JPS587352A - Recorder - Google Patents

Recorder

Info

Publication number
JPS587352A
JPS587352A JP10679181A JP10679181A JPS587352A JP S587352 A JPS587352 A JP S587352A JP 10679181 A JP10679181 A JP 10679181A JP 10679181 A JP10679181 A JP 10679181A JP S587352 A JPS587352 A JP S587352A
Authority
JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
ink
electrode
recording
voltage
electrodes
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
JP10679181A
Other languages
Japanese (ja)
Inventor
Hiroyuki Irie
入江 宏之
Tadao Kobashi
小橋 忠雄
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Panasonic Holdings Corp
Original Assignee
Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd filed Critical Matsushita Electric Industrial Co Ltd
Priority to JP10679181A priority Critical patent/JPS587352A/en
Publication of JPS587352A publication Critical patent/JPS587352A/en
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B41PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
    • B41JTYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
    • B41J2/00Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
    • B41J2/005Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by bringing liquid or particles selectively into contact with a printing material
    • B41J2/01Ink jet
    • B41J2/015Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process
    • B41J2/04Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand
    • B41J2/06Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by electric or magnetic field
    • B41J2/065Ink jet characterised by the jet generation process generating single droplets or particles on demand by electric or magnetic field involving the preliminary making of ink protuberances

Landscapes

  • Ink Jet (AREA)

Abstract

PURPOSE:To obtain the recorder having a high resolution by a low voltage operation by a method wherein ink containing magnetic fluid is impregnated electrically by impressing the voltage corresponding to a picture signal and the rising of the ink is formed by magnet provided on a recording surface. CONSTITUTION:The liquidous ink 5 containing the magnetic fluid is arranged on the backing 1 of a dielectric having the porous dielectric 4, a plurality of electrodes 3, 3' and an auxiliary electrode 6. The ink 5 is fed to a recording paper 7 along a groove 2 by impressing a necessary voltage for the electrodes 3, 3' about the center of the voltage of the auxiliary electrode 6, and the beautiful rising of the ink 5 is formed at the terminal 9' of an electrode wire by the magnet 8. If the recording paper 7 is contacting with the terminals 9, 9', the recording may be effected on the recording paper 7 at a place corresponding to the part whereat the electrode 3' is existing.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明は画像信号に応じて紙その他の記録面上に液状イ
ンクを付着させ、インク像を記録する記録装置に関する
ものであシ、その目的は低電圧動作でかつ高解像度の記
録装置を提供することにある。
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a recording device that records an ink image by depositing liquid ink on paper or other recording surface in response to an image signal, and its purpose is to operate at low voltage and at high speed. The purpose of the present invention is to provide a high resolution recording device.

従来の記録装置としては、インクジェット法又は磁性イ
ンクを用いた記録装置等が挙げられるが、それぞれピエ
ゾ素子を用いたり、クーロン力を用いることによシイン
クを飛翔させている。すなわち、いずれも高電圧を必要
とする難点を有しておシ、この改善が望まれている。
Conventional recording devices include recording devices using an inkjet method or magnetic ink, and each uses a piezo element or Coulomb force to make the ink fly. That is, all of them have the disadvantage of requiring high voltage, and an improvement is desired.

本発明はこのような点に鑑みなされたものであシ、クー
ロン力を使用しないで、低電圧でかつ磁性インクを用い
た記録装置の高解像度性を損なわない記録装置を提供す
るものであシ、さらに具体的に述べると、少なくとも磁
性流体を含む液状インクを、少なくとも電気浸透させる
誘電体材料と複数ケの電極から成・る支持体上に配して
成る複合体と、画像信号に対応した電圧を印加して前記
インクを電気浸透させると共に、記録面に備えた磁石に
よって前記インクの***を形成せしめる手段−とを備え
、前記インクの***に前記記録面を接触させることによ
り前記画像信号に対応したインク像を記録する記録装置
である。
The present invention has been made in view of these points, and it is an object of the present invention to provide a recording device that does not use Coulomb force, uses low voltage, and does not impair the high resolution of a recording device that uses magnetic ink. More specifically, there is a composite body in which a liquid ink containing at least a magnetic fluid is disposed on a support consisting of a dielectric material that allows at least electroosmosis and a plurality of electrodes; means for electroosmoticing the ink by applying a voltage and forming ridges of the ink using a magnet provided on the recording surface, and by bringing the recording surface into contact with the ridges of the ink, the image signal is This is a recording device that records a corresponding ink image.

ここに、磁性流体を含む液状インクとは、液体にマグネ
タイト又はγ−フェライト等の磁性粉末を分散し、かつ
染料や顔料を溶解ないしは分散せしめたものと定義され
る。
Here, the liquid ink containing a magnetic fluid is defined as one in which magnetic powder such as magnetite or γ-ferrite is dispersed in a liquid, and a dye or pigment is dissolved or dispersed therein.

又、電気浸透とは、固体と液状材料を接触させた場合、
その界面に電気二重層を生じ、電圧印加に対して固体に
対して液状材料が移動する界面動電現象の総称であって
、液状材料の移動は、固体が非多孔質の時はその表面を
、又、多孔質材料である時は、その表面および内部の何
れか一方ないしは両方を問わぬものとする。
Also, electroosmosis is when a solid and liquid material are brought into contact,
It is a general term for the electrokinetic phenomenon in which an electric double layer is generated at the interface and a liquid material moves relative to the solid in response to an applied voltage.The movement of the liquid material occurs when the solid is non-porous. In addition, when the material is a porous material, it does not matter whether it is on the surface or inside, or both.

以下本発明の一実施例について詳述する。An embodiment of the present invention will be described in detail below.

第1図は本発明の一実施例であシ、記録装置のからなる
支持体であシ、溝2,2′が多数ケ並列に設けられてい
る。この溝2,2′には電極3,3′が埋設されておシ
、この電極3および3′は透磁率の良いNi−Feから
なる通称センデルタと呼称されているものを用いるのが
良い。4は多孔質誘電体である。6は磁性流体を含む液
状インクであシ、パラフィンをベースとし、マグネタイ
トを表面活性剤で分散させ、かつ電荷制御剤および染料
又は顔料を含んだ油溶性インクである。6は多数ケの貫
通孔を有する薄板状の補助電極でノある。7は記録紙で
あシ、図示したごとく矢印の方向へ移動させる。8は永
久磁石であシ、ゴム磁石にて構成されたものである。こ
れらの構成は図に示したとおシであるが、1の支持体上
に4の多孔質誘電体および6の補助電極を配置した複合
体に記録紙7が圧接しておシ、記録紙7の背面に磁石8
がさらに接触しているものである。又、支持体1上の多
孔質誘電体4および補助電極6は、支持体1が記録紙7
に接する端部9から適当な距離(数mm)をおいて配置
されている。
FIG. 1 shows an embodiment of the present invention, in which a support body consisting of a recording device is provided with a large number of grooves 2, 2' in parallel. Electrodes 3 and 3' are embedded in these grooves 2 and 2', and it is preferable to use electrodes 3 and 3' made of Ni--Fe with good magnetic permeability and commonly called center delta. 4 is a porous dielectric. 6 is a liquid ink containing a magnetic fluid, and is an oil-soluble ink that is based on paraffin, has magnetite dispersed with a surfactant, and contains a charge control agent and a dye or pigment. Reference numeral 6 denotes a thin plate-shaped auxiliary electrode having a large number of through holes. The recording paper 7 is moved in the direction of the arrow as shown. The reference numeral 8 is a permanent magnet and is composed of a rubber magnet. These configurations are shown in the figure, and the recording paper 7 is pressed against a composite body in which a porous dielectric material 4 and an auxiliary electrode 6 are arranged on a support member 1. Magnet 8 on the back of
are in further contact with each other. Further, the porous dielectric material 4 and the auxiliary electrode 6 on the support 1 are arranged so that the support 1 is connected to the recording paper 7.
It is placed at an appropriate distance (several mm) from the end 9 that is in contact with.

次に動作の概要を述べる。まず、前述したインク6は誘
電体にて構成される支持体1および多孔質誘電体4がそ
れぞれ硼珪酸ガラスおよび酢酸セルローズで構成された
場合に負電極方向に良き電気浸透性を示すものである。
Next, we will outline the operation. First, the ink 6 described above exhibits good electroosmotic properties in the direction of the negative electrode when the support 1 made of a dielectric and the porous dielectric 4 are made of borosilicate glass and cellulose acetate, respectively. .

インクを正電極方向に電気浸透させるか、負電極方向に
電気浸透させるかのいわゆる電気浸透極性は、液体材料
、又、必要に応じて混入される電荷制御剤や表面活性剤
等によってきめることが出来、さらに電気浸透感度は1
0 cA/マ・860程度をもたせることが出来る。
The so-called electroosmotic polarity, i.e., whether the ink is electroosmotic toward the positive electrode or toward the negative electrode, can be determined by the liquid material and the charge control agent, surfactant, etc. that are mixed as necessary. possible, and the electroosmotic sensitivity is 1
It can provide about 0 cA/ma·860.

たとえば、電極線3,31間に直流電圧を印加した場合
、1ミクロン当り1ボルト(すなわち1ovcIrL)
の電界強度では支持体1の表面を1儂の速度で移動する
、いわゆる電気浸透を生じさせうる。従って補助電極6
の電位を中心に電極3および3′に必要な電圧を印加す
ることによシ、電極線3又は3′すなわち溝2に沿って
インク6を記録紙の方向へ送り出すことが出来、同時に
磁石8によって電極線端部9′にきれいなインク6、の
***を形成させることが出来る。第1図の場合には電極
3′の端部にインク6の***を形成した場合であシ、こ
の時、補助電極6の電位に対して電極3は正の電位Vc
が、又電極3′には負の電位Vc’が印加されている。
For example, if a DC voltage is applied between the electrode wires 3 and 31, 1 volt per micron (i.e. 1ovcIrL)
At an electric field strength of , it is possible to cause so-called electroosmosis, in which the material moves at a speed of 1° on the surface of the support 1. Therefore, the auxiliary electrode 6
By applying a necessary voltage to the electrodes 3 and 3' with the potential of By this, it is possible to form a beautiful bulge of ink 6 on the electrode wire end 9'. In the case of FIG. 1, a bump of ink 6 is formed at the end of the electrode 3', and at this time, the electrode 3 has a positive potential Vc with respect to the potential of the auxiliary electrode 6.
However, a negative potential Vc' is also applied to the electrode 3'.

従って支持体1上においては、その端部9の近傍に矢印
で図示したごとく、補助電極らと電極線3および3′と
の間の電気浸透、さらに支持体1の端部9の近傍におけ
る電極線3と3′との間の電気浸透が生じ、その結果、
電極線3′の端部において永久磁石8によってきれいな
インクの***を形成させることが出来る。通常、永久磁
石8は平行な磁場を作るが、図に示した電極線3および
3′が透磁率の高いものであるだめ、その先端に磁力を
集中させることが出来、インクのメニスカス状の***を
形成させることが出来る。従ってこの時、端部9および
9′に記録紙が接していれば、第1図に示したごとく記
録紙7に電極3′の存在する部分に対応して記録するこ
とが出来るようになる。
Therefore, on the support 1, as shown by the arrow near the end 9, there is electroosmosis between the auxiliary electrodes and the electrode wires 3 and 3', and furthermore, the electrode near the end 9 of the support 1. Electroosmosis occurs between lines 3 and 3', resulting in
A beautiful ink ridge can be formed by the permanent magnet 8 at the end of the electrode wire 3'. Normally, the permanent magnet 8 creates a parallel magnetic field, but since the electrode wires 3 and 3' shown in the figure have high magnetic permeability, the magnetic force can be concentrated at their tips, causing a meniscus-like bulge in the ink. can be formed. Therefore, at this time, if the recording paper is in contact with the ends 9 and 9', it becomes possible to record on the recording paper 7 corresponding to the portion where the electrode 3' is present, as shown in FIG.

第2図は画信号を記録する際の電極線3,3′および補
助電極6を駆動すべき駆動回路のブロック7 図上波形図である。第2図aにおいて、端子1゜は画像
信号の入力端子、11は直列−並列変換器、12はドラ
イブ段である。端子1oに入力された画像信号は11の
シフトレジスタから成るシリアル−パラレル変換器にて
第1図に示した電極線3および3′の本数に相当する画
像信号に分割され、1ライン分同時に出方される。因み
に、記録線がム4幅の場合には、解像本数を8本/朋に
すると電極線3および3′の総数は約1600本である
FIG. 2 is a waveform diagram of block 7 of the drive circuit that drives the electrode lines 3, 3' and the auxiliary electrode 6 when recording an image signal. In FIG. 2a, terminal 1° is an input terminal for an image signal, 11 is a serial-to-parallel converter, and 12 is a drive stage. The image signal input to the terminal 1o is divided into image signals corresponding to the number of electrode wires 3 and 3' shown in Fig. 1 by a serial-parallel converter consisting of 11 shift registers, and output for one line at the same time. be treated. Incidentally, when the recording line is 4 mm wide, the total number of electrode lines 3 and 3' is about 1,600 if the number of lines to be resolved is 8 lines/line.

すなわち、1ライン分の画像信号が約1600ケに分割
され、同時に12のドライブ段に出力される。そして1
2のドライブ段で増幅され、第1図3および3′の電極
線に印加される。第2図すは電極線3又は31に印加さ
れた信号波形図である。基準レベルを0とした時、補助
電極6には直流電位vBが印加され、電極線3および3
′には振幅Vムなる信号、すなわち画像信号が印加され
る。第1図に示した各電極の電位と対応させてみると、
直流電位vBより低い電位すなわち0レベルになる時間
T1において電気浸透現象によってインク6が電極3′
の先端に行き、前面に配置された磁石8によってメニス
カスを作シ、記録紙7に記録することが出来る。従って
第2図すの(2−1)t )(2−2)の信号において
、0レベルの期間のみインクを電極の先端に出し、Vム
のレベルの期間にはインクを4の多孔質誘電体の方へ引
き込むことが出来、入力画像信号に対応した記録を可能
−とすることが出来る。又、中間調を出す場合には電極
に印加□する画像信号のパルス幅を変化させること、又
は画、像信号の振幅を利用することによって可能となる
That is, one line of image signals is divided into approximately 1,600 parts and simultaneously output to 12 drive stages. and 1
The signal is amplified by the second drive stage and applied to the electrode lines 3 and 3' in FIG. FIG. 2 is a signal waveform diagram applied to the electrode wire 3 or 31. When the reference level is set to 0, a DC potential vB is applied to the auxiliary electrode 6, and the electrode wires 3 and 3
' is applied with a signal having an amplitude of Vm, that is, an image signal. When compared with the potential of each electrode shown in Figure 1,
At time T1 when the potential is lower than the DC potential vB, that is, at 0 level, the ink 6 is transferred to the electrode 3' due to the electroosmotic phenomenon.
A meniscus can be created and recorded on the recording paper 7 by the magnet 8 placed at the front. Therefore, in the signals of (2-1) t and (2-2) in Figure 2, ink is delivered to the tip of the electrode only during the period of 0 level, and ink is delivered to the tip of the electrode during the period of level Vm. It can be pulled toward the body, making it possible to record in accordance with the input image signal. Further, when producing halftones, it is possible to produce halftones by changing the pulse width of the image signal applied to the electrodes, or by using the amplitude of the image or image signal.

第3図はパルス幅を変化させる場合のブロック図である
。端子1oおよびブロック12は第2図aのものと同一
であシ、13はサンプル・ホールド回路、14はパルス
幅変調器である。すなわち、入力された画像信号が中間
調を含む場合には電極線3および3′の総本数に対応さ
せて画像信号をサンプル・ホールドし、各電極線に相当
する画像信号のレベルを得、例えば鋸歯状波信号を用い
て各電極線に相当するレベルをパルス幅に変換し、これ
を増幅し、各電極線に印加することによってインクの量
を制御することが出来る。この場合にも電極線の先端に
到達するインクはメニスカス状になるため、ぎれいな記
録を得ることが出来る。
FIG. 3 is a block diagram when changing the pulse width. Terminal 1o and block 12 are the same as those in FIG. 2a, 13 is a sample and hold circuit, and 14 is a pulse width modulator. That is, when the input image signal includes halftones, the image signal is sampled and held in correspondence with the total number of electrode lines 3 and 3', and the level of the image signal corresponding to each electrode line is obtained, for example. The amount of ink can be controlled by converting the level corresponding to each electrode line into a pulse width using a sawtooth wave signal, amplifying this, and applying it to each electrode line. In this case as well, the ink reaching the tip of the electrode wire has a meniscus shape, making it possible to obtain clear recordings.

又、振幅を利用する場合も、サンプル・ホールドされた
信号を増幅して電極線に印加すれば良いのは明らかであ
る。
Also, when using amplitude, it is obvious that the sampled and held signal may be amplified and applied to the electrode wire.

なお、前述した解像本数について、8本/闘の場合には
電極線のピッチが125μmになるため、第1図の端部
9において、インクが電極線に治って出てきた場合に隣
接するインクのメニスカスとつながることが考えられる
。この時には支持体1の端部9およびその近傍に、フッ
素系の溶剤に溶かした流出防止コーティング剤からなる
撥インク剤、例えば商品名住人3M社のフロラードを塗
布することによって隣接とのつながりを防止すると  
・とが出来る。
Regarding the resolution number mentioned above, in the case of 8 lines per line, the pitch of the electrode wires is 125 μm, so at the end 9 in FIG. It is thought that it is connected to the meniscus of the ink. At this time, the end 9 of the support 1 and its vicinity are coated with an ink repellent agent made of a spill-preventing coating agent dissolved in a fluorine-based solvent, such as Fluorade (trade name, manufactured by 3M Co., Ltd.) to prevent contact with adjacent parts. Then
・I can do it.

又、8の磁石を導電材料にて作った場合には、これに電
圧を印加してインクを制御することが出来る。例えば、
第1図において永久磁石8の電位を端子a側に接続した
場合にはvDの電圧を印加す0 ることか出来、端子e側に接続した場合にはvD′の電
圧を印加することが出来る。すなわち、液状インクが負
の電圧で電気浸透を起こし支持体1の端部9にインク6
のメニスカスを作ろうとした時、vD′の負の電圧を磁
石8に印加することにより、電気浸透現象をさらに助長
させることが出来る。
Furthermore, if the magnet 8 is made of a conductive material, the ink can be controlled by applying a voltage to it. for example,
In Figure 1, when the potential of the permanent magnet 8 is connected to the terminal a side, a voltage of vD can be applied, and when it is connected to the terminal e side, a voltage of vD' can be applied. . That is, the liquid ink undergoes electroosmosis with a negative voltage and the ink 6 is deposited on the end 9 of the support 1.
When attempting to create a meniscus, the electroosmotic phenomenon can be further promoted by applying a negative voltage of vD' to the magnet 8.

以上詳細に述べたが、磁石8は永久磁石でも良く、また
電磁石でも良いのは明白である。
Although described in detail above, it is clear that the magnet 8 may be a permanent magnet or an electromagnet.

以上のように本発明によれば、インクジェット等に用い
られている数KVの高電圧をまったく必要とせず、さら
に磁力を用いてインクをきれいなメニスカス状の***に
することが出来るため、低電圧駆動による高解像度記録
を可能にすることが出来る。
As described above, according to the present invention, the high voltage of several kilovolts used in inkjet etc. is not required at all, and furthermore, the ink can be formed into a beautiful meniscus-like protuberance using magnetic force, so low voltage drive is possible. This enables high-resolution recording.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of the drawing]

第1図は本発明の一実施例による記録装置の要部斜視図
、第2図は本発明における駆動手段およびその動作説明
のための波形を示す図、第3図は中間調表示に対する駆
動手段を示す図である。 1・・・・・・支持体、2,2′・・・・・・溝、 3
. 3’・・・・・・電極線、4・・・・・・多孔質誘
電体、6・・・・・・インク、6・・・・・・補助電極
、7・・・・・・記録紙、8・・・・・・永久磁石。 代理人の氏名 弁理士 中 尾 敏 男 にか1名−/ / 味
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of essential parts of a recording apparatus according to an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a driving means in the present invention and waveforms for explaining its operation, and FIG. 3 is a driving means for halftone display. FIG. 1...Support body, 2, 2'...Groove, 3
.. 3'... Electrode wire, 4... Porous dielectric, 6... Ink, 6... Auxiliary electrode, 7... Recording Paper, 8...Permanent magnet. Name of agent Patent attorney Toshio Nakao 1 person - / / Aji

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】[Claims] (1)少くとも磁性流体を含む液状インクを、少く、と
も電気浸透させる誘電体材料と複数ケの電極から成る支
持体上に配して成る複合体と、画像信号に対応した電圧
を印加して前記インクを電気浸透させると共に、記録面
に備えた磁石によって前記インクの***を形成せしめる
手段とを備え、前記インクの***に前記記録面を接触さ
せることによシ前記画像信号に対応したインク像を記録
することを特徴とする記録装置。 @)前記複合体が、平行な多数ケの溝を有しかつ前記多
数ケの溝に透磁率を持つ材料から成る電極を配して成る
板状の支持体と、前記板状の支持体上に配置せしめられ
た薄板状の多孔質誘電体と、前記多孔質誘電体の前記支
持体側とは反対側の面に設けられた補助電極と、少なく
とも磁性流体を含んだ液状インクとから成ることを特徴
とする特許請求の範囲第1項記載の記録装置。
(1) A composite body comprising a liquid ink containing at least a magnetic fluid, disposed on a support consisting of a dielectric material for at least electroosmosis and a plurality of electrodes, and a voltage corresponding to an image signal being applied. means for electroosmoticing the ink and forming bulges of the ink using a magnet provided on the recording surface, and by bringing the recording surface into contact with the ridges of the ink, the ink corresponding to the image signal is formed. A recording device characterized by recording an image. @) The composite body includes a plate-shaped support having a plurality of parallel grooves and electrodes made of a material having magnetic permeability disposed in the plurality of grooves, and a plate-shaped support on the plate-shaped support. A thin plate-like porous dielectric material disposed on the substrate, an auxiliary electrode provided on a surface of the porous dielectric material opposite to the support side, and a liquid ink containing at least a magnetic fluid. A recording device according to claim 1, characterized in that:
JP10679181A 1981-07-07 1981-07-07 Recorder Pending JPS587352A (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10679181A JPS587352A (en) 1981-07-07 1981-07-07 Recorder

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP10679181A JPS587352A (en) 1981-07-07 1981-07-07 Recorder

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
JPS587352A true JPS587352A (en) 1983-01-17

Family

ID=14442712

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
JP10679181A Pending JPS587352A (en) 1981-07-07 1981-07-07 Recorder

Country Status (1)

Country Link
JP (1) JPS587352A (en)

Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56106793A (en) * 1980-01-14 1981-08-25 Miyuki Kazumoto Method of decreasing bubbling of beer

Patent Citations (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS56106793A (en) * 1980-01-14 1981-08-25 Miyuki Kazumoto Method of decreasing bubbling of beer

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