JPS634216A - Manufacture of liquid crystal element - Google Patents
Manufacture of liquid crystal elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPS634216A JPS634216A JP14792486A JP14792486A JPS634216A JP S634216 A JPS634216 A JP S634216A JP 14792486 A JP14792486 A JP 14792486A JP 14792486 A JP14792486 A JP 14792486A JP S634216 A JPS634216 A JP S634216A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- cell
- injected
- manufacturing
- liquid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 15
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000005262 ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 14
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 19
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000004990 Smectic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001747 exhibiting effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000003822 epoxy resin Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229920000647 polyepoxide Polymers 0.000 abstract 1
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 31
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 11
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 11
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 5
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000000565 sealant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000008602 contraction Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920006332 epoxy adhesive Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007791 liquid phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour
- G02F1/13—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour based on liquid crystals, e.g. single liquid crystal display cells
- G02F1/133—Constructional arrangements; Operation of liquid crystal cells; Circuit arrangements
- G02F1/1333—Constructional arrangements; Manufacturing methods
- G02F1/1341—Filling or closing of cells
Landscapes
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Nonlinear Science (AREA)
- Mathematical Physics (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
「技術分野」
本発明は、例えばマトリックス画素構造を有する強誘電
性液晶素子に好適な液晶素子の製造方法に係り、特に強
誘電性液晶をセル内部に注入する技術の改良に闇する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Technical Field] The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element suitable for, for example, a ferroelectric liquid crystal element having a matrix pixel structure, and particularly relates to a method of manufacturing a ferroelectric liquid crystal element into a cell. I'm curious about improvements.
「従来技術およびその問題点」
カイラルスメクチックC相を示す強誘電性液晶は、透明
電極を内側に形成した2枚のガラス基板の空隙に封入さ
れると、螺旋がほどけ、光軸が1方向に整列する。この
液晶セルでは、印加される電界により液晶分子の光軸の
角度が変化し、2枚の偏光板の間に挾んで動作させるこ
とによつ榎屈折が変化して光の変調が起る。"Prior art and its problems" When a ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibiting a chiral smectic C phase is sealed in the gap between two glass substrates with transparent electrodes formed inside, the spiral unravels and the optical axis is oriented in one direction. Line up. In this liquid crystal cell, the angle of the optical axis of the liquid crystal molecules changes due to the applied electric field, and by operating the liquid crystal molecules by sandwiching them between two polarizing plates, the Enoki refraction changes and light modulation occurs.
ところで、液晶をセル内部に注入する方法としては、い
わゆる真空注入法か一般的に採用されでいる。すなわち
、−対の基板の周辺部をシール剤で接合して液晶セルを
構成し、シール剤の一部を開口させて液晶の注入口を形
成し、液晶セルを減圧雰囲気においで注入口からセル内
部の空気を抜き出し、その状態で注入口を液晶の槽に浸
漬させ、大気圧に戻して液晶を注入口からセルの内部に
注入させる方法である。By the way, as a method for injecting liquid crystal into the inside of a cell, a so-called vacuum injection method is generally employed. That is, a liquid crystal cell is constructed by bonding the peripheral parts of the pair of substrates with a sealant, a part of the sealant is opened to form a liquid crystal injection port, and the liquid crystal cell is placed in a reduced pressure atmosphere to form a liquid crystal cell from the injection port. In this method, the air inside the cell is extracted, the injection port is immersed in a liquid crystal bath, the pressure is returned to atmospheric pressure, and the liquid crystal is injected from the injection port into the inside of the cell.
しかしながら、上記の液晶注入操作においては、表示面
積の拡大に伴なって液晶セルの面積が大きくなるにつれ
、液晶の注入時間が長くなり、気泡がセル内部に残りや
すくなるという問題点があった。このように、気泡がセ
ル内部に残ると、気泡によってその周辺部の液晶の配向
が乱れ、表示品位が悪くなる傾向がある。However, the above liquid crystal injection operation has the problem that as the area of the liquid crystal cell increases with the expansion of the display area, the liquid crystal injection time becomes longer and air bubbles tend to remain inside the cell. As described above, when air bubbles remain inside the cell, the air bubbles tend to disturb the alignment of the liquid crystal around the bubbles, resulting in poor display quality.
特に、カイラルスメクチックC相を示す強誘電性液晶は
、従来のネマチック液晶と比較して粘度が高く、しかも
上下基板の間隙もTN型液晶素子に比べで著しく小ざい
ので上記問題点がより大きくクローズアップされできた
。In particular, ferroelectric liquid crystals exhibiting a chiral smectic C phase have a higher viscosity than conventional nematic liquid crystals, and the gap between the upper and lower substrates is significantly smaller than that of TN type liquid crystal elements, so the above problems are brought into closer focus. I was able to do it.
また、カイラルスメクチックC相を示す強誘電性液晶は
、注入時には粘度を下げる目的で等方性液体相にまで加
熱して注入を行なうが、室温にまで冷却すると同時に粘
度が高くなり、セル内での流動牲が失われるため、熱膨
張による液晶の体積の収縮が緩和されず、セルが冷却す
ると気泡が発生する場合があった。In addition, ferroelectric liquid crystals exhibiting a chiral smectic C phase are heated to an isotropic liquid phase for the purpose of lowering the viscosity during injection, but as soon as they are cooled to room temperature, the viscosity increases and Since the fluidity of the liquid crystal is lost, the volume contraction of the liquid crystal due to thermal expansion is not alleviated, and bubbles may be generated when the cell is cooled.
「発明の目的」
本発明は、上記従来技術の問題点を解決するためになさ
れたもので、その目的は、強誘電性液晶をセル内部に確
実に注入できるようにした液晶素子の製造方法を提供す
ることにある。``Object of the Invention'' The present invention was made in order to solve the problems of the prior art described above, and its purpose is to provide a method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element that allows ferroelectric liquid crystal to be reliably injected into the inside of a cell. It is about providing.
「発明の構成」
本発明は、透明電極を内側に形成した2枚のガラス基板
を貼り合せてセルを形成し、このセル内部にカイラルス
メクチックC相を示す強誘電性液晶を注入して封止する
液晶素子の製造方法において、液晶をセル内部に注入す
る際、送液手段にて加圧しながら注入することを特徴と
する。"Structure of the Invention" The present invention involves bonding two glass substrates with transparent electrodes formed inside to form a cell, and injecting a ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibiting a chiral smectic C phase into the cell to seal it. The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device is characterized in that when liquid crystal is injected into a cell, the liquid crystal is injected while being pressurized by a liquid feeding means.
このように、液晶を加圧しながらセル内部に注入するこ
とにより、粘性の高い強誘電性液晶であってもセル内部
の隅々にまで注入され、気泡の発生が防止される。また
、液晶を加熱した状態で注入し、室温まで冷却しても、
加圧状態で注入されでいるので、液晶の収縮による気泡
の発生も防止される。ざらに、液晶を加圧しながら注入
するので、注入時間が短縮されるという利点も得られる
。In this way, by injecting the liquid crystal into the cell while pressurizing it, even the highly viscous ferroelectric liquid crystal is injected into every corner of the cell, thereby preventing the generation of bubbles. Also, even if the liquid crystal is injected in a heated state and cooled to room temperature,
Since it is injected under pressure, the generation of bubbles due to contraction of the liquid crystal is also prevented. Furthermore, since the liquid crystal is injected while being pressurized, there is also the advantage that the injection time is shortened.
本発明の好ましい態様によれば、予め真空注入法により
セル内部に液晶を注入した債、送液手段にて加圧しなが
ら注入する。このようにすれば、注入口が1つの場合に
、セル内部に存在する空気が注入の邪魔をする虞れがな
く、液晶をスムーズに注入できる。According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, liquid crystal is injected into the cell in advance by a vacuum injection method, and the liquid crystal is injected while being pressurized by a liquid feeding means. In this way, when there is only one injection port, there is no possibility that the air existing inside the cell will interfere with the injection, and the liquid crystal can be smoothly injected.
また、本発明の別の好ましい態様によれば、セルに2つ
の注入口を形成し、一方の注入口から液晶を注入して液
晶がセル内部にほぼ満たされたとき、他方の注入口を閉
じてざらに加圧しながら注入する。このようにすれば、
真空注入法などの特別な装置を必要とせずに、セル内に
液晶p8注入することができる。According to another preferred embodiment of the present invention, two injection ports are formed in the cell, and when the liquid crystal is injected from one injection port and the inside of the cell is almost filled with the liquid crystal, the other injection port is closed. Inject while applying pressure. If you do this,
Liquid crystal P8 can be injected into the cell without requiring special equipment such as a vacuum injection method.
本発明のざらに好ましい態様によれば、送液手段として
送液ポンプまたはシリンジを用いる。送液ポンプを用い
た場合には、大量のセルに短時間で連続的に液晶を注入
できる利点がある。また、シリンジを用いた場合には、
手軽な器具により簡単な操作で液晶を注入できる利点が
ある。According to a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, a liquid feeding pump or a syringe is used as the liquid feeding means. When a liquid pump is used, there is an advantage that liquid crystal can be continuously injected into a large number of cells in a short period of time. In addition, when using a syringe,
It has the advantage of being able to inject liquid crystal with a simple operation using a simple device.
「発明の実施例」
第1図(a)〜(f)には、本発明による液晶素子の製
造方法の一実施例が示されている。"Embodiment of the Invention" FIGS. 1(a) to (f) show an embodiment of the method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to the present invention.
第1図(a)に示すように、超音波加工機12等により
、一方のガラス基板11の非表示部分に直径0.5 n
+m程度の孔13を形成する。As shown in FIG. 1(a), using an ultrasonic processing machine 12 or the like, a diameter of 0.5 nm is formed on the non-display part of one glass substrate 11.
A hole 13 of about +m is formed.
第1図(b)に示すように、上記ガラス基板11の内面
に透明電極14および配向膜15ヲ形成し、他方のガラ
ス基板16の内面にも透明電極17および配向膜18を
形成し、両ガラス基板11.16ヲ対向させて周縁部に
シール剤19を配置して貼り合せ、セルを構成する。As shown in FIG. 1(b), a transparent electrode 14 and an alignment film 15 are formed on the inner surface of the glass substrate 11, and a transparent electrode 17 and an alignment film 18 are also formed on the inner surface of the other glass substrate 16. The glass substrates 11 and 16 are made to face each other, and a sealant 19 is placed on their peripheral edges, and the glass substrates 11 and 16 are bonded together to form a cell.
第1図(C)に示すように、孔13にステンレスバイブ
20@ざし込み、接着剤21で接着固定する。As shown in FIG. 1(C), a stainless steel vibrator 20@ is inserted into the hole 13 and fixed with an adhesive 21.
第1図(d)に示すように、真空槽内でセル内部の空気
を抜き出した後、ステンレスバイブ20を強誘電性の液
晶の槽22に浸漬し、その状態で大気圧中に戻し、液晶
をセル内部に注入する。As shown in FIG. 1(d), after removing the air inside the cell in a vacuum chamber, the stainless steel vibrator 20 is immersed in a ferroelectric liquid crystal bath 22, and in that state is returned to atmospheric pressure, and the liquid crystal is injected into the cell.
第1図(e)に示すように、板状ヒータ23でセルを約
100℃に加熱しながら、ステンレスパイプ20の先端
に液晶の入ったシリンジ24ヲとりつけ、液晶をさらに
加圧注入する。As shown in FIG. 1(e), while heating the cell to about 100° C. with a plate heater 23, a syringe 24 containing liquid crystal is attached to the tip of the stainless steel pipe 20, and liquid crystal is further injected under pressure.
第1図(f)に示すように、ステンレスパイプ20そか
しめて切断し、エポキシ接着剤21゛で封止する。こう
して、セル内部に、液晶25が封入され、液晶素子が製
造される。As shown in FIG. 1(f), the stainless steel pipe 20 is caulked, cut, and sealed with an epoxy adhesive 21. In this way, the liquid crystal 25 is sealed inside the cell, and a liquid crystal element is manufactured.
この液晶素子は、強誘電性の液晶25がセル内部に加圧
注入されているので、液晶25を常温まで冷却しても体
積の収縮に伴なう気泡の発生は見られなかった。In this liquid crystal element, the ferroelectric liquid crystal 25 was injected into the cell under pressure, so even when the liquid crystal 25 was cooled to room temperature, no bubbles were observed due to volume contraction.
第2図(a) 、(b)には、本発明による液晶素子の
製造方法の他の実施例が示されている。FIGS. 2(a) and 2(b) show another embodiment of the method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to the present invention.
第2図(a)に示すように、一方のガラス基板11の非
表示部分に2つの孔13.13が形成され、上記実施例
と同様にしてセルを構成した凌、これらの孔13.13
にそれぞれステレスバイブ20.20′がさし込まれ、
接着剤21でWi着固定される。As shown in FIG. 2(a), two holes 13.13 are formed in the non-display portion of one glass substrate 11, and when a cell is constructed in the same manner as in the above embodiment, these holes 13.13 are formed.
A stereoscopic vibrator 20.20' is inserted into each,
The wire is fixed with adhesive 21.
第2図(b)に示すように、一方のステンレスパイプ2
0に送液ポンプ261Fr接続し、強誘電性の液晶をス
テンレスパイプ20からセル内部に注入する。As shown in Fig. 2(b), one stainless steel pipe 2
0 to the liquid feed pump 261Fr, and inject ferroelectric liquid crystal into the cell from the stainless steel pipe 20.
セル内部の空気は他方のステンレスパイプ20°から流
出する。こうして、液晶がセル内部にほぼ充填されたと
き、他方のステンレスパイプ20′をかしめるなどの手
段で閉じ、一方のステンレスパイプ20からざらに液晶
を加圧注入する。そして、液晶が加圧状態で注入された
後、ステンレスパイプ20.20“をそれぞれかしめて
切断し、接着剤で封止する。なお、液晶の注入は、板状
ヒータ23で加熱しながら行なう。Air inside the cell flows out from the other stainless steel pipe 20°. When the inside of the cell is almost filled with liquid crystal in this way, the other stainless steel pipe 20' is closed by caulking or other means, and liquid crystal is roughly injected from one stainless steel pipe 20 under pressure. After the liquid crystal is injected under pressure, the stainless steel pipes 20 and 20'' are caulked and cut, and sealed with adhesive. The liquid crystal is injected while being heated by the plate heater 23.
この液晶素子においても、強誘電性の液晶を送液ポンプ
で加圧しながら注入したことにより、気泡の発生が防止
された。In this liquid crystal element as well, the generation of bubbles was prevented by injecting the ferroelectric liquid crystal while pressurizing it with a liquid pump.
なお、上記各実施例では、一方のガラス基板11に孔1
3を開け、これにステリンスバイブ20ヲさし込んで液
晶の注入口を形成しているが、従来のようにシール剤1
9に開口部を設けて注入口にするなどの方法も採用でき
る。In each of the above embodiments, the hole 1 is formed in one glass substrate 11.
3 is opened and a Stealth Vibe 20 is inserted into it to form an injection port for the liquid crystal.
It is also possible to adopt a method such as providing an opening in 9 to use it as an injection port.
「発明の効果」
以上説明したように、本発明によれば、液晶を加圧しな
がらセル内部に注入することにより、粘牲の高い強誘電
性液晶であってもセル内部の隅々にまで注入され、気泡
の発生が防止される。また、液晶を加熱した状態で注入
し、室温まで冷却しても、加圧状態で注入されているの
で、液晶の収縮による気泡の発生も防止される。さらに
、液晶を加圧しながら注入するので、注入時間が短縮さ
れるという利点も得られる。"Effects of the Invention" As explained above, according to the present invention, by injecting liquid crystal into the cell while pressurizing, even highly viscous ferroelectric liquid crystal can be injected into every corner of the cell. This prevents the formation of bubbles. Furthermore, even if the liquid crystal is injected in a heated state and then cooled to room temperature, since it is injected under pressure, the generation of bubbles due to shrinkage of the liquid crystal is also prevented. Furthermore, since the liquid crystal is injected while being pressurized, there is an advantage that the injection time is shortened.
第1図(a) 、(b) 、(c) 、(d) 、(e
) 、(f)は本発明による液晶素子の製造方法の一実
施例を工程に従って示す断面図、罵2図(a) 、(b
)は本発明による液晶素子の製造方法の他の実施例を工
程に従って示す断面図である。
図中、11はガラス基板、13は孔、14は透明電極、
15は配向膜、16はガラス基板、17は透明電極、1
8は配向膜、19はシール剤、20.20°はステンレ
スパイプ、21.21゛は接着剤、22は液晶の槽、2
3は板状ヒータ、24はシリンジ、25は液晶、26は
送液ポンプである。
特許出願人 アルプス電気株式会社
第1図(a)
第1図(C)
第1図(e)Figure 1 (a), (b), (c), (d), (e
), (f) are cross-sectional views showing one embodiment of the method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to the present invention according to the steps;
) are cross-sectional views showing step-by-step another embodiment of the method for manufacturing a liquid crystal device according to the present invention. In the figure, 11 is a glass substrate, 13 is a hole, 14 is a transparent electrode,
15 is an alignment film, 16 is a glass substrate, 17 is a transparent electrode, 1
8 is an alignment film, 19 is a sealant, 20.20° is a stainless steel pipe, 21.21 is an adhesive, 22 is a liquid crystal tank, 2
3 is a plate heater, 24 is a syringe, 25 is a liquid crystal, and 26 is a liquid pump. Patent applicant: Alps Electric Co., Ltd. Figure 1 (a) Figure 1 (C) Figure 1 (e)
Claims (4)
り合せてセルを形成し、このセル内部にカイラルスメク
チックC相を示す強誘電性液晶を注入して封止する液晶
素子の製造方法において、液晶をセル内部に注入する際
、送液手段にて加圧しながら注入することを特徴とする
液晶素子の製造方法。(1) A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element, in which two glass substrates with transparent electrodes formed inside are bonded together to form a cell, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal exhibiting a chiral smectic C phase is injected into the cell for sealing. A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element, characterized in that when liquid crystal is injected into a cell, the liquid crystal is injected while being pressurized by a liquid feeding means.
によりセル内部に液晶を注入した後、送液手段にて加圧
しながら注入する液晶素子の製造方法。(2) The method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to claim 1, in which the liquid crystal is injected into the cell in advance by a vacuum injection method, and then injected while being pressurized by a liquid feeding means.
入口を形成し、一方の注入口から液晶を注入して液晶が
セル内部にほぼ満たされたとき、他方の注入口を閉じて
さらに加圧しながら注入する液晶素子の製造方法。(3) In claim 1, two injection ports are formed in the cell, and when liquid crystal is injected from one injection port and the inside of the cell is almost filled with liquid crystal, the other injection port is closed. A method for manufacturing liquid crystal elements in which injection is performed while applying additional pressure.
において、前記送液手段として送液ポンプまたはシリン
ジを用いる液晶素子の製造方法。(4) A method for manufacturing a liquid crystal element according to any one of claims 1 to 3, in which a liquid-feeding pump or a syringe is used as the liquid-feeding means.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14792486A JPS634216A (en) | 1986-06-24 | 1986-06-24 | Manufacture of liquid crystal element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP14792486A JPS634216A (en) | 1986-06-24 | 1986-06-24 | Manufacture of liquid crystal element |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS634216A true JPS634216A (en) | 1988-01-09 |
Family
ID=15441164
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP14792486A Pending JPS634216A (en) | 1986-06-24 | 1986-06-24 | Manufacture of liquid crystal element |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS634216A (en) |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5953095A (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 1999-09-14 | Denso Corporation | Liquid crystal cell and method of manufacturing the same |
CN107092106A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-08-25 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十五研究所 | A kind of elimination liquid crystal display amount of liquid crystal excessively causes gravity Mura method |
-
1986
- 1986-06-24 JP JP14792486A patent/JPS634216A/en active Pending
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5953095A (en) * | 1997-03-28 | 1999-09-14 | Denso Corporation | Liquid crystal cell and method of manufacturing the same |
CN107092106A (en) * | 2017-02-24 | 2017-08-25 | 中国电子科技集团公司第五十五研究所 | A kind of elimination liquid crystal display amount of liquid crystal excessively causes gravity Mura method |
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