JPS63130154A - Flotation apparatus - Google Patents
Flotation apparatusInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63130154A JPS63130154A JP61273874A JP27387486A JPS63130154A JP S63130154 A JPS63130154 A JP S63130154A JP 61273874 A JP61273874 A JP 61273874A JP 27387486 A JP27387486 A JP 27387486A JP S63130154 A JPS63130154 A JP S63130154A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- ash
- coal
- air bubbles
- mixture
- main body
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 238000005188 flotation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 29
- 239000003245 coal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002864 coal component Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000007667 floating Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 239000000446 fuel Substances 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 abstract description 4
- 238000012216 screening Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 241000628997 Flos Species 0.000 description 4
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000002209 hydrophobic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000002516 radical scavenger Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010790 dilution Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012895 dilution Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002270 dispersing agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000008331 Pinus X rigitaeda Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 235000011613 Pinus brutia Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000018646 Pinus brutia Species 0.000 description 1
- BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M Sodium oleate Chemical compound [Na+].CCCCCCCC\C=C/CCCCCCCC([O-])=O BCKXLBQYZLBQEK-KVVVOXFISA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000002518 antifoaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003610 charcoal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002347 injection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007924 injection Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003350 kerosene Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000011859 microparticle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011268 mixed slurry Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002545 silicone oil Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Solid Fuels And Fuel-Associated Substances (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔産業上の利用分野〕
本発明は、微粉炭中に混在する石炭分と灰分とを選別す
る浮選装置に関し、特に高品質が要求される産業用ボイ
ラの燃料となる石炭分を回収するに適した同装置に関す
る。[Detailed Description of the Invention] [Field of Industrial Application] The present invention relates to a flotation device that separates coal and ash contained in pulverized coal, and is particularly applicable to fuels for industrial boilers that require high quality. The present invention relates to a device suitable for recovering coal.
第２図よって従来の浮選装置の一態様を説明する。１は
タンクで図示しない前工程で作られた微粉炭と水との混
合物２と捕集剤（ケロシン等）３、分散剤（オレイン酸
ソーダ等）４、起泡剤（高級アルコール系、あるいはパ
インオイル系等）５、および希釈水６が投入される。One aspect of a conventional flotation device will be explained with reference to FIG. 1 is a tank containing a mixture of pulverized coal and water made in a previous process (not shown) 2, a collecting agent (kerosene, etc.) 3, a dispersing agent (sodium oleate, etc.) 4, and a foaming agent (higher alcohol type or pine) (oil type, etc.) 5 and dilution water 6 are added.
条件槽７はタンク１から供給される２〜６の混合物を貯
留、攪拌、分散するためのタンクであり、攪拌機７Ａに
よって条件槽７で攪拌、分散されたスラリはポンプ８１
ｊｔ介して後述する浮選機本体９に供給される。The conditioned tank 7 is a tank for storing, stirring, and dispersing the mixtures 2 to 6 supplied from the tank 1, and the slurry stirred and dispersed in the conditioned tank 7 by the stirrer 7A is sent to the pump 81.
The water is supplied to a flotation machine main body 9, which will be described later, via the flotation machine body 9.
浮選機本体９は長尺な、筒状をなし立てて配置されてい
る。本体９の下部には灰分排出孔９Ａが、また上部には
石炭分取山部９Ｂが形成されている。１０は多孔板で焼
結板のような小さな孔が多数おいているものであり、コ
ンプレッサ１１を介して空気１２が多孔板１０に供給さ
れ、スラリで満たされている本体９内に径の小さい気泡
がつくられる。The flotation machine main body 9 is arranged in a long, cylindrical shape. An ash discharge hole 9A is formed in the lower part of the main body 9, and a coal separation pile part 9B is formed in the upper part. Reference numeral 10 denotes a perforated plate having many small holes like a sintered plate. Air 12 is supplied to the perforated plate 10 via a compressor 11, and a small diameter hole is inserted into the main body 9 filled with slurry. Air bubbles are created.
上記は多孔板による気泡発生例であるが、この方法の他
に圧縮空気と加圧水を混合し七本体９内に空気／水混合
物を供給し、気泡を発生させる方法もある。The above is an example of bubble generation using a perforated plate, but in addition to this method, there is also a method of mixing compressed air and pressurized water and supplying an air/water mixture into the main body 9 to generate bubbles.
なお、タンク１３では石炭分取山部９Ｂから取ｐ出され
た気泡を含むスラリに消泡剤（シリコン油等）１４が混
合され図示しない脱水機へと排出される。In addition, in the tank 13, an antifoaming agent (silicone oil, etc.) 14 is mixed with the slurry containing air bubbles taken out from the coal separation pile part 9B, and the mixture is discharged to a dehydrator (not shown).
浮選機本体９での石炭分と灰分の選別は、両者の疎水性
、親水性を利用して行なわれる。前工程で供給される疎
水性の捕集剤３は、同じ疎水性の石炭分に付着し親水性
の灰分には付着しない。したがって捕集剤３で強化され
丸線水性の石炭分と親水性の灰分が本体９内上部から供
給され、本体９内スラリ全体流れが下方に向い、下方か
ら気泡が浮力で上昇する流れ場において、疎水性の石炭
分は気泡に付着して上方に、親水性の灰分は気泡に付着
せず全体の下向き流れと共に流れ排出される。Separation of coal and ash in the flotation machine main body 9 is carried out by utilizing the hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity of both. The hydrophobic scavenger 3 supplied in the previous step adheres to the same hydrophobic coal content and does not adhere to the hydrophilic ash content. Therefore, the round wire aqueous coal and hydrophilic ash reinforced with the scavenger 3 are supplied from the upper part of the main body 9, the entire flow of the slurry in the main body 9 is directed downward, and in a flow field where air bubbles rise from below due to buoyancy. The hydrophobic coal component adheres to the bubbles and flows upward, while the hydrophilic ash component does not adhere to the bubbles and flows along with the overall downward flow and is discharged.
従来からこの種の浮選機で処理されたのは鉱石類であり
、粒度範囲も２０μｍ〜１關と粗い。Conventionally, this type of flotation machine has been used to treat ores, and the particle size range is as coarse as 20 μm to 1 inch.
ところが、高濃度石炭水スラリの脱灰を目的としてこの
種の浮選機を使用する場合、粒径範囲は１μｍ〜１５０
μｍ、平均粒径で３０〜４０μｍと従来に比べ非常に細
かい石炭分と灰分の選別が必要である。However, when using this type of flotation machine for the purpose of deashing a highly concentrated coal-water slurry, the particle size range is 1 μm to 150 μm.
It is necessary to sort out coal and ash much finer than conventional methods, with an average particle diameter of 30 to 40 μm.
し次がって、従来の気泡径では著しく浮選性能が劣る。Secondly, the flotation performance is significantly inferior with conventional bubble diameters.
すなわち、石炭分、灰分粒子に対して気泡径が大きいと
気泡の回りにできる流線のため石炭粒子と気泡との接触
確率は減少し浮選性能は悪くなる。第３図はその様子を
示している。同時に気泡径が大きいと浮力も大きく気泡
の上昇速度が大のため接解確率はさらに悪化する。That is, when the bubble diameter is large relative to the coal and ash particles, the probability of contact between the coal particles and the bubbles decreases due to streamlines formed around the bubbles, and the flotation performance deteriorates. Figure 3 shows this situation. At the same time, when the bubble diameter is large, the buoyancy is large and the rising speed of the bubble is high, which further deteriorates the contact probability.
また従来の立てて配置された筒状本体では、下方から供
給した微小径気泡は、上部まで浮上する前に排出灰分と
共に下方から排出される量が多い。In addition, in the conventional cylindrical body arranged upright, a large amount of small diameter bubbles supplied from below are discharged from below together with discharged ash before floating to the upper part.
本発明の目的の一つは気泡径の微小化と、微小径の気泡
を最大限に利用する装置を提供することにある。One of the objects of the present invention is to provide an apparatus that can reduce the diameter of bubbles and make maximum use of the microscopic bubbles.
また本発明の目的のその二はこの種の浮選装置では気泡
が石炭分のみを付着、浮上させず灰分の付着、浮上量も
かな夛ある丸め、気泡に付着、浮上した灰分をフロスか
ら除去することが装置の性能アンプに寄与するが、本発
明はこのクロス中灰分のふるい落としを十分に可能とし
た装置を提供することにある。The second objective of the present invention is that in this type of flotation device, air bubbles only adhere to coal, ash does not float, and the amount of floating is small. This contributes to the performance of the device, and the object of the present invention is to provide a device that can sufficiently remove the ash from the cloth.
本発明は微粉炭と水との混合物を貯留する大気に開口し
た貯槽と、同貯槽内の混合物中に気泡全混入させる第１
の気泡混入手段と、上部にフロス排出部を下部にテール
排出部を有する浮選機本体と、上記貯槽の下部より混合
物を取り出し上記浮選機本体の下部に供給すると共に該
浮選機本体の下部から混合物を取り出し上記貯槽へ戻す
混合物循環手段と、上記浮選機本体中の混合物に気泡を
混入させる第２の気泡混入手段と、上記浮選機本体の中
間部に設けられ上記微粉炭中の主として灰分に付着した
気泡を除去させる気泡除去手段と、同気泡が除去され上
記浮選機本体内を下降する微粉炭を取り出して上記貯槽
に戻す下降微粉炭回収手段を有してなることを特長とす
る浮選装置である。The present invention includes a storage tank that stores a mixture of pulverized coal and water and is open to the atmosphere, and a first tank that completely mixes air bubbles into the mixture in the storage tank.
a flotation machine body having an air bubble mixing means, a flotation machine body having a floss discharge part at the top and a tail discharge part at the bottom; a mixture circulating means for taking out the mixture from the lower part and returning it to the storage tank; a second air bubble mixing means for mixing air bubbles into the mixture in the flotation machine body; The flotation machine mainly comprises a bubble removing means for removing air bubbles attached to the ash, and a descending pulverized coal recovery means for removing the air bubbles and taking out the pulverized coal descending within the flotation machine body and returning it to the storage tank. This is a flotation device with special features.
すなわち本発明は、気泡径の微小化と最大限に利用する
方法として、貯槽の気泡発生装置で得られる幅広い気泡
径分布のうち、大気泡は逃がし、微小気泡のみを浮選に
利用する構造とし、クロス中灰分を徹底的にふるい落と
す方法として、コラム本体上部の大部分をフロス洗浄域
とし、またふるい落とされた天分を本体外へ取り出す方
法として洗浄域中間に灰分取り出し孔を設は九点全特徴
とするものである。In other words, the present invention has a structure in which large bubbles are allowed to escape and only minute bubbles are used for flotation, out of the wide bubble size distribution obtained by a bubble generator in a storage tank, as a method for miniaturizing and maximizing the use of bubble diameters. As a way to thoroughly sift out the ash in the cloth, most of the upper part of the column body is used as a floss washing area, and as a way to take out the sifted ash out of the main body, an ash removal hole is installed in the middle of the washing area. All points are features.
〔作用〕
（１１微小気泡による浮選により、微小粒子の捕集確率
が高まり、同−脱灰率で回収率が増大する。[Effect] (11) Flotation by microbubbles increases the probability of capturing microparticles, increasing the recovery rate at the same deashing rate.
ｆ２１ 徹底的なりロス洗浄により、脱灰炭中の灰分
が極少の超脱灰が可能になる。f21 Thorough loss cleaning enables ultra-deashing with minimal ash content in the deashed coal.
以下、本発明を第１図に示す一実施例の装置について説
明する。The present invention will now be described with reference to an embodiment of the apparatus shown in FIG.
２５は石炭分と微小気泡の付着タンクで、図示しない前
工程で製造された石炭／水混合スラリ２０、捕集剤２１
、分散剤２２、起泡剤２３、及び希釈水２４が高速分散
を目的とじ九管路攪拌機２９を介して投入される。図は
混合、分散効果の良いライン注入の例を示している。付
着タンク２５には微小気泡の浮上防止のため、及び２０
〜２４の混合、分散のための攪拌機２６と幅広い直径分
布で気泡を発生する気泡発生装置２７が装備されている
。付着タンク２５内で気泡に付着した石炭分及び付着し
ない灰分粒子は、コラム本体３０へのスラリ供給ポンプ
２日を介してコラム本体３０へ送られる。なお、付着タ
ンク２５は大気泡のみ浮上して消滅し、微小気泡はスラ
リ中に残されるように滞留時間の短いものとなるように
スラリ供給ポンプ２８を操作すべきである。Reference numeral 25 denotes a tank to which coal and microbubbles adhere, and contains a coal/water mixed slurry 20 produced in a previous step (not shown) and a scavenger 21.
, a dispersant 22, a foaming agent 23, and dilution water 24 are introduced via a nine-channel agitator 29 for the purpose of high-speed dispersion. The figure shows an example of line injection with good mixing and dispersion effects. In the adhesion tank 25, to prevent the floating of microbubbles, and
-24 is equipped with a stirrer 26 for mixing and dispersion, and a bubble generator 27 that generates bubbles with a wide diameter distribution. The coal content adhering to air bubbles in the adhesion tank 25 and the unadhered ash particles are sent to the column body 30 via a slurry supply pump to the column body 30. Note that the slurry supply pump 28 should be operated so that the retention time in the adhesion tank 25 is short so that only large bubbles float to the surface and disappear, leaving microbubbles in the slurry.
立てて配置されたコラム本体３０の内部は、気泡に付着
した石炭分と灰分を分離する領域（吐領域（ａＪの灰分
中に紛れ込んだ石炭分を再度気泡に付着、浮上させる領
域（ｂｌ、クロス中に紛は込んだ灰分をふるい落とす目
的でフロスを洗浄する領域（Ｃ１からなり、領域（０１
が大部分を占める構造となっている。この例のフロス洗
浄方式は、水３１及び回転翼５２による洗浄の例である
。The inside of the column body 30, which is arranged upright, is a region (discharge region) where coal adhering to bubbles is separated from ash (a region where coal mixed in the ash of aJ is reattached to air bubbles and floated (bl, cross). It consists of an area (C1) where the floss is washed for the purpose of sieving out the ash that is trapped inside, and an area (01
The structure is dominated by The floss cleaning method in this example is an example of cleaning using water 31 and rotary blades 52.
この他、超音波、高電圧荷電等、色々な洗浄方法がある
。こ＼に示した例によると、多段水洗浄方式により一段
で洗浄できなかったクロスが次の段で洗浄される。回転
翼３２は７ｏスに衝撃を与えると共にコラム内クロスに
旋回流をつくり、ふるい落とされた灰分を含むスラリが
壁近くに集められる効果がある。これらのスラリはコラ
ム本体６０中間に設けられた灰分回収受け３３から付着
タンク２５に戻される。光分灰分がふるい落とされた脱
灰炭（クロス）３４はコラム本体３０からオーバフロー
し図示しない次工程へと送られる。In addition, there are various cleaning methods such as ultrasonic waves and high voltage charging. According to the example shown here, the cloth that could not be washed in one stage is washed in the next stage by the multi-stage water washing method. The rotor 32 applies an impact to the 7 o's and creates a swirling flow in the cross in the column, which has the effect of collecting the sieved slurry containing ash near the wall. These slurries are returned to the deposition tank 25 from the ash collection receiver 33 provided in the middle of the column body 60. The deashing coal (cloth) 34 from which the optical ash has been screened out overflows from the column body 30 and is sent to the next step (not shown).
領域（ｂｌに供給される気泡、石炭分と灰分は領域（ａ
）に備えた気泡発生装ｆｆ１ｉ３５から発生する気泡の
浮上の手助けもあり、気泡に付着し恵方炭分は上方へ灰
分は下方へと分離される。下方へ分離されたスラリはほ
とんどが灰分であるが気泡に付着しなかった石炭分の若
干の紛れ込みは避けられず、領域（ａ）ではこれらの石
炭分の気泡への再付着を行ない浮上させる。その結果、
石炭分の極めて少ないテール３６全つくり出すことがで
き、次工程の処理工程へと送られる。The air bubbles supplied to the area (bl, coal content and ash content are the area (a
) The bubbles generated from the bubble generator ff1i35 provided in the column are assisted in floating, and the Eho charcoal adhering to the bubbles is separated upwards and the ash downwards. The slurry separated downward is mostly ash, but it is inevitable that some coal that did not adhere to the bubbles will be mixed in. In region (a), these coals will re-attach to the bubbles and float up. . the result,
The entire tail 36 with extremely low coal content can be produced and sent to the next processing step.
本発明の浮選装置によれば、微粉炭中に含まれる石炭分
と灰分とを浮選選別する気泡径を小さくでき、微小径気
泡が有効に活用できると共に、脱灰炭側へ紛れ込んだ灰
分を徹底的にふるい落とすことができるので、選別性能
が向上し、高品質燃料が要求される産業上非常に有利で
ある。According to the flotation device of the present invention, the diameter of the bubbles used to flotate and separate the coal content and ash content contained in pulverized coal can be reduced, and the micro-diameter bubbles can be effectively utilized, and the ash mixed into the deashed coal side can be reduced. Since the fuel can be thoroughly screened out, the sorting performance is improved, which is extremely advantageous in industries where high quality fuel is required.
第１図は本発明の一実施例を示す装置の図、第２図は従
来の装置の図、第３図は気泡と微粉炭との関係を示す図
である。
復代理人 内 １） 明
復代理人 萩 原 亮 −
復代理人 安 西 篤 夫
・：石戻分和子
Ｏ８灰分粒子
○、気〉包FIG. 1 is a diagram of a device showing an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a diagram of a conventional device, and FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the relationship between air bubbles and pulverized coal. Sub-agents 1) Meifuku agent Ryo Hagiwara - Sub-agent Atsuo Anzai: Bunwako Ishigoshi O8 ash particles ○, air
Claims (1)
、同貯槽内の混合物中に気泡を混入させる第１の気泡混
入手段と、上部にフロス排出部を下部にテール排出部を
有する浮選機本体と、上記貯槽の下部より混合物を取り
出し上記浮選機本体の下部に供給すると共に該浮選機本
体の下部から混合物を取り出し上記貯槽へ戻す混合物循
環手段と、上記浮選機本体中の混合物に気泡を混入させ
る第２の気泡混入手段と、上記浮選機本体の中間部に設
けられ上記微粉炭中の主として灰分に付着した気泡を除
去させる気泡除去手段と、同気泡が除去され上記浮選機
本体内を下降する微粉炭を取り出して上記貯槽に戻す下
降微粉炭回収手段とを有してなることを特長とする浮選
装置。A storage tank open to the atmosphere for storing a mixture of pulverized coal and water, a first air bubble mixing means for mixing air bubbles into the mixture in the storage tank, and a float having a froth discharge part at the top and a tail discharge part at the bottom. a separator body, a mixture circulating means for taking out a mixture from the lower part of the storage tank and supplying it to the lower part of the flotation machine body, and also taking out the mixture from the lower part of the flotation machine body and returning it to the storage tank, and inside the flotation machine main body. a second air bubble mixing means for mixing air bubbles into the mixture; a second air bubble removing means for removing air bubbles mainly attached to the ash content in the pulverized coal, which is provided in an intermediate part of the flotation machine body; A flotation device characterized by comprising descending pulverized coal recovery means for taking out pulverized coal descending within the flotation machine body and returning it to the storage tank.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61273874A JPH06211B2 (en) | 1986-11-19 | 1986-11-19 | Flotation device |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61273874A JPH06211B2 (en) | 1986-11-19 | 1986-11-19 | Flotation device |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63130154A true JPS63130154A (en) | 1988-06-02 |
| JPH06211B2 JPH06211B2 (en) | 1994-01-05 |
Family
ID=17533769
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP61273874A Expired - Fee Related JPH06211B2 (en) | 1986-11-19 | 1986-11-19 | Flotation device |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPH06211B2 (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN109772599A (en) * | 2019-03-14 | 2019-05-21 | 西安煤科动力科技有限公司 | A kind of air-filled nanometer microvesicle high ash coal slime floatation equipment and its method for floating |
| WO2022062165A1 (en) * | 2020-09-27 | 2022-03-31 | 中国矿业大学 | Three-product flotation column and method suitable for high-ash fine-grained coal slime |
| US11642754B2 (en) | 2018-08-30 | 2023-05-09 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Slurry recycling for chemical mechanical polishing system |
-
1986
- 1986-11-19 JP JP61273874A patent/JPH06211B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US11642754B2 (en) | 2018-08-30 | 2023-05-09 | Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Co., Ltd. | Slurry recycling for chemical mechanical polishing system |
| CN109772599A (en) * | 2019-03-14 | 2019-05-21 | 西安煤科动力科技有限公司 | A kind of air-filled nanometer microvesicle high ash coal slime floatation equipment and its method for floating |
| WO2022062165A1 (en) * | 2020-09-27 | 2022-03-31 | 中国矿业大学 | Three-product flotation column and method suitable for high-ash fine-grained coal slime |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPH06211B2 (en) | 1994-01-05 |
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Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |