JPS58143820A - Adsorbing apparatus - Google Patents

Abstract

PURPOSE:To enhance the separating and removal effect of impurities, by a method wherein distributors are arranged in the gas sending-in port and the gas discharge port of an adsorbing tower and the ratio of the side surface opening areas and the upper surface opening areas of the distributors and the opening ratio between both openings thereof are specified to uniformize the flow of a gas in the adsorbing tower. CONSTITUTION:In an adsorbing tower for carrying out adsorption and desorption by mutually changing over plural adsorbing towers 11, 19, hollow cylindrical distributors 12, 14, 20, 22 are provided to one or both of the gas sending-in ports and the gas discharge ports of the adsorbing towers 11, 19. the ratio of the side surface opening areas and the upper surface opening areas of said distributors 12, 14, 20, 22 is adjusted to 0.05-0.5 and the opening ratio between both openings thereof is set to 0.2-0.5. In addition, the diameter ratio of the distributors 12, 14 and 20, 22 and the tower diameter ratio of the adsorbing towers 11, 19 are adjusted to 0.1-0.5. By this constitution, the flow speed distribution of stock air or desorbing air entering the towers is equalized. Therefore, the removal efficiency of CO2, H2O or the like is enhanced and pressure loss due to the distributors 12, 14, 20, 22 is lowered.

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明はカス分離を目的とした吸着装置に係り、特に、
吸着塔内のガスの流れを均等化する装置を有する吸着装
置に関する。DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an adsorption device for separating scum, and in particular,
The present invention relates to an adsorption device having a device for equalizing the flow of gas in an adsorption tower.

従来この棟の吸着装置は、吸着塔内に吸着層を充填し、
被処理ガスを入口から流し、前記吸着層にて不純物を吸
着除去した後、出口から取出す備遺を有している。この
ような吸着装置には吸７ｄ塔内のカスの流れを均等比す
る分配器が備えられている。ところで、吸着装置に関す
る特許は、はとんどが塔何造に関するものであり、ｎ１
工配分配器に関するものは少なく、僅かに特開昭５０−
９８４７９、持分ｉｓ４　ｏ−１１９２ｓ等のみが知ら
れている。Conventionally, the adsorption equipment in this building has been filled with an adsorption layer inside an adsorption tower.
The gas to be treated is supplied through the inlet, impurities are adsorbed and removed by the adsorption layer, and then taken out through the outlet. Such an adsorption device is equipped with a distributor that equalizes the flow of waste in the adsorption column. By the way, most of the patents related to adsorption devices are related to Kazuzo N1.
There are few articles related to distribution devices, and only a few are published in Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 1973-
98479, equity is4 o-1192s, etc. are only known.

従来の分配器を備えた吸着装置でも、ガス流れを完全に
均等化することができず、塔中上部と塔壁面部との間に
＃Ｌ速偏差がかなりある。しかも、この分Ｉ記器をガス
導入孔付近に設けるため、導入ガスの圧力損失が壇υ［
Ｊする欠点もある。Even in adsorption devices equipped with conventional distributors, the gas flow cannot be completely equalized, and there is a considerable #L velocity deviation between the upper part of the column and the column wall. Moreover, since the I indicator is installed near the gas introduction hole, the pressure loss of the introduced gas is
There are also disadvantages to J.

そこで、吸着塔内へのガス送入孔に分配器を付けない構
造のものもあるが、この”＠　？ｉ−ｉ’ｊ：　、’Ｍ
中心ｔＮ、ｍが大きくなるため、独来、ガス流れにえ１
して垂圓に邪鳳板を挿入して、ガス流れの分配効果を改
讐していた。しかし、この上うな宅漬のものでｄ、邪Ｉ
ｔ板の脇からガスが抜け、塔中上部にはほとんど流れず
、塔壁面近傍の流速が大きくなり、均′＃な流速分布を
得ることができなかった。この／こめ、吸着塔内にガス
の偏流が起こり、ガス中の不純物等の分際効率を悪化さ
せる欠点があった。Therefore, some structures do not have a distributor attached to the gas inlet into the adsorption tower, but this "@?i-i'j: ,'M
Since the center tN and m become larger, the gas flow is uniquely
Then, they inserted an evil phoenix plate into the suction ring to improve the gas flow distribution effect. However, on top of this, the eel is pickled in the house.
Gas escaped from the side of the T-plate and hardly flowed into the upper part of the column, and the flow velocity near the column wall surface increased, making it impossible to obtain an even flow velocity distribution. This has the disadvantage that a biased flow of gas occurs in the adsorption tower, which deteriorates the separation efficiency of impurities in the gas.

本発明の目的は゛、上記の欠点を解消し、吸着塔内のガ
スの偏流を小さくシ、分離効率の尚い吸着装置を提供す
ることにある。An object of the present invention is to provide an adsorption apparatus which eliminates the above-mentioned drawbacks, reduces the uneven flow of gas in the adsorption tower, and has high separation efficiency.

本発明は、吸着塔のガスの込人口に、形状が円筒形で、
上面と側面上部を開孔した中空円筒形分配器を設置し、
該分配器の側面開孔面積と上面開孔面構との比を０．０
５〜０．５とし、且つ、開孔比を０．２〜０．５の範囲
とすることにより、上記目的を達成する。In the present invention, the gas charging port of the adsorption tower has a cylindrical shape,
Install a hollow cylindrical distributor with holes in the top and upper sides.
The ratio of the side opening area and the top opening surface structure of the distributor is 0.0.
5 to 0.5, and the aperture ratio is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5, thereby achieving the above object.

次に、本発明の概括的り発明を行う。第１図は本発明の
詳細な説明するだめの分配器を設置した吸着塔の概略図
である。円筒形の吸着塔１内部には吸眉ｊｌｉ　２が充
填されており、吸着塔１の内端部には入口及び出口が設
けられており、それぞれ配管３．４が接続されている。Next, a general invention of the present invention will be made. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of an adsorption tower equipped with a distributor to explain the present invention in detail. The inside of the cylindrical adsorption tower 1 is filled with an adsorbent 2, and the inner end of the adsorption tower 1 is provided with an inlet and an outlet, each of which is connected to a pipe 3.4.

この吸着塔１の人口及び出口部には分配器５が設置てれ
ている。第２図は上Ｈ己分配器５の構造例を示すもので
、分配器５は、中空円筒形多孔状の構造を有している。A distributor 5 is installed at the intake and outlet portions of the adsorption tower 1. FIG. 2 shows an example of the structure of the upper H self-distributor 5, and the distributor 5 has a hollow cylindrical porous structure.

配首３から流人する原料ガスは分配器５によって均等流
化され吸＊ｊｆｌ１２の入口に至る。原材ガスは吸着剤
２によって不純物を吸着除去された陵、配管４から取出
される。次に、配管４がら内生ガスを分配器５を経由し
て吸着塔１内に流すと、再生ガスは均等流化されて吸盾
剤２に至り、吸着された不２１Ｊ「吻を脱着して吸４剤
２を再生する。このような操作を交互に行って原料ガス
の不純物が除去される。The raw material gas flowing from the neck 3 is made into a uniform flow by the distributor 5 and reaches the inlet of the suction port 12. The raw material gas is taken out from the pipe 4 where impurities have been adsorbed and removed by the adsorbent 2. Next, when the endogenous gas is allowed to flow through the pipe 4 into the adsorption tower 1 via the distributor 5, the regeneration gas is made into a uniform flow and reaches the shielding agent 2, where it desorbs the adsorbed 21J's proboscis. to regenerate the absorbent 2. Impurities in the raw material gas are removed by performing these operations alternately.

第３図は、粒径２〜４１噺アルミナボール１．５ｔを充
填しだ内４’＋　９６０　＋＋ｒｍ、塔高１２００ｍｍ
の第１図で示したような吸着塔を使用し、吸着剤の充填
層人口部で画定した流速分布を、側面開孔形分配器Ａ、
上面開孔形分配器Ｂ及び上面、側面間孔形分配器Ｃにつ
いてそれぞれ比較したものである。Figure 3 shows a tower filled with 1.5 tons of alumina balls with a particle size of 2 to 41 mm, inside 4' + 960 ++ rm, tower height 1200 mm.
Using an adsorption column as shown in Fig. 1, the flow velocity distribution defined by the packed bed population of the adsorbent is transferred to the side-opening type distributor A,
A comparison is made between the top-opening type distributor B and the top-side and side-hole type distributor C.

この図から、側面間孔形分配器Ａは塔壁面の流床が大き
く、上面間孔形分配器Ｂは塔中心部の流速が大きい。上
面、１１１１１面開孔形分配器Ｃば中間的な流速分布で
あり、流速（Ｉ８ｉＩ差が峡も小さい。From this figure, the side-hole type distributor A has a large flow bed on the column wall surface, and the top-hole type distributor B has a high flow rate at the center of the column. The upper surface, 11111-face open-hole type distributor C, has an intermediate flow velocity distribution, and the difference in flow velocity (I8iI) is also small.

第４図は、目「配上面、側面間孔形分配器Ｃに関して、
側面開孔面ＦＩ　Ａ、　ｓと上面開孔面積ＡＴの比であ
るＡ　ｓ　／　Ａ、　Ｔと、流速（ＦＡ差との関係を示
した線図である。Ａ、　ｓ　／　Ａ　Ｔが小さい場合は
塔中心部の流速が大きく、Ａ、　ｓ　／　Ａ、　Ｔが大
きい場合は塔壁面部の流速が大きくなり、共に流速偏差
は大きくなっている。しかし、Ａｓ／ｌｒが０．０５〜
０．５の場合は流速偏差が小さくなり、Ａ、８／Ａ、Ｔ
の比が上記範囲にあるものが流速均等化に効果があるこ
とが分る。Figure 4 shows the distribution of the ``distributor C'' between the top surface and the side surface.
This is a diagram showing the relationship between A s / A, T, which is the ratio of the side opening surface FI A, s and the top opening area AT, and the flow velocity (FA difference. When A, s / AT is small The flow velocity at the center of the column is large, and when A, s/A, and T are large, the flow velocity at the column wall is large, and the flow velocity deviation is large in both cases.However, when As/lr is 0.05~
In the case of 0.5, the flow velocity deviation becomes small, and A, 8/A, T
It can be seen that a ratio within the above range is effective in equalizing the flow velocity.

また、図示はしていないが、分配器の径Ｄ　ｕと塔径Ｄ
ｏの関係は、Ｉ）　ｕ　／　Ｉ）　ｏが大きい場合は分
配器側面からの流速は小となり、塔中上流速が犬となる
。一方、Ｉ）Ｕ／Ｄｏが小さい場合はカスは中心近傍し
か流れず、側面部の流速は小となる。Although not shown, the distributor diameter D u and the column diameter D
The relationship between o is I) u / I) If o is large, the flow velocity from the side of the distributor will be small, and the upstream velocity in the column will be a dog. On the other hand, when I) U/Do is small, the waste flows only near the center, and the flow velocity at the side surfaces is small.

１）　ｕ　／　Ｉ）　ｏの値が０．１〜０．５の場合に
流速偏差は最小となり流速分布の均等化が達成されるこ
とが分つている。It has been found that when the value of 1) u/I) o is between 0.1 and 0.5, the flow velocity deviation is minimized and equalization of the flow velocity distribution is achieved.

第５図は、前記上面、１１１１１面開孔形分配器Ｃにお
いて、開孔比を変化させた場合の流速０ｉｉｌ差である
。FIG. 5 shows the difference in flow velocity 0iil when the aperture ratio is changed in the above-mentioned upper surface, 11111 surface aperture type distributor C.

この図からは、前日［シ開孔比が０．５以下では流速偏
没が小さいことが分った。しかし、開孔比の減少に能っ
て分配器の圧力が増加する。このため、本発明の分配器
をより効果的に使用するためには、開孔比が０．２〜０
．５の範囲にあるものが望ましいと言える。そこで、上
面、側面間孔形分配器において、上面及び側面の開孔比
を０．２〜０．５の状態で均等に開孔するのが効果的で
ある。From this figure, it was found that the flow velocity deviation was small when the aperture ratio was 0.5 or less on the previous day. However, as the aperture ratio decreases, the distributor pressure increases. Therefore, in order to use the distributor of the present invention more effectively, the aperture ratio must be between 0.2 and 0.
．． It can be said that those in the range of 5 are desirable. Therefore, in a distributor with holes between the top and side surfaces, it is effective to uniformly open the holes with an aperture ratio of 0.2 to 0.5 on the top and side surfaces.

筐た、上面、側面間孔形分配器において、側面の開孔位
置に関しては第６図に示すような結果がでている。即ら
、側面上部を開孔したＣあの方が、側面下部を開孔した
ＣｂＯものより流速偏差が少ないことが分る。これは、
側面下部開孔の場合は壁面に沿って流れるガス量が多く
なるため、壁面カス流速が大傘くなり均等流を得ること
が難しいからである。ところで、側面上部開孔が好まし
いが、その他にも、側面上部の一部と側面下部の一部を
開孔させたり、側面の中間部を開孔させて均等流を得る
構成もある。Regarding the hole-type distributor between the housing, top surface, and side surface, the results as shown in FIG. 6 are obtained regarding the position of the hole on the side surface. In other words, it can be seen that the flow velocity deviation of CbO, which has holes in the upper part of the side surface, is smaller than that of CbO, which has holes in the lower part of the side surface. this is,
This is because in the case of openings at the lower part of the side surface, the amount of gas flowing along the wall surface increases, so the wall surface waste flow rate becomes large and it is difficult to obtain a uniform flow. By the way, although it is preferable to open the upper part of the side surface, there are other configurations in which a part of the upper part of the side surface and a part of the lower part of the side face are opened, or a hole is opened in the middle part of the side face to obtain a uniform flow.

以上の結果から、本発明では、吸着塔内に分配器を設置
し、この分配器を上面、側面開孔形とし、その側面開孔
面積Ａｓと上面開孔面積ＡＴの比、即ら、Ａ−ｓ　／　
Ａ　Ｔを０．０５〜０．５とし、その開孔比を０．２〜
０．５とし、側面の開孔位置は側面上部とし、更に、こ
の分配器の径と塔径との比を０．１〜０．５として、均
等なガス流を得ている。From the above results, in the present invention, a distributor is installed in the adsorption tower, and this distributor is of a top and side opening type, and the ratio of the side opening area As to the top opening area AT, that is, A -s/
AT is set to 0.05 to 0.5, and the aperture ratio is set to 0.2 to 0.5.
0.5, the position of the opening in the side surface is at the upper part of the side surface, and the ratio of the diameter of this distributor to the diameter of the column is 0.1 to 0.5 to obtain a uniform gas flow.

以下本発明の一実施例を図面に従って説、明する。An embodiment of the present invention will be described and explained below with reference to the drawings.

第７図は本発明の吸着装置の一実施例を用いた圧力差吸
着装置の系統図である。原料空気は圧縮機６により所定
の圧力に加圧された後、冷却水７が流下されている冷却
器８により冷却されて、配管９全通して切替弁１０を経
由し吸着塔１１に至る。原料空気は吸着塔１１内に設置
されている分配器１２により流速分布を均等化されて吸
着塔内のゼオライト等から成る吸着剤１３によりＨ，Ｏ
。FIG. 7 is a system diagram of a pressure difference adsorption device using an embodiment of the adsorption device of the present invention. After the raw air is pressurized to a predetermined pressure by a compressor 6, it is cooled by a cooler 8 through which cooling water 7 is flowing, and then passes through the entire pipe 9 and reaches an adsorption tower 11 via a switching valve 10. The flow velocity distribution of the raw air is equalized by a distributor 12 installed in the adsorption tower 11, and H, O
.

ＣＯ２を除去され、吸着操作された後、分配器１４、切
替弁１５、配管１６を経由して精製空気が回収される。After CO2 is removed and adsorption is performed, purified air is recovered via the distributor 14, the switching valve 15, and the piping 16.

次に、精製空気の一部は、配管１７、切替弁１８を経由
して吸着塔１９に至る。Next, a part of the purified air reaches the adsorption tower 19 via the pipe 17 and the switching valve 18.

精製空気は吸着塔１９に設置されている分配器２０を通
って流速分布を均等化され、吸着塔１９内のゼオライト
等から成る吸着剤２１に蓄積されたＨ　２０及びＣ０２
を脱着操作した後、分配器２２、切替弁２３、配管２４
を経由して糸外に排出される。なお、原料空気及び＋ｉ
′ＩＡ窒気の一部が上記のような流れを巡る時は、切替
弁２５．２６．２７．２８は閉鎖されている。The purified air passes through a distributor 20 installed in the adsorption tower 19 to equalize the flow velocity distribution, and the H 20 and C02 accumulated in the adsorbent 21 made of zeolite or the like in the adsorption tower 19 are removed.
After attaching and detaching the distributor 22, switching valve 23, piping 24
It is discharged to the outside through the thread. In addition, raw air and +i
When part of the 'IA nitrogen flows through the above-mentioned flow, the switching valves 25, 26, 27, 28 are closed.

次に、一定時間毎に切替弁１０．１３．１６．２３と切
替弁２５．２６．２７．２８との開閉を交互に切替えて
、吸着塔１１と吸着塔１９にて交互に吸着操作及び脱着
操作を行わせる。この運転サイクルを吸着塔１塔に着目
して示すと、加圧工程、吸着工程、減圧工程、パージ工
程の４工程から構成され、原料空気中からＨ２０、ＣＯ
２を除去する吸着操作は加圧工程にて、空気を高圧にし
成層工程にて高圧下の空気を吸着剤と接続させ、該Ｈ２
０，Ｃｏ、を吸着剤に吸着させるものである。Next, the switching valves 10.13.16.23 and 25.26.27.28 are alternately opened and closed at regular intervals to alternately perform adsorption and desorption operations in the adsorption tower 11 and adsorption tower 19. make the operation take place. When this operation cycle is shown focusing on one adsorption tower, it consists of four steps: pressurization step, adsorption step, pressure reduction step, and purge step.
The adsorption operation for removing H2 is performed by applying high pressure to the air in the pressurization process, connecting the air under high pressure with the adsorbent in the stratification process, and removing the H2.
0, Co, is adsorbed onto an adsorbent.

Ｈ２Ｏ，ＣＯ２を吸着した吸着剤の拘生を行う脱着操作
は、減圧丁］呈にて吸着塔内の圧力を低下させ、パージ
１框にて、低圧下のもとてｈｔ製空気の一部を吸着剤に
接触させて吸着されていたＨｗｏ、ｃｏｗを再生Ｎ、中
に引出し、吸着剤から脱着させて前記吸着剤を再生する
操作である。In the desorption operation that preserves the adsorbent that has adsorbed H2O and CO2, the pressure inside the adsorption tower is lowered in a vacuum chamber, and a part of the HT air is removed under low pressure in the purge 1 frame. This is an operation in which the adsorbent is brought into contact with the adsorbent, the adsorbed Hwo and cow are drawn out into the regenerating N, and desorbed from the adsorbent to regenerate the adsorbent.

分配器１２．２２は吸着塔１１．１９の底部に配置され
、配管９から流入するガスを均等流にする。分配器１４
．２０は吸着塔１１．１９の上部に配置され、配管１７
から流入するカスを均等流にする。なお、本実施例の分
配器１２．１４．２０．２２の構造は、上面、側面開孔
形でその側面開孔面積Ａ８と上面開孔面積ＡＴとの比Ａ
ｓ／Ａ、　Ｔは０，０５〜０．５内とされ、またその開
孔比は０．２〜０．５内とされ、更に側面の開孔位置は
側面上部となっている。また、分配器１２．１４の径と
吸着塔１１の塔径との比及び分配器２０．２２の径と吸
着塔１９の塔径との比は０．１〜０．５内とされている
。A distributor 12.22 is arranged at the bottom of the adsorption column 11.19 and provides a uniform flow of the gas entering from the pipe 9. Distributor 14
．． 20 is arranged at the upper part of the adsorption tower 11.19, and the pipe 17
Make the waste flowing in from the flow into an even flow. The structure of the distributor 12, 14, 20, 22 of this embodiment is a top and side opening type, and the ratio of the side opening area A8 to the top opening area AT is
s/A and T are within 0.05 to 0.5, the aperture ratio is within 0.2 to 0.5, and the aperture position on the side surface is at the upper side of the side surface. Further, the ratio between the diameter of the distributor 12.14 and the diameter of the adsorption tower 11 and the ratio between the diameter of the distributor 20.22 and the diameter of the adsorption tower 19 are within 0.1 to 0.5. .

表は、本実施例の分配器を備えた吸着塔と、従来の邪魔
板を備えた吸着塔とを用いた揚台の圧力差吸着装置の性
能を比較したものである。The table compares the performance of a pressure difference adsorption device using a lifting platform using an adsorption tower equipped with the distributor of this embodiment and an adsorption tower equipped with a conventional baffle plate.

表から分るように、本実施例の分配器を用いたものは、
ＣＯ！の除去効率が向上している。また分配器による圧
力損失も４０チ低下していることが分る。As can be seen from the table, the device using the distributor of this example is
CO! The removal efficiency has been improved. It can also be seen that the pressure loss due to the distributor has decreased by 40 inches.

本実施例によれば、吸着塔１１及び吸着塔１９内に分配
器１２．１４及び分配器２０．２２を設置したことによ
り、吸着塔内のガスの偏流を小さくして均等流とする効
果があり、このため、空気中のＨ２Ｏ，Ｃｏ、の分離除
去効率を向上させる効果がある。According to this embodiment, by installing the distributor 12.14 and the distributor 20.22 in the adsorption tower 11 and the adsorption tower 19, the effect of reducing the uneven flow of gas in the adsorption tower and making it a uniform flow is achieved. Therefore, it has the effect of improving the separation and removal efficiency of H2O and Co in the air.

以上記述した如く本発明の吸着装置によれば、吸着塔内
のガスの偏流を小さくシ、分離効率を尚くすることがで
きる。As described above, according to the adsorption apparatus of the present invention, it is possible to reduce the uneven flow of gas within the adsorption tower and further improve the separation efficiency.

【図面の簡単な説明】[Brief explanation of drawings]

第１図は本発明の原理を示す吸着塔の概略構成図、第２
図は第１図で示した分配器の１例を示す斜視図、第３図
は分配器の形状による流速分布の違いを示した線図、第
４図は分配器の上面と側面との開孔面積比と流速偏差と
の関係を示した線図、第５図は分配器の開孔比と流速偏
差との関係を示した線図、第６図は分配器の側面に設け
る開孔の位置と流速分布との関係を示した線図、第７図
は本発明の吸着装置の一実施例を用いた圧力差吸着装置
の系統図である。 １１．１９・・・吸着塔、１２．１４．２０，２２・・
・（１１） 第４（２） 第　、ｆ反 問凡化ト 塁　　　　＆　　　　６Figure 1 is a schematic configuration diagram of an adsorption tower showing the principle of the present invention, Figure 2
The figure is a perspective view showing an example of the distributor shown in Figure 1, Figure 3 is a diagram showing the difference in flow velocity distribution depending on the shape of the distributor, and Figure 4 is a diagram showing the opening between the top and side surfaces of the distributor. A diagram showing the relationship between the hole area ratio and the flow velocity deviation, Figure 5 is a diagram showing the relationship between the opening ratio of the distributor and the flow velocity deviation, and Figure 6 is a diagram showing the relationship between the opening ratio of the distributor and the flow velocity deviation. FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the relationship between position and flow velocity distribution, and is a system diagram of a pressure difference adsorption device using an embodiment of the adsorption device of the present invention. 11.19...Adsorption tower, 12.14.20,22...
・(11) 4th (2) th, f counter question basic base & 6

Claims (1)

【特許請求の範囲】 １、　カスの送入口及び込出口を有する容器の内部に吸
着剤を充填し、送流きれたガスの不純物を吸着除去する
ものに２いて、ガスの送入口及び込吊口のどららか−５
、又は両方に中空円筒形分配器を設置し、該分配器の押
］面１開孔面撹と上面開孔面積との比を０．０５〜０．
５の範囲とし、開孔比を０２〜０．５の範囲としたこと
を特徴とする吸着装置。 ２、分配器の径と容器の径との比を０．１〜０．５の範
囲としたことを特徴とする特許請求の範曲第１項記載の
吸着装置。[Claims] 1. An adsorbent is filled inside a container having a gas inlet and an inlet to adsorb and remove impurities from the gas that has been sent. Mouth Doraka-5
, or a hollow cylindrical distributor is installed on both sides, and the ratio of the aperture surface area of the push surface 1 and the aperture area of the upper surface of the distributor is 0.05 to 0.
5, and the aperture ratio is in the range of 0.2 to 0.5. 2. The adsorption device according to claim 1, wherein the ratio of the diameter of the distributor to the diameter of the container is in the range of 0.1 to 0.5.