JPS6324971Y2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPS6324971Y2 JPS6324971Y2 JP1982157127U JP15712782U JPS6324971Y2 JP S6324971 Y2 JPS6324971 Y2 JP S6324971Y2 JP 1982157127 U JP1982157127 U JP 1982157127U JP 15712782 U JP15712782 U JP 15712782U JP S6324971 Y2 JPS6324971 Y2 JP S6324971Y2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- plug
- die
- bearing
- diameter
- diameter bearing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000003014 reinforcing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 210000000078 claw Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000835 fiber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003825 pressing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004080 punching Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003466 welding Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
Description
【考案の詳細な説明】
本考案は資源開発用のボーリングロツド、ケー
シング、アウターロツド、インナーロツド等の管
を製造する引抜管用ダイスに関する。[Detailed Description of the Invention] The present invention relates to a die for drawn pipes for producing pipes such as boring rods, casings, outer rods, inner rods, etc. for resource development.
従来例えば径が大きく厚肉で第1図に示すよう
な管、即ち両端が肉厚で中間が薄肉の管7bを製
造するには両端部の鍛造製管と中間の一様径の管
とを溶接Wして製造していた。また径約25〜35
mm、肉厚2.1〜3.2mm程度で自転車等のフレーム材
等に用いる小径・薄肉管の場合は第2図のような
管引抜き装置で製造していた。 Conventionally, for example, in order to manufacture a large-diameter, thick-walled tube as shown in FIG. 1, i.e., a tube 7b with thick walls at both ends and a thinner wall in the middle, forged tubes at both ends and a uniform diameter tube at the middle were used. It was manufactured by welding. Also diameter approximately 25~35
In the case of small-diameter, thin-walled tubes with a wall thickness of about 2.1 to 3.2 mm and used for frame materials for bicycles, etc., they were manufactured using a tube drawing device as shown in Figure 2.
第2図について説明する。第2図aは第2図の
A部の縦断面図であつて、床に固定したフレーム
1のほぼ中央部にダイス2を固定するダイス支持
台3を設け、プラグ4とプラグ4を支えるプラグ
支持棒5を備え、プラグ支持棒5はプラグ支持台
6に図示しない油圧シリンダ等を介して固定す
る。素材管7はプラグ4、プラグ支持棒5の外側
に嵌入され、その先端部7aは引抜車9に設けら
れたハサミ8で挾持される。引抜車9のツメ10
は図示しない強力な駆動源により駆動されたチエ
ーン11により強力に引張られることにより、ダ
イス2とプラグ4との間を挾圧され引抜かれて素
材管7より引抜管7bが製造される。 FIG. 2 will be explained. FIG. 2a is a vertical cross-sectional view of part A in FIG. A support rod 5 is provided, and the plug support rod 5 is fixed to a plug support stand 6 via a hydraulic cylinder or the like (not shown). The material tube 7 is fitted onto the outside of the plug 4 and the plug support rod 5, and its tip 7a is held by scissors 8 provided on the extraction wheel 9. Claw 10 of extraction car 9
is strongly pulled by a chain 11 driven by a powerful drive source (not shown), and is squeezed between the die 2 and the plug 4 and pulled out, thereby producing a drawn pipe 7b from the raw material pipe 7.
第2図の装置で管を製造する場合外径1種類で
内径の異る管は第3図aの様に管引抜き方向eに
対し、プラグ4をダイス2の手前に引抜きに与ら
ないように素材管7と遊隙をもたせて保持し、素
材管7の先端部7aを引張られると小内径管部が
出来、第3図bの様にダイス2内にプラグ4を押
入れて引抜かれると大内径管部が出来る。次に内
径が1種類で外径が異る管は第4図aの様にプラ
グ4をダイス2に押入れて引抜くと外径の小さい
管が製造され、第4図bの様にプラグ4をダイス
2の左方に押し出して素材管7が引抜かれると、
ダイス2のベアリング部とプラグ4の小径ベアリ
ング部との間で外径がしぼられ、更に進むとプラ
グ4の大径ベアリング部で素材管7は径を拡大さ
れ、内径はプラグ4の大径ベアリング径と同一径
となり、外径は第4図aによるものよりも大径の
第7図fのような形の引抜管7bが製造できる。 When manufacturing tubes using the apparatus shown in Figure 2, for tubes with one type of outer diameter and different inner diameters, the plug 4 should be placed in front of the die 2 so that it does not interfere with the drawing in the tube drawing direction e, as shown in Figure 3 a. When the tip 7a of the material tube 7 is pulled, a small inner diameter tube is created, and when the plug 4 is pushed into the die 2 and pulled out as shown in Fig. 3b, Creates a large inner diameter pipe. Next, for tubes with one type of inner diameter and different outer diameters, insert the plug 4 into the die 2 and pull it out as shown in Figure 4a, a tube with a small outer diameter will be manufactured, and the plug 4 as shown in Figure 4b. When the material tube 7 is pulled out by pushing it out to the left of the die 2,
The outer diameter is reduced between the bearing part of the die 2 and the small diameter bearing part of the plug 4, and further the material tube 7 is enlarged in diameter by the large diameter bearing part of the plug 4, and the inner diameter is reduced to the large diameter bearing part of the plug 4. It is possible to manufacture a drawn tube 7b having a shape as shown in FIG. 7f, which has the same diameter as the diameter of the outside diameter and a larger outer diameter than that shown in FIG. 4a.
上記の通り(1)第3図aで製造される小内径管は
プラグの内圧なしに縮小された管であるため皺が
出来やすい。(2)第4図bによる内径1種類で外径
2種類の管を製造する場合、正確に所要の外径の
管を製造するには素材管の肉厚とプラグ4の小径
ベアリング径とプラグ4の大径ベアリング部での
拡大されることとの函数関係で決るため素材管
径、プラグ4とダイス2とのベアリング径の選択
に考慮を要し、且つ数回試作して所要径の管を製
作するという面倒な手間を必要とする。(3)プラグ
4の移動には引抜力が小さいため、油圧シリンダ
のストローク制御のみでやつているが、大引抜力
を要する場合の固定反力には多くのシリンダが要
り複雑な機構となる。 As mentioned above, (1) the small inner diameter pipe manufactured in FIG. (2) When manufacturing tubes with one type of inner diameter and two types of outer diameter as shown in Fig. 4b, in order to manufacture a tube with the exact required outer diameter, the wall thickness of the material tube, the small diameter bearing diameter of plug 4, and the plug Since it is determined by the function relationship with the expansion at the large diameter bearing part 4, it is necessary to consider the diameter of the material pipe and the bearing diameter of the plug 4 and die 2. It requires the troublesome effort of manufacturing. (3) Since the pulling force is small to move the plug 4, it is done only by controlling the stroke of the hydraulic cylinder, but when a large pulling force is required, many cylinders are required for the fixed reaction force, resulting in a complicated mechanism.
本考案は複数の径をもつ管を製造することに於
て、複数箇のベアリング面を持つダイスに複数箇
のベアリング面を持つプラグを組合せて、ダイス
およびプラグを引抜方向の正逆の向きに移動可能
に強固に保持する装置を使用して、強靭で正確な
管を製造する装置に用いられるダイスとプラグを
提供することを目的とする。 In manufacturing pipes with multiple diameters, this invention combines a die with multiple bearing surfaces with a plug with multiple bearing surfaces, and the die and plug are oriented in the forward and reverse directions of the drawing direction. It is an object of the present invention to provide a die and a plug used in a device for manufacturing strong and accurate tubes using a device that firmly holds the tubes in a movable manner.
以下図面により本考案の実施例について説明す
る。先ず本考案に使用する装置につき説明すると
全体としては第2図に示される装置を用いて引抜
きが行われるが、ダイス、プラグの関連保持の仕
方が従来と異る。第5図はダイス支持台の側面図
である。フレーム1にストツパ16を強力に固定
して設け、補強部材17で補強する。油圧シリン
ダ20を装着したダイス支持台30は台車12に
移動可能に装架されていて、台車12はレール1
2a上を移動する。15はダイス支持台固定ラム
で、一端がストツパ16に固定されている。第5
図の例えばB部を示す第5図aのようにダイス支
持台30の円筒形凹部30cの底の30a面にダ
イス支持台固定ラム15の端の大径フランジ部1
5bの15a面を油圧シリンダ20の圧力でピス
トンロツド23とピン25で結合されたダイス支
持台固定ラム15より突出した耳金24を介して
押圧する。油圧シリンダ20に発生する押付け力
は管引抜力に対抗する力であり、引抜力(例えば
150〜200t)より強力でなければならない。この
ように強い力で空間上の或る点に固定するにはス
トツパに押付け固定する方法が最も簡易な方法で
ある。 Embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. First, the apparatus used in the present invention will be explained. Drawing is carried out using the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 as a whole, but the way the die and plug are held in relation to each other is different from the conventional method. FIG. 5 is a side view of the die support. A stopper 16 is strongly fixed to the frame 1 and reinforced with a reinforcing member 17. A die support stand 30 equipped with a hydraulic cylinder 20 is movably mounted on a truck 12, and the truck 12 is mounted on a rail 1.
Move on 2a. 15 is a die support fixing ram, one end of which is fixed to a stopper 16. Fifth
For example, as shown in FIG. 5a showing part B, the large diameter flange 1 at the end of the die support fixing ram 15 is attached to the surface 30a at the bottom of the cylindrical recess 30c of the die support 30.
The surface 15a of 5b is pressed by the pressure of the hydraulic cylinder 20 via the lug 24 protruding from the die support fixing ram 15 connected to the piston rod 23 and pin 25. The pressing force generated in the hydraulic cylinder 20 is a force that opposes the tube withdrawal force, and is a force that opposes the tube withdrawal force (e.g.
150~200t) must be more powerful. The simplest method for fixing to a certain point in space with such strong force is to press and fix it against a stopper.
ダイス2はダイス支持台30に取付けられる。
従つてダイス2の固定位置は上記説明の通りのダ
イス支持台30の固定位置即ち右側固定位置(第
5図a)とストツパ16の16d面にダイス支持
台30の30b面が当接した位置が左側固定位置
に対応した位置となる。 The dice 2 are attached to a dice support 30.
Therefore, the fixed position of the die 2 is the fixed position of the die support stand 30 as explained above, that is, the right side fixed position (FIG. 5a) and the position where the surface 30b of the die support stand 30 is in contact with the surface 16d of the stopper 16. The position corresponds to the left fixed position.
第6図はプラグ支持台の横断面図である。1は
フレームで、ストツパ16aはフレーム1に強固
に固定して設けられ、更にストツパ16aは補強
部材17aで補強される。プラグ支持棒5が嵌入
し、該支持棒5の端部のつば部5aを係止して支
持する中空調節ねじ軸18は外周にねじを切りナ
ツト式ストツパ19をねじ込んである。ナツト式
ストツパ19は引抜管7bの要求寸法に合せ得る
ようねじ調整が出来る。左側のナツト式ストツパ
19がストツパ16aの16b面に当接する位置
が右側固定位置であり、ストツパ16aの16c
面に右側のナツト式ストツパ19が当接する位置
が左側固定位置である。フレーム1に固定された
油圧シリンダ20aの押し或いは引き圧力は当然
管引抜き圧力より強い圧力を発生する。ラム21
は中空調節ねじ軸18端に嵌入し、ラム21の先
端のおねじにラム固定ナツト22をねじ込み、中
空調節ねじ軸18に固定してある。 FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of the plug support. 1 is a frame, a stopper 16a is firmly fixed to the frame 1, and the stopper 16a is further reinforced with a reinforcing member 17a. A hollow adjustment screw shaft 18 into which the plug support rod 5 is fitted and which locks and supports the collar 5a at the end of the support rod 5 has a thread cut on its outer periphery and a nut-type stopper 19 screwed therein. The nut-type stopper 19 can be screwed to match the required dimensions of the drawn pipe 7b. The position where the left nut type stopper 19 abuts against the 16b surface of the stopper 16a is the right side fixed position,
The position where the right nut-type stopper 19 comes into contact with the surface is the left-side fixed position. The pushing or pulling pressure of the hydraulic cylinder 20a fixed to the frame 1 naturally generates a pressure stronger than the tube withdrawal pressure. Ram 21
is fitted into the end of the hollow adjusting screw shaft 18, and a ram fixing nut 22 is screwed into the male thread at the tip of the ram 21 to fix it to the hollow adjusting screw shaft 18.
第5図、第6図でも同様であるが、ダイス2或
はプラグ4の固定或は管引抜き中の移動につい
て、ダイス2は油圧ユニツト13、プラグ4には
油圧ユニツト13aによる油圧が配管14、配管
14aを通じて油圧シリンダ20また20aに供
給される。 5 and 6, when fixing the die 2 or the plug 4 or moving it while drawing out the pipe, the die 2 is supplied with the hydraulic unit 13, and the plug 4 is supplied with hydraulic pressure from the hydraulic unit 13a to the piping 14. It is supplied to the hydraulic cylinder 20 or 20a through the pipe 14a.
第7図a,b,cに示すようにこの考案のプラ
グ4とダイス2は夫々二段の径をもつている。プ
ラグ4の先端は小径のベアリングd3に続いて根
本側に大径のベアリングd4を有しており、ダイ
ス2はプラグ4の各ベアリングd3,d4に対向
して素材管7を挾圧する小径のベアリングd2を
プラグ4の根本方向の側に形成し、プラグ4の大
径のベアリングd4に対向して素材管を挾圧する
大径のベアリングd1をプラグ4の先端方向側に
形成されている。従つて引抜管7bの内外径はプ
ラグ4のベアリングd3とダイス2のベアリング
d2によつて決まる第7図aの状態と、プラグ4
のベアリングd4とダイス2のベアリングd2に
よつて決まる第7図bの状態と、プラグ4のベア
リングd4とダイス2のベアリングd1とによつ
て決まる第7図cの状態をとることができるので
ある。 As shown in FIGS. 7a, b, and c, the plug 4 and die 2 of this invention each have two diameters. The tip of the plug 4 has a small-diameter bearing d3, followed by a large-diameter bearing d4 on the base side, and the die 2 has a small-diameter bearing that faces the bearings d3 and d4 of the plug 4 and clamps the material tube 7. A large diameter bearing d2 is formed on the proximal side of the plug 4, and a large diameter bearing d1 is formed on the distal side of the plug 4, opposing the large diameter bearing d4 of the plug 4 to clamp the material tube. Therefore, the inner and outer diameters of the drawn tube 7b are determined by the bearing d3 of the plug 4 and the bearing d2 of the die 2 as shown in FIG.
The state shown in Fig. 7b, which is determined by the bearing d4 of the plug 4 and the bearing d2 of the die 2, and the state shown in Fig. 7c, which is determined by the bearing d4 of the plug 4 and the bearing d1 of the die 2, can be obtained. .
次に前記の装置を使用して考案のプラグとダイ
スを用いて実施する外抜き作業を説明する。 Next, a description will be given of the punching operation performed using the device described above and the invented plug and die.
第7図は管引抜き状態を示す縦断面図である。
第7図aはダイス支持台30を第5図の説明の左
側固定位置、プラグ支持に付ては第6図で説明の
右側固定位置に固定して引抜いている状態を示
し、ダイス2の小ベアリング径d2、プラグ4の
小ベアリング径d3によつて素材管7が寸法規正
されて成形される。第7図bはダイス支持台30
は左側固定位置、プラグ支持については左側固定
位置に固定して引抜いている状態を示しダイス2
の小ベアリング径d2、プラグ4の大ベアリング
径d4によつて素材管7が寸法規正されて成形さ
れる。第7図cはダイス支持台30は右側固定位
置、プラグ支持については左側固定位置に固定し
て引抜いている状態を示し、ダイス2の大ベアリ
ング径d1、プラグ4の大ベアリング径d4によ
つて素材管7が寸法規正されて成形される。即ち
第7図のa,b,c作業をこの順に続けると第7
図eに示す引抜管7bが製造され、第7図のa,
b,aの順序に作業すると第7図dに示す引抜管
7bが製造され、第7図のc,b,cの順に作業
すると第7図fに示す引抜管7bが製造される。 FIG. 7 is a longitudinal sectional view showing the state in which the tube is pulled out.
FIG. 7a shows the state in which the die support 30 is fixed at the left fixed position explained in FIG. 5, and the plug support is fixed at the right fixed position explained in FIG. 6 and pulled out. The material tube 7 is dimensioned and molded by the bearing diameter d2 and the small bearing diameter d3 of the plug 4. FIG. 7b shows the die support stand 30.
indicates the state where the plug is fixed at the left fixed position, and the plug support is fixed at the left fixed position and pulled out.Dice 2
The material tube 7 is sized and molded by the small bearing diameter d2 of the plug 4 and the large bearing diameter d4 of the plug 4. FIG. 7c shows a state in which the die support 30 is fixed at the right fixed position and the plug support is fixed at the left fixed position when being pulled out. The material tube 7 is sized and molded. In other words, if you continue operations a, b, and c in Fig. 7 in this order, you will get No. 7.
The drawn pipe 7b shown in Fig. e is manufactured, and the drawn pipe 7b shown in Fig. 7a,
If the operations are performed in the order of b and a, the drawn tube 7b shown in FIG. 7d will be manufactured, and if the operations are performed in the order of c, b and c in FIG. 7, the drawn tube 7b shown in FIG. 7f will be manufactured.
引抜き作業中にダイス支持台30或はプラグ支
持位置を移動するには管引抜速度とダイス或はプ
ラグの移動速度の関係を考慮して組込まれた油圧
ユニツト13と13aにより行われる。 The movement of the die support stand 30 or the plug support position during the drawing operation is carried out by the hydraulic units 13 and 13a, which are incorporated in consideration of the relationship between the pipe drawing speed and the moving speed of the die or plug.
上記のようにプラグ支持台及びダイス支持台を
引抜き方向の正逆の向きに移動可能に強固に固定
する装置におけるプラグとダイスを上述のように
複数箇のベアリングを有するプラグとダイスと
し、所要のベアリングで素材管を挟圧引抜けるよ
うにしたから、複数箇の内、外径を持つ正確にし
て、かつ材料繊維が切断されず連続するため強靭
な管を製造可能となつた。 As described above, the plug and die in the device for firmly fixing the plug support stand and the die support stand so that they can move in the forward and reverse directions of drawing are the plugs and dies that have multiple bearings as described above, and the required Since the material tube is pulled out under pressure using a bearing, it is possible to manufacture a strong tube with accurate inner and outer diameters at multiple locations, and because the material fibers are continuous without being cut.
第1図は製造管の一例を示す縦断面図、第2図
は従来の管引抜装置側面図、第2図aは第2図の
A部の詳細を示す縦断面図、第3図a,b、第4
図a,bは従来の引抜きによる製造管の製造状態
を示す縦断面図、第5図以下は本考案の実施例を
示し、第5図は本発明のダイス支持台の側面図、
第5図aは第5図B部の詳細を示す縦断面図、第
6図はプラグ支持台の縦断面図、第7図a、第7
図b、第7図cは本考案のプラグとダイスによる
引抜き状態を示す縦断面図、第7図d、第7図
e、第7図fは本考案による引抜管を例示する縦
断面図である。
2…ダイス、4…プラグ、16…ストツパ、1
6a…ストツパ、18…中空調節ねじ軸、30…
ダイス支持台、d1,d2…ダイスのベアリン
グ、d3,d4…プラグのベアリング。
Fig. 1 is a longitudinal sectional view showing an example of a manufactured pipe, Fig. 2 is a side view of a conventional pipe drawing device, Fig. 2a is a longitudinal sectional view showing details of section A in Fig. 2, Fig. 3a, b, 4th
Figures a and b are longitudinal cross-sectional views showing the manufacturing state of manufacturing pipes by conventional drawing, Figures 5 and below show embodiments of the present invention, and Figure 5 is a side view of the die support of the present invention.
Fig. 5a is a longitudinal cross-sectional view showing details of part B in Fig. 5, Fig. 6 is a longitudinal cross-sectional view of the plug support stand, Fig. 7a, Fig. 7
Figures b and 7c are longitudinal cross-sectional views showing the drawn state using the plug and die of the present invention, and Figures 7d, 7e, and 7f are vertical cross-sectional views illustrating the drawn pipe according to the present invention. be. 2...Dice, 4...Plug, 16...Stopper, 1
6a...Stopper, 18...Hollow adjustment screw shaft, 30...
Dice support, d1, d2...Die bearings, d3, d4...Plug bearings.
Claims (1)
するプラグの複数箇のベアリング面とを管引抜方
向に於て正逆の方向に移動して、ダイスのベアリ
ング面とプラグのベアリング面との間に素材管を
挾圧引抜きすることにより複数の外径と複数の内
径を有する引抜き管を製造する方法において用い
られるダイスとプラグであつて、プラグ先端が小
径のベアリングd3に続いて根本側に大径のベア
リングd4を有するプラグと前記プラグの各ベア
リングd3,d4に対向して素材管を挾圧する小
径のベアリングd2をプラグ根本方向の側に形成
されプラグの大径のベアリングd4に対向して素
材管を挾圧する大径のベアリングd1をプラグ先
端方向側に形成されたダイス。 A plurality of bearing surfaces of the die and a plurality of bearing surfaces of the plug facing the die are moved in the forward and reverse directions in the tube drawing direction to create a space between the bearing surface of the die and the bearing surface of the plug. A die and a plug used in a method of manufacturing a drawn pipe having multiple outer diameters and multiple inner diameters by drawing a material pipe under clamping pressure, in which the tip of the plug has a small-diameter bearing d3, followed by a large-diameter bearing d3 on the base side. A small diameter bearing d2 is formed on the side in the direction of the base of the plug, and a small diameter bearing d2 is formed on the side toward the base of the plug, and a small diameter bearing d2 is formed on the side facing the plug's large diameter bearing d4, and a small diameter bearing d2 is formed on the side facing the plug's large diameter bearing d4 to clamp the material pipe. A die with a large diameter bearing d1 that clamps the plug is formed on the side toward the tip of the plug.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP15712782U JPS5962807U (en) | 1982-10-18 | 1982-10-18 | Plugs and dies for drawn pipes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP15712782U JPS5962807U (en) | 1982-10-18 | 1982-10-18 | Plugs and dies for drawn pipes |
Publications (2)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS5962807U JPS5962807U (en) | 1984-04-25 |
JPS6324971Y2 true JPS6324971Y2 (en) | 1988-07-08 |
Family
ID=30346513
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP15712782U Granted JPS5962807U (en) | 1982-10-18 | 1982-10-18 | Plugs and dies for drawn pipes |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS5962807U (en) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP2011045924A (en) * | 2009-08-28 | 2011-03-10 | Sanwa Kokan Kk | Steel tube drawing apparatus and method of producing drawn steel tube |
Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4862660A (en) * | 1971-12-06 | 1973-09-01 | ||
JPS4884765A (en) * | 1972-02-17 | 1973-11-10 |
-
1982
- 1982-10-18 JP JP15712782U patent/JPS5962807U/en active Granted
Patent Citations (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS4862660A (en) * | 1971-12-06 | 1973-09-01 | ||
JPS4884765A (en) * | 1972-02-17 | 1973-11-10 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS5962807U (en) | 1984-04-25 |
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