conjunction with the image processing of the microscope. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the needle always points in the vertical direction, and the needle tip position can be controlled with high accuracy. The above movement of the needle can be performed by a driving means for controlling the movement of the needle. That is, according to the present invention, there is provided a cell electrical stimulation apparatus having a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to a potential control means, and a driving means for controlling the movement of the needle. More specifically, the electrical stimulation apparatus for cells of the present invention comprises (a) cell holding means for holding cells in place; (b) a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means. And a driving means for controlling the movement of the needle connected to the needle; and (c) a microscope for observing the cells held in the cell holding means.
Hereinafter, an example of an embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
FIG. 1 shows an outline of the method of the present invention. FIG. 1 shows a state in which the needle 2 attached to the cantilever 1 connected to the driving means 9 comes into contact with the cell surface from a position directly above the cell 3 using vertical arrows. The cells 3 are cultured inside the petri dish 5, and the petri dish 5 is placed on the cell holding means 6. The substrate on which the cells inside the petri dish 5 are made of transparent electrodes so that current flows. The charge on the surface of the needle 2 is controlled by potential control means 10 that is electrically connected to the needle 2. The needle 2 is moved down from the position directly above the target cell 3 to be electrically stimulated by the driving means 9 to contact the cell 3. On the cell 3, the surface of the needle 2 is controlled by the electric potential control means 10, whereby a desired electrical stimulation is applied to the cell 3. After applying electrical stimulation to the cell, the needle is lifted from the cell surface. Thereafter, by repeating the above operation on different cells, the desired electrical stimulation can be given to the desired cells. All the movements of the needle 2 are controlled by the driving means 9.
The present invention will be described more specifically with reference to the following examples, but the present invention is not limited to the following examples.

培養シャーレ内で培養している神経細胞に対して、図1に記載の装置を用いて電気的刺激を与えた。
神経細胞としてはPC12細胞(ラット副腎髄質クロム親和性細胞種より単離された神経系クローン細胞)を用いた。培地は、10%胎児ウシ血清(FBS)を含むDMEM(Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium)を用いた。培養は37℃、5%COの条件下で行なった。
図1に記載の装置で使用した針は、直径50nm及び長さ3μmを有するカーボンナノチューブから成る針である。
先ず、針を神経細胞の表面に接触させて、電気刺激(10Hzパルス)を、10秒間与え続けた。電気刺激中に刺激部位から拡がる緊張性脱分極が認められた。
Electrical stimulation was given to the neurons cultured in the culture dish using the apparatus shown in FIG.
PC12 cells (nervous clonal cells isolated from rat adrenal medulla chromaffin cell types) were used as neurons. As the medium, DMEM (Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) was used. The culture was performed under conditions of 37 ° C. and 5% CO 2 .
The needle used in the apparatus described in FIG. 1 is a needle made of carbon nanotubes having a diameter of 50 nm and a length of 3 μm.
First, the needle was brought into contact with the surface of the nerve cell, and electrical stimulation (10 Hz pulse) was continuously applied for 10 seconds. Tonic depolarization spreading from the stimulation site was observed during electrical stimulation.

本発明により、顕微鏡視野内の任意の細胞の任意の微小部位に電気的刺激を与える方法を提供することが可能になった。  According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a method for applying electrical stimulation to an arbitrary micro site of an arbitrary cell in a microscopic field.

Claims (8)

電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針を細胞表面に設置することを含む、細胞の局所的電気刺激方法。A method for local electrical stimulation of a cell, comprising placing a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to a potential control means on the cell surface. 50〜500nmの直径を有する針を使用する、請求項1又は2に記載の方法。The method according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a needle having a diameter of 50 to 500 nm is used. 5μm以下の長さを有する針を使用する、請求項1から3の何れかに記載の方法。The method according to claim 1, wherein a needle having a length of 5 μm or less is used. カーボンナノチューブから成る針を使用する、請求項1から3の何れかに記載の方法。The method according to claim 1, wherein a needle made of carbon nanotubes is used. 電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段を有する、請求項1から5の何れかに記載の方法で使用するための細胞の電気刺激装置。6. Electricity of a cell for use in the method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means, and a driving means for controlling movement of the needle. Stimulator. 50〜500nmの直径を有する針を使用する、請求項5に記載の電気刺激装置。The electrical stimulation device according to claim 5, wherein a needle having a diameter of 50 to 500 nm is used. (a)細胞を所定の場所に保持するための細胞保持手段;(b)電位制御手段に連結された3μm以下の直径を有する針、及び該針に連結された該針の移動を制御するための駆動手段;及び(c)細胞保持手段内に保持された細胞を観察するための顕微鏡を有する、請求項1から5の何れかに記載の方法で使用するための細胞の電気刺激装置。(A) cell holding means for holding cells in place; (b) a needle having a diameter of 3 μm or less connected to the potential control means, and controlling movement of the needle connected to the needle And (c) a cell electrical stimulation apparatus for use in the method according to any one of claims 1 to 5, further comprising: a microscope for observing cells held in the cell holding means. 50〜500nmの直径を有する針を使用する、請求項7に記載の電気刺激装置。The electrical stimulation device according to claim 7, wherein a needle having a diameter of 50 to 500 nm is used.
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