JPS63305185A - Working medium mixture - Google Patents
Working medium mixtureInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63305185A JPS63305185A JP62140029A JP14002987A JPS63305185A JP S63305185 A JPS63305185 A JP S63305185A JP 62140029 A JP62140029 A JP 62140029A JP 14002987 A JP14002987 A JP 14002987A JP S63305185 A JPS63305185 A JP S63305185A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- working medium
- medium mixture
- tetrafluoroethane
- mixture
- dichlorotrifluoroethane
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FCC(F)(F)F LVGUZGTVOIAKKC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,2-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)C(Cl)Cl OHMHBGPWCHTMQE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- CZHYKKAKFWLGJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N dimethyl phosphite Chemical compound COP([O-])OC CZHYKKAKFWLGJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 2
- 239000012760 heat stabilizer Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 16
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 8
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichlorofluoromethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)(Cl)Cl CYRMSUTZVYGINF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)C(F)F WXGNWUVNYMJENI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 3
- DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)C(F)(F)Cl DDMOUSALMHHKOS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YMRMDGSNYHCUCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-dichloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethane Chemical compound FC(Cl)C(F)(F)Cl YMRMDGSNYHCUCL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000009833 condensation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005494 condensation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 2
- PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N dichlorodifluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(Cl)Cl PXBRQCKWGAHEHS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000019404 dichlorodifluoromethane Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229940029284 trichlorofluoromethane Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 239000002918 waste heat Substances 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1,1-trifluoroethane Chemical compound CC(F)(F)F UJPMYEOUBPIPHQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004338 Dichlorodifluoromethane Substances 0.000 description 1
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001273 butane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- KUMNEOGIHFCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diphenyl phosphite Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP([O-])OC1=CC=CC=C1 KUMNEOGIHFCNQW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NFORZJQPTUSMRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N dipropan-2-yl hydrogen phosphite Chemical compound CC(C)OP(O)OC(C)C NFORZJQPTUSMRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011156 evaluation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 231100000053 low toxicity Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-[4-(1,3-benzoxazol-2-yl)phenyl]-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamide Chemical class C1=CC([N+](=O)[O-])=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)NC1=CC=C(C=2OC3=CC=CC=C3N=2)C=C1 SYSQUGFVNFXIIT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butane Chemical compound CCCC IJDNQMDRQITEOD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-pentane Natural products CCCCC OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N phosphorous acid Chemical class OP(O)O OJMIONKXNSYLSR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010248 power generation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920006395 saturated elastomer Polymers 0.000 description 1
- WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N sulfidophosphanium Chemical class S=[PH3] WSANLGASBHUYGD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrafluoromethane Chemical compound FC(F)(F)F TXEYQDLBPFQVAA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KTFAZNVGJUIWJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimethyl(sulfanylidene)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound CP(C)(C)=S KTFAZNVGJUIWJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKXFIBBKEARMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N triphenoxy(sulfanylidene)-$l^{5}-phosphane Chemical compound C=1C=CC=CC=1OP(OC=1C=CC=CC=1)(=S)OC1=CC=CC=C1 IKXFIBBKEARMLL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/10—Process efficiency
Landscapes
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Lubricants (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
【産業上の利用分野】
本発明は、冷凍機、ヒートポンプ等に使用し得る新規な
作動媒体混合物に関する。
［従来技術］
空調、冷凍および冷蔵機器（冷凍サイクル・ヒートポン
プサイクル）、廃熱回収発電（ランキンサイクル）、熱
交換機器（ヒートパイプ）等が実用化ないし試験開発さ
れている。
これらの機器に用いる作動媒体には、水をはじめプロパ
ンやブタン等の炭化水素類、トリクロロモノフルオロメ
タン（Ｒ−１１） ヤ、 １．２−ジクロロテトラフ
ルオロエタン（Ｒ−１１４）等のフロン類、又はアンモ
ニア等が知られている。
［発明の目的］
フロン類は毒性が少なく、非可燃性で化学的にも安定で
あり、沸点の異なる各種フロンが容易に入手できること
から、作動媒体としての評価研究が活発に行なわれてい
る０本発明者等は、熱回収効率（特に、冷凍庫、冷蔵庫
、冷暖房機器、給湯機器あるいは廃熱回収を目的とした
ヒートポンプなど）の高いフロン類の探索を進めた結果
、ジクロロトリフルオロエタンとテトラフルオロエタン
とを必須成分とする作動媒体混合物が有効であることを
見い出すことができた０本発明は、このような作動媒体
混合物を新規に提供するものである。
［発明の構成］
本発明における、ジクロａトリフルオａエタンには、１
．１−ジクロロ−２，２，２−）リフルオロエタン（Ｒ
−１２３）、 １．２−ジクロロ−１，２，２−トリフ
ルオロエタン（Ｒ−１２３ａ）そしテ＋ １．１−ジク
ロロ−１，２，２−）リフルオロエタン（Ｒ−１２３ｂ
）の３種の異性体が又、テトラフルオロエタンには１，
１，２．２−テトラフルオロエタン（Ｒ−１３４）と１
．１，１．２−テトラ７ ルオロエタｙ （Ｒ−１３４
ａ）の２種の異性体が知られているが、それぞれの異性
体は互いに物性が類似しているため、これらを単独で用
いてもよく、また、これらの混合物を用いてもよい、以
下の説明においてはＲ−１２３とＲ−１３４ａを混合使
用する例を示す。
以下、本発明の作動媒体を用いた冷凍サイクルシステム
のフローシートを示す第１図に従って本発明の詳細な説
明する。第１図の１は圧縮機、２は凝縮器、 ３．３′
は負荷流体用配管、４は減圧装置、５は蒸発器、６，８
′は熱源流体用配管を示す。
第１図に示す冷凍サイクルシステムにおいて作動媒体は
圧縮＠１で圧縮された後秦縮器２に導かれ、該凝縮器ｚ
中で管３より導入される負荷流体により冷却されて凝縮
する。一方、負荷流体は凝縮器２中で逆に加熱され管３
′を経て負荷加熱に供される。つぎに凝縮した作動媒体
は減圧袋ｍ４により減圧された後蒸発器５に導かれ、該
蒸発器５中で管６より導入され管６′から排出される熱
源流体により加熱された後、再び圧Ｆｉ１１１に吸引さ
れ上記のサイクルを繰り返す、一方、熱源流体は蒸発器
５中で逆に冷却され、管６′を経て冷却に供される。
第２図及び第３図は第１図に示す冷凍サイクルシステム
における作動媒体のサイクルを圧力−エンタルピー線図
上に記入したものである０作動媒体の飽和蒸気を断熱圧
縮した場合、湿り状態になるものを第２図に、乾き状態
になるものを第３図に示す。
第１図の圧縮機による作動媒体の変化は第２図及び第３
図の符号８から９あるいは１３から１４の変化に、凝縮
器による作動媒体の変化は３→１０→１１→あるいは１
４→１５→１８→１７の変化に、減圧装置による作動媒
体の変化は１１から１２あるいは１７から１８の変化に
、蒸発器による作動媒体の変化は１２から８あるいは１
８から１３の変化にそれぞれ対応する。
本発明の作動媒体を用いた第１図の冷凍サイクルシステ
ムの運転条件として蒸発器における作動媒体の蒸発路り
温度（符号７あるいは１３の温度、以下、蒸発温度とい
う）と凝縮器における作動媒体の凝縮始めの温度（符号
９あるいは１５の温度、以下、凝縮温度という）を設定
した。第１表から第２表に本発明の作動媒体を用いた上
記の冷凍サイクルシステムにおける成績係数、圧縮機単
位ｋｗ当りの冷凍能力および作動媒体の循環量を、比較
例とともに記す。
表から理解されるようにＲ−１２３とＲ−１３４ａとの
混合モル比が約５０：５Ｇ〜９９：ｌの範囲となる本発
明の作動媒体を用いた冷凍サイクルの成績係数および冷
凍能力はＲ−１２３およびＲ−１３４ａをそれぞれ単独
で用いた場合に比べ改善されており、現在、一般に用い
られているトリクロロフルオロメタン（Ｒ−１１）、ジ
クロロジフルオロメタン（Ｒ−１２）と比べても大きく
改善されている。
本発明の作動媒体混合物は低温〜中温、高温分野の、空
調、冷凍および冷蔵を目的とした冷凍サイクルに応用す
る場合に特に有効であるが、ランキンサイクル用あるい
は、その他各種の熱回収技術用の作動媒体として使用す
ることもできる０本発明の作動媒体混合物は熱安定性が
優れており、通常の使用条件においては安定剤を必要と
しないが、苛酷な使用条件のため熱安定性の向上が必要
な場合には、ジメチルホスファイト、ジイソプロピルホ
スファイト、ジフェニルホスファイト等のホスファイト
系化合物、又はチオホスファイト系化合物、あるいはト
リフエノキシホスフィンサルファイド、トリメチルホス
フィンサルファイド等のホスフィンサルファイド系化合
物、その他の安定剤を作動媒体１（１０重量部に対し、
１重量部前後の少量添加すればよい。
［発明の効果］
本発明の作動媒体混合物は、冷凍サイクル効率すなわち
冷凍、加熱効率に優れ、混合前の単独成分に比し、大幅
な改善が認められる。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIELD OF INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION The present invention relates to a novel working medium mixture that can be used in refrigerators, heat pumps, etc. [Prior Art] Air conditioning, refrigeration and refrigeration equipment (refrigeration cycle/heat pump cycle), waste heat recovery power generation (Rankine cycle), heat exchange equipment (heat pipe), etc. have been put into practical use or tested and developed. Working media used in these devices include water, hydrocarbons such as propane and butane, and fluorocarbons such as trichloromonofluoromethane (R-11) and 1,2-dichlorotetrafluoroethane (R-114). , ammonia, etc. are known. [Objective of the Invention] Fluorocarbons have low toxicity, are non-flammable, and are chemically stable, and various kinds of fluorocarbons with different boiling points are easily available, so research and evaluation of them as working media has been actively conducted. As a result of our search for fluorocarbons with high heat recovery efficiency (particularly for freezers, refrigerators, air-conditioning equipment, hot water equipment, and heat pumps for the purpose of waste heat recovery), we discovered that dichlorotrifluoroethane and tetrafluorocarbon It has been found that a working medium mixture containing ethane as an essential component is effective.The present invention provides a novel working medium mixture of this kind. [Structure of the invention] In the present invention, dichloro-a-trifluoro-a-ethane contains 1
．． 1-dichloro-2,2,2-)lifluoroethane (R
-123), 1,2-dichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane (R-123a) and 1,1-dichloro-1,2,2-)trifluoroethane (R-123b
), and tetrafluoroethane has 1,
1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane (R-134) and 1
．． 1,1.2-tetra7 fluoroethay (R-134
Two types of isomers of a) are known, but since each isomer has similar physical properties, they may be used alone or a mixture of these may be used. In the description, an example is shown in which R-123 and R-134a are used in combination. Hereinafter, the present invention will be described in detail with reference to FIG. 1, which shows a flow sheet of a refrigeration cycle system using the working medium of the present invention. 1 in Figure 1 is a compressor, 2 is a condenser, 3.3'
is a load fluid pipe, 4 is a pressure reducing device, 5 is an evaporator, 6, 8
′ indicates piping for heat source fluid. In the refrigeration cycle system shown in FIG.
Inside, it is cooled and condensed by the load fluid introduced from the pipe 3. Meanwhile, the load fluid is heated inversely in the condenser 2 and the tube 3
' and then subjected to load heating. Next, the condensed working medium is depressurized by the vacuum bag m4 and then led to the evaporator 5. In the evaporator 5, it is heated by the heat source fluid introduced from the pipe 6 and discharged from the pipe 6', and then the pressure is reduced again. The heat source fluid is sucked into the Fi 111 and repeats the above cycle, while the heat source fluid is reversely cooled in the evaporator 5 and sent through the tube 6' for cooling. Figures 2 and 3 are pressure-enthalpy diagrams showing the cycle of the working medium in the refrigeration cycle system shown in Figure 1.0 When the saturated vapor of the working medium is adiabatically compressed, it becomes wet. Figure 2 shows the product, and Figure 3 shows the product in a dry state. Changes in the working medium caused by the compressor in Figure 1 are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
In the change from 8 to 9 or 13 to 14 in the figure, the change in working medium due to the condenser is 3 → 10 → 11 → or 1
The change in working medium due to the pressure reducing device is from 11 to 12 or from 17 to 18, and the change in working medium due to the evaporator is from 12 to 8 or 1.
This corresponds to the change from 8 to 13, respectively. The operating conditions of the refrigeration cycle system shown in FIG. 1 using the working medium of the present invention are the evaporation path temperature of the working medium in the evaporator (temperature 7 or 13, hereinafter referred to as evaporation temperature) and the temperature of the working medium in the condenser. The temperature at the beginning of condensation (temperature number 9 or 15, hereinafter referred to as condensation temperature) was set. Tables 1 to 2 show the coefficient of performance, refrigeration capacity per unit kW of compressor, and circulating amount of working medium in the above-mentioned refrigeration cycle system using the working fluid of the present invention, along with comparative examples. As can be understood from the table, the coefficient of performance and refrigeration capacity of the refrigeration cycle using the working medium of the present invention in which the mixing molar ratio of R-123 and R-134a is in the range of approximately 50:5G to 99:1 are R -123 and R-134a are improved compared to when used alone, and are also significantly improved compared to currently commonly used trichlorofluoromethane (R-11) and dichlorodifluoromethane (R-12). has been done. The working medium mixture of the present invention is particularly effective when applied to refrigeration cycles for air conditioning, refrigeration, and refrigeration in the low-to-medium-temperature and high-temperature fields, but also for Rankine cycles and various other heat recovery technologies. The working medium mixture of the present invention has excellent thermal stability and does not require stabilizers under normal conditions of use, but under severe conditions of use it is difficult to improve thermal stability. If necessary, phosphite compounds such as dimethyl phosphite, diisopropyl phosphite, diphenyl phosphite, thiophosphite compounds, phosphine sulfide compounds such as triphenoxyphosphine sulfide, trimethylphosphine sulfide, etc. Add stabilizer to working medium 1 (10 parts by weight,
A small amount of about 1 part by weight may be added. [Effects of the Invention] The working medium mixture of the present invention has excellent refrigeration cycle efficiency, that is, freezing and heating efficiency, and is significantly improved compared to the individual components before mixing.
第１図は本発明の１実施例を説明するための冷凍サイク
ルのフローシート、第２図および第３図はＲ−１２３／
Ｒ−１３４ａ混合系を冷媒として用いたサイクルを圧
力−エンタルピー線図に記入した図である。FIG. 1 is a flow sheet of a refrigeration cycle for explaining one embodiment of the present invention, and FIGS. 2 and 3 are R-123/
It is a pressure-enthalpy diagram showing a cycle using an R-134a mixed system as a refrigerant.
Claims (1)
ンを必須成分とすることを特徴とする作動媒体混合物。 ２、ジクロロトリフルオロエタンとテトラフルオロエタ
ンとの混合モル比が５０：５０〜９９：１である特許請
求の範囲第１項記載の作動媒体混合物。[Scope of Claims] 1. A working medium mixture characterized by containing dichlorotrifluoroethane and tetrafluoroethane as essential components. 2. The working medium mixture according to claim 1, wherein the mixing molar ratio of dichlorotrifluoroethane and tetrafluoroethane is 50:50 to 99:1.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62140029A JP2507437B2 (en) | 1987-06-05 | 1987-06-05 | Working medium mixture |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62140029A JP2507437B2 (en) | 1987-06-05 | 1987-06-05 | Working medium mixture |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63305185A true JPS63305185A (en) | 1988-12-13 |
| JP2507437B2 JP2507437B2 (en) | 1996-06-12 |
Family
ID=15259298
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP62140029A Expired - Lifetime JP2507437B2 (en) | 1987-06-05 | 1987-06-05 | Working medium mixture |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JP2507437B2 (en) |
Cited By (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6419255A (en) * | 1987-07-14 | 1989-01-23 | Technol Res Assoc Super Heat P | Heat pump |
| US4983312A (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1991-01-08 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigerants |
| US5035823A (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1991-07-30 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigerant compositions of 1,11-trifluoroethane |
| WO1995004872A1 (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1995-02-16 | Livien Domien Ven | Vapor force engine |
| BE1007435A3 (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1995-06-13 | Ven Livien Domien | Evaporation pressure construction |
| CN1313559C (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-05-02 | 天津大学 | Ternary mixed working medium for intermediate-high-temperature heat pump |
-
1987
- 1987-06-05 JP JP62140029A patent/JP2507437B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Cited By (7)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6419255A (en) * | 1987-07-14 | 1989-01-23 | Technol Res Assoc Super Heat P | Heat pump |
| US4983312A (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1991-01-08 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigerants |
| US5035823A (en) * | 1987-09-21 | 1991-07-30 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Refrigerant compositions of 1,11-trifluoroethane |
| WO1995004872A1 (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1995-02-16 | Livien Domien Ven | Vapor force engine |
| BE1007435A3 (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1995-06-13 | Ven Livien Domien | Evaporation pressure construction |
| US5724814A (en) * | 1993-08-09 | 1998-03-10 | Ven; Livien D. | Vapor force engine |
| CN1313559C (en) * | 2005-12-09 | 2007-05-02 | 天津大学 | Ternary mixed working medium for intermediate-high-temperature heat pump |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JP2507437B2 (en) | 1996-06-12 |
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