JPS63124027A - Liquid crystal element - Google Patents
Liquid crystal elementInfo
- Publication number
- JPS63124027A JPS63124027A JP27144286A JP27144286A JPS63124027A JP S63124027 A JPS63124027 A JP S63124027A JP 27144286 A JP27144286 A JP 27144286A JP 27144286 A JP27144286 A JP 27144286A JP S63124027 A JPS63124027 A JP S63124027A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- liquid crystal
- crystal element
- element according
- substrate
- axis
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 239000004973 liquid crystal related substance Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 73
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 61
- 239000002052 molecular layer Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000004990 Smectic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000005530 etching Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920003171 Poly (ethylene oxide) Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004952 Polyamide Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000012461 cellulose resin Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920002647 polyamide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 229920001721 polyimide Polymers 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004642 Polyimide Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000007740 vapor deposition Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 239000010408 film Substances 0.000 description 18
- 210000002858 crystal cell Anatomy 0.000 description 14
- 230000005684 electric field Effects 0.000 description 13
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000005262 ferroelectric liquid crystals (FLCs) Substances 0.000 description 10
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 9
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 7
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000011810 insulating material Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 230000004044 response Effects 0.000 description 3
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000004020 conductor Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N tin dioxide Chemical compound O=[Sn]=O XOLBLPGZBRYERU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910001887 tin oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acetate Chemical compound CC([O-])=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004988 Nematic liquid crystal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000853 adhesive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001070 adhesive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052906 cristobalite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000004744 fabric Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005621 ferroelectricity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N indium(III) oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3] PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000465 moulding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000004544 sputter deposition Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 1
Landscapes
- Liquid Crystal (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
〔発明の分野〕
本発明は、強誘電性液晶であるカイラルスメクチック液
晶を用いた液晶素子に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [Field of the Invention] The present invention relates to a liquid crystal device using chiral smectic liquid crystal, which is a ferroelectric liquid crystal.
最近、液晶表示素子や液晶−光シヤツター等にも、強誘
電性液晶が使用されることが多い。この液晶は電界に対
して第１の光学的安定状態と第２の光学的安定状態から
なる双安定状態を有し、従って従来のＴＮ （Ｔｗｉｓ
ｔｅｄ Ｎｅｍａｔｉｃ）型の液晶で用いられた光学
変調素子とは異なり、例えば一方の電界ベクトルに対し
て第１の光学的安定状態に液晶が配向し、他方の電界ベ
クトルに対しては第２の光学的安定状態に液晶が配向さ
れる。またこの型の液晶は、加えられる電界に応答して
、極めて速やかに上記２の安定状態のいずれかを取り、
且つ電界の印加のないときはその状態を維持する性質を
有する。Recently, ferroelectric liquid crystals are often used in liquid crystal display elements, liquid crystal light shutters, and the like. This liquid crystal has a bistable state consisting of a first optically stable state and a second optically stable state with respect to an electric field, and thus has a bistable state consisting of a first optically stable state and a second optically stable state, and therefore has
Unlike optical modulation elements used in liquid crystals of the ted nematic type, for example, the liquid crystal is oriented in a first optical stable state for one electric field vector, and a second optical stable state for the other electric field vector. The liquid crystal is aligned in a stable state. In addition, this type of liquid crystal very quickly takes one of the two stable states mentioned above in response to an applied electric field.
In addition, it has the property of maintaining that state when no electric field is applied.
〔発明の解決しようとする問題点３
強誘電性液晶を構成するカイラルスメクチック液晶分子
は、−様なモノドメインの層構造を有しているのが、こ
の層構造のモノドメイン性が外部衝撃力によるセル自体
のたわみによって崩れてしまい、さらに、この崩れたモ
ノドメイン性の層構造は−様なモノドメイン性への回復
が困難である問題点があった。[Problem to be solved by the invention 3 The chiral smectic liquid crystal molecules constituting the ferroelectric liquid crystal have a --like monodomain layer structure. This collapses due to the bending of the cell itself, and furthermore, this collapsed monodomain layer structure has the problem that it is difficult to recover the monodomain structure.
特に、クラークらにより発表された米国特許４３６７９
２４号公報によれば、第１安定配向状態と第２安定配向
状態を生じる双安定性を発現させるには、カイラルスメ
クチック液晶の膜厚をらせん構造が解消されるのに十分
に薄い膜厚（約１〜５μｍ）に設定する必要があり、し
かも大型ディスプレイパネル（対角線サイズ；１５ｃｍ
以上）の場合では、上述した薄膜のカイラルスメクチッ
ク液晶を全パネルに亘って均一な膜厚で形成する必要が
あるため、カイラルスメクチック液晶を用いた大型ディ
スプレイパネルでは、セルを構成しているガラス基板の
厚みを薄（（一般に２ｍｍ以下）している。In particular, US Pat. No. 43,679 published by Clark et al.
According to Publication No. 24, in order to develop bistability that produces a first stable alignment state and a second stable alignment state, the film thickness of the chiral smectic liquid crystal must be made thin enough to eliminate the helical structure ( Approximately 1 to 5 μm), and a large display panel (diagonal size: 15 cm)
(above), it is necessary to form the above-mentioned thin film of chiral smectic liquid crystal with a uniform thickness over the entire panel. The thickness is thin (generally 2 mm or less).
前述したカイラルスメクチック液晶を注入した液晶セル
は、その後ワードプロセッサー、パソコンやＴＶなどを
型作る筐体に取付ける必要がある。The liquid crystal cell injected with the above-mentioned chiral smectic liquid crystal must then be attached to a housing for molding a word processor, personal computer, TV, etc.
このワードプロセッサー、パソコンやＴＶなどの運搬中
あるいは使用中にその表示面が手や器具で押圧されると
、液晶セルが湾曲する。この時、液晶セルが長方形状基
板によって構成されている場合には、長手方向の曲率よ
り短手方向の曲率が大きくなる。従って、液晶セル内の
強誘電性液晶には、長方形状基板の短手方向に沿って強
い力が印加されることになり、これらが原因と見られる
配向欠陥が筐体に組込まれた液晶セルであっても生じて
いた。しかも、押圧などによって崩された強誘電性液晶
の配向状態は、再配向（再び等方相下まで加熱し、その
後の冷却によって再配向させる）によっても−様なモノ
ドメインの層構造の形成が困難となっていた。When the display surface of a word processor, personal computer, TV, etc. is pressed by hand or an instrument while being transported or used, the liquid crystal cell becomes curved. At this time, if the liquid crystal cell is constituted by a rectangular substrate, the curvature in the transverse direction is greater than the curvature in the longitudinal direction. Therefore, a strong force is applied to the ferroelectric liquid crystal in the liquid crystal cell along the width direction of the rectangular substrate, and the liquid crystal cell has alignment defects that are thought to be caused by these forces. It was happening even though. Furthermore, the alignment state of the ferroelectric liquid crystal that has been disrupted by pressure, etc. can be reoriented (heated to below the isotropic phase again, and then reoriented by cooling) to form a monodomain layered structure. It was becoming difficult.
従って、本発明の目的は、前述の問題点を解決したカイ
ラルスメクチック液晶素子を提供することにある。Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a chiral smectic liquid crystal device that solves the above-mentioned problems.
本発明は、一対の長方形状基板の間に、該基板に対して
垂直な分子層（垂直分子層）を形成しているカイラルス
メクチック液晶を配置した液晶素子において、前記長方
形状基板の長手方向の軸と対角線とのなす角度θａとし
た時、前記垂直な分子層（垂直分子層）の法線と前記長
方形状基板の長手方向の軸とのなす角度θＡが前記角度
θａとの間で、０≦θＡ≦θａの関係を有している液晶
素子に特徴を有している。The present invention provides a liquid crystal element in which a chiral smectic liquid crystal forming a molecular layer perpendicular to the substrates (vertical molecular layer) is arranged between a pair of rectangular substrates. When the angle between the axis and the diagonal is θa, the angle θA between the normal to the vertical molecular layer and the longitudinal axis of the rectangular substrate is 0. The liquid crystal element is characterized by a relationship of ≦θA≦θa.
本発明者の実験により、カイラルスメクチック液晶を充
填した液晶セルに対し、このセルの表示面に垂直な方向
に外部より力を加えた場合、前述の配向状態の乱れがカ
イラルスメクチック液晶の垂直分子層の法線に垂直な方
向に細長い針状の欠陥として現われ、垂直分子層の法線
方向には、現われ難いことが顕微鏡観察によって分った
。Through experiments conducted by the present inventors, it was found that when an external force is applied to a liquid crystal cell filled with chiral smectic liquid crystal in a direction perpendicular to the display surface of the cell, the above-mentioned disturbance of the alignment state occurs in the vertical molecular layer of chiral smectic liquid crystal. It was found through microscopic observation that the defect appears as an elongated needle-like defect in the direction perpendicular to the normal to the vertical molecular layer, and is difficult to appear in the normal direction to the vertical molecular layer.
第１図は、本発明の液晶素子の平面図である。 FIG. 1 is a plan view of the liquid crystal element of the present invention.
図中、１１は上側長方形状基板（ガラス基板、プラスチ
ック基板）、１２は下側長方形状基板（ガラス基板、プ
ラスチック基板）、１３は基板１１と１２に対して垂直
なカイラルスメクチック液晶分子層（垂直分子層という
）の法線１４は上側長方形状基板の長平方向と平行な軸
、１５は上側長方形状基板の対角線を表わしている。角
度θａは長手方向と平行な軸１４と対角線１５とのなす
角度を表わし、角度θＡは長手方向と平行な軸１４と垂
直分子層の法線１３とのなす角度を表わしている。この
角度θＡは０≦θＡ≦θａの関係を有しているが１、好
ましくは０≦θＡ≦Ａθａの関係を有しているのがよい
。特に、角度θＡが角度％θａを越え、その角度の増大
に応じて前述した配向欠陥の生じる危険が増大すること
になる。In the figure, 11 is an upper rectangular substrate (glass substrate, plastic substrate), 12 is a lower rectangular substrate (glass substrate, plastic substrate), and 13 is a chiral smectic liquid crystal molecular layer perpendicular to the substrates 11 and 12 (vertical). A normal 14 to the molecular layer (referred to as a molecular layer) represents an axis parallel to the longitudinal direction of the upper rectangular substrate, and 15 represents a diagonal line of the upper rectangular substrate. The angle θa represents the angle between the axis 14 parallel to the longitudinal direction and the diagonal line 15, and the angle θA represents the angle between the axis 14 parallel to the longitudinal direction and the normal 13 of the perpendicular molecular layer. This angle θA has a relationship of 0≦θA≦θa, and preferably has a relationship of 1, preferably 0≦θA≦Aθa. In particular, when the angle θA exceeds the angle % θa, the risk of the above-mentioned alignment defect occurring increases as the angle increases.
垂直分子層の法線１３は、上側長方形状基板１１に付与
した一軸性配向処理軸、例えばラビング処理軸、斜方蒸
着処理軸、斜方エツチング処理軸と平行となっている。The normal 13 of the vertical molecular layer is parallel to a uniaxial alignment treatment axis applied to the upper rectangular substrate 11, such as a rubbing treatment axis, an oblique vapor deposition treatment axis, or an oblique etching treatment axis.
第２図は、カイラルスメクチックＣ相（ＳｍＣ木相）の
強誘電性液晶分子の配向状態を示したもので、２１は配
向した液晶分子であり、１３はＳｍＣ＊の基板に対する
垂直な分子層２２の法線、２３は法線１３に直角な軸で
ある。今、第２図の紙面に垂直な方向から基板に力を加
え基板を撓ませた場合、液晶分子２１の配向秩序は法線
１３が基板１１の長手方向に対して平行となっているた
め、軸２３に対してはネマチック液晶的に作用し、軸２
３に働く力に対して液晶分子２１は、柔軟な動きを示し
配向欠陥を生じに（い。これに対し、液晶分子２１が法
線１３に対して結晶的な構造を成しているため、法線１
３方向に働く力は、垂直分子Ｎ２２の構造を崩し、垂直
分子層２２の法線に垂直な方向に沿って細長い針状の欠
陥が前述の現象の様に現われると考えられる。Figure 2 shows the alignment state of ferroelectric liquid crystal molecules in the chiral smectic C phase (SmC wood phase), where 21 is an oriented liquid crystal molecule, and 13 is a molecular layer 22 perpendicular to the SmC* substrate. The normal line 23 is an axis perpendicular to the normal line 13. Now, when a force is applied to the substrate from a direction perpendicular to the plane of the paper in FIG. It acts like a nematic liquid crystal on axis 23;
3, the liquid crystal molecules 21 move flexibly and tend to cause alignment defects.On the other hand, since the liquid crystal molecules 21 have a crystalline structure with respect to the normal line 13, Normal 1
It is thought that the forces acting in three directions disrupt the structure of the vertical molecules N22, and elongated needle-like defects appear along the direction perpendicular to the normal to the vertical molecular layer 22, as in the phenomenon described above.
従って、長方形状の大型パネルを装填した表示画面を手
で押圧すると、軸２３の方向に大きな力が印加されるこ
とになるが、本発明では垂直分子層２２の法線１３が、
上述の軸２３に対して直角方向にあるため、曲率の大き
い湾曲によって生じる配向欠陥を防止することができる
。又、軸２３に大きな力が印加される長方形状基板のサ
イズとしては、一般に長手方向の長さをＬとし、短手方
向の長さをＳとした時、Ｓ／Ｌ≦５／６、特に１／６≦
Ｓ／Ｌ≦５／６の場合であることが判明した。又、その
時に長方形状基板１１の対角線１５のサイズとしては、
その肉厚が２ｍｍ以下のガラス基板の場合で１５ｃｍ以
上の時に、撓みが原因となった配向欠陥を生じ易くなる
。Therefore, when a display screen loaded with a large rectangular panel is pressed by hand, a large force will be applied in the direction of the axis 23, but in the present invention, the normal line 13 of the vertical molecular layer 22 is
Since it is perpendicular to the above-mentioned axis 23, it is possible to prevent alignment defects caused by a curve with a large curvature. In addition, the size of the rectangular substrate to which a large force is applied to the shaft 23 is generally S/L≦5/6, especially when the length in the longitudinal direction is L and the length in the transverse direction is S. 1/6≦
It was found that S/L≦5/6. Also, at this time, the size of the diagonal line 15 of the rectangular substrate 11 is as follows:
In the case of a glass substrate with a thickness of 2 mm or less, when the thickness is 15 cm or more, alignment defects due to deflection are likely to occur.
第３図（ａ）及び（ｂ）は、それぞれ本発明の液晶素子
の実施態様を示す断面図である。第３図（ａ）に示す液
晶素子は、一対の平行配置した上側長方形状基板３１ａ
及び下側長方形状基板３１ｂと、それぞれの基板に配線
した透明電極３２ａと３２ｂを備えている。上基板３１
ａと下基板３１ｂとの間には強誘電性液晶、好ましくは
少なくとも２つの安定状態をもつ非らせん構造の強誘電
性液晶３３が配置されている。FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are sectional views showing embodiments of the liquid crystal element of the present invention, respectively. The liquid crystal element shown in FIG. 3(a) consists of a pair of upper rectangular substrates 31a arranged in parallel.
and a lower rectangular substrate 31b, and transparent electrodes 32a and 32b wired to each substrate. Upper substrate 31
A ferroelectric liquid crystal, preferably a non-helical ferroelectric liquid crystal 33 having at least two stable states, is disposed between the lower substrate 31b and the lower substrate 31b.
前述した透明電極３２ａと３２ｂは、強誘電性液晶３３
をマルチブレクシング駆動するために、それぞれストラ
イブ形状で配線され、且つそのストライプ形状が互いに
交差させて配置されていることが好ましい。The transparent electrodes 32a and 32b described above are made of ferroelectric liquid crystal 33.
In order to perform multi-plexing driving, it is preferable that the wires are wired in a stripe shape, and the stripe shapes are arranged so as to intersect with each other.
第３図（ａ）に示す液晶素子では、基板３１ａと３１ｂ
に配向制御膜３４ａと３４ｂが配置されている。In the liquid crystal element shown in FIG. 3(a), substrates 31a and 31b are
Orientation control films 34a and 34b are disposed at .
又、第３図（ａ）に示す液晶素子で用いた配向制御膜３
４ａと３４ｂのうち何れか一方を省略することができる
。Moreover, the alignment control film 3 used in the liquid crystal element shown in FIG. 3(a)
Either one of 4a and 34b can be omitted.
本発明では、前述した配向制御膜３４ａと３４ｂに一軸
性配向軸を付与することができる。この一軸性配向軸は
、好ましくはラビング処理によって付与されることがで
きる。この際、前述した一軸性配向軸を互いに平行方向
とすることができるが、互いに交互させることも可能で
ある。In the present invention, a uniaxial orientation axis can be provided to the aforementioned orientation control films 34a and 34b. This uniaxial orientation axis can be imparted preferably by a rubbing process. At this time, the aforementioned uniaxial orientation axes can be parallel to each other, but they can also be alternated.
この際に用いることができる配向制御膜３４ａと３４ｂ
としては、ポリイミド膜、ポリアミド膜、ポリビニルア
ルコール膜、ポリエチレンオキシド膜、ポリエチレン膜
やセルロース樹脂などを用いることができる。Orientation control films 34a and 34b that can be used at this time
As the material, a polyimide film, a polyamide film, a polyvinyl alcohol film, a polyethylene oxide film, a polyethylene film, a cellulose resin, etc. can be used.
本発明の別の好ましい具体例では、ＳｉＯや５ｉ０２な
どの無機絶縁物質を長方形状基板１１ａとｌｌｂの上に
斜めの蒸着法によって被膜形成することによって、一軸
性配向処理軸が付与された配向制御膜を得ることができ
る。In another preferred embodiment of the present invention, the orientation control is provided with a uniaxial orientation treatment axis by forming a film of an inorganic insulating material such as SiO or 5i02 on the rectangular substrates 11a and llb by an oblique vapor deposition method. membrane can be obtained.
第４図に示された装置に於いてペルジャー４０１は吸出
口４０５を有する絶縁基板４０３上に載置され、前記吸
出口４０５から伸びる（図示されていない）真空ポンプ
によりペルジャー４０１が真空にされる。In the apparatus shown in FIG. 4, a Pel jar 401 is placed on an insulating substrate 403 having a suction port 405, and a vacuum pump (not shown) extending from the suction port 405 evacuates the Pel jar 401. .
タングステン製又はモリブデン製のるつぼ４０７はペル
ジャー４０１の内部及び底部に配置され、るつぼ４０７
には数グラムのＳｉｎ、 ＳｉＯ２，ＭｇＦ２などの結
晶４０８が載置される。るつぼ４０７は下方の２つのア
ーム４０７ａ、 ４０７ｂを有し、前記アームは夫々導
線４０９．４１０に接続される。電源４０６及びスイッ
チ４０４がペルジャー４０１の外部導線４０９゜４１０
間に直列に接続される。基板４０２はペルジャー４０１
の内部でるつぼ４０７の真上にペルジャー４０１の垂直
軸に対しＫの角度を成して配置される。A crucible 407 made of tungsten or molybdenum is disposed inside and at the bottom of the Pelger 401.
Several grams of crystal 408 of Sin, SiO2, MgF2, etc. is placed on the surface. The crucible 407 has two lower arms 407a, 407b, which are connected to conductors 409, 410, respectively. The power supply 406 and the switch 404 are connected to the external conductors 409 and 410 of the Pelger 401.
connected in series between. The board 402 is Pelger 401
is positioned directly above the crucible 407 inside the Pelger 401 at an angle K to the vertical axis of the Pelger 401 .
スイッチ４０４が開放されると、ペルジャー４０１はま
ず約１０−’ ｍ ｍ Ｈｇの真空状態にされ、次にス
イッチ４０４が閉じられて、るつぼ４０７が適温で白熱
して結晶４０８が蒸発されるまで電源４０６を調節して
電力が供給される。適温範囲（７００〜１０００ ’Ｃ
）に対して必要な電流は約１００ ａ ｍ ｐ ｓであ
る。結晶４０８は次に蒸発され図中Ｓで示された上向き
の分子流を形成し、流体Ｓは基板４０２に対してＫの角
度を成して基板４０２上に入射され、この結果基板４０
２が被覆される。角度には上記の“入射角”であり、流
体Ｓの方向は上記の“斜め蒸着方向”である。この被膜
の膜厚は基板４０２をペルジャー４０１に挿入する前に
行なわれる装置の時間に対する厚みのキャリブレーショ
ンにより決定される。適宜の厚みの被膜が形成されると
電源４０６からの電力を減少させ、スイッチ４０４を開
放してペルジャー４０１とその内部を冷却する。次に圧
力を大気圧まで上げ基板４０２をペルジャー４０１から
取り外す。When switch 404 is opened, Pelger 401 is first brought to a vacuum of approximately 10-' mm Hg, and then switch 404 is closed and power is turned on until crucible 407 is incandescent at a suitable temperature and crystals 408 are evaporated. Power is provided by regulating 406. Suitable temperature range (700~1000'C
) is approximately 100 am ps. The crystal 408 is then evaporated to form an upward molecular stream indicated by S in the figure, and the fluid S is incident on the substrate 402 at an angle K with respect to the substrate 402, resulting in
2 is coated. The angle is the above-mentioned "incident angle", and the direction of the fluid S is the above-mentioned "oblique deposition direction". The thickness of this coating is determined by time-versus-thickness calibration of the apparatus prior to inserting the substrate 402 into the Pelger 401. Once a coating of appropriate thickness has been formed, power from power source 406 is reduced and switch 404 is opened to cool Pelger 401 and its interior. Next, the pressure is increased to atmospheric pressure and the substrate 402 is removed from the Pelger 401.
前述した入射角に相当する角度Ｋを調整することによっ
て、かかる斜め蒸着処理された基板に隣接する液晶分子
を傾斜角（プレチルト角）をもって配向する傾斜配向状
態とすることや基板に対して実質的に平行に配向する配
回状態とすることができる。By adjusting the angle K corresponding to the above-mentioned incident angle, it is possible to obtain an oblique alignment state in which the liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the obliquely vapor-deposited substrate are aligned at an inclination angle (pre-tilt angle), or to substantially align them with respect to the substrate. It can be arranged in such a way that it is oriented parallel to .
また、別の具体例ではガラス又はプラスチックからなる
基板Ｌｌａの表面あるいは基板１１ｂの上に前述した無
機絶縁物質や有機絶縁物質を被膜形成した後に、該被膜
の表面を斜方エツチング法によりエツチングすることに
より、その表面に配向制御効果を付与することができる
。In another specific example, after forming a film of the above-mentioned inorganic insulating material or organic insulating material on the surface of the substrate Lla made of glass or plastic or on the substrate 11b, the surface of the film is etched by an oblique etching method. Accordingly, an orientation control effect can be imparted to the surface.
前述の配向制御膜は、同時に絶縁膜としても機能させる
ことが好ましく、このためにこの配向制御膜の膜厚は一
般に１００人〜１μ、好ましくは５００人〜５０００人
の範囲に設定することができる。The above-mentioned alignment control film preferably functions as an insulating film at the same time, and for this purpose, the thickness of this alignment control film can be generally set in the range of 100 to 1μ, preferably 500 to 5000. .
この絶縁膜は、液晶層に微量に含有される不純物等のた
めに生ずる電流の発生を防止できる利点をも有しており
、従って動作を繰り返し行っても液晶化合物を劣化させ
ることがない。This insulating film also has the advantage of being able to prevent the generation of current caused by trace amounts of impurities contained in the liquid crystal layer, and therefore does not deteriorate the liquid crystal compound even if the operation is repeated.
第７図は、本発明のカイラルスメクチック液晶セルフ０
を筐体構造に取付けた時の状態を示す分解斜視図である
。カイラルスメクチック液晶セルフ０は、上側長方形状
基板１１と下側長方形状基板を有しており、この液晶セ
ルフ０は支持プレート７７に載置される。この際、液晶
セルフ０に設けた端子（図示せず）と導電ゴム７６とが
電気的に接続される。さらに、液晶セルフ０にはパネル
カバー７８が取り付けられる。導電ゴム７６は、ベース
プレート７１に設けた端子７２と電気的に接続される。FIG. 7 shows the chiral smectic liquid crystal self-0 of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view showing the state when the device is attached to the housing structure. The chiral smectic liquid crystal cell 0 has an upper rectangular substrate 11 and a lower rectangular substrate, and the liquid crystal cell 0 is placed on a support plate 77. At this time, a terminal (not shown) provided on the liquid crystal self 0 and the conductive rubber 76 are electrically connected. Furthermore, a panel cover 78 is attached to the liquid crystal selfie 0. The conductive rubber 76 is electrically connected to a terminal 72 provided on the base plate 71.
このベースプレート７１に設けた穴７４には、これと係
合する支軸７３が組込まれ、一体構造となすことができ
る。A support shaft 73 that engages with the hole 74 provided in the base plate 71 is incorporated into the hole 74 to form an integral structure.
又、ベースプレート７１には集積回路チップ７５が装填
され、液晶セルフ０の表示を制御することができる。又
、本発明では第７図に示す装置の他にドツトマトリクス
型表示パネルに適した筐体構造とすることも可能である
。Further, an integrated circuit chip 75 is loaded on the base plate 71, and can control the display of the liquid crystal cell 0. Further, in the present invention, in addition to the device shown in FIG. 7, it is also possible to provide a housing structure suitable for a dot matrix type display panel.
第５図は、本発明の強誘電性液晶の動作説明のために、
セルの例を模式的に描いたものである。以下、所望の相
としてＳ ｍ Ｃ＊を例にとって説明する。FIG. 5 shows, for explaining the operation of the ferroelectric liquid crystal of the present invention,
This is a schematic drawing of an example of a cell. Hereinafter, explanation will be given by taking S m C* as an example of the desired phase.
５１ａと５１ｂは、Ｉｎ２Ｏ３あるいはＩＴＯ（Ｉｎｄ
ｉｕｍ−Ｔｉｎ ０ｘｉｄｅ）等の薄膜からなる透明
電極で被覆された基板（ガラス板）であり、その間に垂
直分子層５２がガラス面に配向したＳｍＣ＊相の液晶が
封入されている。太線で示した線５３が液晶分子を表わ
しており、この液晶分子５３は基板の面方向に連続的に
らせん構造を形成している。垂直分子層５２は、その法
線５５に沿って均一に配向し、モノドメインを形成して
いる。この液晶分子５３は、その分子に直交した方向に
双極子モーメント（Ｐ工）５４を有している。基板５１
ａと５１ｂ上の電極間に一定の閾値以上の電圧を印加す
ると、液晶分子５３のらせん構造がほどけ、双極子モー
メント（Ｐ上）５４がすべて電界方向に向くよう、液晶
分子５３は配向方向を変えることができる。液晶分子５
３は、細長い形状を有しており、その長袖方向と短軸方
向で屈折率異方性を示し、従って例えばガラス面の上下
に互いにクロスニフルの偏光子を置けば、電圧印加極性
によって光学特性が変わる液晶光学素子となることは、
容易に理解される。51a and 51b are In2O3 or ITO (Ind
It is a substrate (glass plate) coated with a transparent electrode made of a thin film such as Tin Oxide (Tin Oxide), and a SmC* phase liquid crystal with vertical molecular layers 52 oriented on the glass surface is sealed between the substrates (glass plates). A thick line 53 represents a liquid crystal molecule, and the liquid crystal molecule 53 continuously forms a helical structure in the plane direction of the substrate. The vertical molecular layer 52 is uniformly oriented along its normal 55 and forms a monodomain. This liquid crystal molecule 53 has a dipole moment (P) 54 in a direction perpendicular to the molecule. Board 51
When a voltage equal to or higher than a certain threshold is applied between the electrodes a and 51b, the helical structure of the liquid crystal molecules 53 is unraveled, and the liquid crystal molecules 53 change their alignment direction so that all the dipole moments (on P) 54 point in the direction of the electric field. It can be changed. liquid crystal molecule 5
3 has an elongated shape and exhibits refractive index anisotropy in the long and short axis directions. Therefore, for example, if cross-niffle polarizers are placed above and below the glass surface, the optical properties can be changed depending on the polarity of voltage application. Being a liquid crystal optical element that changes,
easily understood.
本発明の液晶光学素子で好ましく用いられる液晶セルは
、例えば１０μ以下とすることができる。The liquid crystal cell preferably used in the liquid crystal optical element of the present invention can have a thickness of, for example, 10 μm or less.
このように液晶層が薄（なるにしたがい、第６図に示す
ように電界を印加していない状態でも液晶分−子のらせ
ん構造がほどけ、非らせん構造となり、その双極子モー
メントＰａまたはｐｂは上向き（６４ａ）又は下向き（
６４ｂ）のどちらかの状態をとる。この場合でも垂直分
子層５２は、その法線５５に沿って均一に配向し、モノ
ドメインを形成している。このようなセルに、第６図に
示す如く一定の閾値以上の極性の異なる電界Ｅａ又はＥ
ｂを電圧印加手段６１ａと６１ｂにより付与すると、双
極子モーメントは、電界Ｅａ又はＥｂの電界ベクトルに
対応して上向き６４ａ又は下向き６４ｂと向きを変え、
それに応じて液晶分子は、１つの安定配向６３ａかある
いは他の安定配向６３ｂの何れか一方に配向する。As the liquid crystal layer becomes thinner (as shown in Figure 6), the helical structure of the liquid crystal molecules unravels even in the absence of an applied electric field and becomes a non-helical structure, and its dipole moment Pa or pb becomes Upward (64a) or downward (
64b). Even in this case, the vertical molecular layer 52 is uniformly oriented along its normal 55, forming a monodomain. In such a cell, as shown in FIG.
When b is applied by the voltage applying means 61a and 61b, the dipole moment changes its direction to an upward direction 64a or a downward direction 64b in accordance with the electric field vector of the electric field Ea or Eb,
Accordingly, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in either one stable orientation 63a or another stable orientation 63b.
このような強誘電性を液晶光学素子として用いることの
利点は、先にも述べたが２つある。その第１は、応答速
度が極めて速いことであり、第２は液晶分子の配向が双
安定性を有することである。As mentioned earlier, there are two advantages to using such ferroelectricity as a liquid crystal optical element. The first is that the response speed is extremely fast, and the second is that the alignment of liquid crystal molecules has bistability.
第２の点を、例えば第６図によって更に説明すると、電
界Ｅａを印加すると液晶分子は１つの安定配向６３ａに
配向するが、この状態は電界を切っても安定である。又
、逆向きの電界Ｅｂを印加すると、液晶分子は他の安定
配向６３ｂに配向してその分子の向きを変えるが、やは
り電界を切ってもこの状態に留っている。To further explain the second point with reference to FIG. 6, for example, when the electric field Ea is applied, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned in one stable orientation 63a, and this state remains stable even when the electric field is turned off. Furthermore, when an electric field Eb in the opposite direction is applied, the liquid crystal molecules are aligned to another stable orientation 63b and the orientation of the molecules is changed, but they remain in this state even after the electric field is turned off.
このような応答速度の速さと、双安定性が有効に実現さ
れるにはセル厚が出来るだけ薄い方が好ましい。In order to effectively realize such fast response speed and bistability, it is preferable that the cell thickness be as thin as possible.
実施例１
基板サイズ２００ｍｍ（長手方向）Ｘ７０ｍｍ （短手
方向）Ｘｌ、１ｍｍ （肉厚）のガラス基板２を２枚用
意した。それぞれのガラス基板の上に１０００人厚のＳ
ｉ０２膜をスパッタリング法によって設け、その上に５
００人厚０ポリビニルアルコール膜を設けた後、その表
面にアセテート布で一方向にラビング処理を施した。こ
の際のラビング軸は角度θＡ＝０に相応する長手方向と
平行に設定した。Example 1 Two glass substrates 2 having a substrate size of 200 mm (longitudinal direction) x 70 mm (short side direction) Xl and 1 mm (thickness) were prepared. 1000 thick S on each glass substrate
An i02 film is provided by sputtering, and 5
After a polyvinyl alcohol film with a thickness of 0.00 mm was provided, its surface was rubbed in one direction with an acetate cloth. The rubbing axis at this time was set parallel to the longitudinal direction corresponding to the angle θA=0.
次いで、一方のガラス基板上に平均粒径１．２μｍさら
に、他のサンプルとして、前述のカイラルスメクチック
液晶セルを作成した時の角度θＡを５°、１００．１５
°、２０°（本発明外）と２５°（本発明外）、に変え
たほかは、全く同様の方法でカイラルスメクチック液晶
セルを作成したサンプルを用意した。これら５種のサン
プルについての初期配向状態を偏光顕微鏡によって観察
したところ、垂直分子層の法線がラビング方向に沿って
おり配向欠陥を生じていない−様なモノドメインとなっ
ていることが判明した。Then, as another sample, the above-mentioned chiral smectic liquid crystal cell was prepared with an average particle diameter of 1.2 μm on one glass substrate, and the angle θA was set to 5°, 100.15
Samples of chiral smectic liquid crystal cells were prepared in exactly the same manner except that the angles were changed to 20° (outside the invention) and 25° (outside the invention). When the initial orientation state of these five types of samples was observed using a polarizing microscope, it was found that the normal to the vertical molecular layer was along the rubbing direction, making it a monodomain with no orientation defects. .
しかる後に、液晶セルに撓みが生じない様に注意深く、
駆動用ｔＣを接続したフレキ基板の端子と前述のサンプ
ルセル（縦方向に４００本の電極、横方向に８００本の
電極が設けられている）の端子とを異方性導電接着剤で
ある日立化成社製の「アニソルムＡＣ３０５２（商品名
）によって電気的に接続した後、ワードプロセッサーの
表示面に取付けた。After that, be careful not to bend the liquid crystal cell.
The terminals of the flexible board to which the driving TC was connected and the terminals of the sample cell (400 electrodes in the vertical direction and 800 electrodes in the horizontal direction) were bonded using an anisotropic conductive adhesive, Hitachi. After electrical connection was made using Anisolm AC3052 (trade name) manufactured by Kasei Co., Ltd., it was attached to the display surface of a word processor.
次いで、その表示面を手で強（押圧した。その後のサン
プルセルについての配向状態を偏光顕微鏡によって観察
した。その結果を下記に示す。Then, the display surface was strongly pressed by hand.The orientation state of the sample cell was then observed using a polarizing microscope.The results are shown below.
サンプル ユ度Ｊ請 （回状１１０° 配
向欠陥無し
２５° 配向欠陥無し
３ １０’ 配向欠陥無し４
１５° 配向欠陥は生じていたが実用上問題無し
５（本発明外）２０° 実用上問題となる配向欠陥
を生じていた。Sample (circular 110°, no orientation defect 25°, no orientation defect 3 10', no orientation defect 4)
15° An alignment defect occurred, but there was no practical problem. 5 (Outside the present invention) 20° An alignment defect, which caused a practical problem, occurred.
６（本発明外）２５° 実用上問題となる配向欠陥
を生じていた。6 (outside of the present invention) 25° An alignment defect that is a practical problem was caused.
さらに、サンプルセル５と６について再配向処理を施し
た。すなわち、サンプルセル５と６のＳ ｍ Ｃ＊を等
吉相となるまで加熱した後、Ｓ ｍ Ｃ木まで徐冷（０
，５°Ｃ／時間）した後、偏光顕微鏡による観察を行っ
たが、配向欠陥はいぜんとして生じていた。Furthermore, sample cells 5 and 6 were subjected to reorientation treatment. That is, after heating the S m C* of sample cells 5 and 6 until they reach the isokitic phase, they are slowly cooled (0
, 5°C/hour), observation using a polarizing microscope was performed, and alignment defects were still observed.
本発明によれば、長方形状の大型パネルをワープロ、パ
ソコンあるいはＴＶ等などの表示媒体として組み込んだ
後、表示面への押圧が原因となって生じていた配向欠陥
を防止することができる。According to the present invention, after a large rectangular panel is incorporated as a display medium in a word processor, a personal computer, a TV, etc., it is possible to prevent orientation defects caused by pressure on the display surface.
第１図は本発明の液晶素子の平面図である。第２図は本
発明の液晶素子の分子配向状態を模式的に表わした平面
図である。第３図（ａ）と第３図（ｂ）は本発明の液晶
素子の断面図である。第４図は本発明で用いた斜方蒸着
装置の模式図である。第５図と第６図は本発明で用いた
カイラルスメクチック液晶を模式的に表わした斜視図で
ある。第７図は本発明の液晶セルを表示装置に適用した
時の態様を表わす分解斜視図である。FIG. 1 is a plan view of a liquid crystal element of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a plan view schematically showing the molecular orientation state of the liquid crystal element of the present invention. FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b) are cross-sectional views of the liquid crystal element of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the oblique evaporation apparatus used in the present invention. FIGS. 5 and 6 are perspective views schematically showing the chiral smectic liquid crystal used in the present invention. FIG. 7 is an exploded perspective view showing a mode in which the liquid crystal cell of the present invention is applied to a display device.
Claims (13)
な分子層を形成しているカイラルスメクチツク液晶を配
置した液晶素子において、前記長方形状基板の長手方向
の軸と対角線とのなす角度をθ＿ａとした時、前記垂直
な分子層の法線と前記長方形状基板の長手方向の軸との
なす角度θ＿Ａが前記角度θ＿ａとの間で０≦θ＿Ａ≦
θ＿ａの関係を有していることを特徴とする液晶素子。(1) In a liquid crystal element in which a chiral smectic liquid crystal forming a molecular layer perpendicular to the substrates is arranged between a pair of rectangular substrates, the longitudinal axis of the rectangular substrates and the diagonal line are The angle θ_A between the normal to the perpendicular molecular layer and the longitudinal axis of the rectangular substrate is 0≦θ_A≦ with the angle θ_a.
A liquid crystal element characterized by having the relationship θ_a.
行となっている特許請求の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(2) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the normal to the perpendicular molecular layer is parallel to the uniaxial alignment treatment axis.
求の範囲第２項記載の液晶素子。(3) The liquid crystal element according to claim 2, wherein the uniaxial alignment treatment is a rubbing treatment.
求の範囲第２項記載の液晶素子。(4) The liquid crystal element according to claim 2, wherein the uniaxial alignment treatment is an oblique evaporation treatment.
特許請求の範囲第２項記載の液晶素子。(5) The liquid crystal element according to claim 2, wherein the uniaxial alignment treatment is an oblique etching treatment.
の長さＳがＳ／Ｌ≦５／６の関係を有している特許請求
の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(6) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the length L in the longitudinal direction and the length S in the lateral direction of the rectangular substrate have a relationship of S/L≦5/6.
の長さＳが１／６≦Ｓ／Ｌ≦５／６の関係を有している
特許請求の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(7) The length L in the longitudinal direction and the length S in the transverse direction of the rectangular substrate have a relationship of 1/6≦S/L≦5/6, liquid crystal element.
特許請求の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(8) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the diagonal of the rectangular substrate is 15 cm or more.
いる特許請求の範囲第２項記載の液晶素子。(9) The liquid crystal element according to claim 2, wherein the uniaxial alignment treatment axis is provided to an alignment control film.
リビニルアルコール、ポリエチレンオキシド、セルロー
ス樹脂及びポリエチレンからなる群より選択された少な
くとも１種の物質で形成された被膜である特許請求の範
囲第９項記載の液晶素子。(10) Claim 9, wherein the orientation control film is a film formed of at least one substance selected from the group consisting of polyimide, polyamide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene oxide, cellulose resin, and polyethylene. liquid crystal element.
付与され、該一軸性配向処理軸が互いに平行である特許
請求の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(11) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the uniaxial alignment processing axes are respectively provided to a pair of substrates, and the uniaxial alignment processing axes are parallel to each other.
ルスメクチツク液晶のらせん構造を解消するのに十分に
薄い膜厚に設定されている特許請求の範囲第１項記載の
液晶素子。(12) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the thickness of the chiral smectic liquid crystal is set to be sufficiently thin to eliminate the helical structure of the chiral smectic liquid crystal.
る特許請求の範囲第１項記載の液晶素子。(13) The liquid crystal element according to claim 1, wherein the pair of rectangular substrates are fixed to a housing.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27144286A JPS63124027A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Liquid crystal element |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27144286A JPS63124027A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Liquid crystal element |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS63124027A true JPS63124027A (en) | 1988-05-27 |
Family
ID=17500079
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP27144286A Pending JPS63124027A (en) | 1986-11-14 | 1986-11-14 | Liquid crystal element |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS63124027A (en) |
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0525673A2 (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1993-02-03 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal device |
| US5640258A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1997-06-17 | Fujitsu Limited | Touch panel having 15 to 30 degree angle between direction of display unit elements and direction of input unit elements |
| US6313897B1 (en) | 1996-10-23 | 2001-11-06 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Rubbing treatment apparatus having roller with specific implanting directions of the pile yarns and method of rubbing |
Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62127718A (en) * | 1985-11-28 | 1987-06-10 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
-
1986
- 1986-11-14 JP JP27144286A patent/JPS63124027A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS62127718A (en) * | 1985-11-28 | 1987-06-10 | Casio Comput Co Ltd | Liquid crystal display device |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0525673A2 (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1993-02-03 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal device |
| US5323253A (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1994-06-21 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Liquid crystal device |
| US5936601A (en) * | 1991-07-25 | 1999-08-10 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Chevron-type liquid crystal device having effective display and pattern display regions |
| US5640258A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1997-06-17 | Fujitsu Limited | Touch panel having 15 to 30 degree angle between direction of display unit elements and direction of input unit elements |
| US5715024A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1998-02-03 | Fujitsu Limited | Touch panel having 30 to 45 degree angle between direction of display unit elements and direction of input unit elements |
| US5777606A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1998-07-07 | Fujitsu Limited | Touch panel |
| US5831691A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1998-11-03 | Fujitsu Limited | Touch panel having spacers arranged on vertexes of orthogonal hexagons |
| US5923388A (en) * | 1995-01-27 | 1999-07-13 | Fujistu Limited | Touch panel |
| US6313897B1 (en) | 1996-10-23 | 2001-11-06 | Sharp Kabushiki Kaisha | Rubbing treatment apparatus having roller with specific implanting directions of the pile yarns and method of rubbing |
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