JPS59171931A - Electrophoresis display element - Google Patents

Electrophoresis display element

Info

Publication number
JPS59171931A
JPS59171931A JP58046617A JP4661783A JPS59171931A JP S59171931 A JPS59171931 A JP S59171931A JP 58046617 A JP58046617 A JP 58046617A JP 4661783 A JP4661783 A JP 4661783A JP S59171931 A JPS59171931 A JP S59171931A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
titanium oxide
liquid dispersion
glass substrate
display element
panel
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP58046617A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Shoichi Matsui
祥一 松井
Masao Hasegawa
長谷川　正生
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to JP58046617A priority Critical patent/JPS59171931A/en
Publication of JPS59171931A publication Critical patent/JPS59171931A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/1675—Constructional details

Landscapes

  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Nonlinear Science (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Electrochromic Elements, Electrophoresis, Or Variable Reflection Or Absorption Elements (AREA)
  • Devices For Indicating Variable Information By Combining Individual Elements (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obviate adhesion of titanium oxide to a glass substrate even if an element is operated repeatedly by treating the inside surface of the glass substrate that contacts with a liquid dispersion system so as to have a hydrophobic surface thereby providing repulsive force between said surface and the pure titanium oxide which is not subjected to a surface treatment. CONSTITUTION:A polyamic acid diluted in 0.5% N-methyl-2 pyrolidone by weight is coated on a glass substrate 1 having an electrode consisting of a transparent conductive film and after the coating is cured, <=50Angstrom polyimide film 5 is formed over the entire surface. Two sheets of such substrates 1 are superposed oppositely to each other and are sealed by means of an expoxy resin 2 to constitute a panel. A liquid dispersion system is injected and sealed into the panel. The liquid dispersion medium prepd. by dispersing pure titanium oxide 3 in a liquid dispersion medium 4 is used. Even if the display element constituted in such a way is driven >=10,000times, the normal operation is performed without sticking of the titanium oxide on the glass substrate. If a layer 5 of an org. material is provided at >=50Angstrom , the color of the org. material appears and makes the entire part of the display dark; moreover, the surface is made more hydrophobic and a memory function is lost.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 産業上の利用分野 本発明は、時計、電卓、ゲーム機器などの小型表示素子
、コンピュータのディスプレイ装置としての１−ノトマ
）　ｌ）クス表示素子、街頭広告、行き光案内板などの
大型表示素子、あるいは何度も書き込み消去かで奄るソ
フトコピーなどに用いることができる電気泳動表示素子
に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Field of Industrial Application The present invention is applicable to small display devices such as watches, calculators, game machines, etc., and display devices for computers. The present invention relates to an electrophoretic display element that can be used for large display elements such as boards, or for soft copies that can be erased by writing and erasing many times.

従来例の構成とその問題点 従来の電気泳動表示素子は、第１図に示すように液体分
散系と接する基板内側に有機物の層を設けたものはなく
、透明導電膜から成る電極をイｊするガラス基板と液体
分散系とが直接接触していた。Conventional Structure and Problems Conventional electrophoretic display elements do not have an organic layer on the inside of the substrate in contact with the liquid dispersion system, as shown in Figure 1, and do not have electrodes made of transparent conductive films. The glass substrate and the liquid dispersion system were in direct contact.

従来顔料粒子は表面処理をしていない純粋な酸化チタン
を使っておらずフェノール樹脂あるいはメラミン樹脂で
回りをくるみ、液体分散媒と比重合わせをした酸化チタ
ンを使っていた。この状！序では酸化チタンと基板が直
接接触することはなく、安定に動作するが酸化チタンの
隠蔽力が弱められ、また粒子径も１μＩＩ＋以上になる
ので十分なコントラストを得るには上下基板のギャップ
は１００μ７＋１必要となり、そのだめ電圧も７０Ｖ必
要となり応答速度も大きかった。ＩＣで直接駆動させよ
うとすれば、電圧は１５Ｖ以下にする必要があり、応答
速度も１００　ｍ５ｅｃ以下にするためには上下基板の
ギャップはｌＯμ〃１以下にし、粒子径の小さい酸化チ
タンを隠蔽力が高い状態で使う一必要がある。そのため
には樹脂などでくるまない酸化チタンを使う必要がある
。第１図と同様の構成で上下基板のギャップだけをｌＯ
μ２ノ１にしたパネルを用い、表面処理をしていない純
粋な酸化チタンを使用すると、初期動作としては１５Ｖ
駆動でコントラスト比５、応答速度１００　ｍ５ｅｃの
パネルが得られるが、±１５■で１０００回以上繰り返
し動作させると、ガラス基板に酸化チタンが付着してし
まうという欠陥が生じた。ガラス及び透明導電膜表面は
親水性で、かつ表面処理をしていない純粋な酸化チタン
の表ｍｊも親水性なので、帯電した酸化チタンが電界に
よって受ける力よりも付着力の方がはるかに大きく、付
着が起こってしまうという問題点を有していた。Conventionally, pigment particles did not use pure titanium oxide without surface treatment, but titanium oxide that was wrapped in phenol resin or melamine resin and whose specific gravity was matched to that of a liquid dispersion medium. This situation! In this case, the titanium oxide and the substrate do not come into direct contact, and the operation is stable, but the hiding power of the titanium oxide is weakened, and the particle size is 1μII+ or more, so the gap between the upper and lower substrates must be 100μ7+1 to obtain sufficient contrast. A voltage of 70V was required, and the response speed was also high. If you want to drive it directly with an IC, the voltage needs to be 15V or less, and in order to keep the response speed below 100 m5ec, the gap between the upper and lower substrates should be less than 1Oμ〃1, and the titanium oxide with small particle size should be hidden. It is necessary to use it in a state of high power. To achieve this, it is necessary to use titanium oxide that is not wrapped in resin or the like. With the same configuration as in Figure 1, only the gap between the upper and lower substrates is
If you use a panel with a μ2 of 1 and use pure titanium oxide without surface treatment, the initial operation will be 15V.
Although a panel with a contrast ratio of 5 and a response speed of 100 m5ec was obtained by driving, a defect occurred in that titanium oxide adhered to the glass substrate when the operation was repeated more than 1000 times at ±15μ. The glass and transparent conductive film surfaces are hydrophilic, and the surface of pure titanium oxide (mj) without surface treatment is also hydrophilic, so the adhesion force is much greater than the force that the charged titanium oxide receives from the electric field. There was a problem that adhesion occurred.

発明の目的 本発明は、液体分散系と接するガラス基板内側表面を疎
水性にし、表面処理をしていない純粋な酸化チタンとの
間に反発力を持たせ、繰り返し動作させても酸化チタン
のガラス基板への付着がおこらない電気泳動表示素子を
提供しようとするものである。Purpose of the Invention The present invention makes the inner surface of the glass substrate in contact with the liquid dispersion system hydrophobic and creates a repulsive force between it and pure titanium oxide without surface treatment, so that the titanium oxide glass remains intact even after repeated operations. The present invention aims to provide an electrophoretic display element that does not adhere to a substrate.

発明の構成 本発明の電気泳動表示素子は少なくとも一方に透明導電
膜から成る電極を有する２枚のガラス基板を、互いに対
向させ、その中間に液体分散系の注入部を設けた電気泳
動表示素子で、液体分散系の顔料として、表面処理を行
なっていない純粋な酸化チタンを用い、この液体分散系
と接するガラス基板の内側に５０Ａ以下の有機物の層を
設けたものである。従って、表面処理を行なっていない
純粋な酸化チタン表面の親水性と、ポリイミドなどの有
機物の層の疎水性との間で反発力を持たせたものである
。Structure of the Invention The electrophoretic display element of the present invention is an electrophoretic display element in which two glass substrates each having an electrode made of a transparent conductive film on at least one side are placed facing each other, and an injection part for a liquid dispersion system is provided between them. , pure titanium oxide without surface treatment is used as the pigment in the liquid dispersion system, and an organic layer of 50A or less is provided on the inside of the glass substrate in contact with the liquid dispersion system. Therefore, a repulsive force is created between the hydrophilicity of the pure titanium oxide surface without surface treatment and the hydrophobicity of the organic material layer such as polyimide.

尚、有機物の層を５０Ａ以上に設けると、有機物の色が
つき表示全体として暗くなり、寸だ疎水性が強くなって
電気泳動表示素子の大きな特徴であるメモリー機能が損
われる。If the layer of organic material is provided at a thickness of 50 A or more, the organic material will be colored and the entire display will become dark, and the hydrophobicity will become extremely strong, impairing the memory function, which is a major feature of electrophoretic display elements.

実施例の説明 以下、本発明の一実施例について図ｉｆＪ’ｉを参１１
ヒしながら説明する。第２図は本発明の一実施例におけ
る電気泳動表示素子の断面図を示すものである。DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Refer to FIG. 11 below for an embodiment of the present invention.
I will explain while listening. FIG. 2 shows a sectional view of an electrophoretic display element according to an embodiment of the present invention.

（１）は透明導電膜から成る電極を有するガラス基板で
、（２）はシー／ｌ／樹脂、（３）は顔料粒子、（４）
は液体分散媒である。透明導電ｊ漢から成る？Ｌ極を有
するガラス基板（１）にＮ−メチル−２ピロリドン重ｆ
ｔ　比０．５％に希釈したポリアミック酸をヌピンナー
３０００回転で塗布し、３００℃で３０分キュアさせて
５０Ａ以下のポリイミド膜（５）を全面に形成した。こ
のガラス基板２枚をエポキシ糸樹脂（２）でシールし、
パネルを構成する。このパネルに液体分散系を注入し利
口する。液体分散系は２ノ１−キシレンに青色染料マク
ロレックスブルーＲｐ（マクロレックヌ社製）を重量比
４，５％溶解させ、ガラス繊維ろ紙でろ過した後に、界
面活性剤としてノイゲンＥＡ−１０２（第−工業製薬製
）を体積比３％、ディスパロンＫＳ−８７３（捕水化成
製）を体積比１％加えて作った液体分散媒（４）に、表
面処理をしていない平均粒径０．２１Ｊｎｌの純粋な酸
化チタンを重量比２９％混ぜ、ペインシェイ力−で１時
間分散させたものを用いる。(1) is a glass substrate having an electrode made of a transparent conductive film, (2) is a resin, (3) is a pigment particle, and (4) is a glass substrate having an electrode made of a transparent conductive film.
is a liquid dispersion medium. Consists of transparent conductive J-Kan? N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone heavy f on a glass substrate (1) having an L pole
Polyamic acid diluted to a t ratio of 0.5% was applied using a Nupinner at 3000 rpm and cured at 300° C. for 30 minutes to form a polyimide film (5) of 50A or less over the entire surface. Seal these two glass substrates with epoxy thread resin (2),
Configure the panel. A liquid dispersion system is injected into this panel. The liquid dispersion system was prepared by dissolving 4.5% by weight of the blue dye Macrolex Blue Rp (manufactured by Macrolexnu Co., Ltd.) in 2-1-xylene, filtering it through glass fiber filter paper, and adding Neugen EA-102 (No. 1) as a surfactant. A liquid dispersion medium (4) made by adding 3% by volume of Disparon KS-873 (manufactured by Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.) and 1% by volume of Disparon KS-873 (manufactured by Kansui Kasei Co., Ltd.) was added with an average particle size of 0.21 Jnl without surface treatment. A mixture of pure titanium oxide at a weight ratio of 29% was used, and the mixture was dispersed for 1 hour using Payne's force.

上記のように構成された本実施例の電気泳動表示素子に
ついて以下そ″り動作を説明する。−！ず、このパネル
の初期状態を測定した結果１５Ｖ駆動でコントラスト比
５、応答速度１００　ｎ１ｓｅｃのパネルが得られてい
る。さらに±１５Ｖ、　Ｉ　Ｈｚで駆動させた結果、１
万回以」二駆動させてもガラス基板に酸化チタンが付着
することなく正常な動作を行なっていた。以」二のよう
に本実施例によれば、液体分散系と接する基板内側に５
０Ａ以下のポリイミド膜を設けることにより、１万回以
上駆動させても酸化チタンのガラス基板へのイー１着の
ないパネルを実現している。尚、実施例では有機物の層
が暗くなり、捷だ電気泳動表示素子の大きな特徴である
メモリー機能が損われる。丑だ上下ガラス基板のギャッ
プが１０μノ２１と小さい場合には、酸化チタンは液体
分散媒と比重合わせをする必要はなく、酸化チタンの白
によってコントラメ１−の大きくなる耐候性の良い青色
染料を溶解させた７＋１−キンレンを用いることができ
る。しかし酸化チタンの電荷を制御し動作を安定にする
には少なくとも一種以上の界面活性剤を加える必要があ
る。The operation of the electrophoretic display element of this example configured as described above will be explained below. First, as a result of measuring the initial state of this panel, it has a contrast ratio of 5 and a response speed of 100 n1sec when driven at 15V. A panel was obtained.Furthermore, as a result of driving at ±15V and IHz, 1
Even after being driven more than 10,000 times, it operated normally without any titanium oxide adhering to the glass substrate. As described in 2 below, according to this embodiment, 5 layers are placed inside the substrate in contact with the liquid dispersion system.
By providing a polyimide film with a voltage of 0A or less, a panel is realized that does not cause any e-contamination of titanium oxide on the glass substrate even after being driven over 10,000 times. Note that in the examples, the organic layer becomes dark, and the memory function, which is a major feature of the distorted electrophoretic display element, is impaired. If the gap between the upper and lower glass substrates is as small as 10 μm or 21 mm, there is no need to match the specific gravity of titanium oxide with the liquid dispersion medium, and the white color of titanium oxide will increase the contrast of blue dye, which has good weather resistance. Dissolved 7+1-quinolene can be used. However, in order to control the charge of titanium oxide and stabilize its operation, it is necessary to add at least one type of surfactant.

発明の効果 本発明は、ガラス基板の内側に５０Ａ以下の有機物の層
を設けているので電気泳動表示素子の特徴を損うことな
く、酸化チタンが基板に付着するのを防止でき、１万回
以上駆動させても正常な動作をすることかできる。さら
に、有機物の層を耐溶剤性の強いポリイミドを用いるこ
とによって、この層が溶解せず電流値に影響を及ぼさな
い効果が得られた。Effects of the Invention The present invention provides an organic layer of 50A or less on the inside of the glass substrate, which prevents titanium oxide from adhering to the substrate without impairing the characteristics of the electrophoretic display element. It is possible to operate normally even if the motor is driven more than this. Furthermore, by using polyimide with strong solvent resistance for the organic layer, an effect was obtained that this layer does not dissolve and does not affect the current value.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第１図は従来の電気泳動表示素子の断面図、第２図は本
発明の一実施例における電気泳動表示素子の断面図であ
る。 （１）・透明導電膜から成る電極を有するガラス基板、
（４）・・・液体分散媒、（５）　　ポリイミド膜代理
人　弁理士穴　島　−公 第１図 第２１　　　３　　１FIG. 1 is a sectional view of a conventional electrophoretic display element, and FIG. 2 is a sectional view of an electrophoretic display element according to an embodiment of the present invention. (1) - A glass substrate having an electrode made of a transparent conductive film,
(4)...Liquid dispersion medium, (5) Polyimide membrane agent Patent attorney Anajima - Public Figure 1 Figure 21 3 1

Claims (2)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] （１）　　少なくとも一方に透明導電膜から成る電極を
有する２枚のガラス基板を、互いに対向させ、その中間
に液体分散系の注入部を設けた電気泳動表示素子で、液
体分散系の顔料として、表面処理を行なっていない純粋
の酸化チタンを用い、この液体分散系と接するガラス基
板の内側に５０尺　以下の有機物の層を設けることを特
徴とした電気泳動表示素子。(1) An electrophoretic display element in which two glass substrates each having an electrode made of a transparent conductive film on at least one side are opposed to each other, and a liquid dispersion injection part is provided between them, and as a liquid dispersion pigment, An electrophoretic display element characterized by using pure titanium oxide without surface treatment and providing a layer of organic matter of 50 feet or less on the inside of a glass substrate in contact with the liquid dispersion system. （２）　　有機物の層としてポリイミド膜を用いた特許
請求の範囲第１項記載の電気泳動表示素子。(2) The electrophoretic display element according to claim 1, which uses a polyimide film as the organic layer.
JP58046617A 1983-03-18 1983-03-18 Electrophoresis display element Pending JPS59171931A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP58046617A JPS59171931A (en) 1983-03-18 1983-03-18 Electrophoresis display element

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP58046617A JPS59171931A (en) 1983-03-18 1983-03-18 Electrophoresis display element

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS59171931A true JPS59171931A (en) 1984-09-28

Family

ID=12752253

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP58046617A Pending JPS59171931A (en) 1983-03-18 1983-03-18 Electrophoresis display element

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS59171931A (en)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2003102685A2 (en) * 2002-05-03 2003-12-11 Sipix Imaging, Inc. Methods of surface modification for improving electrophoretic dislay performance
US6844958B2 (en) 2001-11-05 2005-01-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Electrophoretic device, method of manufacturing the same, electronic apparatus, microcapsule, and method of manufacturing microcapsule
EP1598694A1 (en) * 2003-02-25 2005-11-23 Bridgestone Corporation Image displaying panel and image display unit
KR100575452B1 (en) * 1999-09-28 2006-05-03 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 electroretic display and transflective liquid crystal display device using electroretic display

Cited By (9)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
KR100575452B1 (en) * 1999-09-28 2006-05-03 엘지.필립스 엘시디 주식회사 electroretic display and transflective liquid crystal display device using electroretic display
US6844958B2 (en) 2001-11-05 2005-01-18 Seiko Epson Corporation Electrophoretic device, method of manufacturing the same, electronic apparatus, microcapsule, and method of manufacturing microcapsule
WO2003102685A2 (en) * 2002-05-03 2003-12-11 Sipix Imaging, Inc. Methods of surface modification for improving electrophoretic dislay performance
WO2003102685A3 (en) * 2002-05-03 2004-04-08 Sipix Imaging Inc Methods of surface modification for improving electrophoretic dislay performance
US6870662B2 (en) 2002-05-03 2005-03-22 Sipix Imaging, Inc. Methods of surface modification for improving electrophoretic display performance
EP1598694A1 (en) * 2003-02-25 2005-11-23 Bridgestone Corporation Image displaying panel and image display unit
EP1598694A4 (en) * 2003-02-25 2008-10-15 Bridgestone Corp Image displaying panel and image display unit
US7483202B2 (en) 2003-02-25 2009-01-27 Bridgestone Corporation Image display panel and image display device
EP2423740A3 (en) * 2003-02-25 2012-05-30 Bridgestone Corporation Image display panel and image display device

Similar Documents

Publication Publication Date Title
US7525716B2 (en) Display device and display apparatus
US5786041A (en) Alignment film, a method for producing the alignment film and a liquid crystal display device using the alignment film
JP4525521B2 (en) Electrophoresis equipment, electronic equipment
JPS59171930A (en) Electrophoresis display element
JPH01267525A (en) Electrophoretic display element
JPWO2004001498A1 (en) Image display device and method of manufacturing image display device
JP2729299B2 (en) Electrophoretic display
JP2733687B2 (en) Electrophoretic display device and dispersion system for display
JPS59171931A (en) Electrophoresis display element
JP2000122103A (en) Display device
US6493058B1 (en) Liquid crystal display
JP3708983B2 (en) Liquid crystal-containing / polymer microcapsule and liquid crystal electro-optical element
JPH02232630A (en) Light control element
JPH05165011A (en) Light dimming constitutional body
JP4675641B2 (en) Display element, display method and display device
JPH10133205A (en) Liquid crystal display device
JPH07120742A (en) Liquid crystal display element
JPH05224182A (en) External charge type liquid crystal display element
JP2926858B2 (en) Color filter substrate
JPH0210320A (en) Active matrix type liquid crystal display element
JPS60121421A (en) Electrochromic display device sealed with epoxy resin
JPS597342A (en) Liquid crystal panel
JP2005031541A (en) Display device and its manufacturing method
JPH03245120A (en) Liquid crystal display material and production thereof
JP3144126B2 (en) Color filter