JPS5867477A - Control on thermal head in heat-sensitive recorder - Google Patents
Control on thermal head in heat-sensitive recorderInfo
- Publication number
- JPS5867477A JPS5867477A JP16659581A JP16659581A JPS5867477A JP S5867477 A JPS5867477 A JP S5867477A JP 16659581 A JP16659581 A JP 16659581A JP 16659581 A JP16659581 A JP 16659581A JP S5867477 A JPS5867477 A JP S5867477A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- heat
- printing information
- heating element
- information
- print information
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B41—PRINTING; LINING MACHINES; TYPEWRITERS; STAMPS
- B41J—TYPEWRITERS; SELECTIVE PRINTING MECHANISMS, i.e. MECHANISMS PRINTING OTHERWISE THAN FROM A FORME; CORRECTION OF TYPOGRAPHICAL ERRORS
- B41J2/00—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed
- B41J2/315—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material
- B41J2/32—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads
- B41J2/35—Typewriters or selective printing mechanisms characterised by the printing or marking process for which they are designed characterised by selective application of heat to a heat sensitive printing or impression-transfer material using thermal heads providing current or voltage to the thermal head
- B41J2/355—Control circuits for heating-element selection
Landscapes
- Electronic Switches (AREA)
- Facsimile Heads (AREA)
Abstract
Description
【発明の詳細な説明】
本発明は、サーマルプリンタあるいは熱転写プリンク等
の感熱記録装置におけろ発熱ヘッドの制御方法に関する
ものである。更に詳しくは、本発明は、ドントマトリッ
クスで文字等を記録する為に例えば24 X 24また
は1X24のドツト発熱要素を有する発熱ヘッドの制御
方法に関するものである。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a method of controlling a heat generating head in a thermal recording device such as a thermal printer or a thermal transfer link. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of controlling a heating head having, for example, 24×24 or 1×24 dot heating elements for recording characters or the like in a dot matrix.
感熱記録における記録濃度は、一般に発熱要素から発色
剤あるいは転写剤へ与えろ熱エネルギーによって決定さ
れるものであって、高い蓄熱状態でこれを熱駆動した場
合には、濃い記録となり、低い蓄熱状態で熱駆動した場
合には、薄い記録となる。したがって、従来は、発熱要
素の熱時定数に合致したOR時定数回路を駆動回路に組
み込むことによって、蓄熱効果をなくするか、あるいは
、発熱要素が所定温度まで落ちるのを待って、次の熱駆
動を行う方法をとっていた。しかしながら、前者は回路
構成が複雑になり、後者の方法は、高速記録を行なえな
い欠点がある。The recording density in thermal recording is generally determined by the thermal energy applied from the heat-generating element to the color forming agent or transfer agent.If this is thermally driven in a high heat storage state, the recording will be dark, and in a low heat storage state, the recording density will be dark. When thermally driven, the recording becomes thinner. Therefore, in the past, the heat storage effect was eliminated by incorporating an OR time constant circuit that matched the thermal time constant of the heat generating element into the drive circuit, or the next heat generation was performed by waiting for the heat generating element to drop to a predetermined temperature. A method of driving was used. However, the former method requires a complicated circuit configuration, and the latter method has the disadvantage that high-speed recording cannot be performed.
ここにおいて、本発明は、高速で、かつ均一濃度での記
録が簡単な構成で行なえる発熱ヘッドの制御方法を提供
しようとするものである。SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a method of controlling a heat-generating head that can perform high-speed recording with uniform density using a simple configuration.
本発明に係る発熱ヘッドの制御方法は、発熱ヘッドに与
えるパワーを、その発熱ヘッドの前回の印字情報と次回
の印字情報および当該発熱ヘッドの移動方向に対して直
角方向(上下方向)に並ぶ隣りの発熱ヘッドの印字情報
に応じて制御することを特徴とするものである。A heat generating head control method according to the present invention applies power to a heat generating head based on the previous print information and the next print information of the heat generating head, and the neighboring information arranged perpendicularly (up and down) to the moving direction of the heat generating head. The invention is characterized in that it is controlled according to the print information of the heat generating head.
第1図は、本発明の制御方法を実現するだめの装置の一
例を示す構成ブロック図である。ここではI X n個
ド、トの発熱要素で構成されるへ・ノドを想定するもの
であって、上下方向に並ぶ2個の発熱要素を制御する回
路についてのみ代表して示Tが、各発熱要素について同
様の回路が用いられる。図において、Hl、H2は発熱
ヘッドを構成する発熱要素で、これらはいずれも発熱抵
抗Bとこれに直列に接続されたスイッチングトランジス
タTrとで構成されており、一端は接地され、他端は電
源VOCに接続されている。PWj、PW2は1発熱要
素H,,H2の駆動回路で、後述するレジスタREj+
からの信号を入力し、スイッチングトランジスタT
「をオン、オフするパルス巾信号を出力する。FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing an example of a device for implementing the control method of the present invention. Here, we assume a circuit consisting of I x n heat-generating elements, and T represents only the circuit that controls two heat-generating elements arranged in the vertical direction. A similar circuit is used for the heating element. In the figure, Hl and H2 are heat generating elements that constitute a heat generating head, and both of these are composed of a heat generating resistor B and a switching transistor Tr connected in series with it, one end of which is grounded, and the other end of which is connected to a power source. Connected to VOC. PWj and PW2 are drive circuits for one heating element H, , H2, and registers REj+ to be described later.
input the signal from the switching transistor T
Outputs a pulse width signal that turns on and off.
REO1〜RB4+、 REO2〜RE42 はいず
れもレジスタであって、ここでははじめにレジスタag
o+(RBO2)に、発熱要素H1(H2)に与える印
字情報が印加され、これを記憶しており、この印字情報
が、記録周期ごとにレジスタRg11(RE+ 2)→
Rgz+(uE22)→RLs+(REs2)→RE4
1(FLE42)と移動するようになっている。CC+
、CC2はいずれも各駆動回路PW1. PW20制御
回路である。この制御回路CC1(CC2)は、各レジ
スタREO+〜RJ41(REO2〜RE42)からの
信号と、発熱要素H1に隣゛接している発熱要素H2(
H5)を制御するのに関係しているレジスタRE12(
RE13)からの信号を入力しており、これらの信号の
状態に応じて、駆動回路pw+(pw2)から出される
パルス巾信号のパルス巾を制御する。なお、ここでは、
これらの制御回路001. CC2及び駆動回路PW1
.PW2を、それぞれ別個のブロックで示したが、これ
らはひとつのマイクロプルセッサで構成してもよい。REO1 to RB4+ and REO2 to RE42 are all registers, and here we will start with register ag.
The print information given to the heating element H1 (H2) is applied to o+ (RBO2) and is stored, and this print information is sent to the register Rg11 (RE+ 2) at each recording cycle.
Rgz+(uE22)→RLs+(REs2)→RE4
1 (FLE42). CC+
, CC2 are each drive circuit PW1. This is a PW20 control circuit. This control circuit CC1 (CC2) receives signals from the respective registers REO+ to RJ41 (REO2 to RE42) and the heat generating element H2 (which is adjacent to the heat generating element H1).
The register RE12 (
The pulse width of the pulse width signal output from the drive circuit pw+(pw2) is controlled according to the states of these signals. In addition, here,
These control circuits 001. CC2 and drive circuit PW1
.. Although PW2 is shown as separate blocks, they may also be comprised of a single microprocessor.
このように構成される装置の動作を、次に第2図及び第
3図を参照しながら説明する。いま、発熱要素H1につ
いて注目すれば、これを熱駆動する印字情報は、レジス
タRE11からの信号に応じている。一方、印字情報は
、はじめにレジスタREO+に印加され、これが記録周
期ごとに左側のレジスタRE11.RE21・・・と移
動する。したがって、現在記録している印字情報は、レ
ジスタRg+1 に記憶されている内容のものであり
、レジスタRg01 には次回の印字情報が、レジス
タRE21.RE!51.RB41 Kはそれぞれ前
回、前前回、前前前回の印字情報がそれぞれ記憶されて
いることとなる。The operation of the apparatus constructed in this manner will now be described with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3. Now, focusing on the heat generating element H1, the print information for thermally driving it corresponds to the signal from the register RE11. On the other hand, the print information is first applied to the register REO+, and this is applied to the left register RE11. Move to RE21... Therefore, the currently recorded print information is the content stored in register Rg+1, and the next print information is stored in register Rg01 and register RE21. RE! 51. RB41K stores the print information of the previous time, the previous previous time, and the previous previous previous time, respectively.
制御回路CC1は、各レジスタFLEO+〜RE41及
びRB12 からの信号、丁なわち、次回の印字情報
。The control circuit CC1 receives signals from each register FLEO+ to RE41 and RB12, that is, next printing information.
前回、前前回、前前前回の印字情報(これらの前回の印
字情報を総称して過去の印字情報という)及び、へ、ド
の移動方向に対して直角方向に隣接する発熱要素H2の
現在の印字情報をそれぞれ入力し、これらの印字情報に
応じて、駆動回路PW1から出力されるパルス巾信号の
パルス巾を制御する。The previous print information, the previous previous print information, the previous previous print information (these previous print information are collectively referred to as past print information), and the current information of the heat generating element H2 adjacent in the direction perpendicular to the moving direction of F and C. The print information is inputted, and the pulse width of the pulse width signal output from the drive circuit PW1 is controlled according to the print information.
第2図は、発熱要素H1によって現在印字されているド
ラ) r)jlに注目した場合、制御回路CC1が入力
している印字情報のドツトを示したもので、X印で示し
たドヴトDOT、D21〜D41及びD12の印字情報
が入力されている。Fig. 2 shows the dots of printing information inputted by the control circuit CC1 when paying attention to the dots (r)jl currently being printed by the heat generating element H1. Print information of D21 to D41 and D12 is input.
制御回路cc1は、これらの印字情報をそれぞれ入力し
、これらの信号の状態に応じて、例えば第1表に示すよ
うに駆動回路PWIからのパルス巾を制御する。。The control circuit cc1 inputs each of these print information, and controls the pulse width from the drive circuit PWI, for example, as shown in Table 1, according to the states of these signals. .
第 1 表
第3図は駆動回路PW1から出、力されるパルス巾信号
の波形を示したもので、印字ドツトの場合には、パルス
巾が、次回の印字情報、過去の印字情報及び下側に隣接
するドツトの印字情報の各状態に応じて、1.2m8か
ら2.1m8 の間で変化する。Table 1 Figure 3 shows the waveform of the pulse width signal output from the drive circuit PW1. In the case of printing dots, the pulse width is different from the next printing information, past printing information, and the lower side. The distance varies between 1.2 m8 and 2.1 m8 depending on the state of the printed information of the dots adjacent to the dot.
なお、ここでは、前回、前前回、前前前回の印字情報の
うち、いずれかが′1mであれば、過去の印字情報をま
とめて11″とするようにしたものであるが、これをま
とめないで、それぞれに応じてパルス巾をきめ細に変化
させるようにしてもよいまた、ここでは、制御回路cc
1は、下側に隣接するドツトの現在の印字情報を入力す
るようにしたものであるが、例えば制御回路002にお
いては、レジスタFLE11 からの信号及びレジス
タTLF、1s からの信号、丁なわち、上側に隣接
するドラ)r)11と下側に隣接するドラ) D13
(第2図参照)の各印字情報を入力し、これらの状態に
応じてパルス巾を変えるようにしてもよい。In addition, here, if any of the print information of the previous time, the previous previous time, and the previous previous previous time is 1m, the past print information is collectively set to 11", but this is summarized. Instead, the pulse width may be finely changed according to each pulse width.
1 is designed to input the current printing information of the dot adjacent to the lower side. For example, in the control circuit 002, the signal from the register FLE11 and the signal from the register TLF, 1s, ie, Dora adjacent to the upper side) r) 11 and Dora adjacent to the lower side) D13
It is also possible to input each print information (see FIG. 2) and change the pulse width according to these conditions.
従来、例えば特開昭55−150!588号公報に示さ
れるように、過去の印字情報のみに応じて、ヘッドに与
えるパワーを制御するものは公知である。しかしながら
、過去の印字情報のみでは、例えば横方向ラインを記録
するような場合、あるいは縦ラインを記録するような場
合には、かすれたり、にじみが出たりして均一な記録濃
度を得ることはできなかった。Conventionally, as shown in Japanese Patent Application Laid-open No. 55-150!588, there is a known device that controls the power applied to the head only in accordance with past printing information. However, if only past printing information is used, for example, when recording horizontal lines or vertical lines, it may become blurred or smeared, making it impossible to obtain uniform recording density. There wasn't.
本発明においては、過去の印字情報の外に、次回の印字
情報と、へ、ドり移動方向と直角方向に並ぶ上又は下又
は上下に隣接するドツトの印字情報とを考慮し、発熱要
素に与えるパワーを制御するよ5Kしたもので、横線や
縦線弊各種の図形。In the present invention, in addition to the past printing information, the next printing information and the printing information of the upper or lower dots or vertically adjacent dots lined up in the direction perpendicular to the dot movement direction are taken into consideration, and the heating element is It is a 5K that controls the power given, and has various shapes such as horizontal lines and vertical lines.
文字についても均一な濃度の記録を高速で得ることがで
きる効果がある。This also has the effect of being able to record characters with uniform density at high speed.
なお、上記の実施例では、発熱要素に与える電力をパル
ス巾を変えることによって制御したもので、これによっ
て、ディジタル回路で全体装置を構成できるようにした
ものであるが、印加電圧を変えることによってパワーを
制御するようにしてもよい。また1発熱ヘツドは、発熱
要素が一列に配列した場合を想定したものであるが、発
熱要素をマトリックス状に配置した発熱ヘッドの場*に
も適用可能である。In the above embodiment, the power applied to the heat generating element was controlled by changing the pulse width, which made it possible to configure the entire device with a digital circuit, but by changing the applied voltage, The power may also be controlled. Furthermore, although one heat generating head is assumed to be a case in which heat generating elements are arranged in a line, it is also applicable to a heat generating head in which heat generating elements are arranged in a matrix.
以上説明したように、本発明の制御方法にょれば、高速
で、かつ各種の文字1図形(対して均一濃度の配置を行
うことができる。As explained above, according to the control method of the present invention, it is possible to arrange various character shapes (with uniform density) at high speed.
第1図は本発明の方法を実現するための装置の一例を示
す構成ブロック図、第2図は印字ドツトの状態を説明す
るための説明図、$S図は駆動回路からの出力信号波形
図である。
RFjol 〜RE41. RFi02〜RB42−・
レジスタ、H1+ )I2・・・発熱要素、PWt
、 PW2・・・駆動回路、ccl、 cc2・・・制
御回路
pH図FIG. 1 is a configuration block diagram showing an example of a device for realizing the method of the present invention, FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram for explaining the state of printed dots, and the $S diagram is an output signal waveform diagram from the drive circuit. It is. RFjol ~RE41. RFi02~RB42-・
Register, H1+) I2... Heat generating element, PWt
, PW2...drive circuit, ccl, cc2...control circuit pH diagram
Claims (2)
ッドを有する感熱記録装置における前記発熱ヘッドの制
御方法であって、前記発熱ヘッドを構成する各発熱要素
に与えるパワーを、当該発熱要素の過去の印字情報と、
次回の印字情報と、当該発熱要素の移動方向に対して直
角方向に隣接して配列する他の発熱要素の印字情報とに
応じて制御することを特徴とする感熱記録装置における
発熱ヘッドの制御方法。(1) A method for controlling a heat-generating head in a heat-sensitive recording device having a heat-generating head configured by arranging a plurality of heat-generating elements, the method comprising: controlling the power given to each heat-generating element constituting the heat-generating head; Past printing information and
A method for controlling a heat-generating head in a thermal recording device, characterized in that the control is performed according to the next print information and the print information of other heat-generating elements arranged adjacently in a direction perpendicular to the moving direction of the heat-generating element. .
ることによって制御するようにした特許請求の範囲第1
項記載の感熱記録装置における発熱ヘッドの制御方法。(2) The power given to the heating element is controlled by changing the power pulse width.
A method for controlling a heat generating head in a thermal recording device as described in 1.
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP16659581A JPS5867477A (en) | 1981-10-19 | 1981-10-19 | Control on thermal head in heat-sensitive recorder |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP16659581A JPS5867477A (en) | 1981-10-19 | 1981-10-19 | Control on thermal head in heat-sensitive recorder |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
JPS5867477A true JPS5867477A (en) | 1983-04-22 |
Family
ID=15834194
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
JP16659581A Pending JPS5867477A (en) | 1981-10-19 | 1981-10-19 | Control on thermal head in heat-sensitive recorder |
Country Status (1)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JPS5867477A (en) |
Cited By (19)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5894484A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1983-06-04 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Driving circuit for thermal printer |
JPS58215376A (en) * | 1982-06-08 | 1983-12-14 | Toshiba Corp | Heat-sensitive recorder |
JPS59196271A (en) * | 1983-04-21 | 1984-11-07 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Drive apparatus |
JPS602384A (en) * | 1983-06-21 | 1985-01-08 | Toshiba Corp | Controlling system for thermal printing |
JPS6042072A (en) * | 1983-08-16 | 1985-03-06 | Nec Corp | Printing-controlling circuit for thermal printer |
JPS60116476A (en) * | 1983-11-29 | 1985-06-22 | Toshiba Corp | Thermal recorder |
JPS6115469A (en) * | 1984-06-30 | 1986-01-23 | Toshiba Corp | Thermal recorder |
JPS61112663A (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-05-30 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Thermal head drive current |
JPS61283567A (en) * | 1985-06-10 | 1986-12-13 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Thermal printer |
JPS61295056A (en) * | 1985-06-24 | 1986-12-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Serial thermal transfer printer |
JPS6233656A (en) * | 1985-08-06 | 1987-02-13 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Thermal printer |
JPS63212561A (en) * | 1987-03-02 | 1988-09-05 | Canon Inc | Method for driving recording head |
JPS63218376A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-12 | Seiko Epson Corp | Printing controller for thermal printer |
JPS63218377A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-12 | Seiko Epson Corp | Printing controller for thermal printer |
JPS645860A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1989-01-10 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | Thermal line printer |
US4810111A (en) * | 1987-01-29 | 1989-03-07 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Resistive ribbon thermal transfer printing apparatus |
JPH029546U (en) * | 1988-06-22 | 1990-01-22 | ||
WO1996026073A1 (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 1996-08-29 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Method and device for controlling drive of thermal print head and driving ic chip |
EP0895862A1 (en) * | 1997-07-08 | 1999-02-10 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Ink-jet recording apparatus |
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---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52130527A (en) * | 1976-04-27 | 1977-11-01 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Driving system for thermal head |
JPS5541254A (en) * | 1978-09-20 | 1980-03-24 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Heat sensing recorder |
JPS55142674A (en) * | 1979-04-24 | 1980-11-07 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Heat sensitive recording device |
-
1981
- 1981-10-19 JP JP16659581A patent/JPS5867477A/en active Pending
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS52130527A (en) * | 1976-04-27 | 1977-11-01 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Driving system for thermal head |
JPS5541254A (en) * | 1978-09-20 | 1980-03-24 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Heat sensing recorder |
JPS55142674A (en) * | 1979-04-24 | 1980-11-07 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Heat sensitive recording device |
Cited By (24)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5894484A (en) * | 1981-12-02 | 1983-06-04 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Driving circuit for thermal printer |
JPS58215376A (en) * | 1982-06-08 | 1983-12-14 | Toshiba Corp | Heat-sensitive recorder |
JPS59196271A (en) * | 1983-04-21 | 1984-11-07 | Seiko Instr & Electronics Ltd | Drive apparatus |
JPS602384A (en) * | 1983-06-21 | 1985-01-08 | Toshiba Corp | Controlling system for thermal printing |
JPS6042072A (en) * | 1983-08-16 | 1985-03-06 | Nec Corp | Printing-controlling circuit for thermal printer |
JPS60116476A (en) * | 1983-11-29 | 1985-06-22 | Toshiba Corp | Thermal recorder |
JPS6115469A (en) * | 1984-06-30 | 1986-01-23 | Toshiba Corp | Thermal recorder |
JPH0514620B2 (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1993-02-25 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | |
JPS61112663A (en) * | 1984-11-07 | 1986-05-30 | Fuji Xerox Co Ltd | Thermal head drive current |
JPS61283567A (en) * | 1985-06-10 | 1986-12-13 | Oki Electric Ind Co Ltd | Thermal printer |
JPS61295056A (en) * | 1985-06-24 | 1986-12-25 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | Serial thermal transfer printer |
JPH04475B2 (en) * | 1985-06-24 | 1992-01-07 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | |
JPS6233656A (en) * | 1985-08-06 | 1987-02-13 | Alps Electric Co Ltd | Thermal printer |
US4810111A (en) * | 1987-01-29 | 1989-03-07 | Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. | Resistive ribbon thermal transfer printing apparatus |
JPS63212561A (en) * | 1987-03-02 | 1988-09-05 | Canon Inc | Method for driving recording head |
JPS63218376A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-12 | Seiko Epson Corp | Printing controller for thermal printer |
JPS63218377A (en) * | 1987-03-09 | 1988-09-12 | Seiko Epson Corp | Printing controller for thermal printer |
JPS645860A (en) * | 1987-06-29 | 1989-01-10 | Tokyo Electric Co Ltd | Thermal line printer |
JPH029546U (en) * | 1988-06-22 | 1990-01-22 | ||
WO1996026073A1 (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 1996-08-29 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Method and device for controlling drive of thermal print head and driving ic chip |
US6008831A (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 1999-12-28 | Rohm Co., Ltd. | Apparatus for controlling driving of thermal printhead |
CN1077849C (en) * | 1995-02-23 | 2002-01-16 | 罗姆股份有限公司 | Method and device for controlling drive of thermal print head and driving IC chip |
EP0895862A1 (en) * | 1997-07-08 | 1999-02-10 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Ink-jet recording apparatus |
US6293639B1 (en) | 1997-07-08 | 2001-09-25 | Seiko Epson Corporation | Ink-jet recording apparatus |
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